(— Vi: :__ ._, A v L EFFECTS OF HORMONE ADMSNISTRATmN UPON MILK PRODUCTION m UNDERFED RATS it. EFFECTS OF U‘NaERFEEDENG 0N [IMMMARY GLAND EWELOFMENT MnficarHu-Dogmcéms. MICHfiGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Miner? Rama: 1962 '1‘: {}"‘\.,‘ LIBRARY Michigan State University A' 1'21"." .| (a: ,-"-'_ r1 404...»:ng a -- -‘ ‘: w ‘ ". 3' ‘ “~‘ 7‘ "r‘-" 11'7“ I. er'nUJo biz" EULA/4;.) fLJ)--.J....~.LDL-L..x.L.L £450-; “LAX l)-L(\.‘__JLIC.L.LL . I-—: bau..J.—J¢L.-‘ ‘I—JJ fibi-l’s “ '.'-.\ \qs'trny "r“ x 1 :‘ H , .. - x H“ ' :7“? ‘ 'r‘T) "firm iI. Dig-JUL?) Lfi 70"“;1141 -—JJ:’-L-u yT {4.4.2 Ad‘L- -—~--Lh-[ U1. ‘.~--D ‘0' I $- by Albert Eatner l. Considerable data are available which indicate tnat tne fJnCtiO;ilS of t1e er docrine ;sten are largely de- pendent ugon the nutritional state of the animal. The ob— (D Jects of ti present exterinents Vere to deternine the ef- fects of inanition upon nannary growth 8: od 15 ctation in the rat, nd to see if the administration of hormones cou.ld {0 overCOme tne de crease in lactational pen" 01ml. nce as a re- sult of underfeeding. 2. Xpe inent l. The effect .‘ administering H, (I) o drowtn hormone, tngroxine, anterior pituitary powder, oxy- tocin, prolactin, nydrocortisor e acetate; and orytocin, prolactin, and nydrocortisone acetate in CONLOiflE tion, on lactational performance of underfed rats were studied. A tote l of 105 n tule, female Carnort a rats of the CPI Strain were bred. On the 4th day JostJartua the litters were reduced to eight pups yer dam, and the Iood intake of the dans was reduced to 1/2: ornal ccnsunption. The dads were injected daily xitn a particular hormone or nor- mones from tne 4th to l7thd la;s postpartum. All injections Albvrt Rather were given subcutaniously once daily, except oxytocin which was given four tines daily. The dams and litters were weighed daily, and the lactational response was measured by the daily litter growth rate. Since the pups received only nil; during this period, this was used as a measure of niln production. On the 16th day postpartum the dams mere sacrificed and the pituitary, thynus, thyroid, adre- nals, ovaries, and uteri were reaoved, trimmed of extrane— ous tissue and weighed. Lach group of mother rats was treated as follows: 1. Controls, saline; ad libitum fed. 2. Controls, saline 1/2 feed. ‘6 5. Bovine anterior pituitary, 15 mg; 1/2 feed. 4. Bovine anterior pituitary, 25 mg; 1/2 feed. 5. Growth hormone, 1 mg; 1/2 feed. 6. Thyroxine, lolpg/le gm B.fit.; 1/2 feed. 7. dyarocortisone acetate, 0.5 mg; 1/2 feed. 8. Hydrocortisone acetate, 1 mg; 1/2 feed. 9. Prolactin, 1 mg; 1/2 feed (20 I.U./mg). lO. Oxytocin, l I.U.; 1/2 feed. 11. hydrocortisone acetate, 1 mg; prolactinil mg; and cry- tocin l 1.U.; 1/2 feed. 5. The 1/2 fed control group gained about half as nucn as the full—fed controls; 92 gm as compared to 186_ gm. None of the hormones injected into the 1/2 fed lactat— ing rats produced any significant change in litter weight Albert Lather gains during the entire period of lactation (4th—18th days postpartum) or during the early part of lactation (6—lOth days postpartun). however, during the later part of lac— tation (llth—lath davs postpartum), prolactin, the higher fl dose 0: hydrocortisone acetate and oxytocin produced a sli ht but significant increase in litter weight gains. when pro- lactin, oxytocin, and hjurOCOItison acetate were injected in cembir ation, the response was about the sane as when each of these hornones was given separate lj. 4. Dams receiving growth hormone and the higher 0 dos as f anterior pituitary powder lost less V’JEiET ht the- n the 1/2 fed c; ntrols; 35 in and 34 5h as compared to 60 however, these hormones pros ucei no beneficial effect in— , LC sofar as increasinr ni1 productio was concerned. hydro- isone acetate, which sh wed s0ne beneficial effect on litter nei ht Qains during the lit ‘r part Of lactation, ( (h g (I ,0 O l b L {.1 F- O U) 0" O I> 1 p' ‘ .‘ ° body weight by the dans. Ehere seemed to he no correlation ‘etween nother's weight 3nd the anount of milk produced. 5. On an absolute weiqht basis all the endocrine or gans of t1e 1/2 fe- groups were decreased in weight. On an orpan—bOQy weight ratio they remaized a eout the same, except for the adrenal” thic1 increased in 'ei ht and the tnjnus ahicn decreased in Height. adninistration of hydro— cortisone 3cetete decreased the weight of he adrenals and thyhus on both an a0301ute and re a ive boay weight heels. Albert Eatner o. gxperi ent 2. Th effects of underfeedin: upon manner; developaent were studied. nature, ferale Carworth strain were divided into three groups of eight rats each. Group 1 was fed ad libitun and groups II and III received l/2 ieed and no feed for 14 days. At the ternination of the experiment, he rats were sacrificed and the right inguinal manner; pad was removed and prepared H3 OI‘ (To ‘ross mounting. The glands were rated for develOpnent a O O 0 w $.41 l. ’n. ‘— to the following scale: I. Few ducts; few or no end buds II. noderate duct develOpnent; moderate number of end buds Ill. numerous ducts with many branches; many end buds IV. numerous ducts with many branches; with moder- ate lobulo—alveolar (L-A) growth The pituitary, thymus, ovaries, uteri, and adrenals were removed, cleaned and neijhed. 7. haemary glands from the full-fed ontrols had ar averafie rating of 1.2. Glands from the 1/2 fed group 25ed 2.2. Glands from the group given no food averaged 3.0, wita three rats exhibiting moderate lobulo-alveolar 8. Ch an absolute weight basis, the pituitary, thyhas, uteri, and ovaries were all decreased considerably as a result of the various degrees of inenition. The Aloe rt Lather adrenals, however, inc1 eased over their ori inal \ei ht during the period of conglete food Vitqcre” 1. On an organ- body we';ht ratio the weights of the ovaries and uteri r (I A ‘I 38:0. 0.‘ mained about the sane, and the pituitary incr' -Xp erinent 3. The effect of underfeedinj on k‘ . LI .3 I nannary involution was studied. nature, -emale Oarmorth n s o: the CE} strain were a ed. On the 4th day c+ tostpartun .L U H re the litters were removed and the nother rats were divided into two groups of eiéht rate each. The eXperi: enta l ani- mals were fed l/B the food consumed by the ad libitun fed controls. On the ljtl day postpartum the d€m1s were sacri- ficed and the riiht in uine l nannary gland was removed for histological exanination. 10. As co1paied with the full— fed controls, under- feeding retarded nannary involution as judged histoloaically. The glands from the under ed group showed better maintenance of alveolar structure and in some areas secretory material ll. it is concluded that: . ihe decrease in milk production of underfed sucnle‘ lactating “ats cannot be overcome by the administration of horhones. This decrease is due prinarily to the lowered food intaXe,. and not to red1ce d endocrine function. It is thought tiet the suckling stihulus is able to naintain the secretion Albert hatner of those horhones necessert for milk pro- U duction at a near oytinel lev l. (U bnderfeeding can induce hennary develOpnent in the nature cycling rat, end retard in- volution of the post ertu; gland. It is thought thet severe underieedin; can pro— hote the sec;etion of A333 and orolectin from the anterior bituiterj in enounts ede— quete to induce the observeu effect U) " WW ”1.“. ‘~ -' _='r\. “~" 1 "7'1'r‘ 11M "-‘1‘ 'Y"~".'-.’ ‘*”*’x lo b2fl.LJI\J.LD CHI.“ -lUl'uiL/gxil i‘w...il..LU.L.£-5;.J.Iv-; LED“ -.1...L.LJlx “2 ’\""'."¢.'1”'AT v 'T"“" L""”\’_“-‘ '.' 1 F11“ .thleUveLibi. ii. U.L..1./.'J.. -C‘ 14].) iLJ'LLQ ..‘ . _‘.- ‘. “'1'7'4‘1-7.‘ ,_‘.,‘ _....‘..‘_.‘ ,» .‘ A . , ‘ ‘~ 1.7.. 1- '1 OJ: LJ .‘.\ 4) 43‘1: JJ—JJJ uh”: KI L-T ..~.1‘;"‘_‘ 1- -—J;iw‘-Y (Ibffix A) |-1’ H O L .1 n; r}: ‘ —l U1 k ,1 F“: (.1- nEVglCEMQQT Albert hetner A ”HESIS Submitted to hichigen dtete University in partial fulfillment of the re1uirehents for the degree of in; (J '1 i—Z] L; C: l. C e1 L4 I O t5 ‘eperthent of Physioloyy end Phernecolo y H U, L'- 1‘s I Q ‘3 r-. --¢L ..1 A‘ u ‘ ‘ 1 ‘vtx..lfic V , 1‘ .1. I.) U .‘x _J V m; Lu vyt l,. 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" A..A-L\, *I-l. Au- 0 O O n o C 0;: Use 1. . Tel w“ l .l AU .3 ewe svr PlE r m G.“ 3“? I; .. U -_ on. U... 0+U .11. 1TU by.“ Go .3 - 1 -w -1- ..:.L.L-~-{ new A»..— u/ u‘r -. A . .- #1 I“ 'v _...J £-1.T .. '\ v‘VI", , . I O 1*.- -..-. '7‘. .1. a b AA 0 ‘W 9 v (.2 u .‘4 . ‘L-LAJ. JI‘O ELECT. vi ‘ .LLA- ("1 SJ \ g 0 . S i 4. a ,. «u T «a v u «.4 .fi. n.-. .U. 10 O. nu nu .NJ A!“ «m1. .1 _ pl. J...“ l .3. _..._ a». ....uUfi.il— fix. 0 .lll‘ . _ Ow U. n. HM 4L 4.. n... ..G .1 1 -.+ .3 an .1 .1; L e ._ . u C O .f .u e .r .Ut _.t mvi T. nu m... L ,3 7) ‘ “K" .LLU 1 L '.Q tat” J.-_L-.ts O *5 .L... V 9.. 7/ O O . _,. i .1 .4v 0 .+b .1... C _ o c. if; 1 HI. 0 C . m.-. 7.1“ o .2: ml o 9 O C o +.v S C t o t .1 Q . C .l .KH «5 o 3 . . .iA _.I .r. ~ 0 .U 1...... o S O 31* .L 0 .Tu 1. o d O .o YIJ t v11 ..¢ .... r l.— .. . J J... gm. f C O O r... .3“. 3 ,._..J.l t m. t. C P .3. .6 +u . 3,. C «.1. .fl K. b 9.1 4. Endoczfl ts. ’S 01. 121021 7 L101" 1‘ acts 0 pp, .1. . .1 $4.4. -\ .1 -LLL'. I - 0 .'—~ n” . .L .1. ct: '73 L .. .1 :- .L—J: Bu ‘1 f .‘r .. .LL- 1 '3 OJ. 1 ) - O -,._ 1 icea1-5 \- “31 u- ,3 Dr‘“ v-- 0 0:. C 8 ml 2 1. J‘ n AU OJ 2/ frog IR..- ' '4'— .,- ' , - . - ~._\ f.1CuO:.lleC T55»-.. half-fed f ‘L VI ‘ n n U041--l wry for 1; E10 starved >notom1crorr?yi of J. a ran ad 1 ’WQ‘ :3 b-_-m iLL. \IV ‘V -Ll PLOfiOJiCTOjraQJ o- 1/3 fed for 10 TG...CV33 o o o o lititug re-ovad Q -9 .L ‘I d O “i3 4.5 3‘! OT C~.L O onfrol mvwnarg flznd from voun: D "‘1 O 0 .311 ter 0 0 10 i 375 aftsr 04 I“ ~~ I -' :51 l I: - l \1 w 17nqu/\ ' J U VL.L.LL.L from +1- :3 1 -.L .9. 1" 5:. t have been ”-a ‘ i I x.-Lr .A 3. J1 .t... .13. \ N L. i 11L Li... '1 '13 I Qi‘; It is well nONn that nutrition plays an important role in the iunctionel inte ration of body organs. Further- nore, the endocrine syste-1 is not iivorceo iron nutritional influences. fine functions of tne interior pituit;ry Qlené end its taréet organs are ,erti ally dependent ugon proyer nutrition. Enus, inanition or lscx of adequate specific uietery constituents, sucn as Vitapll ns or groteins lea's to a reduction in ectivity of most endocrine glends. nulinos end lo.---nts (1941) tel: is; the condition essocietefi with inenition "gs: .u. ondooPanectonV" beceu use of its “eserlsnce to the condition wnich nornslly Iollows surgical removal 1 Sub-norMal nutrition ce re A. 1"} .K-‘ r‘ ‘ ‘c. h SSS 0119 Tcie-‘_S.-2 0.1. c. (i) .A . .1.. -9 » .-: - ' 1 w .. . .1“ h. nunter oi ante; icr ritdltaiq noinones. Lne .rine 1y cause of enoocrine -J.c-unct101 eurin: malnutrition is conSioered ”'5' ~ -~ 1 - ’l "" I “s '1‘» V. .— _, O .4 -. ' 1 (3+: *-~. ' "i‘r‘m ~" 1" ‘V n L. ~51 \ . DC be e ci-inis-eu lcv-l Oi circui.ui-; nJooeiJseel -oimonee, ret er than a rerractorj state of the tar et organs. The iQ resoond to a.--n oClCul n of anterior 91 target oroans d’c. *: gituitery norncnes (nrsnoff, 1952). fine reduction in en— oocxine function lease to a number of endocrine oisturbences such as growth depression, reduced thyroid activity and reproductive fa ilures. nangr of these disturbances have 7 . "‘ z ’3 ) ‘~ — ‘ r h "-x‘ ‘ '/ ‘ ' ‘fi' 15 Us - r~. r~ ‘ _‘7,-‘ J.“ 0381i OleCOm‘c DJ 11:18 cuminloti 1{311.011 OJ. iiOI‘-.iOI1:D (er.;-io.l.f, 1952). Kelson (1359) nas enoxn tnst pregnancJ ccn oe usin- tained SVJH ier1tne diet is congletelg lecgin; in protein by tne administrstion of estrogen 3nd troyecterone. ‘ . ' J. - p .c- 1 ' 1, ‘; .4. —: .. -.. +2 .. nestrictiOns ol iooc intege, troweln 0‘ ouner nu— trients in lactating cninels results in a decreese in n lk iroduction (Lee e, 193C). It is Lnown tLet tn- gs .tcnwnce of nil; groiuction also de tic LUlEEl‘lJ giolectin, 393E, and oxytocin (;eites, 1959). (L) A-“ .9 ‘- ‘ , -. " ,. . i 4 ' 2 .0 -\ - .,. _. ,1 1 'ne oi tne gllnfir; Oe'cCthBS oi tie firesent s tu5_;, ta “e- .9 . --- -. I,‘ ,." V, _ ...,. -' _,, -‘_ ,,,’. _ .U. _. -. ‘ " h R... __1 ‘f ‘ A lore, has to deteinine b0 inet eitent, ll QLJ, .ie decrease 1 in nil: groduction in rats Thich reenilts from underfeed H' '5 '9 A ‘4 ‘I H f-b Fl f‘ 1 . --.. w :3 - A 1 n -~~ ,: “I; . ~.‘ ":"‘ . P “ 1. its: ' ' 'D 1A is due to lquCcQ enuOCiine luncti n, inc njetlel tie in nilk Jields cen be overcone y eiiinistretion of hormone 7‘ Anotner esgect of the re etion 0: nutrition to nam- (1 3" f. 1" . '2‘ . I r» ‘. 1' ~ '1‘ ' 4' . -r-~ '\ 9- “'N 'V maIJ iu1Ction ullCfl Wes of iAtBIESt b0 investi.ite was teee unueIMOuIieled men (neys, et 31., 1950). gunerous ‘eports l\2 . ‘ 1 ‘ u ‘ -v I 1.13 0.11233]. 81.1 durin. rJ S1 H O O 5 c+ |-’~ O U) I...) . -;; . ,- -L. n . r :1 ‘5 _- .1 , ,, r indicate xgngt tne null—g IE2 L cnronic inani tion or acute starvation is not decreseed (:out.eil et el., l948; Quincy, 1948; L'Angelo et al., 1943‘ of ACEH. Sretnik et el., ( Qituitery, even in the c019 respond to tke stinulus of ovcrieetold witi increase syn- ‘ 1 "‘ . r" 1 -‘.- ‘\“ ~ A ‘ 'x (“r3 -v--n -~' 1" tJeSlS and relees: o: MOQQQOULO-leo U] EA iron the anterior pituitary can C1 The release of A be induced Ly a number of factors other than stress, includ- ing the suchlin; stimulus; numerous druis such as serot nin, chlorcgronazine and reseryine; adrenalectomg; and thyroxine adninistration (neites et al., 1362)} Chess factors have also been shown to produce physiological manifestations in the rat which have seen interpreted as being indicative of increased secretion of prolactin from the anterior pitui- tary. Thus, all these iactors induce pseu onie:iency or lactation in the rat (heites et a1., 1962). Since both ACiH and prolactin are released together under nany con— ditions, it is possible that inaniticn could induce secre- tion of both these hormones froni the anterior pituitary. Food restriction has been reported to retard nan- nary growth in rats and nice (Sykes-st a1., 1348; Jhite, 134+). Trentin and Turner (1341) and istwood (1 93 7) hcive snoun that the mammary duct system is nuc h less sensitive to estroyen during inanition. In these exoeriments the debree of inanition was not severe and the exteri1.ents were of short duration. Since only long gericds of chronic in— anition or Sicit er periods of cone ete starvation increase the secretion of ACTA, it was of interest to de effects of similar degrees of inani and involution. It was considered possible that the result— ant iise in AJiA and grolactin secretion ii;- 1 hannary Larctth anc retard nannary inVOlution. \w-v—z- '1 *TH want. A ,1 , r .LJ.LJ.-.‘J;..LL.L p-411; --._.J a, .L 1...: +31... a '1 ,4. +' -- 7.1.r '~--. nutrition cud neirouuctive Junction —.-- since re W“cd uctive “nctior is primarily oontrolleo “ *1; 1‘ "\ ‘ ' n’. r" fi a" "1': ‘ 1 .1 ~-, :1 n'L . “ fl r‘ I 3' ‘ -:~4- 4—1 ,‘N . I ‘ p (-1 bJ 01.1.3 critiOCI .Lrld DJ b E (3.11, (Tl/la $951 U1 0 JUL-1’ 1 la“ DJ b4l’c‘ ‘Dn-_’-I_ .& O‘- tropic and ;cnada |,_1 F _J t.— O H 6 L) (b O) ‘0 H c:- I.) U) :3 (D (J (E (n (I) 03 F) c. i % O O O :3 U) |-’ L; (U H in detail the relation 01 g-n 631 f notion to nutrition. The "elatiOnsniu oetween the function of the gonads and nutrition n3s reoeiV‘d s sreat ~eal of attention, and some a S1 rwro ess has been na“e towards eluCidatinj the hecnvnisus .‘ , 1: ll’lTJ-OLVUUO —._.. '1-;.‘ '1... :4“ ' 14,” "u... n- lnanition ano nutritional mallCleh01€oo Qvans and Bishob (1922) demonstrated in tle fena le lat tlm t under- feeding results in atrobhy of the ovaries, follicular atresia and failure to ovulate. They vvere the first to emphasize tnat a diet which is adequate for bocv growtl may be grossly deficient for normal reproduction. Ovarian ‘ n; poi '1ction witn resultant uterine atroyhy and anestrous va inal sne ars have been observed by numl rous workers dur— ing inanition (Srsh fi, 19 )2). Similar changes have been ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ ooserved in the ma ale. Atroghy and ovociunction of the tes- tes have been regeatedly observeo during inanition (Jackson, '.' ‘ . ‘0 r H. 1a ‘ (-‘ I' f‘. I ‘1 ' '\ \, g‘, ‘ "v , ‘1"? " '7 -' r—v 'f‘. 7" ~’-’ l-j , ‘qu—Llliud7, lj+s> O .LllC 1-19.18 zj.CCdOSO—LJ SBA: OI”::_'._'18 (£91.08- [‘0 K) d- g 1 d. (D and seiiiial vesicles) are particularly sensitive to restrictions of caloric intake, rcsultin: in atrou“v of O H (1 k‘ Ci g, (, r I, (a a L C. '3 (I L +1 (L (3 HI , l k ! 'p._J “’4 .J ,x. O 1.! fiJJ j. ." 1 . V. :‘ ,"\,"I ‘- -.- ‘;\' 1“ ~1j.‘ ' 1‘ j ". 1 C! '. 1 \, {"1',‘ :3 I"l + _.<‘ .\‘ f‘ ‘ ".1 “.- til. Slu‘u --‘--u..u -.~L;\A :J\'~,_-L,LV__.,‘.’ “*1/‘I' o .._.._‘ ~.-.LO:‘1\.£J--J*.JLD r_~ u... '4. :3 'nd. 9..) O F}. l_J. 3: IL.) k V‘ _ J-..1L; J. '-J. 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"a r" i ”a f 1": * 7 :1 J"- f“ M, a"; 1 n I}: D . .4 _. .LLCu U 0‘ Ci 4. V D -‘ L) C' -A u‘ ‘J \.a -- U ‘L v ' .1. k; .A. _.‘_ .~ ‘4 .._ \3 u N) O .L J - . »-{ u‘. - v .-- vi v' (~a '7- ’ ‘- J . . .-- . —. _1_ . ". ' Z" J P: ’_‘ "" _' “ ‘-' '2 T.“ ‘ "1‘ Q .2. ".— 1 "‘ ‘ ‘W . f‘ ' A, 1"”? ‘ '7’."."‘ 3‘“ I .‘. I) T-‘z ‘3 ‘ A' «J...L¢;;U1.LLLH‘_. MVnJ :. V'J\’.A U ....’.1 /V a \;_L. I.) V‘-.‘; .‘.’\/.'-.-v...’ Ll-;v ‘1 ..._.'..LL_. ‘ I ‘~’ ._4’ -' .;. , “f‘H'j‘ 0.... ‘4 Ulc‘i Q.— IILA-l-Lid-L .1- v' .2 Q-.L. a ,- .-‘ _ _ 1' . .1 3 - ,y) i- f r. \,, ,_ ‘ . .1-: .‘ s cag;d as L;,L, UULlC:it :41 JC35 5‘0 Va u;;t \l ' ' .4. -. _ _. J. .- ' . ' .- ‘7 . - ..\ J... -.. _.. J— ' _- -.. l . , _ M . 4.. M ‘1 4 ’ -‘. _‘ . ‘ v W _. - - .- ‘ 3 . . k“ ’2 ‘ ‘. F‘ 1 . . V1 le L35.) Cb$i \J‘..A._._.L4.o....i - ,2}in b v4. U ‘JL— 0 Uv—l..‘.- , —— v \J , 1: wt,’ 2.“. \J‘~4 C. 4.1-. K.) .— “.° -.- ‘- ,‘-' .1. -~_‘urus fa: Qigturo— (I) + w O L. <‘\ O I" J C." (L. Q , F- D S ‘ 1 K!) F‘.’ (I) % O ’f'. 3.: (I: c"! H' (i «b y : 1 i- {1 ¥ 1 .9 (J U.) U) C) F I“ b. A ,- (l (U 0) Cf 3' D x. (D O O H ('i. (D }__l , I V d‘ C r o .L_—J :4 f ‘ U» H L w d- ‘ le ’Jo l—‘LI L x I Q }._J r“, g; arr- "‘ 1‘." c‘ 4' 2 J‘ o '4' '“ '- ..g '1 '2: '1 C.- O o T .: w, +‘~. .-~ n r‘ L I“. :..;;u. .x; 54 UL , UV U;.J.; .L. .1..gu, aux-4--- , J 1 J \/ ._ . _. _ _. I _ 3780;"; O"’d 4,1727“: (lg‘7 h-'f"10'_'z’.*r 4‘*r‘-" r; _ ct." '1‘.- l‘v’e: y) I . .—. v ”Ma-Ll»; \ A. J’ _J j ( K C ; '~. L. L \ ‘ ‘. i . ,__-~'._1'_ _‘+ “t _ ’ T'I‘r—M‘t - .q “,r fl rm “WW—Ll“ .4. . _‘ _._,,_' .1”: ”,1 Fun.” J. (€1ulw;‘_1_di o O 9/“ 'JJ—KJ 3.1;; ”who :»'J'_‘H.-V;- u U. ui-_, C_;u.;u;... ,fiLuTi-‘J J. of protein ior noruel regrocuctive junction in the reu. below tne by cesein level, fetel oeeth end resorption con— "I . .‘ - - A 'u . , 1 . 'L". ' .. . I 4-V :' -’, fi ‘3 ‘.-\ .1 I I‘ ' "' "r‘; Sistentlj occurrec in tee negoritj oi tee enin is. negio- ductive failure on the protein yoor diet was characterized b; signs of sex noreone inedesuecies, es shown by the earl; loss of the estrous cycle in uncrei nets neintsined on e :erfornences in peir- fed controls eliminated caloric restriction end other diet— 03 H R f U U }-7 F‘- 0 H- ("D :15 O |,__' . (D U) co (0 O {13 C U) (D U) H.» O H "5 (D "O’ W O CO C O (“1“ p. < (I) H) CO F'- FJ 5:; H (l) on diets deficient in SDSClliC amino ecits. eonauel dena;e has been resorted in rats ied diets deficient in phen l lenine, leucine, nistidine, and trygtOPhen (firsnoff, l952). 0 But tle effect. ,5 L to factors otaer teen ineniticn since testiculer wtrOphy of bnenilelanine, leucine, and histidine deficient rats was nore severe tLan that of bair—fed controls (Jeun et H l " CI. q n on diets deficient in essential enino acids nay be due to direct tissue injury or decreased sensitivitg of target oriens to gituitery stiiuletiCL. it has been demonstrated tnat Brotein SJfltAeSlS occurs onl; if all the essential amino acids are tresent (eei er, 1950). flence, e Lefici- x; ency of any one of the essential eiino acids nay cause an aninal to so into ne etive nitr05en balance. One mi ht V n o c expect then, that e dellClenCJ in any one of tie essential observed aspeer to be iue, at least in pert, ., 1946). It is possible tLet the gonadal injury observed 1 mafia! OJ. encg. Anet1 diets defiCi acteristic oi 1’ \JliSl'l’ :Llpeired gm ei ‘er tne 'errt iii “otein me Deficiencies 01 'ns have es reduced foor ‘iects on f “”3”” ‘ quantitative wonecal injurJ SSSHCL e v sin;le m m I..J b C) m ‘cient ["43 Pl the de remains use 3 viteni gonadal function “~strus r; z . C‘aJ-J..V P 1' to be ir ve stie; been and a trcphg, otein defici— in: it (n (I) w is char— or is due to general ted. iown to elicit intake. oi the ovaries nave been ob- S 11111 1 81" Delejed sexual MQLUIltJ, secondary sex organs r ooflevin, py i— end uteri ('1‘ serv '1 M! .; -,,., , QOJvX-LA‘S , (3 i52). eninels, due to V to tne sane rat rei reported as —d in or testis and thiadine, eninels eciiCie t in t.Ltotnenic ecit, biotin and viteiin 312 ( Since in Lost ceSes food inteLe we reduced in these it is not clear to that extent the :esul s ,ere inanition :s distiict Lion the vit:1in q iicien 'reted tiet altnou a tlie ‘r rats (lsfil) cenons: OD brill e‘ - --L~ L'rCLUDo testis (D 31 Atropdy oi Generative onenies in the seme result of vitenin a 1955, lutweL—nenn, l --- ,. I . "1p;' \-,. :CV' JV; 1 A However, selincl vs 513. 0211.48 3 deia sen :nds of the -tle rct led c nieiine-cei ciert uiet ailOgJJ also occur1,u -ets fed a conylete 613‘ but restricted in calorie intcte “s COHSUJid b0 the thiefiine defiCient ve d sinile effects in e11d 1 - 4..-. “,— r" , ° ,M 4.. iCLfild iPUD CdllClcnu .‘F‘ u U! V .l 9 .1 13 _ .3 3 \I.. a... L w 2; O +.. v. 3 1.1 t C _ 8 "W 4.0. r .l 3,. C .1- .. _ .nm e w“ ..._ C O “i +u .3 .1 3,. T o 1 .1 3 10 S ._ U .6 .L E 9 3 w... L r...“ L _. 11 C ....._ .r... L... .1.U S u-.. _.. . t e v. u C .. . C 3 /\ d m a . i . +n.. . . m1 151. 0.. 7... 1L 1. H m. e a... O a. r \x I. 0 it .3 O C S +.. n f U. .C e H . +U m y T. P. . w u... 3 a . c w _ D e r K\ c i 3 . J 41 e 3&1 S T. .1 av .n.. RM 1 «C u at. D”. . 71 n... n . I A G .3 3 .1 u l w. T w 3 n... s-.. l 3 O a. .1 r t .1. l .1. A .... n. . e 3 .1 m H... /-\ e .1} .d M, .._ .1 C u 0 .C .8 _. M 4 1 G .. ._ 3 .3 S u .. . 3 O ...- , a nu U E O 1... n1 . n . _ . 1. .1 t .2 1. T. p i n f q, U. .n. .m... a... "11 .. A. .1“ A...) C mt Q... 3% 1.... ".1 n. .. O -1 .. . H. (1 3,. 1 r... x... l f .2. 3 O O n .3 C S f. C 4 _ /\ +. fl 3 V 3 s .1 .1 O h .3 ... .1.. S a O .3 .3 .1 .1 .3 d 16 .1 .2. C n . . e C .1 8 n .3 3 .. .1 C A... K C . .. .. .1 . i r i--. L C d . 1 r _.._. n. e .1 O .1 S S . . n _ ... C . c .. 1 u r. 1.. .. . {a u S o. I . O _ .1 O 1... it c... 1. . L 2... V .1. 4 1 O t 1” n c d t u u e O 1- O .1 3 "J r C E. .3 H _.. 3 vi. «1 .1 .. w. T. flo 1b T to «C. .4 Ti 1 o .._ H .C S .. 8 a. a... O c . 1.1 Q. C s 1 .1. 3 a i 9 . t O we a... L... O 9 .. ,1 .1 . a... it .1 r O \J t l. e. O b. . .‘G a... m...” S _.-._ «3. L L .1.. OJ 5 e C K o .. S a L .... C 3 e O l 1. A i t V r C O x) .1.. t C W. T 3 .1 L .1 T .L O 34 FL .1 a. 3 .. M p .1 G u s ._ v1. +U s C t .3 .1 1 . . 3 .. 8 z. 0 .1 .. W .1 3 a. . . .1 O 15 /\ i o . .1 OJ 8 i C O m 1 .3 n1 P... .... O 3 :u 0 n - .1. .3 1,. .1. 3 1... 3 r 3 d , .1 1r... . O 1. 1 o e. u 3 H.” A . 1 n o h is -. u .6 . e 3 .1 c“. w... 9 .1 9.. v... ,T ..,-. t O .1 Q S p... a...” .... a. U. 0 u to l ..... c O .3 1. i u. S n. i . To . I . r S s .1 .3 C. .e 4 i .1 S 1.1 S ._., . e O S R n L .l. .... J +.. a T 3 :1 3 . . .. .1 .71 S e r t n- Y .3 we .1 e 3 .5 a-“ .. .. is H 9 in I S r 3 3 .1 it C .1 r a. .... 1 . _ V .1 a \/ e r . 1C .9 .1 C e B. C g .. . .1.. 1 t .1 er 1. n.) C. it a .. 1 .n... S d .3 d o .1 h... .. t 1 .1 .1 a x .1 E. .1 e .. . _. .3 1 i C .. 1.. .0... S .1 . c n m. . .n . ... t C L ..1 E e .1. 3 .n. 1 u b .1” 1 u. d“ . L .1 l .. C .... .1. e l C . L C i Q /\ .1 .1 JG ..... C n. 1 0; Cu r“ «t1 ._1 1. Lb no .41 «U i .1 D. .0 1....“ 9. u. 8 T1 .1 _.1 I P .1 T e .1 .1 3 e... 3 3 L .r. .d. A 3 O 1.. C .1 +U a .1 a r 1 h ._ ..._ C L .1 i e 3.. f. S .e C . . L 1 a . 8 “a e n. 1 .5 . .L S 11. n: o 1 r e S 3 3 S .2. .b u S 3 n . S . ... 3 O I z D .1 .. H L t n_ i S .. v. e 3 “.4 _ . u G 1 .i d a S m... .1 8 1. L 3 .1 .. L O O :1 . 1 O 9 3 S i T t t 3 t a .7... 3 .._.. t C ,._.. .1. . A ... .._ _. . S w-.. r... C O O V I .C. d r t .1 .1 .1.. .1. i. .5 e -1. 3 .1.. r e 1. e C 1. L .1.. O a... e... n C .1 i o -. . . c. t. b S .31 1 .1 10 h E. e h r +U S ._ fed protein deficient diets (fienuels, l930; lestiem, l9EQY. mne niin sensitivity of tne gonads t O tration of grotein deficient rets was denonstriteu bv Sreonik et al. (1958). whev snowed that the protein deficient rats 9’ required tne sane anount of F51 :or follicular regeirtent p. m r.- O (F as nygopngsectonized r;ts, an (\‘I ."d greater sensitivity to 1063. Llinination of grotein from the diet iron the onset of pregnancy tnrouenout estotion results in loss of the q young (nelson, 1959). nelson and Avens (1954 \._/ fed protein— free diets to prewnsnt Lets end .eve those hormones whicd Vf‘) ‘ 8 C.- 0 Vi? I‘- 0 I...) . q .. A q ‘ ~ ,~ . ‘o‘ . ~ -- . . -.— a. . .-.~ '—\ r -- - 1 vy , ’. i.- . _ l \ ncle s;mwii to MelflCEJJIJflI3JHmHCJ .Jizr.9 JAJSBCC . .L 180$Ou1£€1 rats (Lyons, 1945). liejnenc; was maintained in 50 ger cent of the rats given eStrone, in 70 per cent of tne rats given -ro:eSterone, and in 100 per cent of the animals 5iven a conbinstion of estrone and prOgesterone. brill and Burrell (1944) Slowed tint the adminis- tration of restored wonaial function in both the male and female. nelson et el. (1957) "egorted sidiler effects with vitenin -ceficient rats. The feeding of pyridoxine, Bl’ or B6 deficient diets to pre;nent rats resulted in a hi“h inci— o" dence of *csorytions. nelson (l9j7, 1959) was a l to main— (D O H) (L - _ .. ., . .' -1-... ‘. ~...~ ,.- _:.-'- ' .1. h .. .,, tain EJRimhaflCJ J31 tnese idyts Qv ed13141straticw1 sticne 9 1:]. 1C - i QL'Va—L 3....“ w .1 OI _ . H C m 0 .Tu fl. .1 .7 _ - J -1 u n! C 1 u r 1 . 1 .1 n . .. fl 1. ... C _ a e C 3 C 1. u r _ 1.. . .1 .1 .. 3 _ 8 “L .1 H .1. .1. 6 m. c .. .14 m H a 1 9.. w-.. +1 .3 u. n 9 f .1. 1 .1 +U +1 r /\ O T 3 1; +1 3C D O O A w a. 3 a... a1 1.... t .0 W i v S 1 f \1 . O r 5 .m . C 3 3 .1 M .. .: A. v o _ S 1 fl 2.. 4.. +4 .1. .T I 1...... m... .1 .1 C .n S 0: O o m . C V T. r.) t 4. u .1 .1 .1 C a; O 45 1L. 1. .1 E 3 1... .1 u , . E C Q I I.“ 1 u . 1 {Ix 3 \l 1 . .10 .1., 1 1 1...“. 9 Q a 3 an... O C c. a S t 3 C H...“ .J. _. 1 1 . C . 1 S .1 3 Z _... e 6) n 1 t a L 9 O f 3 . ..-. .1 . . . H A; m) J +u \, .14. AU-.. , 3 “11 :1. «.11 :1. 1 .,. H :1 u a. Q... «L. 9 t T ...r_ 1 11 1 e u at 3 1b -3 C S E . .1 t S T. .., v. n . S /\ h .. . v S 1 T. . r . 1 C 3 u . ; d w. 8 9V fi {1 a. 11 m a“ a T nv . 9V ._ O +9 11 -. e r ~ M m C ...- .1 C H m 0-. ,.. _ u 1.“ 1n .1 1 .1 a: -1 v 1b 9 S 3. ._ 1; .1 P. +U .. r 3 a" +. 11 1 V m... T r . 3 7.. 1 u .C P. /t\ s“ ; .1 1 O Q . .J C ”a... .- E .1 .1 .1 no ... .C 1Q Q... q __ .d -. I 11. a.-. I g S C t .3 .. _. .3 3 n S ., _ 5 . H O .1 1 v 3.. O 3 H. 1. up... 1.1.. 1 .1 1b 1 O a 1 r. 3 t C 1 A . S 1.. 0 e u an E n ._ u 1 r .3 1 C S F . .s . S .1 E n a . . C t _ V l ._ n .1 u .1 4; .; «W. a C - . 5 a, . V 1 . S + 1 t S .J . .... . T C r . .,_ . . . a 3 ,3 . 4 .r. .J 1 . . J _ .1 _ J J .. ,.. . ._ a .. M- ., . ,_ p. .. H .. ... . +y . +1 .. .— _l_" «IV F“ _ 1 IL A . l a; . l w» . l in}. . _ V . 1 _ .3 d .1 .0 .1 .,., . M u 3 1...... . _ 1 . Q .... 1.... O f n 1 r r .C D - T C q .3 . J I S .2 n1 1 3 O 1 O U. 1.... . a 9,... A1 .. .. n +V 1 e +U .1 . a 1 ; S 1 , OJ 1-,“ \J .2. , 1 H +1. 3v .1— 10. q u...» 0... 1b _ . PM .v 9 hr .1 n1 .1 e C n. . .1 .Z. M... 5 T . 3 1b .. a... .3 C V .1 f O O .2. S 1 . . . L S 1 .. .1. 1 Q. \ / S 1 9 O T H .1 fl 1. 1 u r) _ -. o 3 . .0 1 ....._ C 3 E u .1 1 . t .1 O - Q .. 3 .1 C a. , ..... . f u .1. S o I .. u. p. ._ ~ . 3 t . -_ P . 1 u S .1 S .1 .1... 1 i r O 8 .7 _ . C Q 1 .1. 1 C 1 5 S 1 1 1 S 1 1. 1 C .1 t .1 c Q t .3 n P. I t T r 3 J {K .1 C O t +U 2 1 C +V t _.1 1 .l d V C 10 , - _ f 3 c. U .. L 9 O c... R .3 S ,.L. - .1 2,. 9 S n .1 VJ 1. . r... _. 1 O . J 9 1 u .. .1 u t .: o 1 : O C C .v .1 G V I . V .. O C 3 S S .3 .1.. .3 C H T .1 .fl .1. H J H 3 f q.-. C u m... .1 .5 a . _ .. .I T 1 e t r O t 1 .1 1 1 fl .1 3 H I S O . T“ R .11 S 3 1.“ 3 O S C .1 e o, O O 5 f C n a... 4 C H O 1. .1. n l .O - .. .1 . . .1 a .1 O 1 .. .2 1 _. ,_ t b. 1 .. .1 E .C 3 t O V..._ f 1 C . ... 1 _ O t +U C .1 8 rd 1. H J .J. .3 .1 e .3 3 1 t w. I a... 10 .1 3 _... O .- a. n .1 O 3 1-.. . d 2“ C ..L. O 3 O .1 L. t 3 3 .w C 1 1. t 1. v C .1 .U S .1.. S C r 10 .T. I C W. n. r +u up... 3 t +1 g 3c, .1 o 1- 1 .1 _._... C .1 e e u .1 V 3 .1 t e 1 u. . .2 .... C .3 a. an r“ n“ .n1 :1 +u +U .1 .m1 pa 1 1b 1b 1 :1 11 +L 11 .1 1Q m. a .1 .1 1 C S C .1 ,. I . . r . 1 J n J C n 1.... 1 1 V, .1 3 3 C .1 a... .. m .1 r. C .: J ”.1 7... a O .1 t A O 91 1b 1.....1 A p... d. t t O S 1 u n 2... ~91} k. \u U .ive 110+ - fl _. #1,». 1’6 ll «P 1 "a‘ :~' : ‘ a"fl A':*fi‘."‘ ;“‘i‘."‘ "7"? . A. A. q CuL oe restoreo by ec1111ste1115 g13s1clou1cel levels 01 -. ..1..- -1 -4 A - ' .. .1 4-1 ._ i 4‘, 7 +4 - 4—: 20E1u1 t 0311” Jacuevery :Lt 8661b lulit c3s11113t1o1 of‘ e18 gituitary is not the 0 $1 $4 (I) (D O l-b Cf (D (1‘ cf P (1) t1. £1. H O [.4 ‘1 J (1)) O h: Cf' H' O L‘S during 5estat101 in 3- fieficient rat“ sirce , hormones were ineffective 1:1 1e‘3iri a; the test1e injurv of n-Qeficient rats. Endocrine therapy has elso proved ineffective in preventing tne regroductive 0~blOlO which occurs in vite11 b‘ 1998). rituiter15functio gulinos and Pomerantz (194l) "\ s 01 ooserv tiozs 001cernio the effects (I) eri (D pr sented a of inanition upon tne endocrine status of the rat. From taeir observations they concluded tfi1t i.e:ition leads to a 9135101051cel state sc1cr11t co arable to that which n r1:_‘ 113 follows sur5icel re1oval f the pit11te.r3. T1ey ter1ed tlis COLiltiOE "pseudohvooprvseotOfiV." Date have been accumulatin5 on the effects of nut ritionel deiiciencieJ ugon the endocrine System 10“ some ti1e prior to these ob- serve tions, but for the first ti1 on tile git nit-r1113r Since tae 5onads and accessory orjens retain ap- parently normal sensitivity to - mt ooic Stilule tion under concitions of inan ition and :1e te r] deficier cie s, I it cow :9;- 0) ,red that thOp 13s001 -o-eiotropins were seczeted ’1? (I; in insu: ficient amount s to Maintain ior"l enrioc 1” —'——‘ 12 function by the gonads. in order to gain infornatiOL on the functional state of the gituitary, the ituiteri ies from (.0 (D Q.) O Q\ I :3 C (T, (I) H nutritioxally deficient anihals mere a say of worhers. Mason and dolfe (1350) inglanted gituitaries fron chronically starved rats into innature fenale rats l-_’V‘ {.44. Cl: found that the resulting increase in ovarian and uter— ine meith was significantly less than fron pituiteries cbta ined iIom litt rna'es fie d the sane diet ad licituzi. Similar results mere reported by .i3iner (135 3). Later workers round eitier no chin e or an ' c1e:se in pituita ‘ gonadotrogin content. haddock and deller (1947/, after starving rats for 12 days, reported that the pituitaries were more potent than those fron nornal rats even though the weight of the anterior pituitary had fallen about 405. 3;:313 :—J) nenald i (1343), engloyingi oquHect01iz ed young rats as assay aninals, showed that the ovaries of aniials injected with gituitaries of unierfed rats were four times as larée as those obtained from aninals injected with pitu— itaries of normal rats. similar findings have been reported ‘y neites and heed (1949). Injecting the equivalent of one pituitary into innature female rats they found that '\ the gonadotrOpic content of the pituitary Trom those rats on restricted diets was equivalent to the controls fed ad libitun. Studies with diets deficient in a pa ticular nutri— ent have shown similar results. nelson (1359) assayed the l3 pituitai as from late whose diets R333 d3 for one month, -nd iound inc1eased red with no decrease in lCSd activity Per ;land. Bioassay oi pitlitaries from female ' ats subjected to vitamin E deiiciency showe 3—: M D {2.4 ,— O 0 CF :3 (L' d- (‘ |,_J H n. \i- \31 ‘I V 0 increases in Edd ivitv Q) 0 d It ugears that inarition ant certain vitanin or m trotein deficienCies are not associated with a decreased nygoen seal cont'; nt 01 gonadotropins. Cn the con rerf, the pituitary content is nore likely to oe incree LSe*. iris, to ether with the res ones of nutrient—deficient rats to v *- low levels of injected aonadotroyins, strongly su::est that v the bonadal inaaeguaci ” defici e1 rats result from a w 0) O } decreased secretion of fitfliter wt adotroyins. The in— creased 2o flauOtIOoiC Potency in underfed rats nay result fron: l. A nor.ial late 0: horhore syntneSLs and e de- -1.- , A p ,, a. . -. . - A a 3.--. A -' ._-. ' 4.“ : A.Lufll.3a56c.ilaue (LE JOIMhflza s.-rL1es15 J.t1 lllr- |\." 1L'.,... 4 3,“... .L.‘ suitinr in EUQdmdlSQlOn . ~' '3 ' o ‘r “t." -1 - .-- ,~'\ '- iteu or 1C release, H (U ..:‘ .‘T . - _, -3, ol the hormone. {.1.” "’ '- r‘w 4'!‘ ."\‘ “\3 " "\‘ A ~’ ‘ ' 2’ . ‘0 ~ “' F“. r? I ' .LllU'J-Jil {Laue}. vl’l LiOJ:--Lkll,l\_J CJfltdli-U 0.1. a. <.Il:;7.-lv- ICE-7‘7 Sheri/e are V3'j ha"; to intevgret. A better indicator of the *unc- tional state of a gland is the blood level of the hormone. dribnia et al. (ljbl) nave 1e;orted sli;ht increases in pituitarJ content of Edi in rats on grotein c3f101ent diets, without a detectable rise in 010 od levels. jutrition an” Thyroid Function A decrease in +h'rroid ectivitv has been demonstrated «.1 J , ‘3 1 3,1” ”,3: M -...H‘ ' 1,1“. 30 t7“ _) Lila c3)- --cia‘l31o1. 01 --.Lv 1n the ”at d‘ nani ate hans, 1340). 1n H. tic: chronicallgr unde S 10)” (1118573, 1 Lei-I ) 4/ l striction. Atropty :H _ r. - j: ’3‘ 3‘1 .13 '1 ‘ 3‘ 1‘ A “lelL Alana have me o L. (-niiigzos arn ([1 involution fl I'l’lOLll"181€Q .J_ -Leloe l D d Lliti‘fl L) v (1) C1 A. Oaall’V; ra-ltz , 'b 01‘]. 1 .3 UN“ 1940; the terink (ljjO) shone“ that the anount of I ken uo bv the thgroid mes reduced in BIOL mo tio:1 to the severity of food restriction. D'An elo (l3fl denons rated a reduction in tJJTOtLOQlC level in the olood 01 acutel-r starv rats and nice. nvidence for lo ered levels of ill Elincoe and 1roiJ, l3;5) and a deguessec rate of relenee of tL/roidsl l 5 \ne13n111, 1337) have a :0 neen re orted. Luring inanition bteyhtns (1340) observed that uider nourished guinea yigs were 10 ti es nore sensitive to thy— rotrogic horhone than norhal guinea pi s. The tnvroid re- s ‘to 13h rotn:o JiC rloiimnne a. Q in ponds ( ,3. ' 11:8 r.‘ that the condition 1 a gituitary ori the reduced secreti n of thyroiroyin is resgonsible, at least in part, 01 the regressive chen3es in the -y d durilg nchitior Ehe sensitivity of the yltuitf"“-ofl roi ax1s to iilu uzue11 ‘d'ng 1as be“n studied by Pipes et al. 15 d that three-fourths of nornel food A H kC‘ O\ O V p. (I) (<4 0 (T (L (I) H <: (n intsXe s1 n111c1ntlg decre:sed thertroaic hormone Wit”. out A. en effect on body 53' ;ht. .‘i- 'l . . - I“. ‘3 7 ’ 4 "' I I .11 "a ~1 . ' ‘." ‘33 ‘ " + . . " 1utr1tion 1nd eronth lio1ot1n; :11ction '7 4‘ "5' ""71 1‘ r I“ 3' " 4 3"» ‘1 . 4" ‘ 1f en inheuuie h1h l is yieceu on a TCStflebd -' - 1, 1 _., -1.- _ .3 . ,1- 1 ,: l 1 ' _ 1 ‘ ,1 111 1 3 '1 diet, 110» 1 as re311es -ente' DJ srelete1 Elu' etiOo eno cfilfl in body Helgflt is reduced. Li et el. (1349) found that the dmini trs.tior of 51h to such snihsls results in hore rsyid $10111, essoc iste 1 with reduced nitro en excretion. Ersndseh et el. (l354) found that in .ole“ etsence of 0‘ . A I - M ~- *~ “-1 . sf - . ‘74- . ‘1 . - "\ ~ ‘7‘ . ' "A, . ~\‘." Y‘ -_' l ,' , dieterj intelfl, t1e tioiel frol hel egit1nses Jes seeled tein deficient rats for growth horhone activity to det11h whether growth arrest was due to oeCresser syrtlesis of 1rowtn hornone. An absence of dietary 'ns reduced the growth norhone content of 'he pituitsries to one-half Lorhsl shount per 1g of tissue. inere wee a yerslle l de c1e1se 1n nuhoer nd sir (‘5' but failure of Q r0"tn nornone synthesis in the absence f dieterJ oro otein hay not be the only cause of growth retard tion; lack of amino acids es building blocks end the inebi ity of the cleleton to respond to QTOWtJ hormone hey also be a factor in Crowt‘n arrest in nrotein deficient rnts. .L L\ (L 0 F!) '“C [—1. 3 +11 (—1 m H k: Qfl o 37;» :L‘ H. H m 0 V1 . .L 4 . .1‘ .L..;OL1 {’1‘ 543) .p ..L tm; ‘f d . , _ ;.._l .3- .t 1. * %7 ti; fl ... ’\I‘V -4._ _. -, r. 1'7- fix 0 a q +' ‘ J.J. v-4L“u U 7 a r} '1 _- - .. ratio W?S .‘ I“ r‘ ‘r‘ 30 I .1 A '-I V..‘ .1-; l‘“C ‘ ’ I“. -V- x. i. . 11 an "r _ ‘ a . ,a no C ' '3 “0.. A‘\' .‘ .LO tit . C. ... ~ ¢ ~-‘..s 1C *m r. A C); ”-31 C F a; I)“ ‘-,~ ”..Itl vs... ter C H 1"; UV 5 (‘- f‘. ’ \ . V - O4. ‘ ‘1 l «....-- ’ ’b‘f U A.- (war 3 S _. .. u .1.. T +9 ~ m vv v‘-.&.L ACCJ’ ‘.~.. 21".“: 2 Carl", bJ-L—U. .1 1'16 0 O I" \'\ 1.; 4.5.1 33.11;}. 0 “I . l;— «— uSCL O “a 3,3 V \t-‘ an .L. fu '. --L '1 nitio; I“. \— . . .k"1 1:1 ‘ . .-‘-A'-V . s 3 I Z ... _ S V‘ ,2 _¢.\./ 1 to t I O LIOLS yox x4- '“i‘.'\ U A. .c' +' - - fi #4.: -.. 0-1 0—— U...A_’ lag—L... 1~ VlC/a3 .1 it inr C ‘fl ’\ ‘— LA"; U o -I .. .‘ -(.¢_J ‘ I «A. .W 10. .1. b 0:“;1 .3 -v Lijydi ti'C-fiid- , ical exsoinatiO‘ involved the was atrognic. the in HJQCQHJS ' , \ ..i‘ t 1:1" tion oi nois. t4; wtromic adreisie to 301421 size, atr034; as ndicgtiv oi recuced AJEi K1335) ciso obseivei "sat airengl siz C. en acsolute wei it 01818 tie rats food intsge for 14 days. tht cssglots 11cc aceo in0i asss in both of tne adrenal, lnolCutin~ Selje (1946) section of anterior 1 . ‘ r“ ‘ "" . D vviii J. v.1. U _..‘ :3 . - 73'7" Vila/4.1 .L‘LL. qua. u... zwlm‘tr‘. 'Z’Tzl'3-T)‘; L‘s ‘. Ui— , l LLV— V\.,. 1 . s ' . 3" 0'13 c: mil/1:25;: p. v u m r‘ r9 '5‘ ' ‘ ’7 c. «0“. v ili-‘J. 1c cnrn V '1 H tifiit isle kbgiltad relativ _' - ‘4._1 . iiJo oiozi -i zflLLO - - :1 .. -.. { ' U‘gi‘lq‘ LIL/{1.1.1.3.} 111,1; olO‘l s tie zone 5iossrulosa UL;V , sec .5‘ e Oi ‘\'_.'I"dl3 r3 4 , -Jlinos and lo“ n aetcneW of inglants restored " intorgrttsd the ration. geit s T:ts decrecsed at hot: 5r0d9s of workers found as" for geriods of 7— 5 days, L4 . mind its effects a the sore— d the egysrent shift in the gro— tary horuon=s during severe inani- tion was due to the “eagonse cf the citdit31“—”i~ecnl svs— tau (General socjtation SUUQWOAe}, resultin; in an inciesse” secretion of essential sows at the eijense of less criticcl :anterior‘igrtuit;;. zmxnnones. Lats sre coniliotin concerning the functionsl oe- gacity of th" yitaitarg to resgoni to stiess during conoiti of die. Li . '+ - :u- 2 w +' ‘ i m “' a +4.. : ann; ° tnet flclbj;f 34¢ LOLfiaulQfl K E 11b537u1C1 Oi Ao_1 13 1'- .4 . Z“ l . ,‘ » -‘ . -‘ x - _ (\ 'T h .- -u p“ - - ' ‘1‘. . | n ‘ ' 1w . acutei -ico :1 or CdlvliCQli“ MUMQLi,m r~t. 1o €1.n d «J In _ ': r- - 1 ~7P'e‘ 1 ,~ A 1“:,~ .w 1 L10 soio a1t3r QC&;utho it Jae Concioceo c« tsese " rn '3“1"-' '1". ' " ’v‘ 1 "“9 ‘ ‘."‘r‘« 45.3 .0 "“ 4" . "". —‘ \f‘" ~r~ ' J-w ‘ tiet DubuUu11tlUu.;JJufl;bb use ihfiCblOufii CarfiClul'Oi g“, C”, -..L “ 9",: ,._,- aiJ cciic1c10111. caye1s db ai. (1333) 1eoor gituite r —eirenel systeo only sliihtlg, in contrast to 11:05 on t;e iitaitur :e~ s trstion me' SléfllIlCSLC1J 'reete: alter exgosure to col 0 d- (l) Fl ',-, C-‘I H. (1) Cf C , m L. p) 1") HJ C" k| W I J (D (3 w I.) (i I..J {5 in rats led a nija tr that diets goor in protein were inceoae e of meiiteii . ‘ ‘-.'_ jar ‘ . v.11 ‘ ' :1. t: ‘ 1 - . ‘ .\ .IY tee elexw.t d clooi piessare anuCUQ by neoireotomr. ten31on W s resto '1‘!) use a‘iiniogretion of A313. |\’ (p O (‘x latter two fini1rgs infic te thst the eishoretion of 3.- ..‘.. -. 0;)» .m .—, “- -. 4—-:., r'nJ. “fl " i‘ m:rnc11f ichUpu CA a 10¢ '1Ou311 else. ”(mole T H :3 |>- t.) C) E A FJ \( \_. O V I.._J Ci- ‘) H H L) O C (D f c f ’ - .1. $7 }__I (D d- 0) g x (L! Pb I- O }.J. RI.) 5 L4. choline Were equsiiy effective in retarding tie elevation 1 'roudnt scout DJ newsrethuV. it C 1.4: 0‘ F“ O O C..- *2 I: U) C) S H (D (Y x, v-« #45 ~w's +1 9 W - mm a“: r: L n. . 3:: ca tutu t1; e1130ts oi 8 ion yiOtclj eiet were cue t crotein diet. maldldr and Bernfleiu (19593 demonstre 'F‘H’ -1 KJ ... (j‘f‘ IV 1*. A _ .-- ‘A its (0 (1) ;”t:1. Other vorksrs 1.. J Q3 groups and not protein ger se. LviQence for activation of the Qituitcry——ir3nnl system nes been retorted for animals fee diets deficient in ascorbic acid, ysntotnenic acid, t' p m s s (D 0 D4 0 [._.I 1... 5 m g 5 C sufficiency occurs, possiblv due to adrenal cortical exhaus- tion. linis res ones is a characteristic nsnifsstetion of lnEt") blOL’l - S O {.3 I U) '( ) (L‘ C) l._.| ,— H 0 CD C "1 (T L: (t I 3 CV; 5 CL ct C‘ 1 FC/‘f H. O m H O I- 43 c+ :1 (p C I) *3: (D H (D [._J (D H p d [._j n1 d- } J. C F“ ...) (‘fl 12> >34 t 5 SU 1;: ”L i ‘I (D "i O ‘ (‘7‘ ...) Q] L‘) CL [-4 O L 0 d P C ) kJ ....) A I" .C‘ .- -1. ._ .- ,. -. . 4\ ._.,.\ 2, 1.9111131: Airowtn. synes :1: 8.1-. (13%0) iound trait the mannery glenis of rats fed 73p of its nornel intake snoweo less neveloenent tnan controls. finite (1944) re ortefl sinilar efiects, using virgin fenele nice. iovever, this lecn of :IOUtJ was believed to es due to CBSSLtiOT of es— f] .. -_,,, .1 . .1, “I 1 .. -' a .. ' . _-. . .11., ,,,. . .. ' g: ' , tious CJCleE, einCe 11cc 1eu tne bane sua~ciloric ciet, I I . .- . I . - ,‘K ;/\ ' ~ ‘ ‘ , — - fi ‘ -I r‘ . v 1 ‘ ‘ 1" -.-. fl - ‘ ‘ - .- ' - 7-\ .-. ,1 M cut heft in continuous estrous OJ a SJDCUtHLCQuSlJ infilzntso V A. 'V —‘ ,m ‘1 -.‘ ‘. i“, ‘\ 1 f‘ '3. '. ‘ .‘. ’4 ’I' ”’5 -' “‘ ""r’ ‘W “ “" A‘ H .1 A ..- ‘1 fl pr [‘. ‘ i“ -...T‘, y:.L_Lc—t OJ; uictiiu'i: bllDob oi 0.1., Eric-#611 Cul’loJHiei 53.0.1.8 1.1:: LiLL-Alj “chlOfmsnt. r .1 “-c“ t“ - -.- IN 1": 'L.‘ h ' IN“:" 3‘ 'L I normally iets on unrestiicued ciets resyonu b0 es— + “0‘ e.an+ get ”'t’ n~ma«« ~ wt; :‘sw PT~ w: “a is Uro‘v‘vfl VIVL- Diubli :'1 I1 .L-Ad.l...-.LC-41J lJIIO‘H‘ 4.10 ”11911 rd Jk: are ."‘L _ CUM on a restricted diet and were injected with 5 mg estrone isild for 14 says, unic; normallr elicitefi good mammary . - ,‘.—- \ . -, _ -_ :rovtn, Astaood et ei. (lyj7) iouri tnet tnere was 9 lHCn F) C) of browtn. frentii and Burner (1 el) reportef similar ef- ects on tne rest nsive no es of the male mouse mammary glans to estr05en during inonition. As the fool intake mos de- creased to one—nslf nornel consunption, tne snount 0: es— h \L' O W p O C- H O c+ ..- trediol I‘cuircu to groduce a minimun gay 1 L .L. was pronortionslly increasei. 213* exglsinefi unsse reenlts es Cue to this indirect &_c*‘ion on tile 1131111221? alt/1o by the cituitery; the tituitsr; being unvsiolOfi‘ csllv ismressed during inanition an; therefore it resgonded to estrogen ’IF.+ r ‘r-j .fi": 1 "- '9 N ~ ". "Ln'3~- 'r -~~ -- 1~ "I "-. 'L' ‘ nlud e snailei cutout oi tie :ltUluald n1 no enic _ector. 4‘ , . ...,1 ' C" r. .-;= +2.— - 2' neites eno neeo (lvq9) neasure' one yfiOilCClfl content 01 u1tuit51ie s of 1:”s ?lt:I verious degrees of lflflfllthfi, and 1'on tnct prolectin JES reduceo belO" tVst of the :u 1- fed controls. Cn tne tesis of hormone concentration car 44:; OI iJi-t L114— ukul. '~ , ”6-16.338 WE. (O (. F: F1 \< 5.; D [._l P" .; ‘ ._.) d- g‘. (D O h (L; ' 7 (I) (U 0 -‘- ._\._. ;:‘ - :LUJO-zJila/ 01 t: ..m = _ .- -p.c'1_-. - .3 ;.' ~ .1 tenen, tut a COLsioe1e31e quncer oi soluiers CsVBquiQ en , ~ D + - — r“ A 1": 1 'w v.» - o - :— 1 y,\ e1 “1 m1: nent oi tie Discots o 111s tie var, oer: tner i re . . ‘ Hfl -1 .~ ‘I. ‘- ‘~ /‘I M" I“ '1 ”N1 ~’\ I‘— -.v’: J- . r~ "'PJ - . DOtn unoeiieu eni iilno111.1eu. JiSbOlOJlCQl enonincticn '- d - . r, -, ‘ ,5 -,__.. " . .. - f1 h -' ‘ .0 ‘-. , '_ .- ' 1‘ ( ,.. 1 ' 1 ., o1 t;e ijcufllo seoxmmilryyerfies1a.cn_'tie Quote. .nn: .2 some cases a secretion s1.1ier to colostrun NOS 2 (s . (a l‘ . -'\ ,-.‘ .-~- 4- :l - ‘41 .1, - A' _ -' fl -' '- . - fix . ~ ‘1"f.‘ - vr nestle oco urreo alter Violongec nelnutrition, nut in nan; ... .. ' g' ' . ,. .;_ g' , . " -1 -..y- ' ,_ 3 -1, 4.7,... --.1 ,1, . - C ch 1t ulu 10o ucVSlOo until eitdi on: i'CcunLJ tiOJ Of 9 w nornel diet. it is well known t13t grneconestio may oev,loo in liVer dis eases. Jacobs (1143) felt the inatilitv of 21 ‘ tne ciseeseu l1ver to 1nect1vete estrotens was tae ceu1e F '1 ct co H of £3Leconest13.fl1e 3106: rence o: the gynec011st1” e' tne resunrtion of an eJe uete diet wee thought to be d‘e to en igpeirnent of endocrine function, 31th an increase en production. Conclusive eviden e of actual liver inueirnent eni inc: easea estrogen levels was not evident. ect ticn.11ere has been virtuellv no work con- cernin; tne nutrition endocrine interrelations during lec— tetion. Enis can be fertlv exoleined bv the diffl' culty in measuring 111k groduction in rat 3. It is well setsnlisbee tnet a CeCIe3s e in food in- the or caloric intene during lactatior result in a reduc- U) tion in 1111 yield. nelson (1959) showed that lactationel perfornenCe, as judrei bv weifgt of tne young at vengine cecreesed pronortionztelj nitn oroqressive restriction of an Optinel lectetion oiet. Sinilar results have been re fortei in tne cow \1eece, 1959). The nreooninent r»le of groteiu in regulating 1ilk production 1135 lone been known. lei s (1922) review of tne liter-ture, eltJOu n limited to dairy cows, sn med tnet tne quantity of 1111 vield de;a enc ed ugon the vuentitv of protein supglied. Mueller and C x (1946) snowed tnet this H .1 ‘:‘ ' ‘ A I “ -’\(‘- “If" I ‘ l‘ " a“ v I A ”- wes aiso true 10 tne lactating 1st. 1elson all 1V11s tljol) found tn: t t1e meaning weight of young rats inCIeeseC LIO- vressively nitn increased caesin levels. 1e cese in re- quirenent :or Optinel lactation e oenreu to be between 24 f0 [\3 \ .1.—... ”x.- 'U Miotl ...n) o ‘- ,nd 50 Ger cent (20—25 per cer 0.3 C I Diets ceficient in sodiug, potassiui, or thiamine - .. W: . -_n, .--~w\ ...-r- ,. ,-,,. iii - i (5.. - (celscn end pVahp, 150i; “eve seveie eiiects on lactathfl. 'e deficiencies beginning at garturaticn resulted (D (U Any of tn d b ( L: O 5:; r: in ion weaning heights or «g. Avsrege daily food in eke mes also marksdl; cecreesed. Jhether these defici— encies gave a direct effect on lectation or an indirect from restriction in calcri and )rotein f |._.I }.__: F? C. P (D F. 94 (‘fi 01 91 hi (i' U" S". [H.- c+ O h; C (I I" F O F. ( I v y .1 H (t '1 go H C, [._J “\1 0 r; H h: v o Bi‘tPJiXI..LJ$iJTAL riocsoum are rLJJTlTS fingerinent I. Effects of Hormonal Administration Upon Lilk Broduction in Qnderfed hats .1 Procedure. One hundrec five mature, fenale Carwortn rats of the CF} st”ein were bred. Once pregnancy was es- tablished by palgatetion of the abdonen, the rats were pleced in individual cages. Tnese cages were desisned to mate tne cans' food inaccessible to the young tarouznout the exgerinentel geriod, sni the young's food intake consisted only of miln iron the notier. Tne eninsls fiere kegt in an air conditioned roon at a teugereture of 74: 1° E. Ehe shoretory ration, and water was i — (l) Hrs t " v'Y‘ ""‘3 ‘ r‘ T‘ 2“ (’1 lats \. 4.8 .L‘du‘. d. baoiu 3.}, V? . ~ -. I ' “ . > 1 -‘ :jS avaiieole. F1“ ..1 I mi. .__, -. n ‘ ' '.L.-., -. -,,. .. . OD bug/cl_—Bdui, tile i146 U'JJ. S 1.8 1‘3 1C}, at (I) I _ to ei9nt .nins oer Can, aini tie iood.i1thnre of the den£:T¢a (I) ieonceo 60 i i noinzl consunjtion. Enis w:s determined OJ MS'uullh tsc diilJ loo; intene oi 3i lititun fed lac— t.tin; lite. it 2 observed t...“+ LS the gerioi of lee“;— LLOJ 310;r3603d, tne enount of food consumed 3e: deg ircreese“ Eran tne 4ti to the gti C37 . ~J . 4— ' ~ - -x " 'ci“ ‘y;r ’- ’7‘. ~j - —: *‘ .\ —'-. . ~"'. ** I ' "i '* 4—.“ A .-~ .wflr‘s anni.Litters here .uxrniec dei J, .5tIe,:ioninetelv- uie sine ; A 1 « - ,. a L‘ 3 j I , '13 -! _, ’3 ~ “*3 (3 ".r 4-1 1P“"I £14ng V¢KJ-.L QVJ , g —-Lvl U¢LK4 \AC‘ -0 \J—L V J-“d «C UV»- .1. v.1 -'_,' 2". .~ U¢CL¢J ‘ A r . - r — r«_- V" H “,3“: ’x 1‘» - ~ ‘ .. A 5 'Y" -- -'- r " - ’ I F ‘ normnnie oi .ioiinn-ei. on tnie li.mi c;w' fiOESKyJitLLL, ti; Ir -s '1: re SC'C' ‘4 Fin _; ”7s 3 OTf'ir': cm “H"- isw-t '.:.‘«"-"‘lC' 4““; n" 2 Viv '_'. .1.-L4. DVVL. MAIN; v U. *VID, VLUVLL, =VL'-..L ‘vL-LK, IJ’ UHL“, -AMJ, [\L \; l 1 thyroic, EJMI citiit ir' me to the nearest O.l n on a noll e1 —Snitn rne groups [ere trested es fol l. ntrols, seline; fed s1 2. Cont _ ls, saline; l/2 feed 3. Bovine anterior nituitarf ._. '1 ,~ _. .* .1193, .1./d .Ledli Lovine anterior oituite rr a. fee 0 uron.i iornone, En;roxine, Oxytocin, l I.U.; Hyirocortisone acetate, '3 v. nd onytocin, l l.U.; l/2 injections n excegt for oxytocin wnicn was given Q .1 four tines dailJ. 44 solutions were quiied concent“etion o; dilutin; with -’1 .../d. c! 0 "DC L. (l) I.) D . Lip Lu of nilk produced in sisll laboratory li low lit 0 5 o‘ v I -i'._ 5 , .,.| .V’. . iAA R ’ _;. .L r4 U - Oil“ £41 1.1. O S. 1, -' citun. (D H 9 f:“" r:- " Kici , 3) 1.1.); 1 O. . ’0 , 1 , lI/L f‘aeflo ._.) (I) Q.) prolsctin, PV‘ H els such as rat, and it was necessary to engloy indirect incic es. this eigerinent, litter -ro tn istes Iere en log ej. is only a rels tive index or 1/2 .1. tile J rio= ,3 Tip v ._f‘ .1: q ‘ -4.“ -.v 61.5811 ‘ n --LLV.‘_ - —‘ .1 \ "W“ \J J. K P‘ 3 'J\_, -‘J. ”(r I ._‘1 _ . -'-‘ ,. . . .l. ' .... \.' KL . ~ \ . :31 T‘ 3"” iv... .4-.- .1.- a... -.J. .1. e~ .. ‘~ 4 .L ‘— v |'\ re - 7’ .1- 7 r 7 .1. .1... “.‘z )- ... V‘L V A. I“ '- \I; O. +. U..- ‘ O ‘C. '13 .fi .5 ... ,5 lectat t ll .1. . ~~_¢—‘-‘ .11.. AJ‘ r.- 3" 3‘4;— 4—,, ...l e-u‘s. 1 ,3 .':~‘ ,. J I-l‘ .‘d-J 7.‘ "1 r’ld tion 4-12; ’5: 7"! {.3 .L-L 0 AA V i’li th 10), trol geriod. nowever, a Si -'_ r" 7* 7 - I .. “ ... . ,. " ' ., ,- . .-. . . ..- g' , -1.: ‘ n. Lne 1/z :eo contrOie occurred in tnese routs uu~inj ti 11—15 F ‘1 ON t‘ ~.‘.— .1 ~.-4--. ’1 ~ - . - F ...; ,2 .ie l/' .Leu ccniuroi._jiou¢) (9iogn; a) gsnplcu S: C) h-J P (.1; U) c+ i.) (U [I t H O F c ‘SZI (l) 3.. C C) I ,— C“ “'3 C) F J 1' /—\ e O 51 .J }_J \d’ C v . --.‘-._ ...—..., A s of 324 with Jr‘ircti‘ nne cortisone in n (1') (3 5.: c+ H \ f0 (D \N D] :2 31.4 ...“ b "5 0 /-~\ 3 H O 5* K. O x... 1 f: C; ( 9.: U‘ i... I..J F?) H‘ O (0 L3 C+ I 4 (L (3).; S. 0 d- H O ,3 F! Cf c? ( *‘S d P p Ci“ \‘O 'r-1 H '- U) I f {n L} S; (‘ 1 P (D C} Q be P") P >. n F’ H x}— I-l d“ C F i, (D ( F‘5 V ‘ rfi - v 7' , a." - > V d ' '3. '1'“. ‘ ‘ -.- r “r: ' 1 - u r;te 1-re no nore e iective tnen tne l ute , tuO aor- " - 'fl '*‘ " “ " “ s '.“,.C I" - I ‘ :—. 'y. .1 | ' "V. " ‘ "1 2. "\ ' .' ‘- s 1lune (neitee, i})j). oiniiei resul o .eie Obtql ‘rs Union ieeeivee grolcc.in (;rcu3 9), , W'DII AAJ ¥L F71") U- 'J er dose of n Irocontisone (group 6) and xytocin (group snowed no significant increases ove s during the b— 10 dzy period or tne entire exnerime- I..J. 1 ,2 .. ...“ : r'z‘, ,. ' 4. ud‘)’ PUinv.o ..Lild ll Lat ([2 '~ F, ' ”‘- .\ j ‘ J . ‘ ‘ - fi’ 1' I" '." ‘\ "'3 . ,: ‘L ._. i ‘ 1f} r) n f\ ~~ 'f‘ " r rs djfl MOL: QJIlflg tile EcllOJ teen tne l/1 iel COLE ole. l . l' "A 7* .LiL'CJ tocin .1 11 e 171 llOiiio a . :‘A' N“, .~. 4" ‘ ‘u h 1 ‘N ’ I'J ¢* ," -\ ‘3' ‘ r) ,1 i'ets given l.r'ol.-.<.cL,in, iguiocor sons acetete .na }‘ (U U) ’ l ‘3 U (5+ F)! 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C .L a ...... .II_ C Q I we I 4 _ _ .1.. v2 7.}. 2/ né Q 4 A4- / 3 CL A». .1; . 3 30 .i +_ n); ...) + _ +7 0 q +lz.6 ...- -.fl“, - -.._-_- -..—. O I H... t t .l l T ....v .Ix S ....u. u P 10 o n 9 .5 ...M. \C u 1.. T 0 .oh t r 8 ..I .0; O S r ..P. 0 e r t ...r. t e .1 .1. It. I f .d. 0 d ..u. I ...“ O .T... .I. ..o * * * Table j (ccnfiinueC) I ~ ”3*; 4*. E:"r01d “t. lit drou; nugber * ¢- ° #4 . and '2/100 1T/lOO Treatlent -4 . .3.¢ -; T.%.b.it. 1.--Osntrcls 63.9 24.8 13.9 5.4 10. £|vL.L.L-.C|30. klO) 'f‘joL +LQO ’T'Oo4' iQog ii). 3.——A.£. fender 26.9 15.7 13.6 7.2 9. 15 a; Cally (3) +5.9 +l.9 +1.4 +3.9 +0. fowaer _ aailg (5) 4'0_-‘L\10J:0 2 9 1A.: j.--Gronth .orJone l m; dallj {10) c3 .--’l";1d roxine lo,ué.s/1QQ 7.-—dydrocortisone 0.5 4; daily (5) 3.--dyarccortisone 1 15 daild (j) 9.--£rolactin 1 mg daily (10) 4 X daily (10) 30. :2. U1 \] \x1 \11 [\U‘Vl \N \C N: Cu Ui \JJW 10.1 :0.5 10.9 iO.7 \HCD (I; U) [\3 N \1 F0 [\3 K)! [\3 F0 Amp \N U’l -. _. _ r.-. _ I“: '-."‘;-_. -c' 1 -, -1 . ‘.‘.. -.. ., 7 dxfierlmcat c. LildCt 01 unGelfeedlh;5ugpn ..dIo.y cromta lrooedure. gators, felule Carwortn rats of the Chg strain were divided into the followini irouys of eiojt 1. Controls, aa libitun fed. ”gr“? " /n D 4371. arr-FY- “'3 h d w ' “at. *3 -. Lo flv‘Js .L/é OJ- u--.c. (1.3-1U101u .LO’VL CUHSLL-.. 10:]. per eno 0: 33¢: ea erioent. Ugo; *erfilnation of the exgerigont, (—1 y H (I "5 w l I U) (L H (1 U} :1 h H H) |__ O (l g 0 P‘} K.) c 1 F H (‘/ O < '17 )' |.- (II CD - p Ct‘ (D H 2.4 w m L). W (L) :3 3 H (J) ‘O - ... ‘ a .. y I: . . ’- -; ~- 1,\ J. N -~ ”I - h. ~ ; . . ‘- - .— - . I ...-r . .«g_-. 1.5MJ, 3; HS; -eo on a hollel-.-1tl b-1sno.. 13; r1;- -' . ' .,- , . . . ,‘w , ,3 .‘ .2 . , ... .- . - - ..- ,.. .. . -:v _ '3 - .- 1h;ulngl MQJMELJ gland u&8 u1deCuCu 1fcc, lxuu 13 -oulns '7' " ‘I '5 "J .‘ ',"\ -‘ ‘,‘ | ~ - . " .V‘. I.“ ‘|.". “-'. (N ' ~ ‘ ~ -‘- ' r1‘“ 'u ' "1 f1 ‘ y‘ 1lulu, duQ ~r51813u 101 LOGS AOJAUlngo 148 hrOLS mOdutS 1J (D l were r (‘1': -I‘. . T. . [,3 . , .~. -1.: -,_ ..- ‘. , ., , ' .. _ . .:' 1 - ..C‘ .bdu amour a ULSopCb11; Llorooooje lor 0.:ree o- .- ‘ . .,' I.-. ,_ ‘ '7- . -z- 4.1... J.- '1“ .,_'_, _ Q JciQrmJLJC tuA3OqGJxL" uC) M43 LCLLLOH :13 so.m1-.: *— l— I I 0 g 1 (L H ( 1 L- (l) C1 5.1 0 CT" Q (U 4 m l _J O ’k- p. h, ._x d L 0 Cu (D H -0 -..-3‘.‘t, Giu Oth .11 -- numerous .uots nltfl oany granoges; gan e-d ...- . -- :. -4. .. .. 4.2.: . . . u--. a- ' -..“: l? -- . -.rous .louo Ele ”32' UioflCudP; 11-1t5o —‘ \1" ll ’_ .1 "_; h‘ h a ‘ (“\Vj‘ . f” LLUM O—wLVvOiaI Jro.34 ~. >_ on +0 Uh!) ..‘J'. -~°;.n*-c: A" +1.3 r: "(or r mlajzw r” C: I? TL: .LL-lk.‘\A db. 0 .1....1v V..._L vv bx) v-1 U-.-‘~J ..li..'~1‘....—11.~J 7 I.Iltv'.|J '..L V -*m—— one .3 UL .1 (J *i‘ ( ‘1 1‘4 .1....1W .a. ‘1»q‘fi W— ’ ..-V.. ..- . )0 0—9, .0- l —u .1 ‘ I lob -.. .~ v _ .- (y - ~J kn \. I)“ U .;-‘ - -1- .9. - ".1 q o..-11x.1 1"; r", d 1 V 13-. . 7“] ‘u’dhn.--- V ‘8 / ‘ ._‘J .... ._.J 1'. d‘ 0 g u «...—n. u 1 v :1 C '" x. :1 1" ~-l L .I‘ . (3 l ..l ‘.‘ -4 \J .'~. "N r~ t . .~. 1" C) 11.. .I.‘ n ._.; A LV‘A v ...... ot. iv- -IJ. . ’01: I 1177‘ .1 Q 0.. _‘ loou. r; "r 1 .r d L .-. .A -- CV . .. ., ,1 . -_ \‘nlv‘u—L- ‘ _,I i’ 11 '1le 1 I l- 1; .4( :1 \ _‘7 11.. '3 V 'I'I‘ m, _LI _ 11-. ‘1 t 4.4.4. 9'. 1. .1.-. ._.—A. v .I1(-Y‘. s .(I; .....‘.A g..- .L r\ I‘. ‘,' . 1-. . 1 ',1 . I ‘ .J‘r -.l .11 1....-0 .‘ Q lectin.(01iimon 3‘ p‘a v c++ U +1---- '-.m“-—t -; ~r. wise: C -ultloh; ku- .,. .‘ .J 4—-.—. ~ , -~ A ‘ J— 9.1.1.5“ ul 6 u..‘.;.,h u 7' 1". I' , 1 _.- .~. 1., ' - 1 n ‘ r'.’ MJ—L .4. ‘J: 01L 1.; uL-‘Ll . A» J \pL *1- - - J- - ,. ~~ — 4 I“ ' 3 ’3. ._.. - ~ ) ’7 .LJ.‘V 11 LO-L‘..4'SV VJ; JV . ..--a, ,3. .17". I iv. .~ . " 1-...4 ‘44.-.. :. U~—.V .31 ~~ -. . (- 'T .1.; -.-. n; .-A r1'1': r=e* .....r. V r: 2) wt. th as, a..ri, TLC ovrrio. were all decreased congiierwh on an absolute basis a: a resglt of inznitioa. “he 73. .-owev Ty {mximtoi;e-. “1- r OI”;;JKEL'J€l;ht d ufibij tVe LeI‘ of 3o1¥l;te food titLfirexal (from; 2). Co on orjio boo? wei‘nt ratio th- feidnts of the utLIi ~39 ovaries re‘ in abogt to: 83.3 as twd ed libituH £34 o.ntrols (_rouc 1}; he: ui;tuixt21; :q-d .nfllwgz‘flLE ilioiwr'ez i, xiii 23 iize fflIy‘1u3 5 oreazed. '1 .¢_ ...; -/L .— - -. 4- -. ..-4. . +1. I??? -. ;.w i;° .o L301”t.9 cob- .-.- '-a m 1.. 7-—.~ -.." 'J. 1;o1). .slnelaer on- -21. - .- _ _ -v N . ...:- .z.*. - . 1 i; lw1“»a 10‘.c o 'm--3f two '\ ' ’ " “ . '. {.1.Cf:_.::‘l.: C’_O ‘1': [ID-v I C ._.I _..v t0,jJUfid . ~ - '1.- .. -,-+; .. '~.~‘?I «.3 " lo-alrzolgr _rosu1 We: iI.*o.. o Is." rr‘. ' - .. .. + ' . ' u ‘ .-. find nyl.C.1J. i- t e soseuo . lv‘fi . . - H ‘ .) ‘<§ ~+’ - ‘ 'L Q . 1 ‘ i ' l ‘- ’A Hail. tz.n.:.n. "Ltd r'o -o.i. groltct 4: ._ ' ., ,3 an, .I . -o- .13 (JVaxtt.s :3... e.:¢=;:143 0?: 1L. 7“ J_ ... - U o . N, ..f. A *5 ,J. 3' \ A...) t" 3 'Y’l— {.14 mr "l_‘J ‘ ‘J‘ V. 4"_.C""QI 'P ‘V‘V‘Alfn'VdI \:;’:37." ‘ ""' I‘ ' Ir—fi“,r" “ff 'b’N‘VJ't.‘ 41‘} .. .“J'to .LQU v U o 1.41.1.k, by O... Urilui 22.4.1.1- UM 1-3.1.4....‘1/ J1 Um 1 ---. 1.... I; 1"" ‘ ~ -~ , " l: r" ...." v-L- . I 'r'“ )1- urouy -auber nv.ut..oso w 1.. ”a..-lJ ; 1' ' .~. _‘ . . ~ _ _,.- . ,~-' _ .- ‘ 3.111.. 1'1‘ 3 --.'C...'c.'f’. ..;..-S 035 -.r 133.11" ‘- .r;V . ..." .Lfl" ,, _.__ _ . ...... .L .L .L. .L .L I .L‘J ..—-Lcntrols full—flea (g) —— —— 6 2 1.2 14 cage (6) 51 13 F] 4:. \N [\ 3.-—.o Food 14 ngs (5) 75 50 1 }- .1 \)J L" U] 0 L/ fl.:2 1.0. m.~+ m.m+ >.ma+ n.4m+ >.a+ m.m+ ¢.HT n.m ADV mans Ia u.g H.0H w.u- fi.mm w.mwa o.wmm m.nm 0.1T m.\q m.fin wooa o;II.\ II I I II II II I I I I .? H.91 w.o+ Q.H+ <.o+ H.3I n.cr+ m.n+ n.m+ >.m+ m.fi+ ADV mama IA c.m m.ma n.Hm m.a¢ p.1¢m n.¢m¢ w.oI M.H\ n.9m m.mm ummlwflawnn.m H.Q+ 6.0+ m.m+ 0.0+ w.¢+ o.ma+ 1.m+ 0.0+ m.H+ m.¢+ Anv guaxaaja 0.0 o.va m.mm m.mm m.omm 0.0mn m.o\ n.HmH n.3a H.NI maogpsoonu.a [0.910. -0 . o I...I..I.I.U¢|-.IIII..I.III o I)..I.I_ I. ..,.II. 0 Wm. .I.|.. .1 w. e .. I . .. ._H I ow. o W1 0 M: “I 11.4 0+. 4.4.“: P mud Hm. ., II ..x . x I 4.. \r..I.I \.. :4 . \ I c.‘ ). NJ. .-.4. 4.5.”. CC.\=; 0¢H\:f .r~\:a mdax._ ”,H\%: as“ .w. hgupflfiwflm .p» :uflpan .Pu vdflampp .Pw mflimua .pw Hwivaun 99913: afiorj ' -II'--.I'II.I..I.III ‘IOI Il'l‘ it‘ll-ll." ‘.I.Il'i'.'ll ' '1.-. \. mpmfi mo mpg flmw :5 Ho mflflhoowzfl Go QCmemMHmGQ3 Mo povMMJ .w mamas Figure 1. Gross mount of a mammary gland from a rat fed ad libitum for 14 days. 7X Figure 2. Gross mount of a mammary gland from a rat half- fed for 14 days. 7X Figure 3. Gross mount of a mammary gland from a rat starved for 14 days. 7X Figure 2 ’1‘)“ .3; ~, ‘ ‘; ; ’_\ \"?‘ I «im‘ Figure 3 T K. ‘.I“ n 4“ ’u\ If‘ ‘J ‘._j ; \ 1 _: 1. . J— - l '1 I 1.‘ “ *‘.1 vaix I" f1 1"? _ VJ ._I .l "if-:3 1“" U ‘ 4...- .,‘_ .‘-A -- .1Q.,AO U0 with}. . \ \JrL ‘3‘)" .1. ice :10, Id “. ..l—LVPJ {J '1 “\4?‘ 1 IE) 8 . V q «b a.) . ‘ :4 “'7‘ ' UL$V Dc... 4- ‘. 101" 1 ‘1 .L 3 J 'L C‘ C :. ~\ .1- .4- U ‘ . O L‘Oli. 1 «n4— y‘L; U C .‘: .L t" ) AV 1" A" I _. ;VJ‘V i1 e- -"I ' oil; V3 (‘ .1 I - "._J 1V + U- i—I. ‘1‘ ffi I“ ‘r' o« x. ..3‘fi V ,— \z‘o‘... v-- .3,\ ~/ _, "a .L . . T; - A.‘ ' .... I.) "Iifi‘ V‘J... «\~--\’] V...»-‘. . ‘. i \I/ .11 CD A . r; i Figure 4. Mammary gland from a rat fed ad libitum for 10 days after young have been removed. 14OX. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Figure 5. Mammary gland from a rat one-third fed for 10 days after young have been removed. l4OX. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 43 ‘5 13', I " ‘3’ x ' gluVUngCJ It is not surg~ising tact underfeedinfi causes a marxed reduction in milk yield as snown in nxyarinent 1, since :43 fordaticn of ail; decends ugon tie synthesis of a conglex and energy ricn subs 7“ ' A . ' “ ‘ I " 1 . “\ r 4" '1 4 ‘ r‘ 2% r1 r “a I ' ‘/‘+:' 7-. Ieeuing, nOt Only is one nutritional 9nd Caloric int n3 —»-' ~ .-., “ ‘, W » --"~.~' 3. -.._ 'I;'_:d :‘1': ...._,4 . .,l._‘ a. tissue and pony lidios (“pdnafu, ngi)o l-e maintenance -j‘ - -1 l‘r -. 3 1 4' . rx “ r- I" «" ‘I‘ ‘ 3" A I -' Y‘V‘, '4' : I; ~ ‘ ". "T! ‘ A -‘ h‘ \ 01 All“ erodCulun nas also eon sio.1 do be cc enueit uncn ~ '- 'fi’ "I ~ A. J- ‘ ’7 ‘. 2 .~ 'I 2 —‘.‘\ " ' -'\ n - . ‘1- ~ : r — ’3 ’a y . ~‘ f‘. ’ b‘le C11L{OCI.*FlcS. JUL/Luigi; ‘- lt~1 LL ‘7. J\; I‘--VSCC UCI' ._.‘n-ZJ:JIJ_ ths a-‘_.‘:]‘\3 U) I \ r—' C) 5 (1* R CI‘ 0 L,-‘ r ‘ (‘1 d C C }_ r ’ I ‘ C' }‘_’ C) F’ {1 I (3 cf F‘ L, Q (‘1 .5 Q; L C , l-LI *- C) H t4 g C C. O H Cf" I-J' (J O F" (5‘1 U) are tne nost essential ncrncnes necessary to LELnCElH lac— -,_ ’ - N — ‘ . .' ‘ __ - - ‘4. , '1 f \ , .V ...‘J. U. th- Kl...) 051:3, .L‘IJIC), .../._..L'lUJx 1‘-__1iJSlii 3U Clo , .Lj 7” o .L ‘.L"' ’J " ""341; "*" p‘ “' ‘0 .r 9 w.) "‘J :4 ‘3 R n ”Viv“ A" w.:.c~u~(r.~‘7%-‘l :3 ‘0“ ejrwou , wlefl, .Ll adv , 31‘, one kuduu indies IKflianoifial- moi ”1.03 - - . ~\ ‘ . J.— . D - -: .‘ _ -: g ‘1 » r— -- . - ‘N a A? - x :1 r I. ~01. - ’v- 1 *. 1 fly. (3 148 LdeCblOR Oi miiu dicii LS LJEnlt Oi dhudllddflifl'f .Z' A ... -. —.° .4 -_t"-.. - - . - or Host an erior ,ituitasu :or ones 488 (I- (II 0 i (I. ct P O f) I- , . - r - .-. J A - ‘,~. ..1 ‘ r ,- .: ,. oeen adown to oe adore sad o. underieeain; ind v r1 us nu— (u U) A L if U) '_J O h h \0 F‘ L \I [\o \_/ O r y. * Q l‘ J ct I) ( f) O J I CfitiQflGl deficienciw -. ., g I ,-..-,...4- .. .1 ":4. .3 -,...I_ ; .- mvflal mallunctlois ceculiing gs lficiiu oi Lioriti!1;1 lu- t.— ,_. P' 5 I‘" 0') Ci h 9 C! P O L) O H :34 O H C Li (L (I) O l— O (I; cf } O c t i W F’ (D 0 F1) a I f“1 (L‘ (I) ; J (I) I AJ ,3 the ability to maintain ere HERO? in deficient rats by t e administration of estrOgen and progesterane (nelson, 19;.). \ 0 It Here, as in milk production, we have a coupler process develoynent (in this case an enbihro) which is controlled by nutritional and endocrine factors. Yet, even in the . case where protein was congletely onitted from the diet, pregnancy was maintained by the administration of hormones. WOUld this CD .pgly to lactation, which is also a hormone de- fendant grocess? In anterin -t l, the adninistration of hormones to underied lactating rats failed to have any effect on litter weight gains during the entire period of lactation. dowever, the three hormones, prolac tin, oxytocin, and hydro- tc b Lost essential for (f) I. A ...v H O ; F cortisone, which have been nilk production, each dencnstrated a slight ability to in— crease milk yields during the later )art of lactation (ll- lath days postyartum). These results su est tha' the de- crease in milk production irom un1erfe ee‘in: was due prinar- ily to lowered food intake and not to reduced endocrine function. .-_‘I _ 4‘ “1‘,” ‘ '1 r. ,,.-.’—,. 4. ' hw' a -. SIbOfllK et al. (ljol) canonstrated that OV:lletOJJ I“). n grotein—deiiCient rats greatly increased Lituitary WS; SU b c" . I—I 'ij content, raised the circulatin: levels of 353 and urougnt about castration C' t J norynolo;ical and guysiolo;ical Chan es show that the uitui- tary gland, even in tde conglete absence 0‘ 46 its caracity to resgond to the stimulus of ovariectcny with 3 increased synthesis sno L.) (U P (D f I U) (u (”N H: (I: Q :3 m g ._ 0 cf 0 '2: FJ. :3 (I) O I... f» J ...) Cu (0 ct I») (D o) O) (b H (U P ._3 ‘J :5 F“ Cf F‘- O :5 U) V p H 7 H I...) -4 ‘I (I3 x CD stimulus resulting from sev . 7" U) to act ugon tne gituitary to cause fornstion and liberation } of aoln (selye, 1346). 1t SBEnS then tiat the “uncticnal cayacity of the tituitsry 18 not completely inhibited by Celtnln Lorre of sub—nutrition, and that it can respond to u . - 4 V I ‘ - ‘- A >". J- . ' ‘ $0.133 s-ElAJULLJ. ‘..lt£ BILL—J SJ; v-1331 of hormones. m (”I L) Q "J (I. Ff (D O: (D o 0348: tne release of orytocin from the posterior CE 811 0 W5; tituitarv (ratersen and Ludsick, 1942), and prolactin (geites and rurner, 1535), and sari (erefoire, 1946) iron the an- terior xituitery. lt is believed tnat in the gresent study, the gituitary gland restonded to the stinulus of sucklinf pitd the production 01 Hrolactin, A513, and oxytocin at oftlmal or near ogtinal levels for nilk Production. The slight fiositive effects of administering tnese three nor- mones durin, the later part of lactation could possibly ave been due to the decrease in the strength and duration {.3 of the suckling stimulus as result of the nalnourished con- dition of the bugs and dans. In angerinent 2, it was shown that manner? develcy- I) ment can be induc« K I... d ’n rats as result 01 uncerfeed {\ C . .-.. g -: .. - -‘ .0 g, . ... w - ‘, _ -.. - -.ni. .. .- * ",1. ...ll ‘lflCC tne Qiowtn oi tee gl¢n<1zis flagbflucu ayOn JOrmcnal ... -. 1~ — .N » - ' .. H ‘1. ~,~'~, .-;. _. -:“. ‘g- 'n ‘ 4- ‘,"| r‘c -* , , n ‘ rx 0 stlnulation, some 301 “urnL.racuor Ol Iacuols were a.,arent 7 ' . secretes in increased a cunts as result of inanition. In . e + ~ . V - 1.. I w“ s FH‘ 1, ‘ n. contras b0 nose anterior oltUlt7_’ iolnones, Adli ass seen w ‘ ‘ <- r‘ ' . “an . V ’ u x '1 ~- —- *. -. ‘ a ' -‘ secreted in increased aucunts CLJTn;g_ge110ds U snown to FL 1 m G O H m d I..J O s *4 U H p. I of sev re ioou rzgtriction. Since 43$. ; a a fi -'m --. e « +~ '. seen villained , Con iderin_ se*e;e lOOQ r:strictico a: IN -~ " ’ ~,, I -l 1vA ’- - j \ A . ”‘4 .- a sures: condition \oeide, lg1o). C-;;:ClI;C stresses have also been snown to cause the secretion of prolsctin 1 et al., 1363). In addition nenr other soecific U .- a“ - J— - , r- ’ ‘ -- in '-, x-v~-‘,-— ' 1 . -'~ ~" '-‘:-1 - . 3" 3‘, f‘ 4-1 ~ . isotors nave been sloth to induce xvi“ and 3:01 o 1 re le_se (“sites at al., 19:2), as indics ed b” initiation of nam- mar; secretion in rats. in View 01 tie ability of so many to etner with nor: as resrlt of nderfeeoin . ._.-E D o g: b <+ I (D T Q I Q n. m m H o O m H lbs] . 4 L). d O U m o H m W O O y; p_) LL: '.‘) H (A (‘1 secrete Se vers sterios niicn can influence mammary {row v Q gr Jonnson and “sites (133?) and oelye (1554 to t the 1033 (O adninistra' A911 and :lucccortlcoid‘ induced frowth (‘T H O p '; O H‘ to of tne namnary g and in intact and ovarieCtonired rats -- _ H_ j increased m 0 0 H G c H (j b O H_ h (2 F; F1 F1 H p 0 h F' d‘ O 5 Q l._..l m w O }-O Q d‘ H O b O H) F...) 0 d' I... H ...; F; :3 H Q m tne exoerineit of nicoll et al. (13’01. flay found.trat starvation could induce lirited Leander“r m ( O V w a 1 '-- - ' .. . rx' . u. -'- 1 . . estroéen—krioeu rets. iue sltosr cJV . \' a t C) _f- 1 - 4_ \f: _"_‘r_.\' .: l A. ‘71 1’“ —r‘\ “I 1.. 0043lc . lOOQ ulo-lio.g lb 3-0o-oid .'-1 '_‘. . v.4. - 1,._, , q ‘ "- \a—T in L11: 81.10 an o Ol ilci -4011: r. .L 3.1.: — at: u . '. w 1 a w~-+o u v .1 p +nfiw .- are: MEL 0,333.1. 611 old: ELC [Jud {2- ‘ ._2. S ' uil :f a resultent reitei $051038 TGlBESé t Ortndll. in gioerilent j, it was siow 'r‘ :~- (:1 111$.-mgby " r.) ‘ .o'L‘V .LAJ. , "l U. F4 amounts to V l‘ ‘ I") — I‘ 1' .1..L\:9J-L-.‘LC..£ J or food r "“ " I " 1 - " l"‘ .l r". QICUCQ ll’l IGQuCcJ CLA.OLJ.J.L blflCfi ungsl'lgiLlOQS 01 S ulus is a; of ADE: and frclectin. Iue close sJSteo ago J. "_'K‘) _ ‘ F.1“. 1.1.6.; LA-l-Al C; .L J involution he? oege; f d involution q—,_ \ and oldtocin ,— involution ‘f‘( L. ‘1‘ Ti (3 v Jaguar] o v ' 1 ,"v ..t uion th l PrTlOdS tevior pituit restric \‘ . I“ ‘ _‘ V .‘ "A -l c ' __“‘" ‘ ‘3 ' .\ . 4‘ ". ugdrcltlj élcdt cnOU a to fromoue u I ‘1» - - 1 {k 1‘ - '. .- 4" -. r, .- ‘ 4- “ a ‘— .J— fi mile it groouole test 1.115111. tion 4.0L“) nervous systcu. ins gituiter" glenu, o; nervous connections thA 313 nervo LEW gsrti t1et um :1 0? 59V ii OJ an elo;_‘ .3 FL V U v ‘ f soders 3:3 :ormo " ’\ I. A t v ' elicct ls Clef tie -- 3» ' A. . l l) v.2, V \ \ function (derri 1 Ln -9 ,1 1 -: erieeiin* ostgertum u been socfin te restric— ore se f‘ not absolute, 1+3“ 4-‘ 5.11598 SvllJ" secretion e centr l a- 4.x - «.4... tirou 31 one centisl 4.‘ -4, , ° A A “ U:J..LOJ.\1L it: VECC‘ILVI' '- -L,“ “- g‘ 7““ ": . US SbecJ, l8 IsayOHElVe i .b ._ .& ... 1. L: . 1 r." U. .1. 11 (I) |,.J. v c) 1 :1- ‘7 . - .\ - . . x ‘ O V -.‘._'__“&_._ ~ —L IN "I r "-,.- ' _ 4.1111 1 . ,1 ”4.“, .9 (1.; ...: ._- ' n ., ' - , ._ ,1 ,, ' .Ll’l 434;.2284 1.463113 1, Vile 63.1.4.514 [JD OJ. :i.’---.1...-lS_L.;llf1 ,l'l'tcl 101" .‘t ' , :“f . I‘~','—‘4 ' x .+-',' ‘1 '-'.-- .q ‘_--.| -' I“,‘\" ‘ . wrer' 4 -\ L ,. a IgO.h¢Ulf, into..ui -;0111c1ne, 'tigimonigie, lu‘tocigu, 1 - '1 . ._. i ,- 7,4. A 1 \ .J. r '1 ...1 fl . ngltCulfl, ndi; cc bloCJc QCCCTbJ, -uo Oujfi001“, pLO— “— ~ -, n 1, ~ ~+n- ~ . we ‘1 icctin, uni nJuIOCOitisone :03uct3 in conbinioicz on k 4 "' t W‘ ‘. ' -rwl '~ ' ‘0 fl ‘ ""~ mg’ .' I ~ " "‘ ~".‘ a“ .‘\ I“ h “" ' .. 4‘1 ins iJio-th lets o: litueio 0: d youn. eici Guflnw one s.“ -'_‘.;. -‘_ _ ,4. -—+~-.~ ._. . ”11,-; .. _- .- o” -- 1* 4bli—iu bli QCLJTO LiOSUJiLkaANL mas Life‘s. 3.8 {31.1 _11Cl;;4{ O... .11. -" C J3 3." C. ch T) 1. Oil 0 ‘7‘ ~_ ~~ p -‘-‘" v-x ‘ * ‘ "fi 7 A. A ‘, . rm ‘ »\ I," "I -, -‘- 'L- ‘I ‘W‘ ‘ ”r “ f' (R J" ': A wvflo oi tn: normones inJeCted in«o tne uAdcrldu lictsti ‘11“ '1‘ ‘a ' l-- ' ' ‘x “I v' '='u \ ' ' "I‘ " ’fi; 0" ‘ '. ‘\ '-' ." " i . '.‘ . ’"1" la 0 leiuCcu and blwulllcht Cianje in litter 18154t ( ". x.‘ ' r' 1" I ~ - , 1 . ‘4 *1 r‘ ‘ '1' . “ uiis ouiugi- tie chUlre cwujlc’ Cl :L_Ct2:fil04. kl ! F) (v‘ Fl (1) (n (L‘ (L (b C, Cf (J (J \L, . \ "-‘ C O O F H (D }_J (‘t H () L) C)‘ (U Ci CD (L1 ._3 Lo (L) O L+ ) D '3 I) LT {‘ L p C }_ } u E ,1 C? 3;. l . C!" O f-I i [.1 l I 1 R O {J O {L O C) L) ( '1 L. {3 C) C.) O i-J 5:1 d (U ,A ~' . LJ' " V -,-T -' _. _ , _-_:_-,,J- _ - ._J. 4..” , ' ,‘.' ~ _ ‘.’.__. 1 lfiuio Eli‘d' 4‘U;--k.'1._l-;.‘b{ c quib wild QWUJ, 64-03; U 3.0” ""53 fl" 1.1. .- l .. -. , _ .“."’- g A. _, 2 ' 4 ‘1‘ fl -2 ,..‘- .1. ‘_ ‘3 ‘,‘ ‘3 +1 5. 1 ii 1_ ‘3 1’ .L..;.‘. '3 1......'...1.C-1 4.11MLVC4.CJVIJ ..L.-.L ,.‘_’_.L-:ii U "'._..-.l‘C'. L4v ”‘1‘," «.1»: 14....0 .1 ‘i \‘ ’_‘._- ‘._>,-' ‘}“‘» "73" ‘+ [1140 1.1/13“; “F- 7 "" ”3.75-“ ‘(V‘f QVLLD.AC‘~J\A .....LJ. .oVJ. ._U o .LL..._L:_) .g;.;\x.LC\.-a SQ .bl‘lCLb’ .LDV .L‘.J.L.L.L- gulducl cortical SGClstlQWJ -"'~-, 3 ) 7 \ \ q 't 'V‘ r Q... - -.. f ‘ l {1 ;~ ‘ '2 “ (“‘15 “g -1 7) .1 .LL'L by .L'-L3v)..‘. 0 DO. ecu L25...“u Unisex. :38)...“ C... but l__.c,Cl, -‘ -\ ' " ‘ ‘- ' . ‘..'..(~ '- A .-x " um . -~ \ - fl ' ~ ---. f, 1| ‘ M“ . . \ . . laCEttlh“ ldto uueo l0 lcbult lfl 'duuC~o cud Cline -~‘---,- "~~- a -‘ a“ -:- -I.-.——v. -~—.~. —' ». ‘I.~ ~. .~ -+—' r‘ lullC‘ClUil, ctl’lkl t.-lcf.t oLlS ubUld-Loc .Ll’l 4-4.1:; 310:1le ulOl’l 03.n- not be overcome by hormone injection. it is thought 50 \C' O o \J‘! H tnet the sucKlin; stimulus is able to naintein the se- cretion of tnose nornones necessary for milk production at a near optimal level. in Experiment 2, tne effects of underfeedin: ugon mem— mary grontn were stuuied. nature, fensle rats received half—feed or no food for 14 days. nelf—feeding induced neinly duct and end bud develognent; complete food with- drawal induced similar developnent with some rats show- [.1 {‘5 b 3.).) (L H {D Ci (I) H O (3‘ C. |__l O Q “lveoler growth. »nt basis, all the endocrine organs decreased in reigit during tne yeriods of underfeeding, «\( excegt for the aurensls, which incressed their reight suring the period of complete foou withirswsl. in nicerinent 3, the effects or underieedinj on nemmery involution were studied. Cn the 4th 53* postmortun . "‘ - T" . -, -«' .fi ' . ”D."‘\ “V " l . f1 r< “-1 . ' 1n r '- I’N li‘ters lLOm notier lmts uqfe renovec snu tie nothers - ‘ ,P " . . ' 4 “’\ — O.‘ ' . ’2‘. I ‘ 1‘ r '\ . --“ ' H4 '4" ‘ '. . a I “1. 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J_-J L... I. .-. ._.. 9 Q ... C «4 S : ... o 9.tr.. 9.1 31¢.) l J AU. 0 :1 4 .1 .C .“ ... ...; ._1 .-. 1.... ..A. ...; .1... 1TU . 7 , .w i ...; 7 .. ...-i . J v... I... ..L. ._ . .... Jr.“ 9 .. . ._ .... .... ...i I ... t .i ...; 31 .... c .... l , a E ...L. 5 V .i T. .... _ C . .l C 3. _ r 2..-... J -. ... .... L a 6. . 3 i . n .. . ._. ... Z .l C . .. .e .... l .c O .L. : O .11 .,.. ., ... t ._ K +. t .1-. ._. i. . .. To 1 .6 ... .... . ... .... t . ,._ O .t l ....) . a -. ... ._. ..n .l 1. ... e t ; Cry ._-" O .5 F. ... .... .5 in Q ._.o .3 _.... n I .1. . ,1. . I ... .l v.“ 8 ..J S 4.. A .-. .i .. v... .i - “ ... Q .1.-. ._i 1M 7. ..i .... .... .. .Tu ..I. To "w; ...... J... . .u and 5 Nu G . i nu t 5/— nd .....l-.. ...r ..u S 73/ .vi.n_-. S 2/ .3“ x-“ ...“.l A. ..2 o l I "I .L. ’7 L 1 "A A. n n; l l). 17. l 1 “tie. - 'vl (”N _. .. - -\.- .. \J O r . LJ (D n ‘. Kg. \T. Jr; Jecxson, C. A. DAe effects of infiniticn and u lAutri- tion UlOu vrcwtn -1d structure. Al:cAist0fl, LAilafel— 1.1;.-isan 9‘23. Jecobs, A. C. GyneccAaetia LollOfiA severe etcrvc- tion. AAA. int. Aei. 29:792. i94d. JOAAscn, h. A. LAD. thCSiS. Aicai en sucte '1iver— eitg. l9) Jcnnson, R. A., and Aeites, J. Afiects cf cortisone, A.U-oc01t; son=, QAd AULA cn Aamu :' rent: iii pitu- iwte"‘ ..oleccij;<3cnte:flszxf rats. .fibw“. soc. .LrUtl. 1.11010 ..edo 53:49). iii). JOAASUA, h. A., 2nd Ae'tes, J. Affecss c” cc;tiecne A AilA }.' i; . - ~'A~ - 1.1 0" ‘ I‘ ._. ‘ -9 N" A- 11, IV. 3.10 , bl...‘ijbo.;x, .1.] o 1:10 , ctl’lC‘. LEVEL-l S, ...-i. . .0 ill; uLche .9 J, H... . - '-,., ._ :1 , ..L -C‘ ._ -. o. ilCUw£14bJI c11e cn tAe co (N3 .ce1.1.c c. hUUo- " ._v I. ', .-, -..: ‘ 1». 1 fl .-_. A ' l Un3sectcAiZed Lets. anoczino.ov3. 44 :71. 1949. LutweK-Acnn, U. Ine ceUeAdence OI ‘cnecal Iuncticn "\ A n -L- . - ‘ m - " AU L vitAAine e1; o+her nuUrltlonal lQCtOTo. U. 4U— 42. ViteAiAs an; Acr.c:es. ib:l§jd. ‘ Pu . 5) ‘/“"‘ P l ‘1 ~* r~ " - J” ‘ 'f - ,'- ' 1: . 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