WWII

W.

H
H

I 1' W

I

I

I

J

W

I’M

}

n’l’

(
J

V <

i

W

1 !

 

LAKE MlCHlGAN BEACH SAND
AS AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE

Thesis for the Degree of B. S-
J. E. Vanda: Veen
l 9 Z 7

\

THESIS

(1??) ‘7‘}. \

‘.u<

a“, , .
.‘ "' I '

0‘: l
V.
a»

5" '1‘ w 7’”
:r w <‘ ‘3:

I" '1‘.

3237,41. ’

. . -
‘oo‘oln‘s- ‘.uM—oaq'.- . §

Pfifi' L (I- ~‘. ~

’ i"‘%{fi" '. d.

9:...5333317 -, _:
aw. v i‘ -

.' ~r

~..'
g}.
3‘,

.'I J':'n ' ‘ c a
a. c.‘ n . "i
0' ‘ .- -"’f‘.
-‘.'H’:‘1?§6-a’:~’

’.~\ ~.. ‘ ‘1".‘5 J

k

— ‘-~d-5J~-auu.m\l "V“

' ?\:.:. ' .
' I r 0-
. 4. z_,
. 'i . -
.,'V‘" ') ‘.
212*” - I. :
_-‘ V V.
.0". . V .
u '.‘I.-. ..
‘ 3.,“
-1 - ‘
‘1. “‘ 'V__'V
.‘w L ‘
g“; In.
\ ‘0 ‘ f
_ . :
s . .-
' r
l ‘ a.
33,!" i
. . '. ¢

-\

U
..

b

.,l_‘ '3' .' ‘..~.’."
' I" “5" '.
3’35? 7

“W .*; .

.. . .4. I‘ .‘ ‘ ,
“5 .“é” .. -. 7v “4
'. . . J' . V
Qf‘Jé'v \.~§.‘ 'k
P“"‘j‘fl:.“' -' . J
' " 'b 1' fit ‘
' ' \~§ F"‘ ‘ l
f} .‘u‘x. a?“ p” ' -.
' u ,. . < .. ':*.‘
"V” “-V 3'é‘{",'.‘ ’4‘“.

"-v"- 1,. 1" $~-.,:" any:

' . .L .

“R' ‘ - .). '44 ‘ I

. ' . ‘ “_ . . . _
”A .I . ‘ _ . - _
uwa...aapou§d¢3;‘. .

4" .

..§~..4 r‘fi y

' "— $5103?” m
." Rafi}:
4“.“ .

v. u not...

$35., ‘ '
I! .‘ “M. _'g _
‘3 J6“? "ii-ft":
-9'3’y-‘ ' ‘*
E‘fi’kmw

HMEK"

«‘5’: I .  ‘ 5 '1‘..’ _ .
'. Q'T I ‘-ig. .> “in”-.. H-
w - . - \ ,n. ,
.1“, ”#5595393” ”5:144 I.

1" , V.- ' i ’j- .-. .. _ <

. 9‘ .i '. '0'-]-,1‘ .9131. _ -L'.'-«f'3‘}.""v?v 7 _ .
'29. «mm.» x
a _ 3v ‘ . .

I ‘- .- s
‘1 .
1'~' ‘ . I
Mal...»
.... .

ab...- I-‘t.u¢-.- » -..

t

' A fig.“ '1
A. \ u vii-‘1‘,

' J-
i... 'W
I .- ' f't‘ q
9- A ’19)“ a r‘ . h '
‘ ' ’4 V;hAl:_ r

' ' I
Tu § LB”-.. .fi‘L'

I
.I._

.—~ to

5%-,»

. I.‘
l-ww

 

‘7“ . trim '

pug-alga,

1.

Lake Michigan Beach Sand
as
aggregate for Concrete.
A
Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
‘of the
Michigan State College

; by
jeE.X§gder Veen.
Candidate for the Degree
of
Bachelor of Science.

June 1927.

 

THESIS

Preface

The author in the selection of this thesis
did so with the following objects in mind.

FirstzThat a mixture of sand and cement would
give a sufficient strength and economy in using
along the Lake Front.

Second:That by adding Lake Sand to a.mixture.
the strength and the bullsing of the concrete
would be increased sufficiently to offset the
'extra cost.

The thesis itself consists of compressive tests
run with different.mixes of the sand and cement;
and tests on the different persents of the sand

added to a 1:224: mix of concrete.

103985

 

Indroduction.

In the western part of the state. there is
an abundance of sand along the Lake. There is
also in certain districts a shortage of coarse
aggregate or gravel; that is it must be shipped
in either on flat-boats or cars. The fine
aggregate is dredged in certain parts of the
lake and also shipped in.

This.material.must be bought. shipped. and
drawn to the Job. thus malsing the cost more
expensive than if it could be hauled right from
the pit. The beach sand can be easily taken and
hauled to the Job in one Operation. and cutting
down the cost by omitting the screening and washing.

This sand is very fine and can be.mixed with
the materials that are used to increase bullsing
and water tightness; if the tests fulfill the
theory.

This thesis contains a 28 day test run with a
sand and cement mix; and a 14 day test run with
the sand as an admixture to a 1:2;4 mix; Isak of
time due to the difficulty in getting the sand

here. prevented any further tests.

 

w— #1?

Test No. 1

Sand.

The sand used in this thesis was taken near

Grand Haven. and passed

1. Fineness

sieve No. %Retained
l4 0
28 0.38
48 56.29
100 45.13
Pan 0.01
99.81

the following tests.

 

Fineness Modulus; 1.21
2.Percent of Biltg- O
5. No organic Matter

40 Wt. per cubic ft. I l

#

02

fiPassing

100.
99.43
43.14

.01

. 0
2.930 05

 

:3.
Test No. 2. Sand as Aggregate

In the first step. that of determining a mix of
sand and cement to stand a compressive test of
2000 lbs.. the mixes used were; 1:2. 1: 2% 1:5;
3%. 1:4. and 1:5. That is 1 part of cement and a
part of sands. ect.. according to volume. The water
used in each case was equal to volume of cement

used plus 1% of the sand to allow for absorption.

The material for each mix was weighed and

determined in the following manner.

A 1:2.mix is used as an example.

Amt. used. Wt. per cu. ft. Wt. used
Cement 1 cu. ft. 94# 9.4#
Sand .2 cu. ft. 102# 20' ‘#
Water .102 cu. ft. 62.4 6.3648

 

““1 33:1643’5‘

Four cores of each of the mixes.mentioned above

were used for test purposes. These were kept in a
moist chamber and sprinkled with water every day
for the curing. At the end of 28 days they were
tested and gave the following results.

Oo

nix Compressive Strength Pounds per Sq. in.
:2- ----------------------- -~- -------------- 2520

1:2é- ----- -- ----------- ~- ---------------- ---l400

1:3 ---------------------------------------- 980

1:3---------------------------------—------- 718

134- ----- - ------------- -------------------—- 620

1:5-------------- ------------- ------ ------- ~513

Results are Average of 4 cylinders

In order to plot a curve to express the strength
relative to the.mix. it was necessary to express the
mix in terms of the cement relative to the sand. The

table below shows the transfer.

Mix Percent of Cement
1:2 ------------------- ---- 50
182%---- --------- - ........ 4o
l:3~------ ------- ~-------- 33.35

1x3&-~---------------~---- 28.6
l:4-----~----------------- 25
1:5- ----- - ------- --------- 20
This data is plotted on the curve and from that
it is seen that a 2000 lb. concrete must have a.mix
of 46.25% cement. This is equivalent to a 1:21 mix.
In dertenmining the cost of concrete made from this
material a 1:2 mix was used. and the amount of material
needed for 1 cu. yd. was computed. With this.mix it was

found that 1th. cu. ft. of the concrete weighed. 16?

‘_“_', ,_ ,,

sfitlsw-‘J'Vh' 1" Hcawnqvg-an

   

 

 

-v-— -nw-.-

w--- v

I
I

30

of C ems/71‘ Pct/02W:

-' a- -Q w--.»' W” - ,- r"- .“mfi ---,-__.-.'- p.
n .

£-. .-.----_,
o- .-. -.

~1o>.~-.

. 9-. -<-.r “’M ..,~.-¢ « ”._

IO

, i . -,-- 1.9.7- .-..-

' , . . ---7-.__.- ._..... 9
.l. - _.:::r
I ' -

1—.— "' ‘ ~ s. —-‘-‘-

rz// $9 Jad 90/ (u 393' 31v.“ N mom

 

2‘0 500d

Farce/7 2‘

7.
The total amount 01‘ material weighed was 36.165? The volume of con-
crete obtained from he 1:2 mix was 36.165 Over 160 equals .225
cu. ft.
The cost of the material to make 1: cu. yd. of concrete
would be as follows:
Amount Cost

Cement 1 over .225 times 27 equals 12 cu. ft.

 

3bbls. 3 times $2.60 equals 37.80
Sand . over .225 times 27 equals 24 cu. ft. 24 over 27 times .75 equa
.67
.9; _
£8.47

In these figures the cement was quoted at $2.60 a barrel and the
sand was estimated to cost $.75 per cu. yd. The cost of the
material used in a 1: 2: 4 mix. taken from a reliable

contractor was $5.00. Thus it would be unprofitable to use a

sand and cement mix.

 

_——.——=—- —. .

Test K0. 3 Sand as an Admixture
In determining the effect of adding Beach sand to a l: 2: 4
mix of concrete. sand was added ranging from 0 to 50% of the volume
of cement.
The unit weight of the fine and coarse aggregated was found. and
the materials used in the mix were weighed.

The following table gives the mix and the weights:

Vol. used it. per cu. ft. Wt. used.
Cu. ft.
Cement .l----- ------- --- 94#--- ------------------ 9.4#
Fine Agg. .2---- ----------- 92#- -------------------- 18.4#
Coarse Agg..4~--------- ----- 104i; ......... ----------41,5#
Water .106---~-----~~-~62.4f- ----------------- «6.6#
76.0

Fbr each increase of 10% of the sand 10% of the cement was
added or .01 cu. ft. Expressed in pounds this becomes
.01 x 102 equal 1.02.
The unit weight for each.mix was found and the amount of
concrete was computed by dividing the weight of the material
by the weight per cu. ft. of the concrete.
The table gives these results.
Percent of Sand Wt. Wt. per cu. ft. 701. cu. ft.
0----------- ------- -- 76-~-----154-----------—---- .494
lO--------------~--~-- 77.02----154.9-------------- .497

20---- ----------------- 78.04----155 -" .......... .- .504
50.....—--. ------------ 79.06----15204- .... ““-""""- .518

50---------------------81.lO----152~--~------------ .554
Fbur cylinders of each mix were made and tested for
compressive strength at the end of 14 days. The table
fOllowing gives the strength in pounds per sq. in.

g‘n ovum!" 'VW

 

yrs

uuuuvuvaan

JLVL. N

IHOIH

 

20
Percent of 5000’ Re/af/ ye 2‘0 Came/77‘

/

8

9.

Percent of Sand Strength lbs/sq. in.
’ 0- ..................... - .......... 1180
10- ......... - ..... ----- ---------- 1560
20__-_--_-_-_--------------------- 1700
so -------------------------------- 1440
50 ....................... - --------- 1290

From the curve giving the strength. it is seen that by
adding 20% of sand. the strength is increased from 1180#
to 1700? Assuming that the concrete gains the same
relative strength as it ages. it will be seen that a less
amount of cement can be used when a 20% addition of the sand
is used. The amount of cement used to make 1 cu. yd. of
concrete without sand equals .lx27/494 equal to 5% cu. ft. or
5% bags. The amount of cement used with 20% of sand would be
1180/1700 x5.5 equals 8.8 bags. This would make a saving of 1.7
bags for every cu. yd. The amount of sand used in the mix would
be .20x5.5 equals 1.1 cu. ft.

With cement at $2.60 bbl. and assuming the beach sand to be
delivered for $1.50 cu. ft.. the cost of the 20% mix would be
3. execs plus l./27x31.50 equals $2.46 plus I.06 equals $2.52
for the sand and cement. In the normal.mix the cost of the
cement would be 5.5x$.65 equal $3.58. The saving by using
beach sand in the concrete would be $1.06 on one cu. yd.

From the bullsing curve it will be seen that the concrete
increases from .494 cu. ft. to .534 cu. ft. when a 50%
addition of sand is used The strength of the 50% sand mix
is also greater than that of the normal concrete. This

represents a saving of . % of all material used in the

concrete to get the same volume. The cost of the sand.

 

 

fillvuiu .vu 1n ’DJ‘WOflVJ‘n

0-.
ka

o
.7----..H ,‘

 

+9-.-"-
. .‘o. . .

 

lj“
t
:

._. -.- pro.

.7*. .1 a. . o-‘

'q‘ ——v- «‘0 d

._. ~H»4~ro- %. —.

 

 

IO
Came/72‘

Percent of 5000’ Re/of/Ve 2‘0

10.
however. in this case mould be about 15 cents. while only 7 cents

would be saved by using it.

Conclusion.

Take Sand as an aggregate is of no practical value._but
as an admix has very good possibilities. The tests show in this
thesis that a great saving can be made by using the sand and
cutting down the amount of cement.
I also noticed that 48% of this sand passed a 48 mesh screen.
It may be possible to work out an addmix.with this 43%. Whether this w

would.give satisfactory results remains to be proven. but in.my

opionion it would leave a favorable effect on both the strength and

segregation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Ill ILII m mum

77 3249

Ill

3 1293 O3