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A STUDY OF STATE PARK PROBLEMS
IN
OAKLAI-ID comm, MICHIGMI
AND
A MASTER PLAN REPORT FOR DODGE BROTHERS 2:0. 5
STATE PARK

by

Robert Roy Metz

A THESIS

Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIEHCE

Department of Forestry

19h0

THESIS

ACKNOHLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to Professor Karl Dressel, of the Depart-
ment of Forestry, under whose supervision this work has been done.
Gratitude is extended to Professor C. W. Barr, of the Department of
Landscape Architecture, for his constructive criticism, to the members
of the Michigan State Parks Division, Mr. J. I. Rogers, Assistant Chief,
and Mr. C. F. Boehler, Landscape Architect, for their helpful sugges-
tions, to Mr. Carl Smith, Landscape Architect, and Mr. Tarold Lemmer,
Engineer, of the National Park Service for their assistance in the
field work, to Professor P. A. herbert, of the Department of Forestry,
for his courtesy of final analysis, and to Mr. C. A. Gunn, Landscape

Architecture student, for the rendering of tEe pictorial sketches.

TABLE OF COHTEHTS

Chapter

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............. ...... ..................
TABLE OF COI‘TTEI-ITS ...
LIST OF TABLES ......................................
LISI OF E GURES ................. ..... ...............

:TTRODUCTIOBI 0.00.00...0.00.00.00.00......OOOOOOOOOO.
I‘:IC}IIGMI STATE P‘ALRIC SYSTEEI’: .0000.........O...’..O....

HISTORY OF OAKLAND COUNTY

‘TA‘TE Isis-R}: ItCQTIISITICE‘I 0.00000000000000000000000000

INVENTORY OF PUELIC RECREATIOHAL AREAS
ADD FACILITIES IN OAKLAHD COUNTY ..................

State Parks 0 O O O O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O 0 O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O 0
county Parks 0. O O I O O O O 0 O l O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O 0
City Parks 0 O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O C O O O O O O O .0

SPECIAL RECHEATIOH PROBLEMS
AFFECTIIIG Ojdi ‘I‘ID COmIITY .0.........OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

POpulation Factors ............................
Attendance ....................................
Financial Problems ............................
The Preposed Huron-Clinton

Parkway ....
CONCLUSIONS .........................................
RECOMKEXDATIOHS .....................................
MASTER PLAN REPORT ..................................

Introduction ..................................
General Description of Area ...................
Existing Facilities ...........................
Developed.Areas ...............................
Day Use Area ..................................
Over Night Use ................................
Utilities .....................................
Forest Protection .............................

EIE3LIOGRAWEIAY ......OO0.0......OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIIOCO

iii

h

1M

26

{a

20

32

57
62
65
67
71

71
72
79
81
as
9

r
O

93
101

Number

I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

LIST OF TABLES

IKVENTORY or RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
OAKLAND COURIY STATE PARKS, Igho ..................

URBAN AND RURAL PCPULATICH IN OAKLAND coURTY ........

COLIPARI SON OF PARKS III OAKLAND COUNTY AITD

:arII:IIIUL“I ST‘Q::Df3-RD REQY'I RFJ‘IE‘IT o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o
UREA}: Aim RURAL POPULATICI I III XI'AYI‘JL CC‘UI‘TTY . . . . . . . . . .

COT' I IRISON OE PAI TMS III WAYNE COUITT
AITD I-lI:II :lmrl‘ I STA::D1ALRD REQLTIPLT: ‘EITTS .0000 0.0.0.000...

AC R‘zlAGE AITD ATTEJDAITCE
OJMJMID COUTIl-LY STILTE PILLRKS 0.000.000.00000000000000

IITTEI-TSITY OF USE
OAMTIDCO yimrx'STITTILTIJTJE PIT-RE-s 0.0000000000000000000000

SUITE ..ARY OF ATTEZ TDAI ICE AITD PARTICIPMITS
IN ACTI‘rIJ-IJ'T—IS - BLOOIXIE LEAR ITO. 1 STATE PAIRK 000.00....

SULE.‘ ARV OF ATTEZ TRANCE AIID PARTICIPM‘TTS
III ACTIVITIES — BLOOLZER HO. 2 STATE P TC ..........

SUL‘GIU‘IRY OP KTTEITDAT CE AITD PARTICIPANTS
III ACTIVITIES - BLOOLER NO. 3 STATE PARK . . . . . . . . . .

SUI. S..ARY OE ATTEITILAITCE ETD PI'IRTICIPLQITS
III ACTIVITIES - DODGE BROTHERS NO. 2 STA. TE PARK .....

SUVMARY or ATTENDAIICE AVE PARTICIPAKTS
IN ACTIW.ITII -DODGE BROTHERS HO. u STATE PARK ....

SUISULRY Cb ATTEZTDA: TCE A: D PARTICIPAITMS
116A ACTIVITIES - DODGE T3 OTVERS ITO. 5 ST' iTE PARK ....

SIMIDIRY OF ATTENDANCE ATTD PARTICIPAITTS
III ACTIVITIES - DOIDE BROTHERS ITO. 10 STATE PARK ...

PEP. CEITT OF ATTENDANCE AITD DI STANCE TRAVELLED
OPKIJAITD COT/QTTY STAFF?) PAP-.KS oooooooooooooooooooooooo

iv

MO

hl

Figure
Number Page

1 Location of State and County Parks .................. 19

F3

Percentage of Workers by Industries ................. I}

Michi an State Park Attendance ...................... 35

~J

473k»!

Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Bloomer No. 1 State Park During the Period
June 21st to Sept. 5th inclusive, 1333 ............ h9

5 Sources by County or State of Cars entering
Bloomer No. 2 State Park During the Period
June 21st to Sept. bth inclusive, 1933 ............ 50

6 Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Bloomer Do. 3 State Park During the Period
June Blst to Sept. 6th inclusive, l?38 ............ El

7 Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Dodge Srothers Ho. 2 State Park During the
Period June Elst to Sept. 6th inclusive, 1933 ..... 52

8 Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Dodge Brothers Do. E State Park During the
Period June Elst to Sept. 6th inclusive, 1938 ..... 53

\0

Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park During the
Period June 2lst to Sept. 6th inclusive, 1933 ..... 54

10 Sources by County or State of Cars Entering
Dodge Brothers 30. 10 State Park During the
Period June Blst to Sent. 6th inclusive, 193 ...... 55

ll Kichigan State Parks: Relation of Available
Funds and Cost of Operation and fiaintenance to

PuTDlic Lrse .....OOOOOOCOOOOOO.......OOOOOOOOOOOO... 55

12 Michigan State Parks: Comparison of Important
Factors Affecting Cost of Operation and
:‘Ia.interll$tllce O......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.00.00.00.00... 60

13

1H

Hichigan State Parks: Comparison With Other

State Park Systems on Basis of Operation

and Maintenance Costs .....................

Major Vegetative Cover - Dodge Brothers No.

5;

/

State I)ark 0.0.0.0.........OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO

Location of Proposed Northwestern Highway

Through a Section of Oakland County .......

Hydrogranhic Survey of Lower S raits Lake

vi

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Within the past few years a revival of public interest in the
Open country sides has taken place; shorter working hours and better
transportation may readily account for this desire. Thus a demand
has grown for recreational areas, particularly from the city dwellers
who seek relief from urbanization. True, National Parks and National
Forests are highly patronized by recreationalists. There is still a
large number of peOple however, who, although they have the privilege,
cannot afford to attend these natural areas. HetrOpolitan state parks,
in addition to accommodating the under—privileged class of peOple,
may answer this question: How does the average city dweller, unaccus-
tomed to woods, feel when darkness falls upon him on his first night
in camp? hr. P. J. Hoffmaster, Director of Michigan Conservation
Commission, believes that the city dweller needs to be eased into his
outdoor experiences; that he shouldn't be encouraged to seek the wilds
without having become somewhat accustomed to the out-of—doors in
group camping places, where his feeling of security is little disturbed.
The metrOpolitan state parks perform a real service for those who are
still new to outdoor life and as long as they continue to do so they
are well justified.

The state parks in Southeastern Michigan present an acute and
peculiar problem in that they are located within the environs of metro-

politan Detroit, an area possessing approximately forty-eight percent

of the entire pOpulation of the state. These parks, as such, serve
basically a metrOpolitan use. Their operation might logically be by
a local agency. Nevertheless, their develOpment includes facilities
quite generally provided in state parks throughout the state.

The urgent need in this metrOpolitan district is fundamentally
more land since there is a deficiency of developed park acreage in
this highly populated center. Excessive further deve10pment of exist—
ing land may result in intensive use and eventually defeat its purpose
by destruction of the site. Although additional land acquisition is
the ideal, the Michigan State Park appropriations, at present, are
entirely inadequate to c0pe with the high land values in this district.
It appears to be a.distant future before sufficient land may be ac-
quired. To deal with the situation practically, in view of the facts,
there should be a readjustment and improvement of existing uses within
most of these park sites, and acquisition of adjacent land for further
develOpment where and whenever possible. This situation creates the
major problem--how far can develOpment be carried out on these areas
to meet a heavy recreational demand?

Oakland County, which is within easy access to Detroit, has
eleven state parks, most of which are small. Seven of these parks
are open for public use, the remaining four are at present classified
as undeveIOped sites. These areas are not of as high calibre as many
of the northern sites. However, they do partially relieve the recre-
ational demand in the area in question. Due to their present inade-

quacy, which will be noted later, and their future possibilities

they present problems of interest to the recreational planner.

Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park, located near the village of
Commerce in Oakland County, has been selected as a basis for study
incorporating the previously mentioned problems. The results are
formulated in a master plan report. The problem investigated has been
in the form of a field problem and the study is an attempt to improve
existing conditions and prOpose develOpment of additional land which

the present and increasing need is demanding.

MICHIGAN STATE PARK SYSTEM

Develonment. The State Park System in Hichigan began in 1595

 

when the Michigan Legislature authorized the state to make applica—
tion to the united States Government for the federal property on
tackinac Island to be used as a state park. The Island, at that time,
was a military reservation, however, the Secretary of War was author-
ized by Congress to release the reservation, buildings, and lands of
the government to the State of hichigan. The area included two
thousand acres. The Mackinac Island State Pa k Commissioners were
appointed by th Governor for an indefinite term of office. They
served without compensation but received allowances for expenses in-
curred. The Governor served as an ex—officio member of the commission.
The law regarding their duties reads as follows:

Commissioners have authority to employ a superintendent and
help lay out, manage, and maintain, to effect leases and to fix
prices for rentals or privileges upon property, to grant privi-
leges and franchises for water works, sewage, and lighting ...
all moneys received from rentals or privileges may be applied by
them for maintenance and improvement of the park.

In 190” the Military Post of Fort Michilimackinac became Wawatam
Park in the village of Mackinaw City. This site of twenty acres was
converted by a legislative act in 1909 to Michilimackinac State Park

and placed under the administration of the Mackinac Island State Park

Commission. Ten years later the Michigan State Park Commission was

 

1Preliminary Draft of the Michigan Park, Parkway & Recreational

established.

... a Commission of ten members to be appointed by the
governor with the consent of the Senate, with terms of tvo to
ten years each, the governor being an ex—officio member.

During the intervening years appropriations were made for land to

be made into parks. As a result of this, therefore, two separate and
distinct commissions were set up in the beginning, the former adminis-
tering the first two areas mentioned, the latter governing the re-
mainder of the parks of the state. The functions of the second body
as stated in the act are:

To vauire, preserve and care for public parks for purposes
of public recreation, or for preservation of natural beauty or
natural features possessing historic information or association,
preference in vauisition to be given lands bordering on the
Great Lakes, or the connections or tributaries thereof, or on the
inland waters of the state.

The act also provided for $75,000 annual apprOpriations for land im-
provements and maintenance of state parks. So eager was the reSponse
to the new program that in the two year period from 1919 to 1921 many
land donations were received and the money was spent entirely on im-
provements rather than land.

The State Park Commission was abolished in 1921 and its powers
and duties were transferred to the new Conservation Commission.3
However, twenty-one state parks originated during the period of the
first Commission. The new act made provisions "To correlate the func-

l

tions of the hichigan State Park Commission and other Commissions

 

lPublic Acts 1919: Act 213.
2
Ibid.

3Public Acts 1921: Act 17.

concerned with conservation and recreation." The duties of the new
organization included, "Protection and conservation of the natural
resources of the state and provisions and deveIOpment of the facilities
for outdoor recreation." On behalf of the peOple of the state the
Conservation Commission was authorized to accept gifts and grants of
land and other property and was given authority to buy, sell, ex-
change or condemn land or other pronerty.

Organization and Administration. The accompanying Chart N01 1

 

illustrates the organization of the Department of Conservation of
which the State Parks Division is a part. The Conservation Commission
is comnosed of seven members appointed by the Governor for staggered
terms of six years. The members select one of their number as chair—
man and appoint a secretary. The Director of Conservation, appointed
by the Commission, is the executive head of the Conservation Depart-
ment and, with the approval of the Commission, appoints assistants
and emnloyees as may be necessary to carry out work in the department.
All branches of the Conservation Department COOperate with the
Parks Division and vice versa, their mutual COOperation proving highly
beneficial, i.e. exchange of land, conservation of forest cover, con—
trol of forest fires, protection of wildlife, improvement of fishing
conditions, etc. Following is a proportional estimate made by the
Conservation Department as to the services rendered by other divisions

to state parks:

Chart 1.

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
ORGANIZATION CHART

 

CONSERVATION COMMISSION
7 Members

By The Governor
Terms Are Staggered

 

Appointed For Terms Of Six'Years

 

 

 

SECRETARY
Appointed By The Commissi

J—

 

 

DIRECTOR OF CONSERVATION
Appointed By The Commission
Is Executive Head Of The

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financed Conservation Department Financed
By I * By
General Tax {gas DIVISIONS} Game Protection
Fund 1 I I Fund
Financed By
Joint Funds .
I A [Fish
FIELD ADMINISTRATION
Law Enforcement Game
Forest Fire
Game Refuges
Forestry [Educatign]
[Geological Survey] [Administrationl

 

 

 

lLand Economic Survey

 

 

 

 

 

IGeneral Operations

 

Source:

Michigan State Conservation Department

Division Time on
State Parks

 

Administration 12%
Education 107%
Forestry 1%
Game 1%
General Operations 5%
Lands 5%
Law Enforcement 1%

The State Parks Division is directed by a Division Chief with
headquarters in Lansing. The state is divided into nine districts,
each governed by a District Supervisor with headquarters in a favor-
ably located park. he districts include from one to thirteen other
parks, each in direct charge by a superintendent. The necessary land-
scape architects, engineers, draftsmen, surveyors, clerks, stenographers,
etc. are located in the Park Office. A total of seventy six areas have
been dedicated for park use. Of these, fifty seven are supervised and
administered by park employees and are available for public use. Due
to limited funds and various other reasons the remaining areas are
undeveIOped and in need of improvements. The accompanying Chart No. 2
shows the organization of the State Parks Division.

Policy. According to the original State Park Commission their
early interest in state parks arose chiefly from potential benefit
to merchants and farmers through tourist and resort trade. Later it
was broadened to include the preservation of scenic areas and other
recreation benefits for state population.

The first written state park policy of record was presented to
the Conservation Commission in March, 192h, by P. J. Hoffmaster, Super-

intendent of State Parks. The statement included recommended policies

Chart 2.

STATE PARKS DIVISION

ORGANIZATION CHART

 

[STATE PARK ADMINISTRATION]

 

 

DIVISION CHIEF

SECRETARY

 

 

CLERICAL]

 

 

 

ASSISTANT DIVISION CHIEF

 

Office Assistant
Clerk Stenographer

Junior Stenographe

 

Assistant Stenographer

 

1‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESIGN

Investigation, Reconnaissance. [57 p

Surveys, Plans. PrOposals.

CON S TRUCT ION
Contracts. Authorization
Engineering, Supervision

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
arks, l9 undeve10ped sites.

 

 

I9

Districts Supervisors]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 Associate Architect
1 Associate Landscape Architect

 

 

1 Assistant Landscape Architect P
2 Assistant Civil Engineers L
Draftsmen Temporary D

 

”i6 Superintendents-Full time
32 Superintendents- Seasonal
Assistant - Seasonal
Superintendents— Seasonal

ark Officer - Full time
ife Guards - Seasonal
ay Labor - Occasional

 

 

Source: Michigan State Park

s Division

10

for "Acquisition of Great Lake frontage, forest lands, sand dunes,
wildlife areas, a site in Porcupine Mountains, and sites of historic
importance on the Straits of Mackinac and on St. Mary's River of ob-

. . , . ..1
servation of Great Laxes traffic. Large park areas of five hundred
to five thousand acres were recommended in order to reduce the cost of
Operation and maintenance and to promote preservation of natural con-
ditions. Scientific study of natural conditions in parks was declared
valuable and desirable.

The 1919 Michigan State Park Act was a clear conception of funda-
mental principles involved in a good state park policy, applicable to
present conditions. Some mistakes were made, however, as circumstances
did not permit otherwise. Modern develOpment brought new conditions
and it was reCOgnized that the old areas did not meet present demands.
This is exemplified in the smaller areas which today are far below
standards. Previous experience and the necessity of meeting the chang-
ing conditions of transportation, population distribution and customs
of people have resulted in some enlargements of the state park policy.

The park site should be large areas of land well distributed
in location to preserve the important scenic features of the state,
including ample frontage on the Great Lakes and their connecting
waters, and on inland lakes and streams: such features also to
include mountains, hills, and sand dunes, shore bluffs, waterfalls
and rapids and typical forests of Michigan, adequate areas having
important historic significance and combined, insofar as possible
with natural beauty. Large areas for adequate outdoor recreation,
and particularly suited for bathing and water Sports, for resi—
dent pOpulation and temporary visitors during the seasons when
such recreation is needed: such areas to be well distributed

over the state in accordance with public need and having ample
proportion within easy access from centers of pOpulation. Also

 

1Preliminary draft of Hichigan Park, Parkway & Recreational-Area

Study.

11

to include the improvements of all state parks in accordance with
public needs: the improvements to be accomplished as rapidly as
feasible and the order of precedence to be determined by the
relative need of facilities; such improvements to include safe
and sanitary sewer systems, facilities for camping, picnicking,
bathing and general recreation; buildings for shelter and service;
adequate drives and parking areas and other improvements needed
for the best public use of parks.1

The acreage required for state parks varies with the character
and location of the site, however, they must include the characteris-
tic natural features and other natural landscape surrounding them.

The natural features should determine the dominant type of park, but
their location determines the potential intensity of use. Near large
cities ample space for intensive recreation should be provided and in
addition an attempt should be made to create or provide a forest back-
ground. As a guide in acquiring new park sites the hichigan Park
Department has established minimum requirements for each type of park
site.

Character and Dominant Approximate
Purpose of Park Minimum Area Acres

Preservation of wilderness

conditions .............................. 2000
Preservation of outstanding

scenic and geologic conditions .......... 1000
General public recreation of

statewide importance .................... 500
Specialized recreation or

preservation of historic or

scenic features of limited

extent .................................. 200

According to the State Park Department exceptions may be made.

They maintain:

 

lPreliminary draft of hiichigan Park, Parkway .3: Recreational-Area
Study.

12

While the attainment of at least these minimum acreages is
desirable, a shortage up to even fifty percent might be overlooked
in cases where special conditions prevent the enlargement of
otherwise excellent parks. In many cases, much more acreage than
indicated would be desirable, for consistency of features to be
preserved an. with the combination of public uses capable of
develOpment.

Finance. In Michigan, the state park system is founded upon the
state‘s responsibility to deve10p a great recreation industry and to
provide a needed public service, to benefit the recreation industry,
and to influence public health through educational and social benefits
to its people. To preperly carry out these constitutional principles
into actuality instead of documental writing, funds from one source
or another must be available. The divisions of the Conservation De-
partment are financed by two funds, namely, the Game Protection Fund,
made up of the receipts from the sale of hunting, fishing and trapping
licenses, and the General Tax Fund, apprOpriations made biennially by
the Legislature from the general fund of the state. The General Tax
Fund supports the Parks, Lands, Forestry, Geological Survey and Land
Economic Survey reSpectively, while the Game Protection Fund supports
the Fish, Game, Education, Administration and General Operations Divis-
ions. All money, therefore, is appropriated from the general fund,
and all development, Operation, maintenance and acquisition, except
that acquisition gained by gifts, exchanges and tax delinquency, must
rely on this fund.

Previous to 1933 improvements were made at state expense. Since

then, the Federal Government has contributed through the CWA, PWA,

 

1Preliminary draft of Michigan Park, Parkway & Recreational-
Area Study.

13

WPA. and the 000. Previous to July, 1939 aoproximately six and
three quarters millions of dollars of 000 funds have been expended,
plus one third of a million from other federal agencies.1

haintenance and Operation has been carried on entirely by the
state, with the exception of occasional Federal Government and local
community cooperation. With the expansion of recreational facilities
in the state parks due to the programs of relief agencies, the pros-
pect of maintenance and operation of these facilities has evolved an
important problem.

The question of fees and charges for public recreation is one of
the most difficult of State Park Administrative problems. The Michigan
State Park Department has a.system of fees and charges through rentals
and leases of public service privileges, the income returning to the
general fund of the state according to law. Money is also collected
from articles sold within the parks, rental of boats, bathing suits,
and use of electrical current. Yo charge is made for canning and park—
ing privileges. Since the money collected all returns to the general
park fund, all funds for state park purposes are dependent uoon appro—

priations through legislation.

 

1Statistics from Michigan State Parks Division.

HISTORY OF OAKLAND COUNTY

STATE PARK AC‘UISITION

Oakland County is the second largest county in Southeastern
MichL gan encompassing within its boundaries nine hundred square miles
of land and four izundred lakes, thereby creating a ratio of one lake
to every two square miles. It has been greatly sought after for pri-
vate summer homes and more recently for pu lic recreational purposes.
This is a paradoxical situation as the first survey report of the
area made in 18121 declared the land low,m Her hy, heavily tin foered with
a thick growth of underbrush. It was considered so poor generally
the report goes on to state, that it did not contain "one acre out of
one hundred, if one out of a thousand" that would pe mit cultivation
or habitation. This type of land was no inducement to settlers, there—
fore, it was not until 1513 and 1819 that some adventuresome indivi—
duals epulored t1e region and discovered the report quite false. There
were excellent farming conditions, there was natural water power, there
was game, the lakes were filled with fish-~many circumstances wlich
did encourage settlement. Flour and gristmills sprang up and little
village grew around them. The Clinton—Kalamazoo project aided in

populating the area somewhat, although it never materialized as it

was planned.

 

lAllen, L. D.’ "Interestin? FaC'uS AbOI‘Lt Oclfxlnnd COULTIty 'Count‘f,

City, Villa ge, and Township Officers in Oakla nd County, Michigan,
p. 3. 1 3u-h0.

15

During, and immediately after the former World War, real estate

\

activity was at its peak. PeOple from Detroit, michigan were acquir-
ing pronerty for summer homes in this area and many of the old fruit
farms were bought up and re-sold for summer estates.

Among those who acquired prOperty in this area was a hr. Howard
B. Bloomer. In 1916 he bought some land with frontage on Orchard Lake

0 o ‘1 q a ’ 1

located six miles west of Pontiac, nicnipan on Commerce Road. It
was his desire to take his family out in the country where his children

"Marsh-

might enjoy the water and outdoor life. He named this estate
bank." At that time only those who owned property could have such
advantages as there was no alternative for others but the tresspass-
ing on private grounds. It was this observation which gave impetus

to his donation of lands for public recreational use.

After the death of the Dodge Brothers in 1920, Mr. Bloomer was
appointed Chairman of the Board of the Dodge Brothers Corporation.
During this period the corporation enjoyed prosperity, and Mr. Bloomer
felt the employees were entitled to benefit from this prosperity,
which resulted in the purchasing of areas to be donated to the state
as park sites. The Board agreed to his suggestions and the Corpora-
tion donated nine areas in 1922 and 1923 which included seven hundred
and seventy-five acres in Macomb, Monroe, and Oakland Counties. This
was the first promotion of its kind emulating from a large industrial
organization and it created a good deal of publicity. So sincere was

hr. Bloomer's enthusiasm, he not only convinced the corporation of the

 

1Information obtained from Mr. H. B. Bloomer during interview.

16

merits of his project, but he and his wife personally gave four sites
which total two hundred and eleven acres in Oakland County.

Mr. Bloomer had dual aims in view during the selection of the
areas. His main objectives were lake frontage and unusual natural
features. In order to purchase the land most suitable, he contacted
the State Conservation Officer, Mr. Robert McClure who did the field
work in locating desirable sites and reported to Mr. Bloomer the areas
he believed of park calibre. He also operated through local real
estate men. His purchases were made outright at prices ranging from
one hundred and twenty dollars to six hundred dollars per acre. The
land was bought when land values were high, however, business was
sufficiently lucrative to permit the purchases. fir. Bloomer attempted
to induce other organizations to follow the example, but occurrence
of the depression never permitted the materialization of those hOpes.
Through all his planning he was enthusiastically encouraged in his
project by Governor Groesbeck, who was Michigan's Governor during
those years.

Mr. Bloomer continued his efforts for progress by serving as a
member of the Hichigan Conservation Commission for six years following
the donation of the parks. At the present time he is a member of the
committee Sponsoring the Detroit Enron-Clinton Parkway project, which
is one of the largest and most adequate recreational systems ever

planned. He has recently been contemplating deeding his marshbank
Estate to the county or state on the condition that it retain its name

and be used for public recreation after his death.

INVENTORY OF PUBLIC RECREATIONAL

AREAS AND FACILITIES IN OAKLAED CCUhTY

State Parks

The following is a summary of existing develOped state park sites
in Oakland County. Figure 1 shows location and Table I relates the
facilities of these areas.

Bloomer No. 1 State Park. This site contains thirty-six acres

 

located twenty-seven miles northeast of Detroit and eight miles south-
west of Pontiac. It is accessible from Detroit by several routes,

via Woodward Avenue to Orchard Lake Road and Commerce Road, or, by

way of Grand River to Farmington and over the Walled Lake Road. The
park has frontage on the south shore of middle Straits Lake. Bathing
and fishing are available. The area contains a frame house which is
the park custodian's residence, a small camp ground on a flat meadow
in the southeast sector. The site was reforested in 1926 with norway,
white and jack pines. These trees are now the main scenic attraction
of the area.

Bloomer No. 2 State Park. Located in Avon Township twenty-four

 

miles north of Detroit's City Hall, Rochester, with a.population of
355M, is the nearest village situated approximately one half mile west
of the park site. The area.is nine miles east of Pontiac and fifteen

miles west of ht. Clemens. The park encompasses forty-seven acres of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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19

 

 

FIGURE 1.

Map WhOWiHE Location of
State & County Parks

Source of Information from Oakland County Road Map
1940

  
 

 

 
 

-e

{—4 *3 ,~,., ' .1 ' -\ ‘ l I
O )trtte ;,a1n., Developed a
©I3t'xte Parks Undeveloged I

CDCounty Park I

T
T
i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| - F l *(33'
I

I 2 ,City of

' <:> , l Pontiuc
l

 

 

41 ”If. _:

.___ -1 ,—

. | -
L_____ _ _. _ _______
STATE PARKS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l. Bloomer 53, 7. Dodge $4.
2. Dodge 57. 3. Pedge {5.
3° Eloomer 33- 9. Bloomer g1.
4. Todfie 51" 1o. DOGSQ £2.
5. Bloomer #4, 11. Dodge :5.
3. Dodge 33.

{ZOETET‘ .9531:

l. Davisburg

 

 

land and due to its easy accessibility by way of John R. Road from
Detroit it is well attended during both summer and winter.

The southern border of the park affords accomodations for five
hundred automobiles. Beyond the parking area is a broad pleateau
where the children's playgrounds are located. Southeast of the park,
not on the park grounds proper, are a ski-jump and toboggan slide
which are owned by the Detroit Winter Sports Association. This last
feature is largely reSponsible for the high attendance during the winter
months.

At the present time there is a temporary concession building where
sporting equipment, refreshments and picnicking necessities may be
purchased. This structure is located near the center of the plateau
and is a substitute for the Pavilion which was destroyed by fire in
1938. Rest rooms and drinking fountains are located near this building.
To the south are the Superintendent's buildings.

The Clinton—Kalamazoo canal project, the idea of which was con-
ceived nearly one hundred years ago,has left its reminder by way of
a dam in the Clinton River within the park site. The canal runs paral-
let to and just within the eastern half of the north boundary of the
park. Due to a horseshoe shaped peninsula, around which the river
curves, there are three thousand feet of river frontage in the area.

The trails which lead from the hill to the river have been kept
in a natural state so far as is possible and lead through dense stands
of timber and thick underbrush. The tyoes of trees found here are
typical of the park areas in this county including hard and soft maple,

black locust, red and white cedars, American elm, white, red, jack and

Scotch pine, wild apple, hawthorn, ground juniper, poplar, cottonwood,
and flowering dogwood.

Bloomer No. 3 State Park. The park comprises one hundred acres

 

located one mile north of Ortonville in Brandon Township. The village
has a pOpulation of 553. The park is situated twenty miles north-
west of Pontiac, eighteen miles southeast of Flint and forty-five
miles northwest of Detroit. It is accessible from Detroit via Wood—
ward Avenue to Pontiac, Pontiac to Clarkston, Clarkston to Ortonville.
The area is well timbered and is among the more rugged sites of South-
eastern Michigan.

A playground, including equipment, is provided as well as a.care—
taker's residence, group camp buildings, camping sites, and electricity
for trailers. There are picnicking facilities and sanitary provisions.
The site was reforested in 1926 with norway, white and jack pines, and
contains mixed hardwoods as well.

Dodge Brothers No. 2 State Park. Dodge Brothers No. 2 State Park

 

contains twenty—six acres located on the south shore of Walled Lake
twenty-seven miles northeast of Detroit City Hall. It is situated
fifteen miles southwest of Pontiac, and may be reached from that city
easily by way of M-ES and county road Ml}. The route from Detroit is
by way of Grand River, Novi, and South Lake Drive.

Near the entrance of the park accomodations for two hundred cars
are provided in two sections, one near the entrance and one at the
gate marking the division of the picnic and camping grounds. The site
has a gently rolling tOpography with a combination of Open glades and

densely wooded lowlands. There is a knoll approximately thirty-five

22

feet above the lake level which is circled by a drive. The picnic

grounds lie to the east, containing a fully equipped playground.

There is a second playground on the west side in the camping area.
Many campers select the knoll for their site as a view of the

lake and the entire park may be seen from there. The surrounding

land is too low for ideal camping except during very dry seasons.

At the tOp of the knoll a rustic structure stands which formerly

served as a store but is now used as a warehouse at the present time.

The north end of the park enjoys two hundred feet of frontage on Walled

Lake, and bathing is available and relatively safe for children as the

lake bottom gently slopes and is sandy. Boats may be rented for 25¢

an hour or $1.00 per day, and fishing is extremely pOpular due to the

numbers of bluegills, bass, and perch found in Walled Lake.

Dodge Brothers No. h State Park. This site comprises seventy-

 

eight acres of land located twenty-five miles northeast of Detroit.
It is four miles southwest of Pontiac by way of M-ElS and is two and
one half miles from Keego Harbor, in Waterford Township. It may be
reached from Detroit via Northwestern Highway and Orchard.Lake Road.

At the park entrance is the Superintendent's home, garage, and
workshOp. Parking accomodations for four hundred cars are available
in each of the lots at the end of the north and east drives.

The site is situated on a peninsula at the northern end of Cass
Lake. The park is a tableland of triangular shape, the edges of which
are wooded and leping. This type of tOpography offers scenic value
as the whole of Cass Lake and its surrounding country may be viewed

from there.

 

 

0-0.9 .Ilv. 51", AI..- ll IILII‘V-|- .

0v
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Id
.0.
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-rl‘.| II‘I .IIOI ‘i‘.

v 9 'Olln".‘ o

‘WELL SHELTER

IO

Doocz- bF’.OTHE;F-Z.$ No

23

There are four large picnic areas within the boundaries, one at
the northern end near the parking area which adjoins a children's
playground. There is a second such area at the extreme southwest
portion of the site, the third is located below the plateau on the

‘ 0

south Side. The fourth picnic ground is on an island made from dredg—
ing the canal. The three playgrounds are fully equipped and each con-
tains a soft ball diamond.

Since the park has a mile of frontage on Cass Lake, bathing,
boating, and fishing are popular sports here. A bath-house was con-
structed in 1939 equipped with showers, changing, and checking rooms.
The man-made beach is broad and level; the swimming area is patroled
by lifeguards and is marked by buoys. The site was reforested in 1925

with norway, white and jack pines.

Dodge Brothers No. 10 State Park.* The park contains one hundred

 

and fourteen acres located forty miles from Detroit, in Highland Town—
ship. It is accessible by way of Woodward Avenue to Pontiac, Eliza,
beth Lake Road to Highland.

The caretaker's residence and garage are near the entrance of the
park. There is approximately one mile of road within the park. There
are two plavgrounds, one adjacent to the north picnic area and one ad-
joining the group camping area in the central portion of the site. The
large picnic grounds occupy the north end. There are three camping
areas, two in the east central section and one in the west central
region. These areas overlook Pickerel Lake, on which the site has one-
quarter mile of frontage.

Pettibone creek runs along the northwest boundary of these grounds;

 

*Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park will be discussed in the master
Plan Report.

 

 

EHQTHEHS No to

Dr”; 63.

 

 

 

CCMBHN‘ATIC>N BUILDING

 

 

 

the adjacent land is low and swampy. There is a wading and bathing
pool in the park and a boat dock on Pickerel Lake.
The site was reforested in 1926 with the planting of norway,

white and jack pines.

County Parks

Oakland County has but one county park at the present time which
is here included in the inventory.

Davisburg County Park. This tract of land consists of one hundred

 

acres near Davisburg approximately three miles south of U.S. No. 10.
The land was donated to the county with the provision that it be made
available to the public as a park and should include a golf course.
The golf course has not proven profitable and it is believed that it
will eliminate itself eventually and the whole area will be devoted to
ordinary park purposes. The terrain is rolling and for the most part
not covered with forest growth. however, a fine stand of oak exists
in the eastern part of the area. This is being used at present as a
picnic ground. The tamarack swamp in the southeastern section of the
park is typical of that type of swamp in southern Michigan.

The most interesting building on the prOperty is an old farm
house, typical of early Kichigan farm houses and should possibly be
restored and preserved. At present it is being used as a club house
for the golf course, but it is planned to use it eventually as a care-

taker's residence. Other buildings consist of a pavilion and a com-

munity dance building in the picnic area. A newly develoned parking

lot is now in the process of construction. The park site is maintained

by the Board of Park Trustees of the Oakland County Road Commiss1on.

City Parks

The following is a listing of city park areas in Pontiac, Michi-
gan. This is the only city in Oakland County large enough to have
develOped a park system of note.

Oakland Park. The tract encompasses fifteen acres and contains

 

four tennis courts, a children's playground, a soft ball diamond, one
camp stove and a comfort station.

Perry Park. The site contains fifty-five acres and provides an

 

ice rink on which hockey games are played during the winter. A cir-
cular track is now under construction. A large part of this site
remains undeveIOped.

Murphy Fark. The park consists of forty-seven and a half acres.

 

There are facilities such as, a children's playground, one baseball
and one soft ball diamond, four tennis courts and a skating rink.
There are a few camp stoves and a comfort station.

Wilson Park. The land covers one hundred and twenty-five acres

 

largely occupied by the Municipal Golf Course. Picnic grounds are
also located on the Site.

Bandette Park. Bandette Park has an acreage of forty acres pro-

 

viding a soft ball diamond, four tennis courts and a free trailer

camp. A comfort station is located on the area.

SPECIAL RECREATION PROBLEMS

AFFECTING OAKLAND COUJTY

Population Factors

The develOpment of any recreational program requires an investi-
gation of the number, distribution and types of peeple for whom such
a program is to be designed. It also requires an investigation of
the areas and facilities to be deve10ped. It is obvious that the
number of persons to be accomodated is the principal factor by which
the recreational needs are determined. The needs determine the desir-
ability of the various areas to be included within the program. The
distribution of population and their their characteristics supply the
necessary information and establish facts from which final conclusions
may be drawn.

While the desires and needs of people for recreation may be par-
tially secured from the studying of the origin of the population to
be served, it cannot be given as much importance for the present gener-
ation as might have been given thirty, twenty, or even ten years ago.
Foreign groups in America have been assimilated more rapidly and more

thorourhly in the past thirty y are than they were previous to that

b“

“ there are more stan-

time. Instead of providing "old country tasts,
dardized preferences of the peOple of today which might be classified

as typically American.

27

The sources of population growth, according to the 1930 U. S.
Census were as follows: of the total number of peOple living in Michi-
gan, 1,136,886 or 23.5 percent were natives of other states, 852,758
or 17.6 percent were foreign born, and 2,830,973 or 58.5 percent were
natives of Jichigan. These figures justify the statements of the pre-

The types of recreational needs based on population may be classi-
fied as two general types, namely, resident population and visitors.

The recreational needs of any residence pOpulation are governed
by the number and distribution of inhabitants and following, the more
dense the pOpulation, the greater are the prOportional requirements.

The county lines in this case do not deternine the actual popu-
lation whose needs are to be filled, since the majority of this pOpu-
lation are residents of Detroit and its surrounding vicinity. The
density of Michigan's population is at its maximum for the state, in
this area, since approximately forty-eight percent of the total popu—
lation reside in Detroit and its suburbs. :The distribution of pepu—
lation here being 30u6 persons per square mile.1

A list of the proportional requirements for such densely inhabited
areas was compiled by the Hichigan State Park Department and the gen—
erally prominent items of that list are herein included. The average
urban family needs for week day play are served through school and
neighborhood playgrounds, nearby parks, beaches, and private grounds.

Adults as well as children need facilities for sports and picnicking.

 

1United States Census, 1930.

28

The week-end and holiday recreational needs differ slightly since the
families have more leisure, can travel farther, and enjoy their play
for a longer period of time. Areas for these purposes should be larger,
more attractive, and provide a greater variety of facilities. During
the vacation periods the family may have an even greater range of
activities; however, recreational advantages should be furnished near
home to care for those of limited incomes. This type of area should
resemble the week—end area, be of still larger scale, should provide
natural features and be divided into units for active and passive use.

Rural papulation requirements vary somewhat from those of the
urban since this group spends the greatest part of its time out-of-
doors. They need Opportunities for simple relaxation, social gather-
ings, picnicking, swimming, fishing, and boating.

According to the prOportional requirements of the urban pOpula-
tion, included above, the state parks play an important role.\ In
Oakland County, as shown in the table following, approximately two
thirds of the ponulation is urban. Therefore, there should be a pro-
portionate state park acreage to supply the needs in Oakland County.
While rural population requirements are few compared to those of the
urban, and they include the remaining third of the total pOpulation,
their needs also can be supplied by the state parks..

TABLE II

we Ai~iD 1mm. POPULATION n: omnmm COUNTY
1930 U. s. CENSUS

 

 

If
U

Total POpulation Urban p Rural p

 

 

211.251 133.700 6h 77.551 36

 

 

29

Since it is a natural sequence that recreational park areas should
be in proportion to the numbers served, the National Recreation Asso—
ciation has adOpted a standard base for volume of pOpulation. The
minimum requirements are one acre per one hundred persons in cities
plus the same amount for county and state parks. Although the resident
population does not give the true picture as to the numbers to be

I

served it will offer a base for comparison.

TABLE III

COMPARISON OF OAKLAHD COUNTY PARKS
AND
LIINILIULI STEIDIELD PEJQUI; 21.131? ‘S

-‘

 

Type of Area Existing Standard
Acreage Minimum Acreage
1-1OO
Present POpplation
Municipal Parks & Playgrounds 388 6M9
County Parks 160 2112
State Parks 1007 2112

 

From the above table it is clearly seen that the available park
sites in all types of parks fall far below the minimum standard. State
parks provide less than one 1alf the required acreage and the one county
park is supporting thirteen times its reCOgnized capacity. The per-
centage of growth increase within the county is greater in each census,
yet the state park acreage remains stationary. From 1910 to 1930 the

pOpulation has more than doubled itself each decade. Since the l9hO

 

‘lBased on 1930 population.

3o

census figures are not available at the time of writing, no accurate
statistics can be given on the probable increase within the past ten
years. Therefore, there is a dynaric population and a static state
park acreage which indicates the inadequacy of present areas for the
resident pOpulation.

Non-Resident Population. In this locality Wayne County supplies

 

the majority of the participants in the parhs of Oakland County.

While they are a non-resident group, their use is as continual as that
of the resident pOpulation and their numbers are greater. This group

has the same requirements as those listed for the resident population

in the previous paragraphs.

In addition, four other groups may be included in the non-resident
classification. They are: tourists, or sightseers who stay for short
visits in one place and move on to make other such visits elsewhere;
hunters; fishermen; and nature students. A third group, the resorters,
usually congregate at hotels or cabins. The summer resident who re-
turns annually and may even own prOperty comprises the fourth group.
The general interests of these four groups are all the attractions
that any park can provide.

As previously stated, the city dweller has the greatest need for
recreational areas. Table IV illustrates the percentage of urbani-
zation in Wayne County which is 97.5 percent of its total population.

The statistics shown in Table V indicate that the deficiency in
recreational areas in Wayne County exceeds that of Oakland County.
There are no state parks present; however, land of state park calibre

is not found in highly urbanized centers. The county and city parks

31

TABLE IV

URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION In virus COUNTY
1930 U. s. CENSUS

 

 

 

 

Total POpulation Urban % Rural %
1,888,9u6 1,8u1,762 97.5 h7,1su 2.5
TABLE v

COMPARISON OF PARKS IN WAYNE COUNTY
AND
ZJIIIIIn ’M STANDARD REQUIRBIEI‘ITS

 

 

 

Type of Area Existing Standard
Acreage Einimum Acreage
l-lCO
Present POpulation
municipal Parks a Playgrounds #055 15,680
County Parks 1210 18,889
State Parks none --—

 

in this case, provide the only public recreational sources within
Wayne County. Therefore, due to their proximity and easy accessibi-
lity the state parks in Oakland County serve great numbers of Wayne
County residents.

It was stated in the introduction of POpulation Factors that the
planning of recreational areas was concerned not only with the numbers
and distribution of the population, but with the type, i.e. classifi-
cation by employment. The class of people to which the parks cater
has an effect on the plan, facilities, and maintenance program. There

is a wide difference in the type of appreciation felt by the nature

 

lBased on 1930 population.

student and the average city dweller who is unaccustomed to natural
areas. Thoughtless vandalism is more often due to ignorance than
intention;

Figure 2 shows manufacturing to be the largest activity carried
on within the state, employing ”0.6 percent of all workers. The
percentage Of peOple engaged in manufacturing in Oakland County is
Ml.h, while in Wayne County it is nearly 50 percent. The remaining
occupations are distributed accordingly as related by the figure for
each locality. The major recreational problem for Oakland County resi-
dents from an occupational standpoint, is the satisfying of recreation-
al needs of its manufacturing class.

Mr. Robert Roses of the New York City Park Department has con-
cluded that "Mean Parks make mean peOple."1 PeOple are moved to destroy
or damage things which are untidy and inadequate, yet the reverse atti-

tude is taken when the beauty and neatness of an area demands respect.

Attendance

Before it is possible to draw conclusions from the Population
Factors with which a portion of this paper has been dealing, it is
necessary to determine from the attendance records of the parks in
Oakland County, whether or not they are used excessively, despite their

small acreage.

The total attendance for the develOped state park sites in Oakland

 

1"*Iordes From The City" Saturday Evening Post, Oct. 31, 1931.

 

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
  

  
  

 

    
    
 

      
 
  
 

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County and the State of Michigan is illustrated in Figure 3. The
first accurate attendance record of Oakland County parks was made in
1926, at which time they were being used by approximately 500,000
people. The yearly increase between 1926 and 1931 was steady, the
curve represented as A on the chart rose rapidly. The attendaice for
all seven of the areas Open for public use reached its peak in 1931,
when the attendance figures reached approximately 1,893,000. From
1931 to 1937 there was a continual decrease in attendance and the
figures drOpped to 765,000. The increase since then ias been gradual.
It may be noted that curve A, compared with that of the yearly attend-
ance for all state parks, designated by B, does not assume the same
shape. Curve B does not show as great a.f1uctuation. The attendance
figures in 1926 were approximately 3,500,000 and rose to 9,635,000

in 1931. The decrease between 1931 and 1935 reduced the figure to
7,97M,000. The difference between the form of curves A and B may be
explained in this manner. Since the Oakland County areas serve a
largely manufacturing pOpulation the depression affected those state
park attendances. Added leisure time due to unemployment brought many
to the park sites between 1929 and 1931, therefore the curve continued
to climb. However, by 1931 the pOpulation still had leisure time and
continued unemployment depleted their savings; thus their funds did
not permit park excursions. In curve B the participants were not nec-
essarily from the manufacturing centers and continued more normally.
Better financial conditions occurring in the middle of the decade did

not promote immediate increases in attendance as a period of readjust—

ment followed. In both major changes in attendance there was an approxi-

 

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36

mate two year lag behind the economic fluctuations.

By authority of the Park, Parkway and Recreation—Area Study Acti
of the 7hth Congress, the Michigai State Parks Division made an ac-
curate count of attendance and participants in activities during the
1938 season. These statistics are used as a basis for the attendance
study since the only other figures available are those from estimates
made by the state park superintendents.

The figures in Table VI do not indicate a correlation between
the amount of acreage and the amount of attendance. For example,
Dodge Brothers No. h State Park is the fourth area in size but accomo-
dates the largest numbers. The summary of facilities shows that it is
the best equipped and offers the most complete range of day use acti-
vities, including adequate swimming accomodations. Dodge Brothers N0.
2 State Park is the smallest area with only twenty-five acres, yet
has the second largest attendance. It does include both a day use
and camping area and bathing is available. Dodge Brothers No. 5
State Park has the largest amount of acreage but at the present time
is not fully developed as approximately only fifteen acres are inten-
sively used. It does not have bathing facilities. These facts sug-
gest there is a correlation between he amount of facilities and the
amount of attendance.

The statistics shown in Table VII reveal the intensive use to
which these parks are subjected. There is a wide deviation of the

The

average number of persons using the sites during the peak days.
peak day figures in this case are Sundays which equal on the whole

M1 percent of the total weeks attendance. To illustrate, the numbers

37

of persons using one acre during a peak day are listed. This figure
may be used tentatively to determine the saturation point, i.e., point

of maximum use without destruction of site, for each respective area.

TABLE VI

ACREAGE AND ATTENDANCE
OAKLAND COUNTY STATE PARKS

 

 

 

Name of Park Acres Attendancel
Dodge Brothers No. 5 193 26,576
Dodge Brothers No. 10 11M 19,3h6
Bloomer No. 3 100 18,726
Dodge Brothers No. u 78 113,862
Bloomer No. 2 h? 68,75M
Bloomer Ho. 1 36 29.203
Dodge Brothers No. 2 25 80,905

 

(Statistics from Michigan State Parks Division)

To date, the author has been unable to secure accurate information
regarding saturation points. Studies of this problem are lacking and
the present methods of determining whether or not a site is over
crowded are not scientific but depends upon the accuracy of the specup
lation of the park authorities.

The writer made inquiries for determining the saturation point
of any given area from several authorities of the National Park Ser-
vice, xichigan State Parks Division, and the Cook County Forest Pre-
serve District. There was no definite information obtained from any

of these sources. The problem justifies a long term study and

 

l . r 1 .
Figures taken from attendance study in 19314, by authority of
Park, Parkway & Recreational-Area Study Act.

.{rw‘mw-v . " ‘.

:- 5-5.“ ‘5‘

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'5’.

sq-Ah/ ("

 

38

TABLE VII"I

INr ESITY OF USE
OAKLAND COUNTY STATE PARKS

 

 

 

_,‘ Average No. Average No.
P ‘ A ~ filéifft Persons In Persons Per
ar‘ crease ii: éan Area During Acre During
en ce Peak Day Peak Day
Dodge No. 2 25 13,279 3,600 inn
Bloomer No. 1 36 n.786 2,2uo 62
Bloomer Ho. 2 M7 12,6uu 6,070 129
Dodge No. u 78 66,192 25,150 322
Bloomer No. 3 100 2,6h3 1,320 13
Dodge No. 10 11h 2,951 1,180 10
Dodge No. 5 193 3,37u 1,350 112
(15 acres
developed)

 

 

 

 

 

involves many variable factors, e.g., condition of the soil, plant
materials on the site, and the facilities provided. Such a study
should be made as a basis for future planning.

In the column, "Average Number of Persons Per Acre During A.Peak
Day" the figures are greatly diversified. The extremes indicate
either over—use of the smaller sites and sufficient use of the larger
ones, or sufficient use of the smaller sites and under use of the
larger ones. The writer believes the former condition to exist from
observations of the areas.

The week showing the highest attendance in five of the parks
(Tables VIII to XIV, inc.) included Independence Day. The remaining

two parks reached their peaks during the first and last week of August.

 

I"Data compiled from Summary of Attendance (See Tables VIII through
XIV.

39

TABLE VIII

BLOOKER #1 STATE PARK
Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities

1938 Season

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20-26 1951 1951 215 1217 519 1M36 515
June 27—Ju1y 3 3108 5059 309 2080 719 2217 891
July M—10 M786 98M5 101M 2862 910 3308 1M78
Ju1y 11—17 2590 12M35 591 129M 705 1737 853
July 18-2M 3M92 15927 5M6 22M8 698 2383 1109
July 25-31 2183 18110 582 1060 5M1 1M26 757
Aug. 1-7 3M56 21566 660 1960 837 2M20 1036
Aug. 8-1M 2680 2M2M6 6M3 1506 531 1938 7M2
Aug. 15-21 1631 25877 270 1086 275 11MM M87
Aug. 22—28 1M92 27369 M32 811 2M9 10M5 MM7
Aug. 29-Sept. M 1376 2875M M83 592 301 9M3 M33
Sept. 5-11 M58 29203 1MM 263 51 32M 13M
TOTALS 29203 29203 5889 16979 6335 20321 8882
PERCENTAGE 100% 100% 20.2 58.1 21.7 69.6 30.M

Attendance by Days summfg7Agfiifii§égipants

Day Amount % Activity %__
Mon. 3620 12.” 5 Camping M3.3
Tues. 19kg 6,7 Playground 22.0
Wed. 1988 6.8 Picnicking 20.6
Thurs. 2390 8,2 Swimming lh.l
Fri. 2188 7.5
Sat. M010 13.7
Sun. 13058 MM.7

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

MO

TABLE IX

BLOOXER #2 STATE PARK
Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities
1938 Season

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20—26 5230 5230 1083 2513 163M 35M0 1690
June 27—July 3 7012 122M2 783 M923 1306 M809 2203
July M-lo 126MM 2M886 22M2 81M8 225M 86M2 M002
July 11-17 M183 29069 6M5 2097 1MM1 3112 1071
July 18-2M 7529 36598 916 M68M 1929 5365 216M
July 25—31 38M9 M0MM7 700 1760 1389 2665 118M
Aug. 1-7 6312 1+6759 703 3850 1759 MM79 1833
Aug. 8—1M 59MM 52703 621 3679 16MM M520 1M2M
Aug. 15-21 3738 56MM1 50M 208M 1150 2825 913
Aug. 22-28 52M9 61690 529 3626 109M 3902 13M7
Aug. 29—Sept. M M371 66061 MMM 3081 8M6 3186 1185
Sept. 5—11 2693 6875M M62 15M0 691 193M 759
TOTALS 6875M 6875M 9632 M1985 17137 M8979 19775
PERCENTAGE 100% 100% 1M.0 61.0 25.0 71.2 28.8
Attendance by Days _k summ§§yégfiiiifigipants
Day Amount % Activity %
Mon. 11172 16.2 Picnicking 5M.3
Tues. M516 6'7 Playground M5.7
Wed. M97M 7.2
Thurs. M908 7.1
Fri. 395M 5.7
Sat. 5967 8.8
Sun. 33263 M8.3

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities

TAELE X

BLOOMER #3 STATE PARK

1938 Season

M1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20-26 1220 1220 M28 M80 312 9M1 279
June 27—July 3 1607 2827 300 82M M83 1176 M31
July M.lO 26M2 5M69 M5M 1618 570 1870 772
July 11-17 925 639M 13M 507 28M 713 212
July 18_2M 1952 83M6 M3 1128 390 1268 68M
July 25-31 188M 10230 M73 1013 398 1126 658
Aug. 1-7 1781 12011 327 931 523 1175 606
Aug. 8—1M 1955 13966 M10 960 585 1386 569
Aug. 15—21 1556 15522 2M9 831 M76 11M0 M16
Aug. 22—28 169M 17216 239 1032 23 12M1 M53
Aug. 29-Sept. M 1057 18273 93 638 326 790 267
Sept. 5-11 M53 18726 81 319 53 3M6 107
TOTALS 18726 18726 3622 10281 M823 13272 5M5M
PERCENTAGE 100% 100% 19.M 5M.8 25.8 70.8 29.2
Summary of Participants
Attendance by Days in Activities
Day Amount $7 Activity %
Mon. 2583 13.8 Picnicking 65.8
Tues. 1118 6.0 Camping 16.2
Wed. 1108 5.9 Playground 10.1
Thurs. 1231 6.6 Soft Ball M.M
Fri. 1M73 7.9 Hiking 3.1
Sat. 1803 9.6 Horse Shoes 0.U
Sun. 9h10 50.2

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

M2

TABLE XI

DODGE BROTHERS #2 STATE PARK
Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities

1938 Season

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20-26 5208 5208 1098 2727 1383 3379 1829
June 27—July 3 6M85 11693 2597 2767 1121 M37M 2111
July M-lO 13279 2M972 3859 677M 26M6 8603 M676
July 11-17 7679 32651 1892 M129 1658 5282 2397
July 18—2M 7333 3998M 1551 M128 165M M900 2M33
July 25-31 7M81 M7M65 1688 M080 1713 5231 2250
Aug. 1-7 12M17 59882 2030 6773 361M 8M0M M013
Aug. 8.1M 8585 68M67 1619 M839 2127 5819 2766
Aug. 15-21 5282 737M9 95M 288M 1MMM 36M3 1639
Aug. 22-28 399M 777M3 508 2659 827 2915 1079
Aug. 29-Sept. M 2MM2 80185 M63 1509 M70 1699 7M3
Sept. 5—11 720 80905 105 5M7 68 521 199
TOTALS 80905 80905 1836M M3816 18725 5M77O 26135
PERCENTAGE 100% 1008 22.7 5M.1 23.2 67.7 32.3
Summary of Participants
Attendance by Days in Activities
Day Amount 8V Activity 8
Non. 11520 1M.3 Swimming M1.9
Tues. 10082 12.5 Camping 37.M
Wed. 8985 11.1 Fishing 7.1’
Thurs. 9M0} 11.6 Playground 5.8
Fri. 7553 9.} Soft Ball 3.3
Sat. 11088 13.6
Sun. 2235M 27.6

 

 

 

Statistics from the michigan State Parks Division

Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities

TABLE XII

'DODGE BROTHERS #M STATE PARK

1933 Season

113

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20~26 7170 7170 993 3962 2215 M791 2379
June 27-July 3 8615 15785 1391 56M6 1578 5869 27M6
July M-lo 21261 370M6 M3M0 13820 3101 3769 7M92
July 11-17 9766 M6812 1921 518M 2261 6M15 3351
July l8-2M 12888 57900 2568 803M 2286 8530 M358
Ju1y 25-31 8959 68659 1673 M699 2587 5968 2991
Aug. 1-7 15989 8M6M8 2821 8575 M593 10M95 5M9M
Aug. 8.1M 12312 96960 2730 7118 2M6M 8179 M133
Aug. 15-21 5M57 102M17 1117 310M 1236 360M 1853
Aug. 22-28 66192 108609 100M M213 975 M232 1960
Aug. 29—Sept. M 3612 112221 631 2186 795 2M89 1123
Sept. 5—11 16M1 113862 308 1203 130 1167 M7M
TOTALS 113862 113862 21M97 681MM 2M221 77508 3835M
PERCENTAGE 1008 100% 19.0 59.8 21.2 66.3 33.7
Attendance by Days SummagyAgiiiagtigipants
Day Amount % Activity %
Mon. 15965 1M.O Swimming M7.7
Tues. 10882 9.6 Picnicking 33.7
Wed. 10601 9.3 Playground 10.1
Thurs. 10M95 9.3 Fishing 8.5
Fri. 3572 7-5
Sat. 13575 11.9
Sun. h3772 38.M

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

MM

TABLE XIII

DODGE BROTHERS #5 STATE PARK
Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities
1938 Season

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. After. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20-26 12M2 12M2 157 832 253 886 356
June 27—July 3 2MO8 3650 383 1M10 615 1610 798
July M-lo 337M 7025 M32 2759 183 23M0 103M
July 11—17 19M1 8965 M79 1202 260 12M7 69M
July 18-2M 29M2 11907 M62 17M8 732 1808 113M
July 25~31 2119 1M026 MM1 1127 551 129M 825
Aug. 1—7 37M9 17775 573 2115 1061 2102 16M7
Aug. 8-1M 2M91 20266 373 1536 582 1M87 100M
Aug. 15-21 1722 21988 221 1169 332 1093 629
Aug. 22-28 1906 2389M 191 1351 36M 109M 812
Aug. 29—Sept. M 2033 2592 27M 1366 393 11M5 888
Sept. 5-11 6M9 26576 99 M73 77 M01 2M8
TOTALS 26576 26576 M085 17088 5M03 16507 10069
PERCENTAGE 100% 100% 15.M 6M.M 20.2 62.1 37.9
Attendance by Days summiiygg{15?ۤ::1pants
Days Amount % 1 Activity %
Mon. 3376 12.7 Camping 50.3
Tues. 2009 7.6 Picnicking 12.
Wed. 2098 7.9 Playground 37.2
Thurs. 2552 9.6
Fri. 2327 8.7
Sat. 376M 1M.2
Sun. 10M5O 39.3

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

TABLE XIV

DODGE BROTHERS #10 STATE PARK

Summary of Attendance & Participants in Activities

1938 Season

LL5

 

 

 

..—

After.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendance Morn. Eve. Over Under
Week of Week To Date 18 18
June 20-26 131M 131M M59 5M0 315 911 M03
June 27—July 3 1890 320M 6M0 898 352 1380 510
July M-lo 2951 6155 8M3 16M8 M60 2105 8M6
July 11-17 1708 7863 62M 8M5 239 1178 530
July 18-2M 2098 9961 580 1157 361 1M69 629
July 2P_31 16M6 11607 587 780 279 116M M82
Aug. 1—7 1886 13M93 665 855 366 1273 613
Aug. 8—1M 1M03 1M896 161 982 260 1025 378
Aug. 15-21 11M2 16038 251 721 170 781 361
Aug. 22-28 1799 17837 522 1112 165 1273 526
Aug. 29—Sept. M 851 18688 106 586 159 608 2M3
Sept. 5-11 658 1936M 206 M09 M3 M88 170
TOTALS 193M6 193M6 56MM 10533 3169 13655 5691
PERCENTAGE 1008 100% 29.2 5M.M 16.M 70.6 2M.M

Attendance by Days SummagyAgfiiaitizipants

Days Amount fii Activity 7;
Mon. 27hh 1M.2 Camping h2.7
Tues. 1207 6.2 Playground 21.8
Wed. 1595 8.3 Swimming 19.M
Thurs. 1h30 7.H Picnicking 8.8
Fri. 1M5M 7.5 ’ Fishing 7.3
Sat. 3326 17.2
Sun. 7590 39.2

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

M6

In every case, the afternoon attendance was the largest; the
evening record was slightly higher than that of the morning in six
of the seven parks. The afternoon numbers in every instance were
greater than the combined totals of both the morning and evening
figures. This may be naturally eXpected since the afternoon has the
most daylight.

Tabulation of participants by age groups were classified as being
either over eighteen years or under eighteen years. The results indl-
cate that approximately two—thirds of the visitors were over eighteen.
The numbers of individuals under eighteen are limited.

Camping in the parks by boys under seventeen years of age
unaccompanied by an adult or adults and girls under eighteen
years of age unaccompanied by their narents or chaperon is
prohibited.

The value of knowing the ratio between child and adult attendance is
an aid in planning playground facilities.

The main activities included in the Summary of Participants in
Activities, are picnicking, swimming, camuing, and playground. There
is a direct correlation between the amount and kinds of facilities
provided, and the number of oarticipants in each activity. In sites
where canning is provided this activity ranks almost equally with the
combined total of day use activities. From this it is noted there
is a definite demand for camping facilities. The average number of
persons per camp is 3.6. The ratio of permits issued to trailers as

comnared to tent campers is assroximately one to three. Since the

depression there has been a noticeable increase in permanent summer

 

1State Park Rules and Regulations, Section 11.

M7

campers, i.e. persons using one park site for the maximum time limit
and then re-entering the park after a twenty-four hour period. or
moving into another park, however
Persons desiring to camp in State Parks are required to
obtain a permit before making camp. A permit will be issued to
camp eight days or less on a single site in parks within Oakland,

Livingston, hacomb, St. Clair, Ottawa, and Bay Counties ...

When time of permit has eXpired, the campers must move from the

park for twenty—four hours. To again camp in the same park or

other parks a new permit must be obtained.
Since camping in the state parks is free, many of the Hayne County
residents employed in manufacturing have selected the parks for their
temporary summer homes. The proximity of the parks to employment
centers makes commuting easy, the cost of which is materially less
than dwelling rents in Wayne County. This type of camper presents
a problem since their continual occupancy of a site in each of the
parks reduces the available space for tourists and summer vacation-
1sts. Park superintendents estimate the permanent summer campers to
be as high as one-fifth of the total number of campers on some of their
areas. his group should be discouraged since the present system of
no cha ge is fundamentally to provide for everyone.

The playground activity average equals twenty—five percent of
the total activities participants. Since these are used by chil-
dren, which group comprises the majority of the one—third of the
total attendance, it may be assumed that most of the children attend-

ing the area will use the playground facilities. Differences between

the percentages using the playgrounds and the number classified in

 

1State Park Rules and Regulations, Section 8.

the Under Eighteen group occur since all Children under eighteen are
not of playground ages.

Figures N to 10 inclusive show the sources by County or State
of cars entering the parks. With the exception of Bloomer No. 3 and
Dodge Brothers No. H, Wayne County is the major source of visitors
in all of the parks. In these two exceptions the locations indicate
the reason for the variation. Bloomer No. 3 is situated near the
Genesee County boundary and due to this fact that county supplied
26” more cars than did Wayne County. The proximity of the City of
Pontiac to Dodge Ho. h contributes mainly to the source of attendance
from Oakland County which exceeds the number of Wayne County Cars by
2,630. It may be noted that the attendance source from all other
counties was extremely small, showing that the population of Wayne
and Oakland Counties are the primary participants of hese parks.

The correlation of the proximity of a park area to pOpulation
centers, and its effect on attendance, is illustrated on the accom-

panying Table XV.

 

 

BLOOMER #1 STATE PARK #9

FIGURE It
Map showing sources by County
or State of Cars entering Bloomer
#1 State Park during the period '
June zlst. to Sept. 6th. 122.1958.;

ONIF'H I 5 E
1 1‘
——1 . 9 . ,r 06! t
475. .

 

 

Michigan Cars
Not Listed-200

Out State Cars\\\
\.,

arm
fill

- I 1 O

1 __1_____+. -!1__
m:wme‘aMA Tm
3 . L 2 l

HANG“! vat/mo mm lmkwf 06519:” {:560

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I ma mac
__3 3 Hi; 9 [—9
‘60s flown-AM GRAfIOf '
L'TKEJfE’Z'L T is
Out State Cars 143 "M. um ‘fc'umi—Lm} '

In " " 7744 “'47
Total Cars 7887 8 cal-2014 L__2___L:_4 ___I__ mm m

13mm" T076” L‘Ziivamn 4rvwc§ro 1500 . I

' f 7-

' l
WimwTamJa-afiaim 2.1348372 7 Fags/w “3359
I I

igfiéfiAwmmu FmethAwr ffifigf
' 2 6 7 . 4 . 5
J 112 .1 l *1 ‘
L..

' ' ' I

Ohio 38
I11. 27
NOYO 13
Penn. ‘ 12
Ga. 11
Calif.
Ind.
Ky.
Neb.
Minn.
D.ofC.
Iowa
.Fla.
Ontario
Tenn.
Conn.
S.D.
La.
Ala.
Wash.

 

 

 
 
   

 

15

 

HHHHHHNNUUUUO‘QQ

    
 

 

 

 

 

 

, (A ‘ Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

 

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map showing sources by County

or State of Cars entering Bloomer
#2 State Park during the period
June let to Sept. 6th inc.

Figure 5

 

W 1938.
- 1
L ‘1 . ..lF‘“ i
1 L 475: “R j— | 1 'cmppm
‘\~\ I o 1 WLW 2

 

.Michigan Care
Not Listed 751

  

Out State Cars
Ohio 72
Ill. 24

Ont. 20
N.Y. 19 7 ——J ' 25

Ind. 17 - - -...
Penn. ' 15 ~ - 11553" “m“
Calif. . -. '

Fla. v :EE‘TE' ..

Can.
Wis.
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Ga.
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rexas
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wash.
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D.C.
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Ala.
Idaho

‘ ' ..L-
out State 233 m gfifitw ;;:TJ‘JW; PM“

7. . I I
In state 1714 71 4 L7 L6 . 4—1—8 17

 

 

 

 

HHHHHHHHHHmmmmmmumumemmmo
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Total 1,}93-._.

 

 

Statistics from the Ilichi. gan State Parlcs Division

 

 

 

 

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annmawsmm DARK 81

 

FIGURE 6

..l

\

map showing sources by County

or State of Cars entering Bloomer
#3 State Park during the period
June let. to Sept. 6th inc.

: 2 d - 1938

 

 

9 V Lac: .
L mi . ... _ ff“. LW
‘\ . 2 gaaav' i 1._f:mmm¢7 "VUF“ ?-
I 4 * [F4 3 i

.Hichigan Cars .

Not Listed 186
Out State Cars

Ohio
Ill.
Ind.
S.C.
Fla.
Ont.
Okla.
N. J.
Penn.
W.Va.

Calif.

Texas
Minn.
Ky.
N. Y.
Ark.
Ia.
Conn.

 

 

 

 

38 r4130?“

15 2 ,5“

$6 . 1

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6

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7 ’: .. . .

1 1 ' 15 ' “1....-

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1

1 I ' 1. I 2 [‘13—‘1. :mudkffifikr
.. ' 1 . ...—l» - m 0
Out State Cars 10 .UL Pam”, 'Tfimwr 6

In State Cars 4601

t 15
Total Cars ITO—if 2 7 1’5‘ _1WE FELL-
14:1 w“kw- rm“
4 I 5 a 60

fiz - also _L1 _179,
,"na,8a~um1&EL:“F£W " Wmfi;j:§;j
. Team rim-«arm ~55

4" 1 - 2-1- —L='>_i_-:_.-'2

Statistics from the I iichigan State Park s Division

 

 

 

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DODGE *2 STATE PARK 52

 

quuma7

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\
Michigan Care
Not Listed 6&9

Out State Care

Canada 3%
Ill. 30
Penn. 25
NO I. 23
Calif. 18
Ind. 16
Fla. , 12
D. of C.
Tenn.
MO.
Texas
N. J.
W13.
Ohio
Ala.

R. I.
Nab.

Md.
Wash.
Ga.

Kan.

La.
Maine
Conn.
Ky.

W. Va.
Ore.

\o
HHHHHHHHHNNWWN¥¢mmmm

Out State Care 305
In State Care 12321

19632

Total Care

 

 

xai;

nuumm wanna ”mewfllw

 

Map showing sources by County
or State of Care entering Dodge
#2 State Park during the period
or June Zlet to Sept. 6th inc.

1938

w: .

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I “m fiflfll;;v7 [._..-_.E::i:f 6’

-J£Eh‘}?—11 l V d. ' .-

 

Auuuzq laxan' '
m.

 

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was 23
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19
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Wet—gm
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L—JELE
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1‘1““;1" “’5” L17; f’m" 2492 .10

 

  
  
    

9

Anw unaul gaunt ‘MMMGF

19

   

  

n.I-q-—-u -.-...

 

 

 

 

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

 

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DODGE 4am STATE PARK 51

 

FIGURE 8 Map showing sources by County
or State of Cars entering Dodge
.fih State Park during the period
or June 21st to Sept. 6th inc.

1938

8 ...! ' i . w! 0

‘\ L- —!7fi.J—2. ER”? |um r I L 10 Lawns

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I

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Out State Cars " .
Mo. 6

 

Conn. 3
Calif. ' 15
F130 - 9
Ga. 2
W. Va. 10

N. J.
Md.
Canada 2

1 ’4' lama .oamim
Ala. 1‘”.22—[
N . D. 1
Minn. 3

5

3

2

 

m. WT‘WmT
S C.

Aéiz. 1 mm “LfXIaQTW ...-+m :i'moa

 

 

 

 

 

111. 62 meL}

Ohio Ill-8 m mom can:

Ind-o 6 3 I 2 a 5. 3” o

Tenn. h , — pmflfir4fifififiiiafim Mfi3w|<

Va. 1" ! ' . '1 m3 .-
ICH"! 3 ' 2 ' 1._1. 3 3 l
W18. 2: ."’"4 Ema” minor I . T 20
O O '
fiBV? 5 1’ -NT - 6 ' 2 ‘ 32

“ab. 2 -‘r-1 m'fifim - . Ids!
119.1 g m, 1&3 . 2 . 7 .22 .203'58 ‘52;
e e 1 - .
D. of Go 2 "179w :43: “rial—U%’Wfl?§ 1.
Mass. 1 r15 133820
1

 

Ont. 3 5 ' n.13n i1

Out State Cars “-28 n' - .‘mIfl-fi£fl f-T'Wgw $6?-

In State Cars 260 13 . , 17 26 9._L

Total Care 26527 --m~‘afi Tim LT. #fiWTmTé [my

9 J 3 L _ 1_ _| 7 i7
L...

Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

 

 

 

 

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DODGE BROTHEBS #5 STATE PARK 5%

 

 

 

FIGURE 9 . Map showing sources by County
W or State of Cars entering Dodge
Brothers #5 State Park during
the period June 21st to Sept. 6th
inc. 1938.

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Michigan Cars '
Not Listed 198 '

Out State Cars

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Ollt State Cars 142 2 ér- 19 . 8W
In State Cars 6262 Lfirn
—"'—' 777M 5 IONA . pram?"
Total Cars 638“ 3.j_. L 23'13 _L_ :-J—77:
w my T'rgvl—Thaéw: rvwcs'r WW1
15 . 7 . 17 1659
Aimee Imam 5.1.]-5“ " mum 83:50
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Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

 

 

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DODGE #19 STATE PARK 55

FIGURE 10 Map showing sources by County

or State of Cars entering Dodge
#10 State Park during the period
of June let to Sept. 6th inc.

1938

  
  

 

 

Michigan Care
Not Listed 26?

Out State Cars

Ohio
S. 0.
Ind.
Tenn.
Wis.
6311:.
Iowa
Fla.
Minn.
Mass.
Okla.
Ill.
Ariz.
Canada
N. Y.
Ga.
Not Listed

Out State Cars 88
In State Cars 551;

Total Cars #661

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Statistics from the Michigan State Parks Division

  
      
     
  

 

 

 

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Fin2nciel Problems

The no es ioilitgr of tLe icni 2n St2 teP w: TKS Division 2Cquirin
their sh2re of the remaining desirable 2rees in Southeastern Kicnigan
does not seem feasible 2t oresent. Leek of funds in this division in

the 02st neve

'd

reve nted 2Cquisition of sites vitellyr eeded in t11is

)

2re2, as well as the enlrrgement of existin: sites. R2tner, they h2ve

fallen short of the dem2nd for facilities on ,resent 2re2s,

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provisions thet heve been m2de do not neve subst21 ti 21 funds to main-
tain them properly.

To illustr2te, the Jiclu211 St 2te Perk “en2rtment 22s U2de

51)

study of the comn2rison of fectors affecting perk costs. Since the
study was made for all the st2te p2rks in Xichigan if apolied to parks
in Oekland County it does not oresent 2 true picture, however, these
21e2s exemplify the condition sh wn. With their permission, the re-
sults of this study ere nresented hereinl

FL:ure ll illustr2tes the relation of availeble funds and tne
costs of Operation 2nd meintenence to public use from 1923 to 1333.
It 1111 be noted tnet no severetion hes been m2de between funds for
imnrQV1ment and for Operation 2nd m2inten2nce previous to 1326. Since

then, there neve been side fl.uctu2 2tions in anpronrietions 2nd in rove—

ments. Durinr the period from 1326 to 1931 eonroprietions were more
then one-fourth of those for the precedin‘ ye2.rs. The combine awpro-
pr 12 tions since 1931 2ver25ed meterielly less then for the preceding

years. Aporoorie tions for recezit ye2rs h.ve 2ver2ged c11s1der2b‘"

{D
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less th2n 1:26 w1-ere2s o2rk 2ttend2nce over the seme fourteen year

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*3

period has increesed three items. he Figure shows the present S'stem

of fin2ncin3 has feiled to prov1deennr0pri2tions in proportion to

the increased use of stste barks or exoension of Dark fecilities.
T‘\'

Igure 12 give es the counerison of innort2nt fectors affecting;

the cost of ooeration 2nd m2inten2nce from 1326 to 1938, It is evi-

dent that as facilities increese so do 2int enaLce costs The eccunu—
leted stete expenditures for physical improvements by 1938 increesed

epnroximetely twice thet of 1926, whereas tne annual expenditures for
operation and maintenance increased only one-fourth during this neriod.
If sufficient maintenance and Operation funds were aonronrieted at
the time the improvements were mede the depreciation would not be so
heevy 2t the present time. T2 ne result plainly indicetes that far
greeter exnenditures will be required to restore the value of the im-
provements. The funds for oneretion 2nd m2intenence, therefore, neve
seriously fellen off in pronortion to the eccumuletion of improvements
fine need or the State 2nd Federal Government.

As a c0222 rison of Uichig2n St :te Perk Department with other
st2te nerk s;vstems it is noted1 in FL are 13 tne Xichigen ranks low
in cost per 2cre of intensively used p2 1 lend. It is only one—third
the average for five otner state perk systems. The cost per visitor
2nounts to less than one-fourth of four other stete n2rk svstems.
It is evident tLat tLe present sisten of finencing the
Stete Park System is week. To overcome this xv e2 :ness tne St2te P2 -rLIs
Division hes recommended:

Tnet ecqu

is ition of p2r: lenes 0e finenced from 2ener2l
state funds.e Ht e

r b; meens of a long term bond issie or b; e

6O

 

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62

series of uniform legisletive ennronrietions, sufficient to pro—
cure the needed perk lends over e period of ten yee s.

That perk improvement for generel use be finenced from general
funds, either by means of a bond issue or bi reguler legis—
J.

stete
letive epnrOprietions, sufficient to provide 5 stable and continu-
in; program of construction consistent with public needs.

That Operation and maintenance, together with imnrovements
required for sneciel services to individual perk users, be finenced,
insofer es feasible, by means of ennuel income r sulting from
rentels and leases of public service end privileges, combined with
fees and charges for special services and nrivileges enjoyed by
individual perk users.

That any pert of the cost of oneretion end meintenence, end
of imnrovements required for special services, whicn cennot be
finenced during eny period by means of income from rentels, less.s,
fees end charges, together wltn the cost of eduinistretion of
the stete perk systems, be finenced throu;h regular 8 nronrie-
tions by stcte legislation.

Thet the nrovisions in state perk laws which requires income

from rentals end privileges to be returned to the generel fund

be modified to require tnrt such earnings be pleced in a soecinl

state park fund to be used only for oneretion end maintenance

of state marks or improvements required for special services.
This recommendation would aid materially toward the solution of the
nroblem. When it will be in effect is difficult to predict.

At nresent a recreational project, locally financed, is being
proposed and it is deoendent unon the voters within the metronoliten

Detroit area for its suproval. In the event it is voted unon affirme-

tively it will be e relieVIng factor to the Oakland County state perk

The Pronosed huron—Clinton Parkway

A movement is now under way to nrovide 2 system of perks, play-

 

1 . u. .. , . .
Preliminary Draft of tne nicnigen Peru, Parkway & Recreetionsl-
Area Study.

63

grounds, bathing beeches, over—night shelters end other facilities
for recreetionelists. This might prove en importent fector in the
relief of the Oakland County areas. The proposed plan for the huron—
Clinton Parkway encompasses the develOpment of edequate recreational
fecilities and adequate means of reecning them for nearly 3,000,000
people living in the five counties of the Detroit Letropoliten Ares—-
Wayne, Oakland, Mecomb, Livingston, end LnsLtenew. 'he vicinity of
the prooosed parkway extends in a thirty mile radius in e semi—circular
fashion eround Detroit through the valleys of the huron and Clinton
Rivers. Publicly owned recreational features of all kinds would be
situeted along the scenic parkway. The river velleys ere perticulerly
suited to recreetionel use es the survey made by Stete and Federal
euthorities disclosed. Along with the develooment of this project,
through routes to the erees would be constructed. These exoress high-
weys would be lendsceped perkweys themselves, devoid of treffic lights
end‘intersections.
The proposal will be voted uoon in the Lovember elections in lghO.

. . 1 . . . .. . _
Tne Legislature prOV1des for tne establisnment of e metropollten Autnor-
ity which would be resoonsible for plenning end deveIOpment of the erea.
The HetrOpoliten Authority cen participate in a cooperetive, united
program which eeCn county, separately, could not hOpe to undertake.

For exemple, Oeklend County is now beering e lrrge percentage of Weyne
County recreetionel needs, in the form of stete perks. It hes been

pointed out even state funds ere inedequete to keep these erees orOperly

 

lPublic Acts of 1939, Act 1147.

61+

maintained in pronortion to their use. If this is the case, the funds
of one county would be even more insufficient to maintain oublic parks
in this region, but by a merger of funds of the five counties in the
area to be served, the costs would be reduced and distributed among
those who are to receive the benefits. Livingston County contains
lakes, hills, streams, and forests which are suited to recreational
uses, yet it cannot afford to develon a.nark system for its own nonu—
lation as it is sparsely settled. Wayne County, on the other hand,
must exnand for its recreational facilities since its land values are
not only high but are not suited for recreational purposes, yet it is
densely ponulated. By collaboration, Livingston County potentiali-
ties can become realities and Wayne County will have facilities so
urgently needed.

Under the oronosed plen of financing the project the tax money
prooortioned to the parkway would amount to twenty-five cents on pro—
perty valuation of $1,000. The suggestion has been made also that the
Metronotitan Authority is a planning commission which activity is not
expensive and only one-fifth of the amount authorized by the Act would
be required for the early stages of the develonment.

The Huron-Clinton Project will, in effect, have a fine recreational
value, yet it can only supplement state park activity it cannot sunulant
it due to the difference in type of recreational area. It will afford
recreational convenience to the motorists and pleasant accessibility
to state park sites. Nevertheless, an elongated parkway program such
as this does not offer the pleasure of a secluded natural area, it does
not serve an identical need, therefore does not minimize the necesSity

for state harks.

CONCLUSIONS

ihe present acreage within the Bloomer and Dodge Brothers State
Parks in Oakland County falls far short of the exceptions in the stand-
ards set up in the state park policy. It is conceded in these excep-
tions that a shortage up to fifty percent in special cases is permis—
sable. If considered as general public recreation areas of state wide
importance, minimum standard of which is 500 acres, they are on the
average but one-fifth of the minimum standard in size. On the other
hand if they are considered as soecialized recreation areas, the mini-
mum standard of which is 100 acres, in this case, intensive recreation,
seven of the eleven sites fall below one-half of their standard allot-
ment. These areas were all vauired by donations, hence their acreage
is more limited and the sites are more numerous than considered desir-
able by the State Parks Division. If the Division itself had funds

to purchase the land, fewer sites of larger extent would have been
secured, nevertheless, the gifts were received with annrecietion since
acquisition funds were not adequate during hese years.

Available sites in municipal, coun y, and state parks fall far
below the minimum standard of one acre of land to one hundred persons
of pOpulation. The state parks provide less than one-half the required
acreage based on present population in Oak and County. They are further_
overburdened with the non—resident pooulation of Wayne County, which

contains no state parks and has a pOpulation of nearly two million

people. In these two counties 6h percent of Oakland County and 97
percent of Wayne County comprise urban pOpulation and approximately
ME percent of this urban copulation is composed of the manufacturing
class.

There is a correlation between the increase in park attendance

L

and the increase of leisure time. There has been agproximately a two
year lag in park attendances following economic fluctuations. The
attendance coincides with the amount and type of facilities provided
rather than the extent of acreage. It is not uncommon for any of the
develOped areas to accomodate as many as 3,000 persons per dar several
times a year. On the average,Sundays include Ml percent of the total
weeks attendance. Approximately one-third of the visitors are under
eighteen years of age. Picnicking, wimming, camp grounds, and play—
grounds are preferred activities in the order stated. The proximity
of park areas to population centers greatly influences the amount,
type, and frequency of high attendances.

The present system of financing is not adequate to cepe with the
demands for maintenance and Operation. Appropriations for recent
years have averaged less than 1926, considered a normal year, whereas
park attendance of the same period has increased three times. The
cost per visitor amounts to less than one-fourth the average of other
state parks. Facilities have been increased but the asprcpriations
for maintenance and Operation have not been accelerated prOportionately.

The Proposed Huron-Clinton Parkway offers an absorption of a
portion of the recreational participants in Oakland County. If in—
corporated with the present park system it should prove to be of

supplementary value to the state park sites.

RECOEHENDATIONS

It is unfortunate that the small, scattered parks in Oakland
County are required to carry an important portion of the active and
passive out door recreation for the Detroit hetrOpolitan Area not
served by the municipal sites. The southwestern portion of Hichigan
is relatively rich in natural features which are necessary for a good
recreational planning scheme. Until some agency, either state, county,
or metrOpolitan, undertakes to vauire such of the remaining desirable
areas as would be feasible, and coordinate their use in a broad re—
creational plan, these areas will continue to be over—used and cause
problems in maintaining their park-like character. It is evident
that these parks are only a small contribution to the solution of the
problem.

In the meantime, efforts must be made to prevent the destruction
of the sites during their intensive use, through readjustment of facil-
ities and proner maintenance.

Roberts Mann, haintenance Superintendent for the Forest Preserve
District of Cook County, Illinois recently stated at a hichigan Aca-
demy of Science meeting:

The fundamental problem is one of protection, not develOp-
ment........protection against the impact of heedless hordes,
protection against the recreation enthusiasm which considers
that piece of level land wasted which is not teeming with citizens
engaged in healthful and innocent sports, regardless of their
appropriateness to site, protection against the technician who

would exalt his handiwork and his technique above the land itself.
The administration must maintain a balance between the tendency

on one hand toward wholesale recreational develonment and the

tendency on the other to Cloister his areas, regardless of

public need.

It is believed by the author that this may be asplied to the
recreational areas in Oakland County. Protection should be the imme-
diate aim, vauisition and deveIOpment the ultimate aim. Readjust-
ment of uses within the areas may offer methods to attain this ob-
jective.

In certain cases, parks are develoned sufficiently for use, but
readjustment of the use within those areas would decrease the cost
of maintenance and offer protection at the same time. Steps in this
direction have been taken in Bloomer Ho. 2 State Park which may be
used for an example of procedure to be folloved in other areas in
this region. Previous to 1936 a road encircled the higher portion
of the park which was hazardous to children and Spread dust to the
picnic areas. An improvement over this condition was the provision
of a parking area near the entrance road and elimination of automobile
use in the park. By laying out a definite area for cars and leading
them directly to it from the entrance this problem is apparently
solved. he park is so small additional roads are unnecessary. In
efforts for protection of the steep bank which extends through the
park and drops abruptly to the river flats below, a large erosion
control project was started in lafiu. Surface water is carried off
in tiles down the bank, timber check dams have been constructed,

gullys have been filled in, ton soil replaced and natural vegetation

 

aoer read before the Landscape Section of
cience. March, lghO.

1An extract from

a n
The hichigan Academy of S

69

has been restored.

Recommendations in this vein may be suggested for Dodge Brothers
No. 10 State Park permitting a more advantageous use of this restric-
ted area. Elimination of the 100p road which now encircles the area,
additional parking space, if necessary, could be provided by enlarg-
ing the present parking area at the combination building. This adjust—
ment is advisable to permit proper segregation for the existing group
camp located in the eastern portion of the park. For administrative
and control purposes all over night camping should be concentrated in
the area north of the group camp. These areas are now scattered
throughout the park site. In this manner zoning for the various uses
in the park may be accomplished.

Dodge Brothers No. 2 State Park is an area of twenty-five acres
and affords a multiplicity of uses including camping, picnicking,
bathing, boating, playground equipment and areas for informal play.

It has accomodated 3,600 visitors in one 6a". Yet, this site has no
water system or sanitary facilities which are essential in a park of
this nature. Due to the restricted size of the area, the author would
endorse its revision into a day use area only. If it is not possible
to eliminate over-night use, adjacent lands should be vauired to ac-
comodate such facilities.

Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park has good potentialities for devel-
Opment. The site has a total of one-hundred and ninety-three acres
with only fifteen acres develOped for intensive use at the present
time. Therefore, due to the urgent need for more developed acreage

in this vicinity, a deveIOpment plan has been recommended and formulated.

70

It is deemed advisable to aeguire additional land adjacent to the park
site for the purpose of ba hing and needed nicnicking and Open recrea—

tion areas.

MASTER PLAN REPORT

Introduction

The logical and prOper develOpment of a park area requires a
Base flap and a Master Plan necessary to show the comprehensive treat—
ment for the ultimate develOpment of the area as a whole. Basically
innortant is the distinction between mapping and planning sofar as
these terms affect the problem. A map is defined as a graphic record
of existing conditions, whereas a plan is a graphic record of contem—
plated or future conditions.

The Base Map of Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park was completed
by the author in Anril IBMG. It includes: (1) the boundaries as
accurately as possible of the land actually owned by the pa k agency;
(2) the boundaries of additional land proposed for acquisition; (3)
contours shown at one-foot intervals; (h) water forms; (5) structures;
(6) circulation showing existing roads and trails; (7) vegetative
cover in mass outline; and (8) utilities. In the field worn in pre-
paration for the Base Hap, the survey was made with a transit and
stadia rod. The Base Man may be found in the folder attached to the
back cover of this volume.

The Master Plan, enclosed with the Base Ian, shows the relation
between the existing conditions and the finished result and serves
as a long range plan for all development in the area. It is the

essential controlling document for all planning.

II

The following master Plan Report serves as a supplement to the
Plan and offers information not readily adaptable to grazhic form.
The report is in the form of an outline including the motives and
reasons underlying the choice of the develOped areas, conception of

the specific purposes and of the methods used to attain its objectives.

General Description of Area

Location. Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park is located in T.3N.,
R.SE., Commerce Township, Oakland County. It is thirty-seven miles
northeast of Detroit and twelve miles west of Pontiac. The nearest
village is Commerce which is one-half mile west of the park.
History.1 In 1832 Reuben Wright filed a claim for eighty acres
of land to the west of Pontiac, and it was the move of this individual
which brought this country again to the attention of the white man.

It was previously known that it contained natural water power, excel-
lent timber and fertile soil but the activities of the Indians in the
region had prevented its inhabitance and cultivation. The section
immediately west of Wright's pronerty is the land that is now Dodge
Brothers No. 5 State Park. Due to the junction of the huron River
and Hayes Creek the natural water power encouraged enterprises such
as the old combination gristmill and sawmill which stood at the north

end of the west side of the park area. The power for its operation

was obtained by a water may from Lower Straits Lek with its outlet

 

1 o o o o - \ i
Information obtained from a preliminary draft of "Dodge brothers
Ho. 5 State Park," comniled by the hichigan WPA Writers' Project.

73

in hayes Creek. This remains in the park today in the form of a ditch
which now serves as an overflow from Lower Straits eke. About two
hundred yards west of the park there remains an old flour mill building
which has been preserved by the Pelletier Estate since it was the last
attempt made in the area near the park to put to use the natural water
power for mill Operation.

Gradually the section became settled, the village of Commerce
located one-half mile west of the park, emerged from a settlement
established in 1835. The mill industries prospered. However, the
fertility of the soil encouraged the growing of fruit and farming be-
came the main use of most of the land in that region. The City of
Detroit grew rapidly and soon became congested enough to warrant many
seeking the enjoyment of summer homes with eke frontage. The auto-
mobile made the section accessible and summer home buying in the area
was promoted, thus the movement snreed ranidsly. The purchase of the
pa h site in 1922 by the Dodge Brothers Corporation was timely, since
the summer estate enterprises were moving steadily in its direction.
The area was then donated to the state for the gurpose of a state park.

Climate. The climate of Oakland County is characterized by warm
summers, with occasional short periods during which the maximum tem-
peratures may exceed one hundred degrees Fahrenheit. The winters are
long, with the normal temperature below freezing throughout three
months of that period. Minimum temperatures well below zero occur
at intervals but continue only a few days at a time. According to
the United States Weather Bureau the mean annual precinitation for the

O O 0 ~ 1 ~ 0 a
county 18 about thirty incnes. Over one-half of this falls during

 

U. S. weather Bureau.

71+

the Spring and summer months and nearly thirty percent of it during
the summer. The average length of the frost free season is about one
hundred and twenty-five days, the last killing frost OCCurring usually
about the middle of May.

Geology. The surface geolOgical deposits of the Pont'ac Area
are thick and were formed during the glacial period. The underlying
rock is from one hundred to two hundred feet deep. The glacial drift
is comnosed of a great variety of both igneous and sedimentary rocks.
Part of the glacial material is ice-laid, having been deposited at
the front of and under great ice sheets as terminal and ground moraines.
The remaining material is water-laid and was deposited in glacial
lakes as outwash material from the ice front. h glacial till, lake
denosits and the alluvial deposits along the streams constitute the
narent material of the soils.1

§gil3 Each of the main soil groups of the county comprises a
series of soils, classified according to thickness of layers, color,
structure, and chemical nature of the topsoil and subsoil. The soil
type in the higher portions of the park is Plainfield Sandy Loam.2
This soil is grayish-brown, eight or ten inches deep, underlain by
yellow sand or loose loamy sand. The substratum below a death of two
feet is comnosed of yellowish-gray and gr.y loose and stratified sand
and gravel. The forest growth, usually in sxall wood lots, consists

mainly of oak. The chief problems are conservation of moisture and

 

Leverett, Frank. "Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions
of Michigan." Rich. Geol. & Biol. Surv. Pub. Ho. 25. Geol. Series
21, 1917.

 

2
Wildermuth, R. Soil Survey. decomb County, mlCngen, 1917.

 

75

the maintenance of soil fertility. The marshland in the central and
southern sectors of the park include the permanently wet lands.

Vegetative Cover. Previous to acquisition, the area was used for

 

agricultural purposes. With the exception of a few scattered trees
near the boundaries, the site had been completely cut-over. In 1926,
four years after the land became state park prOperty, the site was
reforested by the Richigan State Parks Division. Fortunately, this
organization had the vision to provide cover on this barren area that
might be used for future camping and picnic sites. Approximately
thirty thousand seedlings were slanted of which eigh y percent were

norway pine and the balance, jack and white pine. The stock was

('1

planted at random, the spacing varying from six to twenty feet. ihe
created forest has produced an effect not found elsewhere within the
vicinity of the park. The location of this cover may be noted on the
accompanying vegetative map. Prior to park acquisition, black locust
was planted for erosion control, a.few of which are now found scat-
tered among the pines. White oak grows sparsely along the north
boundary. Red oak, bur oak, American elm, Red maple, black willow,

and black ash may be found along and near the frontage of Lower Straits
and Reed Lakes. There is a small stand of aspen in the north central
portion. Tanarack grows in the low much and in the central sector.
Among the shrubs near or in the lowlands are: redcaier dogwood, Gray
dogwood, American elder, alder, coralberry, leather leaf, and Xichiga
Holly. The vepetation in the marshland consists large y of cat-tails,

sedses, wild esters, and goldenrods. The Open areas are occupied, for

\J

the most part, by wild grasses.

76

 

 

   
  
  
 

 

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77

Water Areas. Lower Straits Lake is located in Sections ll, 12,

 

Ho

13, and IN, T. 2N., R. SE. It s approximately two-hundred and fifty
acres in size, draining into the Enron River. At present 9 shoreline
of three hundred feet comprises the northeast boundary of the park.
There is extensive resort develooment circumscribing he gravel shore-
line. The water is approved for bathing but not for drinking as shown
by the results of a sanitery survey and tested samples. In the south-
ern section severol beeches have been develoned providing good swimming
facilities. There is a boat liver; on the lake. The seasonal fluc-
tuations of the weter level v ries from one to two feet. The leke
contains, in relation to numbers present, bluegills, rock oess, sun-
fish, nerch, large and smell mouth bass, pike, bullheeds, and ge

pike.

Reed Lake is located in Section in T. 2H,, R. SE. This twenty-
acre lake also drains into the Huron River. The lake has three hundred
feet of shoreline on the south central boundary of the park. There
is no resort deveIOpment bordering the water, swinning is not good

because of the shallow water and muck beaches. The seasonal water

level fluctuations are from one to two feet. The fish, in order of

to

their numbers, are bluegills, large and small mouth bass, sunfi h,
perch, and bullheads.
The Enron River flows through the northwest sector of this park.

The stream enters the park on the north boundary and leaves on the west.

The CCC, under the supervision of the Hationel Park Service, have

 

1Division of Fisheries, Hichigen Conservation Department.

 

 

 

78

completed 1.1 acres of beach improvement on this river. This is used
as a.weding pool, and the bank as a bathing beach for children. The
water is from one to three feet deep in the deve10ped portion and from
fifteen to twenty-five feet in width.

Park Boundaries. The park is bounded on the north by Commerce

 

Road. Opposite this side of the park site is pertially wooded pri-
vately owned land. From the northeast corner the property continues
southward for 1208 feet where it jogs southeasterly for another 1113
feet. East and north of this boundary is a cemetery. The middle
portion of the east line is limited by Lower Straits Lake on which
the park has three hundred feet of frontage. Continuing southward
the boundary is irregular, making several jogs for another 700 feet.
At this point the property runs westward for 1000 feet and south again
for 2115 feet. This east boundary is adjacent to a privately owned
semi-wooded field. At the extreme southeast corner of the area there
is three hundred feet of frontage on Reed Lake. West from this point
the park continues for 1115 feet where it turns north for 5200 feet
and is bounded by South Commerce Roed. The adjacent private property
to the south and west of these boundaries is semi—wooded lowland.

Topography. Dodge Brothers No. 5 State Park has a generally flat

 

topography. Only in the extreme northwest portion of the site is the
difference in the elevation over twenty feet. This is in the form of
a bluff which abruptly rises from the bank of the Huron River to the
day use area where it levels off. The benk has a northern exposure.
With the exception of a swamp approximately one acre in size, in the

northeast section, the northern sector of the park is reasonably level.

79

The portion of the ground fronting Lower Straits Lake is swampy.

The western region of the middle section of the area contains approx-
imately eleven acres of lowland. Twenty-five and one-half acres in
the southwest is swamp and marshland. The remainder of the park is

for the most part level, with only minor breaks in tOpography.

L11

xisting Facilities

£§2§° The total land within the present boundary of the park
site is one-hundred and ninety-three acres of which only fifteen
acres are Open for public use. The purchase price in 1922 by the
Dodge Brothers Corporation was $67,550 averaging three hundred and
fifty dollars per acre.

Park Roads. At present the main entrance road is from Commerce

 

Road on the north. It winds southward, as a one way drive, past the
present picnic, camping, and playground areas forming a complete loop.
The drive enters the pine plantation on the north at the "Y" inter-
section, crosses the drainage ditch via bridge thence continues to
wind through the conifers as a two way road for approximately nine
hundred yards. From this point it again divides into a one way loop
road circling the pines in the south central section for a quarter of
a mile. The roads are surfaced with gravel, four to six inches deep.
The one and two way roads are ten and twenty feet wide respectively.
Of the total three-quarters mile of roadway, only the first loop

road is Open to the public.

Parking Area. The only available parking area for public use is

 

in the northwest sector. This accomodates one hundred and five auto—
mobiles and services the present picnic and playgrounds. It is gravel
surfaced, four to six inches deep. A partial fill has been made in
the south central portion on the border of the swamp, planned for
future parking. This fill is large enough to provide parking space
for one hundred cars. The guard rails outlining the existing parking
section are of standard type used in new park deveIOpments and are
constructed with a cedar rail six to eight inches in diameter mounted
on a concrete base and held in place with a steel anchor bolt.

Structures. The caretaker's residence is situated near the

 

entrance road in the northeast portion of the park. This is a one-
story frame building twenty-four by thirty-eight feet, on concrete
block foundation. It has three rooms and bath, equipped with a fur—
nace in the basement. The roof is wood shingle stained brown.

The concession stand, located near the picnic grounds, now occu-
pies the former caretaker's residence. It is of frame construction
(loose block foundation) sixteen by thirty feet in size containing
one room.

A rustic boat dock mounted on log piers is located on Reed Lake.
It extends forty feet from the shore and contains two log benches on
the platform.

The latrines are frame box-types eight and one-half by eight and
one-half feet in size. There is one for each sex IOCated in the north,
east, south, and central sections of the park.

Recreational Facilities. There is a total of thirty—two camp

 

stoves in the park which are of two types: twelve are concrete sta-

. s
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81

tionary structures and the remaining twenty are cast iron.

The tables are composed of three types: eight are transportable;
eight are transportable and supported on saw horses; and thirty-five
are stationary with no seats.

There are three wells with pumps located in the picnic and camp—
ing grounds.

Plaiground equipment includes two teeters with four boards, two
slides, one twelve foot and one sixteen foot, one set of swings with
six seats, one whirling climb, and three sets of horseshoes.

f‘

sanitary Facilities. he caretaker's residence isequipped with

 

a natural sub-surface tile field sewage disposal system. The septic
tank and dosing chamber are combined in one unit which is located
thirty-five feet northeast of the house. Two lines of six inch vitri-
fied tile drain are placed one foot below the ground level at .25 per-
cent lepe. The joints are one quarter inch Opened at the bottom and
covered with tarred felt. The tile field is twenty-eight feet long
embedded in porous soil. The end of each line is connected with vi—
trified tile equipped with an air vent.

A well with six inch casing, seventy-two feet in depth supplies
the Caretaker's residence.

Fifty-one wire baskets and six garbage cans are placed through—

<mrtthe picnic and camping areas.

Developed Areas

General. The Master Plan for Dodge brothers No. 5 State Park is

zoned into three distinct divisions, namely, day use area, over-night

use area and the natural area. The day use area lies between Lower
Straits Lake on the northeast, the park boundary on the North, North-
western Highway on the south, the pine plantation on the west, and
Newton Road on the east. The camping area is enclosed on the north

by Commerce Road, on the west by South Commerce Road both of which
limit the park grounds. The park bounlary on the east and the tamarack
swamp on the south complete the enclosure. The natural area is bounded
by the tamarack swamp on the north, the break in the pines on the east
and Northwestern highway on the southwest.

Each major division is separated into smaller areas for specivic
use. The day use section is p anned to include, beach and bathing
facilities, parking, open recreation areas, pakr custodian's quarters
and sanitary provisions. The camping area is planned to have indivi-
dual camp sites equipped with a water system, toilet and laundry faci-
lities, and recreational areas. The nature area is to be left in a
natural state, traversed only by foot trails. It is planned to encour-
age the increase of all types of native flora and fauna.

Details of these prOposed day use and camping areas will be dis-
cussed later.

Approach Roads. The main artery of approach to the area as pro-

 

posed in the Master Plan is Horthwestern Highway, known locally as
James Couzens Highway. This is a four lane divided concrete road. At
The present time the highway extends as far as the Orchard Lake Road
which is approximately seven miles from Dodge Brothers No. 5 State
Park. The Plan is based on the future possibilities of the original

highway project being accomplished. Plans and surveys for this highway

33

were first made in 1926 with the intention of constructing a roadway
running northwesterly from Detroit diagonally across the state. The
plan coincided with the need of a direct route to the northwestern
section of the state where pOpular summer resort facilities attract
millions each year. Construction began in 1928 on a one year contract
basis. During the following year twenty miles of pavement were laid.
Due to the hazardous financial period which followed no additional
work was done and the project has been dormant ever since. In the
original survey the proposed alignment runs directly through Dodge
Brothers No. 5 State Park. The highway engineers were confronted
with the problem in planning the road because of the numerous lakes
in this region, but did not seriously consider the objections which
might be raised by bisecting the park with the highway. Park authori-
ties have expressed their disapproval of cutting up the park and,
if Opposition is sufficient, perhaps the alignment can be changed.
However, since this region contains upwards of fifty large lakes and
extensive lowlands the alignment cannot be greatly changed. The high-
way will pass near the village of Commerce which is in direct align—
ment with the end of the present pavement (Fig. 15). If allowed to
bisect the park the highway will become objectionable for esthetic
and safety reasons.

In reviewing the problem for develOpment in the Master Plan
Optional alignments were studied. In order to divert the highway from
park prOperty it might seem feasible that the highway pass through the

portage between middle and Lower Straits Lakes, continuing in a wester-

ly direction to Commerce. Yet, much of the land in this region is low

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85

and marshy which would necessitate extensive filling and the addition
of several bridges to cross existing streams. The possibility of
swinging the road to the south of the park site is inadvisable since
there are many small lakes in this section, not shown on the map,
which would cause considerable difficulty.

Careful study of aerial photographs of the park and vicinity
suggests two alternatives other than the original alignment with the
park property. The first of these would be to follow the shoreline
of Lower Straits Lake thence proceed northwesterly from the park
boundary. This is not acceptable to the author since Lower Straits
Lake has the best potential beach deve10pment of the two lakes on which
the park has frontage. The second alternative, which is proposed in
the Master Plan, suggests that the road be constructed so as to enter
the park north of Reed Lake and leave thesfite approximately five hun-
dred yards from the south boundary. Although this would necessitate
more fill than was originally planned, it may be justified by several
factors. Reed Lake has little possibilities of future develOpment for
water recreation. The area in the southwest corner of the park has
low recreational priority due to its marshy character. Without dis-
turbance, however, it could serve well as a natural game cover. The
alignment would not necessitate park visitors crossing the roadway in
any place within the park and would afford a unified park plan.

With this prOposal and acquisition of additional prOperty, which
will be discussed later, Newton County Road would be utilized as a
park entrance drive. At present this county road services, for the

most part, private develOpments situated along Lower Straits Lake.

This existing road may be used to advantage if incorporated in the Plan.
Due to the fact that Newton Road would intersect Northwestern Highway
at the southeast boundary of the park it would not be necessary to
build an additional entrance road. Traffic would be carried along the
east boundary of the park for approximately five hundred yards where

it would enter the park proper. At present this road lies adjacent

to Lower Straits Lake. If the prOperty were vauired, as preposed,

it would be feasible to divert Newton Road about seven hundred feet
from the present shoreline. This has been deemed possible by the Oak-
land County Road Commission. It would be necessary to revert back

to the present alignment at the point where the existing road leaves
the northeast boundary of the park since the adjacent land is privately
developed.

In the event the Northwestern Highway project never materialized,
Newton Road would still serve as a main entrance. Park traffic would
enter from the north in this case instead of the south. As the
park now exists, Commerce Road is the main artery from which the parks
entrance leads. Newton Road intersects Commerce Road approximately
four hundred yards north of the present park entrance which would be
eliminated under the prOposed plan.

Park Roads. The'park road system shown on the Easter Plan has

 

been evolved after careful consideration of many factors, one of which
bears directly on the location of the approach road. The park road
system as planned need not be changed if Korthwestern highway is not

further develOped. A second factor involved is the unit control

necessary in a good system of park roads. The National Park Service

87

states:
Any road system that prOposes individual or separate
entrances from public highways to single or small groups of
picnie or camping areas is considered lacking in desirable
unit control and is not approved.1
With this statement in mind, the present entrance road would be
eliminated. The Newton Road entrance, previously mentioned. as pro-
posed in the Plan would serve as the only means of entrance. Road
intersections have been kept to a minimum, the "Y" intersection at the
point on Newton Road where park roads lead to the day use and camp-
ing area is the only major intersection in the park. In this case
an island is planned to divert traffic into their reSpective lanes.
hinor intersections occur only at the parking area entrances. The
elimination of the 100p road in the south central portion of the site
would prohibit automobile use in this natural area. It is desirable
to avoid loop roads for pleasure driving in small park sites. The
existing loop road in the northern sector is incorporated in the Plan
with the amping road system. All roads in the park, with the excep-
tion of the one way drives in the camping area, would accomodate two
way traffic. All roads should be surfaced with gravel four to six
inches in depth. The one and two way roads would be ten and twenty
feet wide, reSpectively. The ditch s10pe should be three to one mini-
mum where Space permits.

Trails. The more scenic areas within the park are indicated on

the master Plan as Natural Areas and are traversed solely by foot

trails since automobile use is not advisable in sites of such limited

 

1hemorandum to Field Officers, Hational Park Service. No. W—S-l
Dec. 1937.

 

83

acreage. The foot trails afford access to the tanarack swamp and pine
plantations. These sections should be sources of interest to the
nature student. For control purposes the number of points of access
to trails in the natural area have been limited to four. Two of these
entries are located near the parking area in the central section, the
others are located at each end of the pine plantations, thus travers-
ing in a 100p formation. It is not possible to gain access to the
park on foot at any point except the main entrance road since the

park preperty is entirely bounded by a fence.

The trails should be constructed for safety but retain a natural
appearance. Only the snags, stumps, and other obstacles directly
within the trail should be removed for purposes of safety and the
trails clea ing wide enough to indicate clearly the direction in which
visitors are to be led. Trails should be surfaced with forest litter,
rotted wood, and leaves to hold the soil and promote a natural effect.
The low swails in the tamarack swamp necessitate filling to raise the
trail above the marshland. The fire lines may be used as trails if

treated to create a naturalistic effect.

ay Use Area

The day use area will be situated in the easter portion of the
park covering approximately one hundred and twenty acres with 1200
feet of shoreline on Lower Straits Lake. Land preposed for acqui-
sition COMprises eighty-six acres of the area. Several factors point

to the desirability of acquiring this prOperty. It is adjacent to the

89

present park boundary and is relatively high, possessing good drainage.
This section contains both tree growth and Open areas which are nec—
essary to day use development. At present there are eleven privately
owned cottages which occupy the portion of the shoreline on which the
proposed park beach would be deveIOped.

The plan for vauisition includes all land between the east boun-
dary of the present park site and Newton Road, and that which lies
north of the prOposed Northwestern Highway. In addition, the 900
feet of lake frontage east of Newton Road and south of and adjacent
to the present park shoreline should also be vauired. In the event
that Northwestern Highway is not further develOped, the park prOperty
would be extended on the southern boundary from Reed Lake to Newton
Road.

Within the present property of the park there is limited land
suitable to day use develonment since the swamps and pine plantations
are not readily adaptable for this purpose. It has been shown in the
attendance records that there is a need for more picnic and general
day use facilities in the state parks of Oakland County. Therefore,
the advisability of vauisition of this land is recommended.

Although at present no saturation point has been set for these
park areas, it is assumed on the basis of other park attendances in
this region, which vary from ten to three hundred persons per acre
during peak days, that twenty oersons per acre would be a tentatively
satisfactory standard. It is possible this standard is lower than
necessary but to assure protection of the site it is advisable to pro-

ceed cautiously. It is not uncommon for the other parks mentioned to

9O

accomodate as many as 3,000 persons per day, and all of these areas
contain less than one hundred acres. Records show that Dodge Brothers
No. 5 State Park has had as high an attendance as 1,300 persons in

one day accomodated by only the present fifteen acres of deveIOped
land. It is evident then, that there is a definite need for this
deveIOpment and it is believed that the provisions in the Master Plan
for 2,500 persons to occupy the one hundred and twenty acres of the
day use area would be in scale witn the size and topography of the
park. For the accomodation of the park visitors the following faci-

lities have been provided.

 

Picnic Areas. There are three areas devoted to picnicking; the
location of these may be noted on the Master Plan. Their arrangement
is convenient to other areas for general use and large enough to avoid
congestion. The sites chosen are partially wooded, oaks being the
dominant species. Additional plantings would be necessary to provide
screening and plant materials indigenous to the site should be used
for this purpose. These areas as prOposed are devoid of roads and are

m

planned at distances from them to assure maximum safety. The facil-
ities should include such standard equipment as camp stoves, tables,
benches, toilets, refuge containers, and directional signs.

Open Recreational Areas. The two desie ated plav areas are located
—+ _ ‘11

 

in the central and southwestern sections of the day use area. They are
relatively level and their proximity to the three picnic grounds affords
easy access from each one. These playgrounds are planned to be left
in a natural state without elaborate equipment to promote leadership,

initiative, and a creative spirit among the groups who will use them.

91

It is found that facilities such as tennis courts are difficult to
maintain. For the benefit of Children such equipment as slides,
teeters, swings, and merry-go-rounds might be provided since there is

little maintenance required for them and they justify their initial

cost.
Beach. Water activities are rated as second in importance by
~-o ‘ o 't 1 - 1 e a 9 ~
the MICCISRH State Para Department in day use areas. The highest

attendances in the other parks in this region are correlated with
water facilities and visitors have eXpressed a desire for water re-
creation in this park. Yet, this has constituted one of the major
problems of the area due to the nature of Lower Straits Lake and the
locale on that lake in which the park would have frontage. According
to the hydrogranhic survey of this lake conducted by the National Park
Service in 1933, the soundings indicate the water at its deepest point
is only h,6 feet. The muck in the lake, however, is found to be as
deep as 20 feet. It would be an expensive undertaking to provide a
beach under these circumstances, yet it would justify itself by the
numbers it would accomodate. Similar conditions were found at Yankee
Springs Recreational Demonstration Project but the feet was accomplished.

his successful experiment in reclaiming shallow lakes for bathing

H3

purposes indicates the pOssibility for reclamation of other lakes of
this condition. The cost of such dredging and cribbing to provide
those facilities is minor in comparison to the value of these reclaimed

areas for svimming.

 

Preliminary draft of Michigan Park, Parkway & Recreational—Area
Study.

 

 

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93

It was found from this experiment that the best method of remov-
ing the muck is with a sand sucker. In order to prevent the horizon-
tal movement of muck beyond the dredged area, a cribbing of Wakefield
Sheeting has proven most satisfactory. The material removed from the
bottom of the lake may be used for fill along the northern shoreline
which at present is swampy. It has been found that a base back—fill
of coarse sand and gravel will compress much as much as one-third of
its depth. It would be necessary to cover the base-fill with a fine
sand to provide a good bottom and beach along the shoreline. The
beach should be leped gradually to a swimming depth of ten feet or
more.

Lifeguard equipment should comprise a tower, life-boats, and
lifealines. For purposes of control the swimming area should be well
:arked, roped off with wooden floats or buoys.

Parking Areas. Three parking areas have been provided to service

 

primarily, the three picnic areas and the open recreation areas. The
largest, which accomodates 320 cars,is located near the beach where
the heaviest concentrated use may be expected. The design provides
a central entrance to the four sections; a circular turn-around regu-
lates traffic in a one—way direction. The sections of the parking
lot are separated by a planting strip and the parking spaces are de—
signed to accomodate right angle parking. Exit lanes to the county
road are provided at each end. To facilitate control when attendance
is low, one or more sections of the parking lot may be blocked. A
second parking area which has Space for 270 cars serves the picnic

area in the east and the open recreation grounds. The third, the

9h

smallest of the lots may accomodate 125 automobiles. A turn—around
has been provided here also, since the general public is not admitted
beyond this point as the extension of this road is reserved for camp
use only. A barrier or sign Should be constructed at this location

to inform the public of the use of this road. The lot is near the
natural area and it is from this point that the foot trails originate.
The general design of all parking areas is similar including the plant-
ing strin in the center and the right angle parking.

Structures. The bath-house and pavilion is conveniently located

 

between the parking lot and the beach. The building should be a combi-
nation of concrete and frame or field stone construction to blend with
the natural surroundings. It should be of sufficient size to acco-
modate approximately one hundred persons per hour. Space may be allot-
ted for concession purposes.

Two flush—type toilet buildings are proposed; their location may
be noted on the Master Plan. These two structures plus the facilities
in the bath-house should be adequate.

For administrative and control purposes the caretaker's residence
in the prOposed plan is located near the main entrance to the park and
the day use area- The present caretaker's residence is now located
at the existing park entrance, and since it is a comparatively new
building, completed in February of 1938, it is suggested that the build-
ing be moved to the new location. The prOposed garage and pump house
are combined in one structure which would be located 175 feet south-

east of the residence, in the new location.

95

Over Night Use

CampiGrounds. The proposed location of the camp grounds occu-

 

pies a region which does not interfere with the maximum enjoyment of
the park by the general public. It is removed from the areas of the
greatest attractiveness and separated from the beach, picnic grounds,
open recreations and natural areas by Open fields and natural pine
screenings.

In the past, concentration of camping has been according to the
demand. The result of this has brought about a noticeable wearing
out of the turf, injury to trees, and the packing of soil. The pro-
posed plan provides an orderly system of camp sites.

The area is made accessible by an arrangement of one way roads;
traffic enters from the right and exits on the left. This system
services lots on either side of the road. Easement strips separate
each tier of lots providing a buffer area and a foot path to the pub-
lic facilities.

It may be noted that the camping area is designated in two groups
of lots, and by this arrangement if one group evidences serious damage
to the plant cover it may be closed and rotation between the two may
be carried on.

Campers should be assigned to a well defined, individual camp
site. These units, numbering lUO as planned, are approximately 50
by 50 feet in size and should contain adequate screening which may be
planted to act as buffer areas. Each unit will accomodate a tent or

a trailer. The plan is based on definite fixation of certain essential

96
camp features, such as parking spur and fire places. This affords
fullest utilization of the limited space compatible with the conven—
ience and comfort of the campers. It also offers permanent protection
of the vegetative cover, greater privacy, and more efficient admin-
istration.

Facilities. The facilities would include electric and water

 

outlets, tables, benches, camp stoves, and garbage containers. There
is a combination building for toilets and laundry in each of the
camping groups. The plan has not provided for a building to be used
as a concession, however, the shelter already present and used for
this purpose may be moved to a convenient location and continue such
service if there is a demand. An Open recreation area has also been
provided for each of the two groups, and the present wading pool in
the Huron River would continue to serve the children of the camping

area.

Water Supplz. Tests made by the National Park Service techni-

 

cians indicate that an adequate water supply can be found at a depth
of approximately seventy-five feet. The central pumpine plant for
the entire area is located in the combination gr age and pump house
near the caretaker's residence. The pump and storage tanks may be
installed underground in this combination building. The wells should

be protected against pollution at or near the surface by steel casings.

 

Heinecke, E. P. A Camp Ground Polic". Forest Service Publica-
tion, 1932. '

 

Proper sewage disposal should keep the pollution danger at a minimum.
It is believed that one well should adequately serve the entire
area. The system may be noted on the Master Plan.

Sewage Disposal. The natural sub-surface tile field system is

 

q a o 1 .
recommended as the best method 01 sewage disposal. bince there is
no rock formation near the surface in any of the disposal fields it
is believed that no seepage through rock planes would enter water

bearine strata and thus pollute the well water supply.

b,

F‘

Dach building is equipped wi h a separate disposal system the
location of which is designated on the Master Plan. The septic tar
and dosing chamber may be combined in one unit of concrete construc—
tion. The disposal field should be of vitrified sewer pipe or drain
tile with open joints. Due to the sandy soil, tarred felt or pieces
of tile may be placed over the upper half of the joints to prevent
clogging.

Power. Electric power is now available in the existing Camuing
areas. The source is the power line on Commerce Road and the same
source would be utilized in the proposed camp grounds. The combina-
tion toilet and laundry buildings will be lighted and electric outlets
for the trailer camp sites will be provided at a standard fee. Sev-
eral lights may be used throughout the camp grounds for purposes of
direction and safety.

Power for the day use area is to be used from the lines along

Newton Road. The plan is to service the pump house, then distributed

 

 

Sewage Di
p

posal Engineering Bulletin No. 2. hichigan Department
of Health. Se, 3

93
.
to the caretaker's residence, bath-house, and pavilion. It is advis-
able to install the lines in the park area underground. This service
may be provided by the Consumers Power Company upon application.
Telephone. The caretaker's residence, bath-house, and pavilion
will require telephone service. Upon application to the Kichigan Bell

Telephone Company this service will be provided.

Forest Protection

Forest Fire Control. Fire history of the area records only one

 

serious fire during the past fourteen years. On this occasion a small
boy in the picnic area fell with a box of matches, the blaze spread
rapidly in the grass to the central sector where it destroyed about

thi ty trees. The arh caretaker assisted by visitors on the area

9(5

brought the fire under control. The public is not permitted at present
to go beyond the loop road in the day use area because of the high fire
danger of the density of the pine stands. When the trees have grown

to a sufficient size to allow passage beneath them, the area will be
Opened for public use.

Fire prevention work is now conducted by the CCC forces. This
fire control plan has been in effect since 1937. Under the emergency
program the National Pa k Service 000 Crmp located at Dodge Brothers
30. 3 State Park supplies the equipment and labor for all fire fight-
ing within the Dodge Brothers and Bloomer Parks. The responsibility
of the program and plan is borne by the State Conservation Commission.

These two agencies have formed a mutual agreement to conduct their

99

operations in this manner, The local State Conservation Officer is
located in Royal Oak, Michigan.

Fire hazard reduction has been accomplished in and around the pine
stands, which work consists of removing all dead wood within and near
these areas. Outside this radius the wild grass is cut and woody
material flattened to the ground. A fire lane fifteen to twenty feet
wide has been built and maintained around each major stand of conifers.

The fire suppression organization is headed by a Fire Chief, a
member of the CCC supervisory personnel. Tie working force consists
of CCC enrollees. This program requires planning and execution of
the necessary fire prevention, pre-suppression and suppression acti—
vities, including the preparation of the Camp fire plan, the training
of the enrollees and other personnel, the maintenance of fire fighting
equipment, efficient direction and suppression of fires.

Equipment consists of a fire tool box in each 000 camp as well as
a fire cache on the park area. During the weeks of extreme fire
danner a special CCC detail of two enrollees patrol the park area.

Telephone communication is established between the park care—
taker's quarters, the CCC camp, and the State Conservation Commission
office.

Special Protection. It is stated in Section One of the State

 

Park Rules and Regulations that:

The destruction or injury of any sign, guide post, or pro-
perty of any kind is unlawful. This includes the peeling of
bark, carving or chOpping of trees, cutting branches, driving
nails, digging ground from roots and the removing of trees,
shrubs and plants, picking wild flowers, and other injuries.

Section Seven states:

100

The building or starting of fires in the open or in any
place except where proner provisions have been made by State
Park authorities or to leave fires while burning is prohibited.

Insect and Tree Disease Control. No major insect or disease has

 

been found on the area affecting trees of prominent importance to the
site. The black locust borer has infested nractically all of the

“lack locusts scattered throughout the area, particularly those grow-

‘.

1

in the Open and along park roads.

They rapidly bring about the

in 4
death of these trees. An attempt to save the balck locusts by means
of pruning the dead wood has been made but has proven futile.

The Sparse stand of white oaks, which consists of only a few
scattered trees in the present develoned area, is showing evidence of
becoming "stag-headed." It appears that the excessive trampling by
park visitors in this region has given iMpetus to this condition. It
is observed that similar Species growing nearby under ordinary field
conditions have remained more thrifty, yet it cannot be concluded
that trampling is the sole factor in the former case since many fac-

tors of site may be involved and a detailed study was not made.

Utilization, There are few hardwoods within the site which are

 

of merchantable size and even those that are have more value esthetic-
ally. Those black locusts which have been removed are being utilized
for fuel purposes. The conifer stands are at present dense and a few
of these trees are being removed to serve as planting stock inother

state paras.

 

lOl

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