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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF
SALT CONSUMPTION IN THE

EAST LANSING 'WATER PLANT

Thesis for the Degree of B. 5.
Floyd ' Vermette
1936

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I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my ap-
preciation to Mr. Theron: for the cooperation and assis~
tanoo he has rendered me in my work on this thesis, and for

the use of the necessary equipment.

F. L. V.

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2.10.31; Mimi; Water mm Plant

OBJECT

The object of this thesis is to find by experiment
the least amount of salt it is necessary to use in each of
the five softening tanks of The East Lansing Water Plant,
and to suggest any improvements which would make the plant

'Operate more economically.

INTRODUCTION

Zeolitc is a name given to a group of minerals com-
monly found in cavities in igneous rocks, from which they
are derived through secondary alteration. They include
thompsonite, natrolite, scolecite, analcite, chabicite,
gmelenite, phillipsite, harmotome, stillite and heulan~
dite. The name is derived from the boiling reaction be-
fore the blowpipe. The engineer, though, defines a zeolite
as any chemical compound so imperfectly bound together that
its composition will change dependent upon the concentra-
tion of chemicals in solution in its presence.

Commercial zeolite is usually artificially manufac-
tured because of its greater purity. Artificial sodium ze-
olite (NaAlSiO4‘BHgO) known as ”permutite," is the material
used in water softeners, because it will exchange its sod-
ium for the calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum of the
hardness producing compounds in the water, thus leaving the
water with as many chemicals in it but with zero hardness.
When the calcium, magnesium, iron or aluminum zeolite is
then placed in a solution containing a greater concentra—
tion of sodium, the sodium replaces the previously mentioned
elements and the original zeolite is obtained.

In a zeolite softening plant the sand is contained in
tanks - over a layer of gravel — through which the water to

be softened is passed down until the non—hardness produc-

ins substances of the zeolite have been exchanged for hard-

ness producing substances of the water. The sand is then
washed by running water upward through the tank to remove
any particles of material and dirt which may have been
caught in the sand. A standard sodium salt brine is then
run through the tank in the same direction as is the water
to be softened, until the reverse of the chemical reaction
of softening takes place. The filter is then rinsed by
passing raw water downward through it for a certain length
of time. All effluent of the regenerating process is dis-
charged into the sewer.

A portion of the brine which has passed through the
tanks is saved in some cases but its value is doubtful. Its
practical value will be shown in this paper to be negative.

The largest cost item in the operation of a zeolite
water softening plant is for the salt necessary to regener-
ate the zeolite sand; therefore, in order to operate most
economically, the salt dose must be cut to a minimum. A ze»
elite water softening plant has the advantage over other
types of being able to produce zero hardness water if de-
sired, and there is no sludge to dispose of as in other
methods. A zeolite plant can also be made automatic so
that it does not require the constant attention of an atten»
dent, whereas it would be a much more difficult task to con»
Struct a soda ash or lime treatment plant to be entirely au»
tomatic. Other types of softening with coagulation, though,
are more adapted to use with water which must be filtered,

for the coagulant removing the hardness also serves to re-

-5-

move other objectionable insurities, but it requires more
space than the zeolite plant and a method of disposing of
sludge must be provided.

In the United States and abroad, zeolite softeners
have been used for more than twenty five years for soften—
ing water from various supplies and for various consumers
such as laundries, the textile industries, boiler feed,
breweries, etc. At the present time there are over 150,000
installations of zeolite water softeners, both large and
small, in the United States. Household installations, how-
ever, are decreasing in number with the increased use of

-municipal softening and treatment.

 

.4...

DESCRI?TION OF THE EAST LANSING WATER PLANT

East Lansing's water treatment plant is on the east
side of town, working with a total clear water storage of
110,000 gallons, 100,000 of which is effective. There is
a 100,000 gallon storage tank at the site of the treatment
plant and a 10,000 gallon tank on the west side of town, but
some of the total capacity must be used for cushioning.

This is small for a population of 8000, as East Lansing has,
for it provides only a two hour average flow. The daily
consumption of water ranges from approximately 350,000'ga1-
lone in winter to 800,000 or 1,000,000 gallons in summer.
The plant runs intermittently, alternately filling and al-
lowing the tank at the site of the plant to be emptied. If
the plant ran continuously it would have a capacity of
hpQgOOO gallons per day. The water is drawn from two 12
inch diameter wells. Well number one is directly under the
plant and is 390 feet deep, its casing sunk to a depth of
150 feet with a strainer 170 feet below the floor of the
pumping pit. The floor of the pumping pit in 10 feet below
the surface of the ground. Well number two is a little to

the north of the plant and is automatically cut in only in

case well number one is insufficient to supply the demand.

Well number two is 392 feet 9 inches deep and equipped with

a six stage centrifugal pump. Well number one has a five

stage pump. The casing is sunk to a depth of 150 feet and

the strainer is 170 feet down as in well number one.

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Control lane].

The water, as it comes from the wells, has a hardness
of approximately;300 parts per million and is softened to
about 70 parts per million by dividing the flow to go neard
Ly onewfourth through two iron removal tanks, and the rest
through five softening tanks. The iron removal tanks are
the same size as the softening tanks, seven feet in diameter
by nine feet in height. They each contain 103 cubic feet
of manganese zeolite sand and reduce the iron content of
the water from 1.0 part per million to 0.1 part per million.
This amount of iron in water, although very small, is ob-
Jeotionable because of the rust it produces on clothes
washed in water containing as small an amount as 1.0 part
per million of iron. manganese zeolite sand is made by
treating sodium zeolite sand with manganese chloride, and
then oxidizing it with sodium or.potassium permanganate.

The reactions are:

NaOZ + EhClg - mnoz s 2NaCl
HnOZ + 2NaMnO4 - HaOZ e linOlli’ngo.7

In the latter reaction, the higher oxides of manganese
formed are carried to the surface of the grains of zeolite.
When water is then passed through the send, these oxides
Bite up their oxygen to the iron of the water in the follow»
in; reaction:

Maps 9 unosngo7 . 4Pe(HCO3)2 .

unoz e SMhO e 2re203 e 8003 e 4320

The ferric oxide thus formed is insoluble and is precipita-

-g-

ted on the grains of zeolite. These iron removal tanks
are regenerated by hand with a m ngsnese salt solution
each time attu'approximstely t,080,0C0 gallons of water
has passed through each tank. The maximum rate of flow
through the iron removal tanks is 105 gallons per minute
per tank, and the maximum marking pressure is ?5 pounds per
square inch.

The five softening tanks are regenerated as previous-
ly described. Their oporation.is automatic, being electric~
ally controlled by a tin: sequence switch capacially de-
signed forthe purpose. The time sequence switch Operates
the motor on the multiport valve to regenerate the tanks
at the preper time. Each tank contains 203 cubic feet of
sodium aeolite sand and uses about 14 inches of brine from
the 18” 1 60a brine tank (055 gallons) for each regenera~
tion. The washing period of each softening tank is about
10 minutes with a flow of wash water of 250 gallons per
minute. The brine is then run through the tank for approx-
imately 15 minutes, depending on the salt dose used. Then
wash water is run through the tank for about 20 minutes at
liS'gallons per minute.

The plant also embodies equipment for the use of re-
covery brine, that which has been used but still contains
a certain amount of salt. This brine, when used, is run
through the regenerating tank before the new brine, to re—
claim any of its value.

-7-

DROCEDURE

The procedure was to decrease the salt dose for re“
generation a small amount at a time until it could be out
no more without causing the tanks to deliver hard water he-
!ore the time of their next regeneration. The soap tcst
for herdness wrs run at intervals before regeneration to
determine if and when the tank started to deliver hard eet~
er. The recovery brine was used at the beginning of the
experimental work, but discontinued so that its practical
value could be determined after the economical amount of
salt to use was found. After this was done, the economi-
cel amount of new salt brine was ietermined while using the
recovery brine.

Some unforeseen difficulties in the operation of the
plant were encountered, which caused the experimental work
to proceed less smoothly then it might have otherwise.

The theoretical amount of flow of water to each soften»
lag tank was confirmed by the economical amounts of salt

necessary to regenerate each tank.

RESULTS

No attempt will be made in this paper to exglain the
irregularities in amounts of soap solution necessary to pro-
duce a lather in 40 cubic centimeters of the effluent from
the various softening tanks as found at the beginning of the
experimental work, for the operation of the plant at that
time was very irregular, due to various causes. 0n occa-
sions, at that time, regenerations were skipped and tank
number five once got two doses of brine in one regeneration.
The recovery brine was also being used then, thus introduc-
ing two unknown quantities, a circumstance which usually
makes any experimental work of little importance. Any ir-
regularities experienced before the critical point in am—
ount of brine used was reached were due to these or other
similar causes. Another variable introduced at one time
during the work was the cutting of the amount of water go-
ing through the iron removal tanks, thus increasing that
through the softening tanks, but this had to be discontinued.

Tank numbers one, two and three delivered zero soft
water during theiriéntire runs until the brine dose was out
to 13 inches, indicating 13} inches as the least amount
which would give proper results. These tanks were then de-
livered 14 inches to provide a factor of safety.

Tank numbers four and five went hard with 11 and 10}
inches of brine respectively, thus indicating 115 and 11 '

inches as their economic values of salt dose. These lower

figures for four and five were due to the decreased flow of
water through these tanks. The decreased flow was caused
by their 4 inch effluent pipe being too small.

The economical amount of new brine to be used with the
recovery brine in operation was found to be 16 inches for
tanks one, two and three; and 14 and 15% inches with four

and five, respectively.

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iu‘t'ffi (00111; 11111611 )

3

m
2.:

Tamil: 7:78.19: Tank “ 1m}: Sta. o- Eta!
J- ‘13 :3 f3 5 ~71; 4', ‘15 5
S
3 3 i a 30
5 5 5 3 Plant StOP

Plant start
3

5 Plant Stop

5':
5 5 3
m

of brine
2i
9
1%
t, ’34

2%! of brina *

3
to w 2

B

3 3 :5 z, 1330
f 5 3 W6
:4
H 3 5 5 29
'flwfifnmfi
. :0
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B 3
{‘3
5 ‘11 :5
B
5
5 3
fix Plant Stop_
:5 :3 Plant Start
1%: $3
3
8
Plant Stby

Iflumw.5tart
3 3

5 25

Date

r‘ '\
’ $3

11:29
11:42
13 3 ()4,
13:15

flzlfi
492135
424-1
fizfifi
6:53
v:u5
9'30!)
'2‘ : 08
'7 34:1.
'7 :49
8 : 0'7
{3 :35
istét)
(3&3;
9 :05

:35
9:35
1:48
1:37
3:11

(P ."'I:’
‘1 gal!)

4:05
4:13
4:28
«2:36
' : 250
{5:55
.’-"~. 32.52
.‘3 :15
3:13.“)
A :38

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DATA (omrhinuml)

130:1.

Adi-

T) ' f

R

0‘?

(I

t In
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l
; ‘
fl,” d

“77'

i)

33
1 f.

5

q'
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'9

£)

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R

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5.)

SI
J‘s.

VA
VA

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9.5 4

1030?

r f‘

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Plant Start

Brine (1036 out
1(51/8-‘131/4

3

Tam“

-
"

'T‘aml:
. I
r. 5

3

3

{‘3

{\3
t3

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Plant f $150 13

:5
in
Plant Stop
filimt Start
15
Plant {312.023

P312311; f

‘~. 'f-S Brine

(Start

5 5
Us

ff

1.: H) a

a-n
51‘!

mm
dose out t

3

C),

I)‘ -
filo J

57: 4E 130:4:0 ):3{)

10-5"

110

O.

6" 33;, m brine 1:01;

Date

5‘6-5 36

$34-$56

25-13-456

\.
Lv

00 O. a. O.
,.
5

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[I

I)
3:14
35.9
t

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' I
.23. .7

It

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'1 art 2..
U V" U

5:

f? :}3LJ
-~ '
.\::51’
(«ml
8 :55
7:18
9‘ W.“
":35
'f 3.41:},
" $.34;
2,3: 1:5
3534.)}:
."~ :130
9:12;
“z: it’
0:31.

9 :15“
7:15
'fflh‘
9:135
572‘HV3
33:12”:
8:43“.
8:53

9 :35

11:54.-
11:41)
11:58

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I 3‘31}:

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PIA-ETC.

Plant

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I

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3
C
I.

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W0

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as at
(x

308.31
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r I r -
l u ,
1' If;
3:33
3

Wm}: ' '1‘.) 17;:
La

3

and dronyinn; ho‘ntlo

v -f'
33"

Trina (low) «mt to

start With 7'" 42

0“
Va

3

S

55

Pizmt Stop

v13

1’1: :3 1% Stop

7"
x)

7"
.0-

”:5
1?.

V
5:

Stop

I )[7
5n ‘

fYtilo

lieu

Date

5-1 " )--3-4 3

5-11-39":

l'1b1o

3:53
5:02:
5:1“;
5:17

is :9.

5::15
5:40
5:50
625-8
(3 24:7
6:55
I’- :59
7:07
7:20
7:63
“:03
7:56
8:04,
8:27
:1 :39
8 :59
43:03
4.41:3
'7 :11
9 :10
9:11
9:130
9:133
53 :57
43:3 J
r2 :07
41:11;
1"»:515
7:00
’730'7
7:11?
7:13
7:37
7:535
was
8 :11":
8 :N‘.
23:59
12.5:011
12:09

DATA (0011151? 11 10d )

"fink ""szc "‘nnk '1' ml: ' ‘mfl: :-:ta. 0 Raw

341‘ 13' :5 :5

W;
{3
7‘» 15
R I
Plomt Stop
:; 5 .L’lacfi; Start
6 '5
3 3
W5 3
I;
It :5
H 3
1715
A031. l’lw'lt Start
23 3
it 3
ES {‘5
‘37:?
Poi-to 3 1‘5 '3} 3 5 E'Irine (1090
:2 1.51/4" to :34: :5
”'3 Plant {Stop .
Adi. 3655 53 {'7' 25 5 :31; .1113.
11'1")
33
2-1 3
i-‘Jto 3 1'5 13 3 S 24:
S I'h'im close out. to
:5 :‘3 1.91/16" starting With
m; 5*." I].
:; 3 f
3 r3 :5 :5 :5 13:5
5% IS
:33 ..-’1a.nt Stop
J1. .3! .I’. L 3 3 2’5 2:5
5 I Brine 1'.sz filled up 1 L" too
“'7 fill after i'} 1.
I”:
R
:5 .1:
W7
3 Flu.) 1t mum’s
1 ”3.:; 3 3 5 3 an 11a

bate

: “113—526

'T‘ine

0‘): If“:

I
5-: :‘fi.’

13 X.»
1:06
1:15
3:11
{5:15
3:36
3:35

“:30
6:53
63.39

8:45
13:5.“ ‘3
'.':. :5
" ::31)
n .I'n

.04;

9:1”
. :26
9:37
10:69
11:05
11:12:
ll::.“ '6}
124.5

3: 1'7
(13:33”
figfl'?
5331.";
fl 2: 3:3
6:40

DATA (Gantin'ued )

"'mfl: "Tani: ”H.313: Tam-t: “farm Etta. 2:“;in
:4 l a“: 2 W 5 5:? 4 it" 5

T 14;]. /L3" 01'
1" 3.: brine to a-is‘: 4
E;
35 1;
W5 5

3"le :1; Start.

WIS
l’lzu 11. {Start
3 'f I i 3 3

c \r'
(-11)

’lrwt f‘ tart .,
f3 1‘9““):3’3' b31116 1.0754:
{ R
1") 3
F3 15,"s[5:“ brine
Plant 3130? 4:0 :1: h“
1.3;. Plum sum,
:5 S :5 1 ‘
'7 ‘..-.'>5
W1 . ..
1': 15 14," 03‘ brine to in a
53 i3
'7 {5
Plant. Stop ,1
15 3/43' of brine to 4

rs :s :s 5 :5
ms
1: 13 1/5" of
1’11 Lift Start brine
1'2;

B 14" of brine 112-:
:3 41mm .3100
;: .3. 3 3 3 5 2.33:
23:31:48 mat at 14: 1/4.:"t0 start
V! 1;.1171-3 i“

:‘3 Pump 3901:)

‘V
I-J

=3 :5 1 r’:.:" of brine

l’lzmtf Stop
"1.8.11; th‘r‘t

Date

r-lS-SG

Time

6:45
6:55
7:00
" :11

7.01
11:49
9:01)
9:07

781.4: Adi-

7:25
7:55
7:41
8:09
{3:111
8:34
8:35
10 :34,
10:43
10:53
12:01)
13:14
13:30
12:3
13:é5
5:03
5:10
3:15
53 :15
5:34
8:34
31:40
6:57
7:05
7:13
7:131"
l7 3:11!”

Noon

ii‘mfs:

:31

D
R

5

WI":

3

Pfiio S

‘1
.1.

1;: 1/2"

Jnaigq.

TI.

q;

[I

6)

“Ynfl:
5-5:}

{A

513

DAfiA (continued)

Wm}: Tam: szk Stan Raw
:5 5,1. 4. 5
'7 5
5 15
3 3
1'13
B 15" of hrine
to1# 5
lflamm; Etc?
5 Brine tank
B‘V’S 61/8" too
after1#*5
R 13' of‘brtno £01? A
F)
3 5 .3
V3
Fla.) It ntOP
Tine dose 301; at 15 1/13"
starts with =39 1
Plant Start
{.3
5 :13
17:5
Planfi Start
W3
33 12 1/2" of brine to
R é'4
Plant Start
7 5

n3 W3 23

of brine to ‘fr 5 B

’30 8 1/2" 1300
:nudh.br1ne in tank

after 1% 4,
33 12 1/2" of
brine tO‘fi'fi
R
Plz.nt Stop
11 3
S 3

3 )ate

11:21:
11:87
JL].:‘%55

3:03
13:30

ILL) 2:3”;

13:155
12:52
10:14
10 :1315
10:13:}
10:11:11
11:50
11V?
11:56
13:26
12:5n

[50350

’.'.‘1 m}:
W 3.

YES

.3

‘ank

a". i
1:

Plant

Plant n

Plant
1. ’lwrb

WT}

'i‘apk

bu ’ '7
7? .)
r)’

x)

1 ~.

'9 .5

Stop

c v?
"5 \J

18

“Hi: i

13
.h.

'5‘!
y:

#3!

CR

DATA (continued. )

P"

V. M‘ a
V1 n: 4.1

8

7
Q

12:"

. ,,
13‘)

of brine

f
K)

a”?
‘. a
I}
1)
k

1.1:" of brine
t04# 5

.3 Sta. Raw

l
to i:

1/"" of brine to 5

5
{“5
VS

4.-

B 113' of brine to '7‘}? .1.

It

'.
Q

\7§§

3 13"

R

5

W6

3 12 m' of brine

Rtoaéé

4
4:
of

()‘A

4 Plant

«'1 .13

Wm

B 12‘ of‘brine

Plant

._.
.. x

1013
bring t0«#

Stop
Start

toififi

6':

DA".‘A (continued)

'71
Date .. inc ”am: 'L‘zml: Tank Tank Tam}: Sta. Raw
5;: 1 5r}? :3 5:5 5 9'5 4 A 5

19:4"; 33.”. R Plant Stop

{3:39 B Brim done measurodrtlfi 5/8n

2:5 R 3 3 :5 5 '31; 11::
3:15 B {-3

33 3'33 7’13

3 :50 .73

42:01 R

420‘? Plant nton

5‘3 :58 -

5246

113” of brine to ~35 4 a“; 51;: 5
1393!. Of FWlfi-Oz'lfl

52:18 1
rpm-m 7:05 AM.

town's "’
53m

7::{3 4:

72:54- 5 4

7:41.63 M

7,395 :3 1:3" of brine to 5%? vi:
3:00 R

(3:03 Flatt Stop

9:01 5 $3 5 S 3

9:31 “"4

924-). B 11 1/2" of n
924:8 R brine to a"? 5
10:13 ;

10:31 Salt (1033 set at 13" start With 3531
10::25 Plant Stop

11 1/13" of brine to 3:” 4

83:13:; Polio R

23:27 Plant Stop

524.1% S 5

4:18 "'5

42:38 E 11 11/23" of
“24“ brine to a": :3
624:7 Plant Stop

3:355 S
96!:45 1W1; Stop II: .13. 1/9." “ring: to

5-17-56 1:16 Julio Plant Start a: t}; «is 53 P014. ,

1324 A3730 3.} 5‘16“er

0:155 S 4

9:55 1‘14.

10:05 13 .11 1/2" brine to w?- 4
10:11 3
103115 Lg’lwzt {H.039
11:19 a

11:31 W4: 11" of brine
11:41 B to #3:: :1

we
:3 an :9.
Q Q

but
(I!

uni-'18": 3‘. §

Tim

1 :94
1:3 :0:
1:3 :30
];3::'
13:4;
113 a"?
53:13
2:33
:zzisz.
{3:1357
R:I§5
13:4JS
:isffi7
fix'KS

I—‘HH

HHHHHNEH

«'1

mar-m (twink-11100. )

£1. a m V1 37! . 1:. 1,,
Mb: 4mm Junk .unl: Sun... um
I ' _ J q.
if": 2 ' 1: 11' 3‘53: 4 i1... 5

fl"

1.

5';

Plant fi,o;»
1r:
16' 14 25/4" of brine to 2
54: :3};
\hus
25 Brine dose set at 14"
B start With 171 :5

film 115 Stop

"V

5 a
WA: .
D 11" to # &
R
Plant Stop
Tug

B 11“ of brine
Flaunt f'k‘Eart to 5'}: 5

S

\‘m
11" of? brine to :3?! 4 as fun.

Plant 911.01). of f‘wlt-B—SG

w:
B 10 1/; z" 0121‘ brine
3{ to #EEE

Flair; 511013

{3
5
6
'7

1' $13

 

'3‘th 111;; value of recovery

I} at 6 '1 if“) r; v: 14313 C
;'= 1
5-19—36 4:30 I’.::. 3
ézfifi
6:313: W
“:50
9:1";
5-30—86 13:50 1531.

r ' r y 'i P‘
. ~-..,,:_ --. JG

1250

(‘s :10 T!
"35 )
{3 3517}
ll ) l
1:} U!) Noon
1:3 Hf} 9.on EEK)?»
1 :70
J. ('flJ
E3 55
{2 fi:;
('3 a"- .c
'7 or:
f3 ."51

1‘ 53
11 5"
5 5% A.x. W
H n

“P

a“ flit.

9:013
10: .13
11 :‘M:

r- (at) r'

I "-1 .ll 1

"ns 1:32“: A0:;'

‘5!

i3 1!.
’f 03

W
«‘3 )4:

DAmA

brine

"milk ”as 7: ”(u/31’; Tom: Ste. 0 Raw
53:3 fi5 fi 4 =é31
3 3 3 ’5 :35 7-an brine
WIS 01113" p 13'
Recovery brine on
'6!
27
W
1‘!
'3!
Shard.
‘9.’
I"
‘3! Fm! brine only
start with get 1
we}: 15 1/4" brirzo
W
"'35
"13
14 1/4.." brine set to start
‘" with 51': 1
W
1'! :24;
?fi
m :3 1/3" brine , start 2
3??
.g '9'
U
V!-
I?
U
W
W
gr
V!
w
".7?
U ,
Y! Recovery brine star #- 1':
0' . fi-frp 7'
.) I... I) "
‘1'?
.1.)
8 IS IS 3

mxte
r3” ”:4: '7‘: 3!"

l‘ 1 9" V
fi‘og' :f":)r7

7113-10

110‘

--—-. 09'
113:1}
3.“)
15:18

A in:
‘¢:o~J-'

5w;
(1,:v;,J
l ":t)0
()0 3:3

10:19
11:10
vagif}

of“
IJ:I.

4:~L’i
{33'}?
{13:35
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(It? 2

92538

1:)uu 1
11:5
{-5 :3 J“
41:53
{3:58
(HIV;
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10:50
J, :50
luzfifi
1:14

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IN
V

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1’".

DI.

l?! '."A (oos'xtia'rued)

'1.- h ‘ I ”i 7' a l. '1' 7 .8. '"J ‘

a: L! 1.33;. 30.: 1 ‘ am: my: S Ue. Law
I I ' l

o , n F r.

71’ l 5 u , “3 «.5 ‘1 ’ A: ’ 0

J :' 103‘.

m no 1'4 1/23".

M
3 :3 :5 1.790 mm brine only ’
3 5 n- {s Y'lfi etm’t ii" ".5:
1795 5 3 3
V95 80
W
U
12'
'1!
W

U!

W

(A

‘f!

«”3031.

1
0‘5.

1,1

m
l O
{5 F5 {5 '. ’3
‘5!
5 I ."5 {3 3 {35
W
U :36}:
W
3 5 I5 3 £34- 111?.

W

‘5!

‘5?
x .'
Q
i a
W ”
fl
:3 Wu" 0 a.)
W
7‘?
VI 0

W

DAWJ. (cont iamod)

Date “inc 'II; .313: “an: 13: Hank ”3.313; ”3.111: [Sta . 13m?
-' 1' I g.‘
:3 l :‘3 :3 in :5 {:12 4 .2“: 5

ll:'i)5 W
Fv-zlfw-Iit': " .136 Adi. 3:7

. é .
5 :i’. '3 K7
('2 :2: t. “7

9 z '11.”? 3

9 : 153 8

9 3130 I? 13 173153 I} S 53”: ll: ;

l; J :38 Y
1 :3": TI
3 1‘?

,' ‘Imfi

.7.-

.4.

- u“ . 2". . '-:‘
.

‘I‘ f“.'

l

I ->.1w07W‘3E‘!Mv£fiJ#~ IFflffl' _ .

 

CJU:Z331¢"."TI'73T 0F EKL'UL’ SOLWIOII

”(We of Water“ Drops of Soap t0
in ppm. Produce a. laminar
2:) 1:3
2&- 14.
{-30 16
{'55 53
£20 :3)
4:5 3’13 ..
M) :34 j
5!; 36 s‘
6') 28 ail
{:5 :51 a}
070 5‘3: 33
{3(J :52; j
90 “3:8 i
12) J {La-3': ‘
110 50 2
11.5 54-
120 5:3
11:5 RE

(“No diitrorem (11131191411; bottles were used during;
this experimntal Work on 11162.net Imming; Water
’hmt. . The abava oalimticm Was made with the
first bottle (1).

Bottle (1) 130‘} drops n 709 ml
{*161‘0118 =3 1.0331.
Battle (:3) 5% drops I: 10.0 mt

 

.5195) drops I! 1.0 ml.

4.0 0.3. of Water Were used. in the calibration-

CONCLUSIOHS

From the results of the work done in performance of
this thesis, it has been concluded that the claims made by
the Permutite Company for the value of the recovery brine
equipment are based on the chemical analysis of the recovery
brine and not on actual tests of its regenerating power, for
it has been found to have a detrimental effect instead of a
practical value.

The flow of water, as calculated, has compared quite
favorably with the amounts of salt brine found necessary to
use in the various softening tanks, except for the indicated
difference in flow of tank number four over tank number five.
This difference was probably caused by some unseen obstruc-
ticn causing excess friction in number five.

The smaller flow of water going through tanks number
four and five could be remedied by installing equipment to
cause less head loss in the flow of water through those
tanks. It is suggested that the effluent pipe from those
tanks, marked KG' in the flow diagram, be made a 6 inch
pipe instead of the 4 inch which is in place at present. If
31 were made a 6 inch pipe, and the first all and two seen
tions of pipe of lines IJ and IL were made 5 inch, the flow
should be evenly divided among the softening tanks.

A further refinement could be made by a slight adjust-

"nent of the tine sequence switch.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
 
 

   
  
  

 
  
  
  

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Date

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Date

:1-9-: 36

5-10—75: :

5-11-33"?

r1 1: .10

3:53
5:02:
5:15
5:17
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5:40
5:60
6:53
6:47
6:55
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7:07
7:20
7:63
8:023
7:56
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8:27
8:39
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9:10
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$71.5
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an; ’ $3.1
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DATA (oaé'l‘timed )

Date "71:19 "jun: 'jmfl: '.kuflc ’Ifaau: ""mfl: Etta. 21:21.:
‘1‘" 1 ‘3‘“ 2 W 5 "‘1' ‘5‘: 5

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19913:; 31 w '0 .ge‘:
l: )1: ; grins to, 4-
1306 :_ ' I;

13.1.?) ‘15 5

3:11 J’lmxt Bum

5:153 ES 3 5 {'3

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13:35 5 :3

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5:535 25 'f 13 {6 3

5:51: :35

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7:50 3 R

8:31 i”) 3

8 24:0 53 133/; 1..“ M1310
9:01 Plant Gtop to .71': 5
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63:32. :5 S 5
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9:33? '5 IS .5 :5
9:‘ 13.. V3
9:37 13 151,2” of
103419 1’1:me Start brine
13:05 V3
11212.: B 1 “ of brine 11:5
11:7“ :3 film .3109
1:435 11.3.. :- 3 3 r; 2.;

Brig. 301'. at 14 1/-”to start

With '~,-= 2w

3: y, :3 Pump $30}?
{2:30 15

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DIVA (oocn'tirmad)

Date Time 'i‘mfi: Wm]: Wm}: Tam}: T2373: Sta. Raw
531. 3'3 54:5 :54: 3'5

634.553 '7
6:53 5
7:00 3
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07:1)1 B
U :40 13
9:00 It
930'? Plant :‘top
r—13—31 7:147AJI- 3 :5
7:25 3573

3.50391 :8

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to 599 S

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8:02
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0:34
8:33
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10:43
10:53
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13:80
12:30
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3:03
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7:18
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of brine to 9% :5 B
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after 5!: 4,
B 153 1/2" of
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P1513113 51:09
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1:31;
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10:57
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313:131
12:52
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11 to :f'f: 5

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7:73 4 534: 108'
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Start

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Plant.

8 12' of brine
tosfi's

DA'M (continued)

Date 7‘in Wm}: Tan}: Tank Tank mek Esta. Paw
‘5 '3 l 5")"; :3 5&5 5 9'5 4: it?" 5 ’-
lgt‘fi‘fl: 13-“. R Plant Stop
u :09 D Brine dose moanumdnlfi 5/8'
:1st]. R 3 3 5 5 2/2: 1113
381?} S S
3:":3 1'13
5:50 B
4:20]. H
mm :5 Plant Stop
{3:58 W?)
5:46 B
5::28 :1 1:3" of brine to 4 :54 5
fi-lG—{SG 7:08 Ac“. 3: 3.3.1:. of 5-15-36 .
7:27 3 4, ‘
7:34 3 4:
734,5 Wt":
73595 B 113" of? brine to vi.
(3300 R
8:05 l’lmt Stop
9:01 3 S 5 S 3
9:31 174.
9:41 p B 11 1/2" of In
9,4,3 0 R brine to 5’53 5
10:13 5 i3
10:21 vs {Built (1033 sot at 13* start with a}: 1

10:38 Plant Stop
11 1/2" of brine to 7:3 4:

22:31; P.3I- I:
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3:4" 8 3
43:18 1'95
4’33 B 11 1/8" of
mm It brim to 5
6:427 Plant Stop
8:3?» 8
08:45 Plant Stop 4, 1‘1 1/9,» “wine-2 to
5-17-38 1:16 Julio l’lmt Start a»: 4, d: 5+ PM. .
1353 A3: I. 13 5.16-3.1
9:35 53 4:
9:335 UL}:
10:05 13 11 1/2” brine to 9% 4
10:11 22
103115 Lg’lunt Stay
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CONCLUSIONS

From the results of the work done in performance of
this thesis, it has been concluded that the claims made by
the Permutito Company for the value of the recovery brine
equipment are based on the chemical analysis of the recovery
brine end not on actual tests of its regenerating power, for
it he! been found to have a detrimental effect instead of a
practical value.

The flow of water, as calculated, has compared quite
favorably with the amounts of salt brine found necessary to
use in the Various softening tanks, except for the indicated
difference in flow of tank number four over tank number five.
This difference was probably caused by some unseen obstruc—
tion causing excess friction in number five.

The smaller flow of water going through tanks number
four and five could be remedied by installing equipment to
cause less head loss in the flow of water through those
tanks. It is suggested that the effluent pipe from those
tanks, marked K0' in the flow diagram, be made a 6 inch
pipe instead of the 4 inch which is in place at present. If
HI were made a 6 inch oipe, and the first ell and two sec—
tions of pipe of lines IJ and IL were made 5 inch, the flow
should be evenly divided among the softening tanks.

A further refinement could be made by a slight adjust-

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