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THE EFFECT OF SALT ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

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. 0F SUPER-CEMENT CONCRETE

THESIS FOR DEGREE OF 3. s.

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THESIS

THE EFFECT OF SALT ON THE CCHPRCSCIVE STRENGTH”
OF SUPERrCEfiENT CONCRETE.

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF
THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

WILLIAM CRSEN_XAH GIESEN
CANDIDATE FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
JUNE 1926.

In order to keep concrete from freezing when poured’\
in the winter months, it has been the custom to add common
salt (NaCl) to the mixing water. The addition of the salt
lowered the freezing point to a considerable degree depend-
ing on how much salt was added. The effect upon the.comr
pressive strength of the resulting concrete has been inves-
tigated and found to be detrimental.

The object of this investigation was to find out the
effect, if any, Then salt was added to a concrete made of _
“Super Cement" as manufactured.by the Peerless Cement Com.
pany.

Obviously, a test of this kind consisted of making a
number of test specimens containing various prOportions of
salt and testing them at different ages. The first problem
confronting the investigator is at What time to make the
tests. As it is generally accepted that tensile strength of
concrete bears some relation to the compressive strength, a

piolet tension test was made.

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The method.of making the above test was as follows:

A set of briquettes was made of the neat cement with enough
water to bring the resulting neatznortar to its normal cons
sistency. The briquettes were molded in the molds specified,
and.by the methods as laid down by the American Society for
Testing Materials. These briquettes wereebroken at the fol-
‘lowing intervals of time: 6 hours, 15 hours, 1, 2, 3, H, 5,
6, 7 days. Using the results of these tests a curve was

plotted using tensile strength as an ordinate and.age of

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specimen as an abscissa. (See Plate II) From an inspection
of this curve it was decided to break the compression speci-
mens at the following ages: 15 hours, 1, 2, 3, H, 5, 6 and
7 days.

The materials used in making the compression Specimens
were as near as possible what the average user of concrete
has available.

The aggregate consisted of land run gravel. Enough
was selected to make the entire set ofmspecimens. This
gravel was spread on the floor until it was thoroughly dried
out when it was stored in containers until used. The silt
content of this aggregate was determined.by washing on a
200 mesh sieve and found to be 1.0%. A sieve analysis was
made according to the method as described in.Hool & Johnson's
"Concrete Engineer's Hand Book." For the sieve analysis
curve (See plate I).

The cement was new'Peerless “Super" which was packed
in paper bags of 1/u barrel capacity each.

The water was tap water from the college water supply
system. «huh-”M

The Spit (YaCl) used was table salt made by the Norton
Salt Company.

Throughout these tests, the amount of cement, water and
aggregate were kept constant, the only variable being the
amount of salt used. After many trials to obtain a workable

mix which could be used to advantage, the following prepcr-

tions were adopted:

 

Parts by weight of Cement 10
I . n I. Water 6 e
' ” ' ' Aggregate 60

The cylinders were made with the following amounts of
salt as eXpressed as a.percentage of the cement by weight

used:
0%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15%. As these cylinders were

broken at the eight ages before stated, there would be eight
cylinders of each percentage if only one were made. .To in—
sure better results, four cylinders containing the same perb
centage of salt were broken each time. Thus the number of
cylinders made containing like amounts of salt were:
hrs-=32.

As it took some time to place the concrete in the
molds, it was decided to mix up batches containing enough
concrete to cast 16 cylinders at one time. By splitting
each batch into two parts, as outlined above, the concrete
could be placed in the mold in about fifteen minutes, and
any tendency for the concrete to set up was avoided.

The method of mixing used was as follows: The
amounts of aggregate and.cement were carefully weighed and
placed in a pile on a concrete floor. By the use of a
shovel, the materials in the pile were thoroughly mixed
dry. To accomplish this, the pile was shoveled over six
times. Then the water was weighed out and the p33334weight
of salt dissolved in it. After a hole had been made in the
top of the pile of aggregate and cement, the water containp

ing the dissolved salt was poured in the hole. With the

aid of a garden hoe the dry mixture was worked into the

hole until all of the free water was absorbed. Then the ens
tire mass was worked thoroughly.

After a search for a suitable mold, quart ice cream
cartons were adopted. Molding and puddling were accom-
plished in the usual manner, the mold retaining its shape,
and when full struck off level with a trowel. In order to
obtain an even base, the empty cartons were set on loose
sand during molding and until set.

After casting, the cylinders were allowed to set for
a period of 15 hours, when the mold was removed and the

cylinders placed in water to cure at normal temperature
(500 r 750?) until the time of testing.

The dimensions of the finished cylinders were:
height, 6.5", diameter 3 1/3". The volume was 57% cubic
inches and the cross sectional area 8.7 square inches.

The testing of the cylinders was done in a "Riehle"
100,000 # compression machine. Before testing each cyline
der was bedded in, and capped with Plaster of Paris to in-
sure an even bearing on both ends.

Each cylinder was compressed until it broke and the
breaking stress adapted on the strength of the cylinder.
For results of these tests, see data sheets 1, 2, 3, h, 5
and 6, also Plates III and IV.

CONCLUSIONS:

(1) That the addition of salt to a batch of concrete

makes it much more workable. In fact, two batches of grout

exactly alike except that one has about 5% salt added has

 

altogether different characteristics. while the amount of
water remains the same in both, the salted batch appears to
have much more water in than the other. It is not known
why this is true; rather it is suggested that it would.be a
fit subject for further investigation.

(2) The second and last conclusion is of fsr greater
irpertance. 0n inspection of the curves (Plate III & IV)
will plainly show that salt very materially reduced the com—
pressive strength of concrete in about the same preporticn
as the amount of salt used. For that reason, the use of
salt (Naol) should be looked on with suspicion. Protection
of against frost should be obtained by the use of some
other agent which will not lower the compressive strength

of the resulting concrete, or better still by the preper

and judicious use of mlamanders and covering materials.

 

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