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A Study of Oxygen Conditions in the
St. Joseph River

A Thesis Submitted to
The Faculty of
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
of
AGRICULTURE AND APELIED SCIENCE

by

Richard J. Meyer Eldon C. Rolfe

—-

Candidates for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1934

Acknowledgment

The writers wish to exPress their
sincere appreciation to Mr. Edward
P. Eldridge whose guidance and
helpful suggestions made possible
the completion of this work.

941772

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000000QCOOOO00.00.0000...

Object .00...0.0.0.0....00.0..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOO

Historical COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOO

E1per1mental ooooeoeooeooeeoeoooeeeeeeoeeoo0000000000

General Description of St. Joseph River .............

Results OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000000000000000QOOOOQOQO0..

COHOluBIOH o.oooooooooeoooeeoeeoo00000000000000.0090.

Page
1

18

25

26

57

FOREWORD

The analytical determinations Which are made on the
samples collected in the course of a stream survey are made
with the object of finding the load of polluting material
being imposed upon the stream and the behavior of the stream
under that load. There are many determinations which might
be made to discover the extent of pollution and to trace the
course of self-purification. It is a well known fact that
any river, through biological oxidation and self-purification,
can satisfactorily assimilate and dispose of, without
nuisance, an amount of such.material as determined by various
factors, such as temperature, volume of flow, character of
stream bed, and rate of reoxygenation.

However, in this investigation the work has been
limited to a study of the oxygen conditions only. This in—
cludes three different determinations: (1) dissolved oxygen,
(2) biochemical oxygen demand, (3) flow of the river.

(1) Dissolved oxygen.

The water of any normal stream or lake will have
some oxygen dissolved in it. This oxygen has been obtained
through absorption from the air, or from that liberated by
certain plants as a by-product of their metabolism.

Since the amount of oxygen which can be dissolved
in water depends upon the temperature, there being a different
saturation value for each tanperature, it is customary to
use the term "per cent saturation”, meaning thereby the ratio

of the actual content to the saturation value.

Isk‘ ' in: \V

 

(2) Biochemical oxygen demand.

The amount of oxygen necessary to oxidize the organic
material of a sample of water or waste through natural pro-
cesses is called its biochemical oxygen demand. Samples of
waste or sewage from different sources may be of different
strengths and have different oxygen demands. The difference
between the biochemical oxygen demand of a stream and its
dissolved oxygen constitute its oxygen resources.

The degree to which a stream is polluted by a given
amount of waste is dependent (a) upon the volume of the
receiving water, or, in other words, the extent of dilution
to which the wastes are subjected, and (b) upon the extent
of changes occurring in the polluted water by natural forces.
For correct interpretation of the results of the analysis
it is, therefore, necessary to have a knowledge of the stream
flow during the period the samples were taken. It is also
of importance to know whether the stream flow during the time
the samples were taken is comparable to the flow throughout

the year.

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5.3.. x.

OBJECT

The object of this problem is to study the oxygen
conditions of the St. Joseph River between Hen Island Dam,
Indiana, and Buchanan, Michigan, and to determine the
effect, if any, of the pollution of the river by the sewage
of Mishawaka, South Bend, and Niles.

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HISTORICAL
Significance of Qxygen Conditions.

The amount of oxygen contained in the water of an
unpolluted stream depends directly upon the temperature.
it a temperature of 20°C., assuming complete saturation.
one million gallons of water will contain approximately
76 pounds of dissolved oxygen.

Organic material, such as is contained in sewage,
when introduced into water, is attacked by the bacteria
in the water. A series of complex biological reactions
take place, resulting in the oxidation of organic material.
with the consequent consumption of oxygen. The oxygen so
used is that oxygen which has been dissolved in the water
and not that which is chemically combined. The introduction
of organic material of a sewage, into the water of a stream
will thus result in lowering the dissolved oxygen content of
the water. The amount of depletion of the dissolved oxygen
will depend upon the relative volumes of sewage and water, upon
the oxygen demand of the sewage, and upon the existing temper-
ature of the water.

It is possible to determine the effect of sewage
upon a stream by means of a series of determinations of the
dissolved oxygen content of the water. These data, when
expressed in terms of per cent saturation, will define the
course of pollution and self-purification in the stream.

It is obvious that the anount of sewage which the

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stream can absorb or dispose of without harm will depend
upon the oxygen resource of the stream. This is the balance
between the oxygen actually dissolved in the water and that
which the water absorbs from the air, and the demand for
oxygen in the stream before the load is applied.

The amount of unoxidized organic material present at
any time or place in the stream can be determined by the bio-
chemical oxygen demand test. This test gives the anount of
organic matter in terms of the amount of oxygen required for
its oxidation. I

If the biochemical oxygen demand of the water in a
stream is increased through the introduction of organic
material, then the dissolved oxygen content will be decreased
as satisfaction of the demand takes place. If the stream is
to be preserved from a condition of gross pollution, a balance
must be maintained between the anount of oxygen available in
the water and the amount of oxygen required by the sewage
discharged into it, so that the dissolved oxygen content will
not be depleted below 50 per cent of the saturation value.

If the amount of oxygen required becomes too great, it is
necessary to reduce the oxygen demand of the sewage by some
scheme of artificial treatment.

The effect of absence of dissolved oxygen is very
detrimental to fish life. Authorities are generally agreed
that at least four parts per million of dissolved oxygen
.must be maintained if a variety of fish life is to be found.

The critical period with respect to fish life will usually

 

occur during July, August, and September, when the stream
is ordinarily at its lowest stage.

Pollution may affect fish life in several ways:

(a) direct killing of fish, (b) changes of natural conditions
so that the fish have to seek other habitat, either because
of the condition of the water or the effect the wastes have
upon small plants and microscOpic animal life constituting
fish food, (0) influence upon fish larvae and young fish,
that is, upon the reproduction of the species.

The direct effect of wastes upon fish may be due
either to the reduction of the dissolved oxygen of the
stream, or the toxicity of the wastes. Only in cases where
poisons are discharged into the river is the killing of
fish direct instead of through depletion of oxygen. The
reduction of dissolved oxygen through the discharge of
sewage is probably the most common cause of the death of f)
large numbers of fish. The wastes may use up the dissolved
oxygen of the stream by direct chemical reaction, or by
oxidation through biological agencies.

Domestic sewage and practically all industrial ?
wastes have an oxygen demand so that their discharge into the
stream either directly or indirectly causes a reduction in

the dissolved oxygen normally present. If the oxygen demand
of a waste discharge into a stream exceeds, or even approaches,
the amount of oxygen available in the stream, the resulting

depletion may cause the death or migration of the fish.

The foregoing discussion regarding dissolved oxygen

refers Specifically to the effect upon adult fish. The in-
direct effect due to changes of natural conditions is much
more difficult to demonstrate but is probably a material
factor. Fibre and sludge settling over the spawning beds

of fish cause them to seek other spawning grounds or prevent
deve10pment of the Spawn. The most susceptible period of
fish life is that Just after the food sac is absorbed, be-
cause the fish is sustained by this food sac from the time of
hatching until the sac is used up. The fish must then depend
upon the natural aquatic life for its sustenance. If the
natural aquatic life is changed, as it is in polluted streams,
the young fish has difficulty in maintaining life.

when the dissolved oxygen content drOps below two
parts per million a septic condition is likely to exist,
accompanied by disagreeable odors and the absence of low forms
of plant life.? Therefore, a minimum of two parts per million
is considered necessary for odor control.

Climatic conditions have a material effect on the
ability of a stream to support squatic life. Polluting
material of an organic nature decomposes rapidly during warm
weather and the oxygen is used up more quickly. Moreover,
the amount of oxygen that the water will actually retain in
solution is less in warm than in cold weather. The waste
requires more oxygen in a short time in the summer and less
is available in the stream. The oxygen ih a saturated

solution at various temperatures is shown in Table 1.

Rivers can rid themselves of sewage matter by

TABLE 1
SOLUnBILITY OF OXYGEN IN WATER

 

 

7a

ramp. ‘0. Oxygen p.p.m. ’Temp. '0. Oxygen p.p.m.
0 14.62 15 10.15
1 14.23 16 9.95
2 13.84 17 9.74
3 13.48 18 9.54
4 13.13 19 9.35
5 12.80 20 9.17
6 12.48 21 8.99
7 12.17 22 8.83
8 11.87 23 8.68
9 11.59 24 8.53

10 11.33 25 8.38
11 11.08 26 8.82
12 10.83 27 8.07
13 10.60 28 7.92
14 10.37 29 7.77

30 7.63

decomposition or by securing. In most cases both processes
are active in self-purification. Biological decomposition
is particularly important. A river contains many different
living organisms, large ones and.microscopically small case,
both animal and plant. By integration of all the processes
of nutrition of these organisms, organic waste matters are
converted into substances similar in character to those
present in naturally clean rivers. In comparison with these
processes of self-purification, mechanical movement of the
water is more in the nature of an auxiliary process. The
waters mix thoroughly, sewage matters are distributed over a
wider area, and the residue is scoured away by freshets. The
effect of all these processes upon the sewage introduced
depends upon the element, time.

The dissolved putrescible matter must be decomposed
by aerobic organisms in order that damage or nuisances may
not result. Hence, sufficient oxygen must be continually
present in the water. when a river receives a charge of
sewage, the oxygen content drOps. If the water is not
saturated, it will replenish its supply the faster the greater
the oxygen deficiency, measured in terms of per cent saturation.
The oxygen content of river water is renewed by aeration at
the water surface, by oxygen given off by green aquatic plants,
and by the inflow of clean, oxygen-saturated water from
tributary streams. with the exception of the third factor,
which cannot be generalized, reoxygenation or reaeration of a

water course depends upon the extent of the water surface.

 

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Besides this, a great influence is exerted by the depth of
the water and water particles relative to one another, as well
as by the wind which ripples the surface. Figure I shows the
number of grams of oxygen a fairly quiet water will absorb
from the atmosphere per square foot of surface in twenty-
four hours. To this value must be added the oxygen given off
by aquatic plants. In the course of the daylight hours, the
latter amounts up to one-tenth gram per square foot per day.
This value is independent of the degree of saturation. Hence
it can even bring about "supersaturation."

Biochemical oxygen demand, being the result of a
slow biochemical reaction, is, in the absence of a new
pollution, a progressively decreasing one, and as the resources
of the stream are composed in part of a continuous influx of
oxygen from the atmosphere, the state of balance which determines
the momentary cohdition of the stream is constantly changing.
There are, therefore, two primary phases of the problem,
namely, the actual momentary condition, and the direction and
extent of the existing changes, which indicate the future
condition. Fresh sewage, for example, may contain some
dissolved oxygen, and, measured upon the oxygen scale of
nuisance, may be in the same momentary condition as a stream
which has about completed the work.of oxidizing organic
pollution, and contains the same amount of residual dissolved
oxygen. The direction of change, however, is entirely
different and determines the distinction between the two cases.
The oxygen resources are comparable to the assets of a

balance sheet; the oxygen demand to the liabilities. A

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comprehensive study of self-purification must deal with the
oxygen demand as well as with the oxygen resources, and must
consider the relation of the various factors of time,
tanperature, and other physical conditions to the rates of
change of these two fundamental qualities.

Changes in the dissolved oxygen content of a stream
are intimately associated with biochemical changes. They are
brought about primarily by the oxidation of organic matter
discharged into streams as soil wash and as wastes. In the
presence of a supply of oxygen, together with certain oxidizing
bacteria and oxidizable organic matter, progressive oxidation
and stabilizing of the organic matter will take place.

It has been shown° that, under eXperimental conditions
approximating those prevailing in a stream containing reserve
dissolved oxygen, this reaction is an orderly and consistent
one, proceeding at a measurable rate and according to the
following definite law. This statement should be qualified
to the extent of noting that little definite knowledge exists
as to whether the law stated holds for periods of time longer
than about twenty days. Experimental data bearing on this
point are, in fact, somewhat meager for periods longer than
ten days, though for shorter periods the most reliable
evidence has been confirmatory.

The rate of biochemical oxidation of organic matter
is prOportional to the remaining concentration of unoxidized

substance, measured in terms of oxidizability.

°Phelps, Earle B. BiOchemistry of Sewage, VIII, Int. Eng.
Apl. Chem. XXVI, 251.

 

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Defining the oxygen demand as the total remaining
oxidizability of the substance present at any time, the
law states that in equal periods of time on equal proportion
of the remaining oxygen demand will be satisfied. That is,
if twenty per cent of the initial oxygen demand be satisfied
in the first twenty-four hours, twenty per cent of the re-
maining demand will be satisfied in the second twenty-four

hours, and so on. See Figure II for graphical illustration.

Stream Survqy_.

The United States Public Health Service has been
engaged in studies of inland streams for a number of years.
These investigations have of necessity covered a considerable
range of subjects because of inherent relationships of
various phases of the problem. Stream pollution, on the one
hand, is closely connected with the problem of public water
supply and the efficiency of systems for satisfactory water
purification, and,on the other hand, with the best methods
for the prompt and effective disposal of domestic sewage and
industrial wastes. Both of these phases of the problem are
of equal significance from the stand-point of public health,
and indeed, may exceed in Bmportance the matter of actual
condition of the stream itself resulting from excessive
pollution. The broad objectives of the studies have, there-
fore, been:

1. To develOp practical procedures for the measure-

ment of stream pollution and suitable forms for the expression

 

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12

of the degree of pollution encountered.

2. To ascertain the probable effects to be
anticipated from increasing pollution loads and to determine
the power of streams to recover from such imposed burdens,
through the operation of natural agencies.

3. To observe the effects of stream pollution on the
public health, as reflected in the quality of water supplies
procurable from polluted sources, and as influenced by methods
of removal and disposal of domestic sewage and industrial
wastes.

The year 1901 may be said to mark the establishment
of systematic and continued scientific investigation as a
recognized function of the Public Health Service. Considering
the role which sewage-polluted rivers were playing at that
time in the spread of typhoid fever and other infectious
diseases, and recalling that the membership of the Hygienic
Laboratory Advisory Board included the great leader in sanitary
science, Professor william T. Sedgwick, it was inevitable
that attention should have been directed at once to compre-
hensive studies of stream pollution with relation to disease.

In 1910 the first systematic investigation of the
status and effects of sewage pollution in any wide area was
begun by the assignment of A. J. McLaughlin, surgeon, United
States Public Health Service, to make a survey of cities in
the Great Lakes Region, with instructions to investigate the
pollution of their water supplies. Upon the completion of
these surveys and of the reports thereon, Doctor McLaughlin

was assigned, by request of health authorities of states

15

bordering on the Missouri River, to make a survey of the
sewage pollution of that stream.

During the summer of 1913 studies of the biochemistry
of sewage and industrial wastes were undertaken at the
hygienic laboratory under the direction of Carl B. Phelps,
affiliate, American Society of Civil Engineers, who was
appointed that year as chief of the division of chemistry
in the laboratory. These studies were devoted especially
to testing and deveIOping the application of biolOgical
oxygen demand determinations to the measurement of the
potential polluting effect of sewage and the capacity of
streams for its ozidation.

About this same time under the direction of H. S.
Cumming, surgeon general, United States Public Health Service,
a study of the pollution and natural purification of the
Potomac and Ohio Rivers was undertaken. These several:studies
were continued substantially as originally organised until
1917, when it was necessary to discontinue them in order to
utilize their personnel during the period of the World War.
Since 1919, when it was possible to resume the investigations,
the principle field from this base of study has been an
investigation of the pollution and natural purification of
the Illinois River, undertaken chiefly to check and extend
observations previously made on the Potomac and Ohio Rivers
relative to the laws governing natural purification in
streams.

Some of the more recent surveys are a study of the

14

Raritan River in 1927-28 by the New Jersey Agricultural
EXpsriment Station; a study of the Cheat River Basin, West
Virginia, by the State Water Commission in 1929; a study
of Stream pollution in Oregon by the Oregon State Agri-
cultural College Engineering Experiment Station in 1930.

Studies of the biological oxygen demand of sewage,
industrial wastes, and polluted river waters have been
continued in the endeavor to establish more definitely the
laws governing the natural processes of oxidation in streams
and to check and improve the precision of methods for making
the determinations required.

with respect to sewage pollution, the status in the
United States was, in 1913, and is today, that the greater
part of the sewage from cities is discharged without treat-
ment into the most convenient stream, where the dilution.is
insufficient for prompt oxidation and removal of the sewage,
the result is the establishment of a gross nuisance in the
immediate vicinity, offensive to the sense of decency and
frequently injurious to the financial interests of the

community responsible for the pollution.

Previous survgys of the St. Joseph River.

In the past there have been two surveys on the
Mishawaka-South Bend section of the St. Joseph River which
are of importance, one by the Department of Sanitary
Engineering of the Indiana State Board of Health in 1929,
and the other by the Michigan Stream Control Commission in

 

 

15

1931.

Results obtained by the Indiana State Board of
Health in their survey showed that the St. Joseph River in
Indiana is being unduly polluted by the discharge into it
of Mishawaka and South Bend, and that this pollution is
caused primarily by the discharge of domestic sewage. This
pollution results in the creation of conditions which may '
"transmit, generate, or promote disease." Fish life in the
stream is being Jeopardized and in some instances has
actually been destroyed. These same conditions exist in the
State of Michigan.

It can be seen from Figure III that the dissolved
oxygen content and per cent of saturation shows a steady
decrease from above Mishawaka to the Indiana-Michigan State
Line. The dissolved oxygen content shown at Station 4 is
not necessarily the minimum, since this survey gives no
analytical infbrmation regarding the condition of the river
below that pOint. It will be further noted that while the
average dissolved oxygen at Station 4 lies slightly above
50-per cent of saturation, many samples showed a much lower
dissolved oxygen content and approached the point where fish
life becomes impossible.

This section of the river is called upon to receive
and carry away the sewage of approximately 125,000 peeple of
Mishawaka and South Bend in addition to the industrial wastes

produced in these cities. The industrial wastes are

equivalent in their strength to the sewage of 25,000 people.

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The river, therefore, is used to dispose of sewage and
industrial wastes equivalent to the domestic sewage of 150,000
persons. The ability of the river to receive this sewage
load depends both upon the flow of the stream and the amount
of dissolved oxygen in the water as it comes to Mishawaka.
The sewage of Mishawaka and South Bend is estimated to have
a five day oxygen demand of 0.1? pounds per day per capita.
The equivalent pepulation of 150,000 persons would, there-
fore, have a total oxygen demand of 25,500 pounds per day.
On the basis that an oxygen depletion of 4.0 parts per
million or 33.3 pounds of oxygen per million gallons of
water is allowable, it would be indicated that 765,000,000
gallons or 1200 second feet, according to the hydrographic
data, have been available for 85 per cent of the time during
the period 1918-1929 inclusive (Figure IV). If only the
summer months of July, August, and September are considered,
50 per cent of this time the mean flow is less than the
required 1200 second feet. From this, we can conclude that,
during 15 per cent of the average year and 50 per cent of
the time during July, August, and September, there is in-
sufficient water in the St. Joseph River to permit the dis-
charge into it of the untreated sewage and industrial wastes
of Mishawaka and South Bend without the creation of undesirable
conditions.

This unsatisfactory condition of the st. Joseph
River will steadily become worse as South Bend and Mishawaka

increase in size and new industries are located there unless

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17

remedial measures are taken.

Charts of the Michigan Stream Control Commission's
survey show results analogous to those of the Indiana
State Board of Health. Figure V shows a steady decrease in
the dissolved oxygen content and per cent saturation from
above Mishawaka to station 3 at which point they are a
minimum. From station 5 a gradual increase is shown through

Niles to station 6 where it rises rapidly to station 7.

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18

EKEERIMENTAL

Apparatus and Chemicals Used.

The apparatus used on the field survey consisted
of the following items:

1. A water sanpling can as shown in Figure VI.

2. 125 narrow-neck 250 c.c. bottles, with ground
glass stoppers for dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen
demand.

5. Chemicals and equipment to determine dissolved
oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand.

4. A constant temperature incubator in Which to
store biochemical oxygen demand samples.

All solutions used were made in the laboratory
according th Bulletin 49, Michigan Engineering EXperiment
Station.

These solutions consisted of:

l. Manganous sulphate solutioh. 480 grams of
manganous sulphate dissolved in sufficient distilled water to
make one liter.

2. Alkaline potassium iodide. 500 grams of sodium
hydroxide and 150 grams of potassium iodide dissolved in
sufficient distilled water to make one liter.

3. Concentrated sulphuric acid.

4. Standard sodium thiosulphate. 6,805 grams of
chemically pure sodium thiosulphate dissolved in sufficient

freshly boiled and cooled distilled water to make on liter.

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19

5. Starch indicator. A thin paste of about 2 grams
of starch stirred in 200 c.c. of boiling water with a few

drape of chloroform after cooling.

Sampling Stations.

A general investigation was made of the section of
the St. Joseph River which included the cities of Mishawaka,
South Bend, and Niles for the purpose of selecting sampling
points. The selection of sampling points was controlled
by two major factors: (1) The location with respect to the
cities in order to determine the effect of the pollution
from the cities, (2) The accessibility of the site.

There follows a brief description of the various
sampling stations from which samples were collected. (See
Figure VII).

1. This station is located at Ben Island Dam,
maintained at the Twin Branch Station of the Indiana Michigan
Electric Company. Since this point is approximately three-
fourths of a mile above the nearest sewer outlet in Mishawaka,
data obtained here indicated the condition of the river as

it enters the Mishawaka-South Bend area.

 

 

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SAMPLING POINT LOCATIONS

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3 m - _ ‘ , - . * No. 3, HERLTHWIN BRIDGE
- * no.4 BERTRRND BRIDGE

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No.6 ”ORR. BRIDGE
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2. At this station samples were collected at the
Angelle Avenue bridge. A 90 inch sewer discharges approx-
imately 1,500 feet upstream from this station. Practically
all sewage and industrial waste reaches the river above this

point which is at the northern limits of South Bend.

 

3. At this station samples were collected from the
bridge at Healthwin Sanatarium. This station is located

3.6 miles downstream from station 2.

 

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81

4. This station is the bridge at Bertrand, Michigan.
It is located 0.5 miles north of the state line, 2.55 miles
below station 3, and 15.1 miles below station 1 at Ben

Island Dam. This point is well located to show the condition

"

of the river as it enters Michigan.

    

5. This station was located on the bridge below the
French Paper Company's dam at the southern limits of Niles.
Data from this station indicated the condition_of the river
as it enters Niles. It is 5.1 miles below station 4 and
18.2 miles below station 1.

 

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22

6. At this station, which was on the Michigan Central
Railroad bridge, the condition of the river after receiving
the sewage load of Niles is indicated. It is 1.5 miles be-

low station 5,and 19.7 miles below station 1.

 

7. it this station samples were collected from the
highway bridge above the Indiana Michigan Dem. This point
is 8.4 miles below station 6, and 27.1 miles below station 1.

 

Procedure.

 

Samples were collected at midstream from each
station at two hour intervals over a twenty-four hour
period. Samples were taken by lowering a sampling can (See
Figure VI) containing two 250 c.c. glass stoppered bottles
into the river. The sampling can is designed so the water
enters through the bottle, and then goes into the can, three
volumes of water going through the bottle before the can has
filled. This eliminates the possibility of entrapping air
in the bottles. when the bottles were filled, the sampling
can was raised to the surface and the bottles were removed.
and glass stoppers inserted with care, to prevent the
trapping of any air bubbles in the bottles. The temperature
was taken of the excess water which was then drained off.

The water in one bottle was prepared chemically for
analysis. of dissolved oxygen by the Ninkler method, within
a short period of time after the collection of the sample.
The other bottle was placed in a 20°C. incubator for a
period of five days, after which it was analyzed to detennine
the biochemical oxygen demand.

The dinkler Method is as follows;

1. Add 1 c.c. of manganous sulphate solution by
Imeans of a pipette.

2. Add 1 c.c. of alkaline potassium eodide solution.

5. Insert the stopper and mix by inverting the bottle

Several times.

24

4. Allow the precipitate to settle halfway and
mix a second time.
5. Again allow to settle half-way.
6. Add 1 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid,
insert the stepper and mix immediately. Do not allow the
bottle to stand Open after the addition of the acid.
7. Allow the mixture to stand at least five minutes.
8. Rapidly withdraw 100 c.c. of the sample into a
flask and titrate with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate using

starch as an indicator, near the end of the titration.

Calculations:

 

No. of c.c.‘s of thiosulphate x 2 - p.p.m. discharged
oxygen.
The biochemical oxygen demand was determined by
testing the second sample after five days for dissolved oxygen.
D. 0. before - D. 0. after incubation - p.p.m.
5 day B. O. D.

The flow of the river during the period of sampling
was determined from the united States Geological gaging
station located at Niles, Michigan.

25
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ST. JOSEPH RIVER

The St. Joseph River rises in the lake district
of South Central Michigan and then flows in a general south-
westerly direction into Elkhart County, Indiana. It flows
into St. Joseph County frmm Elkhart County on a westerly
course. In South Bend it takes a sharp bend to the North
and then flows back into Michigan at a point about 4 miles
north of South Bend. It discharges into Lake Michigan at
St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Michigan. There are
approximately 4600 square miles on the whole St. Joseph River
watershed of which 1670 square miles are in Indiana and 2850
square miles in.Michigan. {See drainage map figure VIII).

Several dams have been erected on the St. Joseph
River which have a material effect on the oxygen condition
of the water, for they form ponds which really serve as huge
settling basins. These dams include one constructed by the
Indiana.uichigan Electric Company at Ben Island, a second
located about 1000 feet upstream from the Main St. bridge
in Mishawaka, a third which is known as the Oliver Dam is
located in South Bend between the Jefferson and Colfax bridges,
a fourth located at the French Paper Company mill above
Niles, and a fifth located at Buchanan.

The dam of the Indiana Michigan Electric Company
at Hen Island, which forms a large lake, controls to a

great extent the anount of water available in the river at

South Bend. (See profile map, figure IX).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      

   

 

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26

RESULTS

The following is the analytical data obtained
from the analysis of samples collected in the course of the
investigation.

Table 2 shows the results of the survey at station 1.

The average stream flow was 2603 second feet; temperature 3.17'0;

D. 0. 12.64 p.p.m.; B. 0. D. 1.77 p.p.m.

Table 3 shows the results of the survey at station 2.
The average stream flow was 1980 second fest; temperature
3.54'C.; D. 0. 12.53 p.p.m.; B. O. D. 1.77 p.p.m.

Table 4 shows the results of the survey at station 3.
The average stream flow was 2396 second feet; temperature
3.25°C.; D. 0. 12.53 p.p.m.; B. 0. D. 3.96 p.p.m.

Table 5 shows the results of the survey at station 4.
The average stream flow was 2396 second feet; temperature
3.54'C.: 2396 second feet; temperature 3.54'C.; D. O. 12.20
p.p.m.; B. O. D. 3.39 p.p.m.

Table 6 shows the results of the survey at station 5.
The average stream flow was 2396 second feet; temperature
3.7'C.; D. O. 12.43 p.p.m.; B. O. D. 3.18 p.p.m.

Table 7 shows the results of the survey at station 6.
The average stream flow was 2396 second feet; temperature
3.1%.; D. 0. 12.45 p.p.m.; l. 0. D. 3.51 p.p.m.

Table 8 shows the results of the survey at station 7.

The average stream flow was 2065 second feet; temperature 3.3’C.;

De 00 12090 p.p.m.; Be 0e De 5004 p.p.m.

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27

Figure 10 shows the average per cent saturation,
D. 0., and B. 0. D. for all stations according to distance.

Table 9 shows the average pounds of D. 0. and B. 0. D.
available at each station, and figures XI shows these results
plotted according to distance.

Table 10 shows the average width of the river, the
distance, and the area of the surface between stations.
Prom table 10, table 11 has been prepared. This table shows
the pounds of oxygen which will be absorbed between the various
stations at different per cent saturation values. It is
apparent from our results that the greatest amount of oxygen
which would be absorbed at any time would be approximately

5.75 pounds per day and very often more.

28

 

 

TABLE 2
STATION 1
fStream IV— ‘"‘
flow day Per cent
Date Time Temp. c.f.s. D. O. B.0.D. Saturation
Egg. 1:00AM. 3‘ 2050 12.0 1.9 89
" 3:00 3 2570 12.8 2.7 95
* 5:00 3 2770 12.2 2.2 91
' 7:00 3 2700 14.0 3.6 104
' 9:00 3 2090 12.9 2.3 96
“ 11:00 3 2265 12.5 1.9 93
' 1:00 3.5 2990 12.4 1.4 93
7 3:00 3.5 3330 13.2 2.4 99
‘ 5:00 3.5 3050 12.7 1.3 95
" 7:00 3.5 2570 13.0 1.6 97
* 9:00 3 2525 11.6 0 86
" 11:00 3 2330 12.6 1.9 93.5
.Average 3.17 2603 12.64 1.77 94.29

 

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TABLE 3
__ STATION 8 '
Stream F "—
' flor day Per cent
Date Time Temp. c.f.s. D. 0. B.0.D. Saturation
315'. 1:00 in s- 1940 11.9 1.9 as
” 3:00 2 1980 13.2 3.9 96
' 5:00 2 2130 12.0 2.9 87
26 7:00 4 2050 12.8 2.60 97.5
' 9:00 3 1550 12.3 6.10 91
' 11:00 3.5 1660 12.5 6.20 94.1
' 1:00 PM 4.5 2300 12.3 5.10 95
* 3:00 5 2365 12.2 4.30 95.3
7 5:00 5 2165 12.3 4.70 96.2
' 7:00 4 2090 12.2 2.70 93
' 9:00 3 1840 14.4 5.00 94
" 11:00 3.5 1690 12.3 3.60 92.3
Average 3.54 1980 12.53 4.09 93.97

 

 

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TABLE 4
STATION 3 "
Stream 5 I
flew day Per cent
Igate Time Temp. c.f.s. D. o. B.0.D. Saturation
Hg. 1:00 2.5- 1940 12.1 4.2 88.6
" 3200 2.5 1980 12.1 2.8 88.6
‘ 5:00 2.5 2130 12.7 3.6 93.1
26 7:00 4 2050 11. 2 0.40 85.4
" 9:00 3 1550 12.0 1.40 89.0
" 11:00 3 1660 12.1 3.90 89.8
24 1:00 5 3260 13.35 3.8 104.1
” 3:00 5 3585 13.5 5.0 105.5
' 5:00 2.5 3330 14.0 6.6 108.5
' 7:00 3 2735 13.1 5.6 97.3
' 9:00 3 2400 12. 8 5.4 95.0
" 11:00 3 2130 11.5. 4.8 65.4
Average 3.25 2396 12.63 3.96 93.67

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TABLE 5
STATION 4 '
Stream 5 '
flow day Per cent
Date __Time Temp. c.f.s. D. 0. B.0.D. Saturation
We '
25 130° 205° 1940 12.2 4e4 89e4
. 3:00 8.5 1980 11e9 5e? 8792
' 5:00 2.5 2130 12.4 4.0 90.8
26 7:00 3.5 2050 11.6 2.00 87.2
' 9:00 4.0 1550 13.0 3.60 99.1
' 11:00 3.5 1660 11.4 1.90 85.7
24 1:00 5.0 3260 12.1 3.9 94.6
' 3:00 5.0 3585 13.2 3.6 103.0
' 5:00 4.0 3330 12.0 3.2, 91.4
7 7:00 3.5 2735 12.1 3.5 91.0
' 9:00 3.5 2400 12.0 3.7 90.3
“ 11:00 3.0 2130 12.5 3.2 92.8
Average 3.54 2396 12.2 3.39 91.9

 

 

 

 

 

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TABLE 6
STATION 5
A§§ieam 5
flow day Per cent
‘gata Time Temg. c.f.s. D. 0. B.0.D. Saturation

Egg. 1:00 3° 1940 13.5 3.62 100.1
7 3:00 3 1980 12.6 4.17 93.4
7 5:00 3 2130 12.8 3.90 95.0
26 7:00 3.5 2050 13.6 4.10 102.2
7 9:00 4 1550 12.1 2.10 92.3
7 11:00 4 1660 12.6 2.90 96.0
24 1:00 4.5 3260 11.2 2.21 86.5
7 3:00 4.5 3585 13.0 3.82 100.5
7 5:00 4 3330 11.9 3.14 90.7
7 7:00 4 2735 12.4 2.46 94.4
7 9:00 4 2400 12.9 4.25 98.3
7 11:00 3 2130 10.6 1.53, 78.6
Average 3.7 2396 12.43 3.18 94.0

32

 

 

TABLE 7
STATION 6
j§fream *5
flow day Per cent
page Time Temp. c.f.s. D. O. B.0.D. Saturation
3:5. 1:00 2.0 1940 12.7 4.17 91.7
7 3:00 2.0 1980 11.6 3.99 83.8
7 5:00 3.0 2130 11.6 3.08 86.0
26 7:00 4.0 2050 12.4 2.60 94.4
7 9:00 4.0 1550 12.6 2.40 96.0
7 11:00 3.0 1660 12.9 2.30 95.8
24 1:00 3.5 3260 13.1 4.50 98.4
7 3:00 3.5 3585 12.6 4.59 94.6
7 5:00 3.5 3330 12.4 3.49 93.3
7 7:00 3.0 2735 12.4 3.65 I 91.9
7 9:00 3.0 2400 12.5 3.74 92.7
7 11:00 3.0 2130 12.6 3.57 93.5
Average 3.1 2396 12.45 3.51 93.4

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TABLE 8
STATION 7
Stream. 5
- flew day Per cent
Date Time Temp. c.f.e. D. O. 113’0°Dt1__ Saturation
“32' 1:00 5.0° 2165 12.8 3.14 96.1
25 . 3:00 2.5 1980 13.0 2.90 95.2
7 5:00 2.0 2130 13.3 3.72 96.1
7 7:00 2.0 2400 13.7 4.18 98.9
26 9:00 4.0 1650 12.7 2.90 96.8
7 11:00 3.6 1660 12.7 2.10 95.5
7 1:00 3.5 2300 11.8 1.60 88.7
7 3:00 3.6 2365 12.0 1.90 90.2
7 5:00 4.0 2165 12.5 2.40 95.3
7 7:00 4.6 2090 12.1 2. 80 93.4
v 9:00' 4.0 1840 12.9 3.90 98.3
24 11:00 3.0 2130 14.4 4.92 93.6
Average 3.3 2065 12.9 3.04 94.8

34

 

 

TABLE 9
F—' flounde of D.0. Pounds rf ~ D.
available
Station Aper day :01 ;:~
1 238.0 33.30
2 179.3 58.6
4 211.0 58.6
5 215.0 55.0
6 215.4 60.7
7 192.2 45.3

 

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TABLE 10
Average Area
35152 Width Diet. ft. Sq. ft.
1 - 2 335' 48,312' 15,184,520
2 - 5 270' 19,008' 5,152,150
5 - 4 325' 12,408' 4,052,500
4 - 5 405' 16,368' 5,529,040
5 - 5 555' 7,920' 2,811,600
5 - 7 540' 59,0721 13,284,480

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TABLE 11
POUNDS 0F OXYGEN ABSORBED BETWEEN STATIONS

36

 

 

1PLe'r oent
Saturation 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 5 5 - 7
10 22500 7500 5350 800 3600 17600
20 13550 4300 3380 5550 2355 11120
30 9650 3060 2400 3950 1674 7920
40 6420 2038 1600 2630 1115 5270
50 4640 1470 1155 1900 807 3805
60 2500 793 -623 1024 435 2050
70 1429 453 365 585 248 1172
80 892 285 222 555 155 752
90 357 113 89 146 62 293
100 0 0 O 0 0 0

 

 

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57

CONCLUSION

These results show that the oxygen condition, at
this particular time of the year and with this quantity of
flow, in very good. However, it should be remembered that
these results are not indicative of the general condition

of the river, but of the river at its best.

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