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I '._.. .-‘1 ‘ 'I v t v - I, 14 ‘ . _ «<7 I" I ‘ =53¥1§Mk~f53vt ‘ ¢:{%9¥f§4f AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MIXTURES OF PORTLAND AND LUMNITE CEMENTS A Thesis Sublitted to the Faculty of moment STATE COLLEGE OF . AGRICULTURE and APPLIED SCIENCE by William Bartlett figurrier Candidate for Degree of Bachelor of Science Class of 1928 I HES-315 \ OBJNCT : To determine some of the characteristics of conc- rete made from a mixture of Portland and Lumnite cements. .More particularly to determine whether Lumnite cement and Portland cement can be mixed In such prOportionl as to pro- duce a concrete of reasonable strength.that will attain such strength quickly,and,at the same time,retain the econ- omy of Standard Portland cement. CONCLUSIONS : That concrete made from mixtures of high alum- ina with standard Portland cements will not attain the com- 'pressive strength that it would seem reasonable to expect. That even small additions of Portland cement 'cause a serious decrease in the compressive strength of Lumnite cement concrete. . That Duff Abram's.A and B curves for the de- sign of concrete mixtures are not correct for Lumnite ce- ment. That until Lumnite cement is more satisfact- orily standardized and until design curves for Lumnite oe- ment are drawn.there is little except general information that may be gained from a study of mixtures of Portland and Lumnite cements. At the present time there are on the market three distinct groups of cements,each having its own particular characteristics and its own advantages and disadvantages. They are the Portland cements,the High Early Strength cem- ents and the High Alumina cements. The first and at the present time the most im» portant group includes all those cements which conform close- ly to the standards ad0pted by the American Portland Cement Association.There are many of them manufactured under dif- ferent trade names and when the layman speaks of 'cement' he refers to this group. Second in importance are the cements(of which Peer- less Super is a good examplelwhich attain a considerable strength in a short period of time but which do not attain their normal working strength until a period of 28 days has elapsed. The third group is composed of those cements which have a very high alumina content andwhich.for this reason, attain their normal working strength in twenty four hours. These cements do not attain either their initial or their final set very'much quicker than ordinary Portland cement but for ten or twelve hours after final set hardening takes place very rapidly indeed.Chief among these are the alumin- ous compounds named Alcement,Cement Fondu,Ciment Electrique, Llumina,and Lumnite.The latter is the name of the product manufactured by the Atlas Portland Cement Company and is the brand most common in this country.It is the brand used in this experimental work. The chief disadvantage attending the use of Lumnite cement is its cost-at present it cost between.three and four times as much as standard Portland cement-and the question immediately arises as to the possibility of mixing the two. So far as it was possible to go in the short time available this thesis will answer that question. Lumnite differs chemically from Portland cement in that its alumina and iron content are greatly increased and a corresponding decrease made in the amounts of silica and lime present.The extent of this change is indicated by the comparative analyses given in Table I given below. TABLE I Constituent Lumnite Portland M.3.0‘.I.EB‘—R.W.Hunt Meade Hool a. Johnson 5111.. 4.15% 2.5093 22.075 19-2575 Alumina 57 .04 59 .55 7 .5 5-9 Iron 14.44 15.41 7.5 2-4 Lime 41.58 59.91 52.0 50-54 magnesia ' .70 .73 1-2.5 The essential difference in the manufacturing pro- oesses is that,instead of combining limestone or marl with clay,shale,or blast furnace slag,limest0ns is combined with the mineral bauxite which it high in iron and alumina.This leads to the formation of a large per cent of tri-calcium silicate and is it is the rapid hydration of this tri-cal- cium silicate which gives to Lumnite cement its character- istic pr0perties.There are other differences in the manu- facturing process but they will not be mentioned or discuss- ed in this thesis. Physically the chief difference between Lumnite and Portland cements is in their finenesses.Lumnite is quite noticeably finer than Portland cement and a fineness of 4% or 5% is not at all unusual.This increased fineness may have a great deal to do with the speed with which Lumnite concrete attains its strength.The specific gravity of Lumnite is nor- mally lower than the specific gravity of Portland but is with- in the limits prescribed by the American Society for rJn‘esting Materials.The normal consistency test gave widely different results on succeeding days and this lack of uniformity has been very evident during all the experimental work.Normal consistencies of 25.8%,26.6% and 24.6% were obtained on three successive days on the same bag of Lumnite.However when test ed by the Autoclave method and using the latter figure the cement seemed to be sound;all the briquettes,both Lumnite and P0rtland,passed this test with ease. In general the method of comparing the different mixtures was to make cylinders in which every factor except the cement used was kept constant.Separate aggregates were used which;when combined in the proportions of 2% parts of sand to 3 of stone passing a-%" screen,had a fineness modulus of 4.94.The mix of water and cement was on the basis of the Abrams water-Cement Ratio Theory and,for 30rtlandcement,the expected strength.was 2000 1bs.per sq.in.The mixing time in all cases was one minute.The cements were mixed separately and then added to the aggregate and the'whols mixed to a un- iform color before any water was added. The cylinders were cast in cardboard molds rend- eseed non-absorbent by paraffining.These cylinders were app- roximately three and one half inches in diameter by eight inches high and had a cross-sectional area of 9.08 sq.in. The concrete in each cylinder was rodded three times and fin- ished to a smooth surface with a steel trowel.The cylinders were cured under water and then broken on a Riehle Compress- ion machine at the pr0per age.Four cylinders were made for each mixture of cements and for each age limit,a total of 100 cylinders The mixtures of cements were from all Lumnite on one end to all Portland onthe 0ther,a change of ten per cent being made at each interval. The breaking strengths are tabulated below TABLE 11 One Day Cylinders % Lumnite Cylinder Total Strength Unit Strength 50% 1 4200 lbs. 451 lbs. 2 5 1990 219 4 . 2770 505 Aver.318_ *************$***********¥****#*+4***4a**¥***¥**************** 40% 1 5470 582 2 1280 141 5 2590 298 4 1040 115 Aver. 251 ***#**********************e********************4*********5*** 50% 1 1510 155 2 1550 159 5 1150 127 4 2550 259 Aver.*IBU TABLE II cont. pg;- W fiLLumnite Cylinder Total Strength Unit Strength 50% 1 5410 lbs. 595 lbs. 2 5720 410 5 5400 . 572 Aver. 459 4 *****$***********************#****$******t******#************** 702 15480 1480 2 9240 1020 5 8190 902 4 8510 955 AVOI.I5§5 TABLE III Seven Day Cylinders fl Lumnite Cylinder Total Strength Unit Strength 10% 1 8570 lbs. 955 lbs. 2 7960 876 5 6970 768 4 6050 667 Aver. g1, ****¥Ilfas*+¥a~*=r*¥2515**********¥****#*m*u**********Iiflkdflt##1##!!!* 20% l~ 8140 896 2 8440 930 3 ' 6650 752 4 6960 768 Aver. 851 ****************e******e*******4***4************************4 50% l ' 7850 855 2 5420 595 3 5800 539 4 6590 725 I?3?T'705’ TABLE Ill cont._ ... _——._— _—_--__._ .— % Lumnite Cylinder Total Strength. Unit Strength 5550 40% 1 521 lbs. 2 2290 255 5 9810 1080 4 9850 1090 Avere 6 *4**************444*4********44***************************** 50% l 7050 777 2 5200 572 5 5040 555 4 4940 544 . Aver. 640 15********=F¥¥************#********Ilnt¥******¥*********¥***$#** 50% 1 7970 877 2 8450 927 5 5710 759 4 8120 895 Aver. ‘860 . **************************************}*¥*************¥***** 70% 1 11550 1280 2 15210 1455 5 10510 1155 4 11550 1270 ' AVGTe I255 **********a:25*******##1##M***************#****#*****#*****Itt 80% 1 14400 1585 2 15990 1870 5 17200 1895 4 17450 1920 AVG}? e TABLE III cont. t Lumnite Czlinder Total Strength Unit Strength 90% 1 25090 lbs. 2880 lbs. I 27170 2990 5 28150 5100 4 25250 2780 Aver. 2938 __§ABLE IV Twentv-Ei'ht Dar 0 lindere ————.—- -—..-.—_ % Lumnite Czlinder Total Strength Unit Strength 10% 1 15410155. 1477 155. 2 14550 1580 5 19510 2125 761'. 4 NOG. *tstlkatakitttattautt**********$******¥****¥#****************#***** 20% 1 7820 850 2 9750 1074 5 11880 1508 4 9870 1087 4444444444444*444444.444444.44.444.44444*4§IS££444.4.4.44... 50% 1 12510 1588 2 10750 1184 5 9140 1010 4 9720 1070 ********************t*********t$***********Xgfi#****#***#*** 40% 1 9190 1012 2 11570 1285 5 12810 1410 4 11590 1255 A791? 0 1246 TABLE IV cont. % Lumnite Czlinder Total Strength Unit Strength ~50% a 8580 155. 925 155. 2 7570 855 5 15250 1588 4 5720 740 . Aver.1046 *********** ¥*¥**¥*¥* ************ ********* *****************$* 50% 1 7520 859 .2 5880 548 5 7450 817 4 ‘ 5190 581 44444444..4444444444444444444444445.4444$335444444444*444444 70% 1 8550 950 2 11180 1250 5 9570 ‘1054 4 11540 1282 ******** ##1##***#************************éz:££***Iluht *¥******* 80% 1 18950 - 2085 2 17550 1945 5 . 19090 2100 4 15200 1575 ****#*********#**************Ikakihkt*tlkttitézgiitiwglktlh‘a:******* 90% 1 52270 5550 2 54900 ”5840 5 25550 2900 4 18550 2054 444.44.44.4444444444444.44444444444444.4&13354444444.444.... 100% 1 42520 ' 4590_ 2 37960 4180 5 34660 ' 3320 4 33310 3670 ' 6 e The average strengths as given in the above tab- ulaticn were plotted and several interesting conclusions may be drawn from a study of these curves.All three curves have the same general form and the point of maximum inflect- ion lies,in all cases,between the fifty and sixty per cent lines.It is also very noticeable that the decrease in strength of Portland cement concrete due to the additions of small percentages of Lumnite is far less rapid than the decrease in strength of Lumnite cement concrete due to the addition of small percentages of Portland cement.Ancther point wor- thy of notice is that concrete made from mixtures high in Portland cement did not,in any case,attain the design strength of 2000 1bs.per sq.in.Concrete high in Lumnite ce- ment exceeds by far the design strength. Therefore the following conclusions may be drawn: 1 That concrete made from mixtures of high alumina and standard Portland cements will not attain the compressive. strength that it would seem reasonable to expect.. 2 That even small additions of Portland cement cause a serious decrease in the compressive strength of Lumnite cement concrete. 5 - That Duff Abram's A and B curves for the design or concrete mixtures are not correct for Lumnite cement. 4 That until Lumnite cement is mtre satisfactorily stand- ardized and until design curves for Lumnite cement are drawn there is little except general information that may be gain- ed from a study of mixtures of Portlanl and Lumnite cements. COMMENTS It was at first planned to study the time of set 01 the different mixtures of cements but with a variation of normal consistency from day to day such as was encounter- ed it was thought that such a study would yield only err- atic and perhaps misleading results. A very noticeable variation in slump rangeing from %” to l" for an All-Portland cement concrete to 11" to L2" for All-Lumnite cement concrete seems to be charact- eristic and has been noticed by both Mr.Gou1d and.Mr. Prest- on of the Michigan Experiment Station staff. The very interesting phenomenon,"flash set" was encountered when working with nearly even.mixtures of the two cements.Hard lumps of concrete having sufficient cohesive strength to support their own weight against the pull of gravity formed in the mixing pan within two or three min- utes after mixing was completed.In one or two cases it was necessary to break up these lumps before the molding of the cylinders was ocmpleted.This tendency to flash set seemed to be most pronounced when working with a mixture containing 40% 0f Lumnite cement. The results and conclusions obtained in the pre- paration of this thesis are,in general,borne out by the re- sults ohtained by Mr,Daltcn G.Miller,Drainage Engineer,Bur- eau of Public Roads,U.S.D.A.Mr.Dalton's work was done at the University of Minnesota and the results are contained in Univ. of Minnesota Paper No.597,J0urnal Series which.was pre sented before a meeting of the Minnesota Surveyors and Eng- ineers Society in February,l926.He used high-sulphate water and avoided flash set by the use of a very high water ratio and,for these reasons,the results are not directly comparable A3 However he obtained the same characteristic U shaped curve but with higher unit compressive strengths and with the point of’maximum.inflection nearer to the fifty pre cent line and in most cases below rather than above. The author wishes to thank messrs.Allen,Cade,Gould and Preston for the interest they have shown in the progress of the work and the many helpful comments and suggestions they have offered from time to time.Also Ur.J.L.Miller of the Atlas Lumnite Cement Co.,Ino. and the gentlemen at the Detroit office of the American Portland Cement Association. M'CHIGAN STATE COLLEGE r ...—4 .fe-ue—f «n+«1w 4119:.” 25.74;»: beeva—ef 4-5—4 ...L.. 44‘5.A..,yo 1 7 4-4 AFT? - 14;. 1‘ #15 VL ‘ .444» . o w - - - , H «+— 7 - - , Wow—44s L-»—r$-+—4— —+—‘ 474—4—¢«-- our—W H """q" “ ‘ ‘—‘ - WW “ ' “F“ t Pv—r o—e >—>-.¢v—e-o-o 4rH¢l+4':I—+-o—-s—o-J——6—Q-H—H . ""‘fi‘ . 4 . m , . . ' *FH .. >44 ,..4_$_..‘ -.. ..-.—-747~-_.r...4 v~e~ . 4 -4 +4FF—y—Q—A . - 1F. 4 o—e—o—+—&$-$— L—T-y-e w 0—”7—4—4 *" ' 4.4.4 4 .~o—‘-‘-- p. o-a . o»o—e—t-4 . Le- » ‘ ' “- —- . L-eH . <>- - --o‘-‘—6~o—H5¢vo-v v o—u. 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