~~- 129 653 AN EXPERlMENTAL STUDY OF THE EARLY VOLUME CHANGE OF VARIOUS CEMENT MORTARS Theda for tho Dome of B. S. HICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE C. R. Vigstedt 1947 THESIE An Experimental Study of the Early Vblune Change of various Cement Mortars A Thesis Submitted to C The Iaculty of MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE by C. R. Vigetedt Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science June 1947 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to thank Professor Allen and Mr. Hall of the Civil Engineering Department for their help and advice, and Mr. Finney and Mr. Rhodes of the Michigan State Highway Department for their guidance and sceperation. * - task I I“;?‘ K ;' J 'l f A‘ “mil 6: 9 '3. a (Ha Introduction . .00 co. win so. as. -hle of Contents INTRODUCTION The early volume change of concretes within the first ten hours of set has been causing cracks to occur in pavements and other concrete structures. In an experiment conducted by Mr. luerpel of the United States Army Engineers he found that the greatest expansion occurred during the first ten hours of set and that after this period the concrete contracted. sometimes to a volume less than the original placed volume. It is this contraction after the initial set which causes the contraction cracks. Only two experiments are known to have been conducted in the accurate measurement of the volume change that occurs at this time. One was conducted by Mr. luerpel of the United States Army Engineers and was reported in the American Concrete Institute Journal for February, 1946. The other was conducted by the Dewey and Almy Chemical Company. THEORY The first necessary step in the study and possible rectification of the volume change of concretes is to devise an accurate method of measuring this volume change. Instead of measuring a concrete mix. a cement mortar mix can be used. The reason for this substitution is that if the temperature of each part of the experiment is held constant there will be no volume change due to temperature changes; therefore a cement mortar mix can be substituted for a concrete mix and, after the volume change is measured, a correlation between these mixes can be calculated. This will give many advantages, such as: (l) the equipment involved can be simpler using a mortar mix, (2) the equipment can be smaller and more easily transported. (3) the mix designs for testing will be simpler. (4) the experimental factors to be controlled will be less, thus allowing more accurate results, and (5) more samples can be checked at the same time. In using the foregoing theory, the cement mortar method was under- taken and the following factors were held constant: (1) the water-cement ratio was held at .4. (2) the consistency was held constant at fifty through a flow table check, (3) the temperature was held constant by placing the samples in a Constant Temperature Room or a Constant Temper- ature Bath. and (4) the length of time for the samples to be checked was selected as forty-eight hours with a twenty-four hour re-run check. Three samples of each mix design tested were run. With the above physical factors held as constant as equipment will allow. the only factor to effect the volume will be the chemical reaction within the mix itself. Based on the preceding theory, the following procedure was deveIOped and used. PROCEDURE Loading Methods .A great deal of difficulty was experienced in finding a material in which a cement mortar could be placed and the volume change recorded over a forty-eight hour period. Balloons and other similar materials were tried but they proved to have either too small a volume or else they were too thin and broke when loaded. It was finally found that the balloons used by the Michigan State Highway Department for measur- ing the volumes of cores taken from pavements were suitable. These balloons were thick enough to resist tearing when loaded and were of sufficient volume to provide an adequate test sample. In order that the balloon could be loaded without distending it, it was placed in a 500 ml graduate and the ends doubled back over the outside of the graduate. This left the balloon hanging inside the grad- uate with the end open for easy loading. After the material to be tested had been thoroughly mixed. loading was started. The balloon was filled one-fourth full and the material pushed down with the fingers until no air pockets could be seen. This was repeated until the balloon was filled to about one inch of the tap with the mixture. Here a problem arose. When a string was tied around the balloon and it was placed into the apparatus for measurement. water would flow into the mixture causing erroneous readings. The first method tried in sealing off the balloon was to insert a rubber stopper into the balloon tight against the mixture and secure it with a string tied around the outside of the balloon against the stepper sides. Although this proved satisfactory, it was abandoned in favor of wax. In the use of wax, the wax was poured into the loaded balloon to about a one—fourth inch depth. A string was wrapped around the balloon at the point where the liquid wax was, pulled tight, and tied. The whole balloon was then immersed in water heated to experimental tempera- ture in order to eliminate any possible expansion or contraction caused by the heat of the wax. The above method was employed throughout the entire work. Measuring the Volume Change After the most satisfactory method of loading the balloons had been determined, the next step was to devise a way to measure accurately the volume change that was to occur. The following contains an account of the methods attempted and in case of failure the reason or reasons for each failure. Method One This method was the one used by Wuerpel of the United States Army Engineers. The equipment used was: (1) a desiccator, eight inch di- ameter, with a hole suitable for containing a rubber stepper located in the removable top; (2) a number six rubber stopper: and (3) a twenty ml. burette. The bottom and the top of the desiccator were carefully greased with stop cock grease at their Junction to insure that no leakage would occur at this point. The bottom of the desiccator was filled with water that had been boiled to remove the extraneous air. The specimen to be measured was lowered into the water and suspended by means of an attach- ed string that was run through the tep of the desiccator. The tep of the desiccator was then fitted onto the bottom and turned about half a revolution to insure a tight fit. The string attached to the specimen was then att whsd to the rubber stopper. The rest of the desiccator was filled with water until it overflowed the tep. The rubber stepper was inserted into the top of the desiccator on a slant and then pushed firm- ly into the tep. The twenty ml. burette was then filled with water to the ten ml. mark and inserted into the stopper. All materials used were carefully warmed to 74° F in order that any volume change due to temperature changes would be eliminated. The entire apparatus was then placed in a Constant Temperature Room for observation. This method proved unsatisfactory since the Constant Temperature Room proved impossible to accurated control at temperatures below room temperature. The method was exactly repeated again except that the materials and apparatus were warmed to 78° F before starting. Twenty minutes were allowed, from the time the water was added to the mix until the first reading was taken. for chemical reaction to begin. . This second try also proved unsatisfactory. The Constant Temper- ature Room was much easier to control accurately at this higher temper- ature. However, all readings were inaccurate due to the relatively small volume change experienced and the large equipment used to measure this change. Method Two This method was used to decrease the size of equipment and to use more delicate equipment to measure this small volume change. The equipment used was a wide neck bottle. a number eleven rubber stepper, and a five ml. pipette. A wire ring was attached to the bottom of the rubber stepper to fasten the suspended specimen to. The bottle was filled to overflowing with boiled water. The specimen was then suspended in the bottle by means of a string, the string was attached to the ring in the stopper, and the stopper was in- serted into the bottle. It was found that the best way to insert the stopper was on a slant so that the chance of trapping any air in the bottle would be at a minimum. The pipette was then filled to the three ml. mark with boiled water. The water in the pipette was allowed to run out as the pipette was inserted into the stopper opening in order to eliminate again the chance of trapping any air in the bottle. As the stepper and pipette were forced into the bottle, the water was driven up in the pipette. After several tries, it was found that this procedure would place the water in the pipette at the 2.5 ml. mark. All apparatus and specimens were carefully heated to desired temperature before as- sembling and testing. This method failed because the pressure head in the pipette had not been taken into account. This pressure head exerted a pressure on the bottom of the rubber stopper forcing it up and causing the water in the pipette to drOp below recording levels. The pipettes were refilled with water but the results obtained were too unsatisfactory to record. The pressure head reaction was not discovered until Method Four had been tried. Method Three Method Three was Just a variation of Method Two. The entire procedure explained in Method Two was exactly duplicated. After the stopper and pipette had been inserted, the seams were coated with wax. As soon as the wax had been applied, the entire apparatus was immersed in a vessel containing water heated to experimental temperatures to eliminate any expansion due to the wax heat. The apparatus was then placed in a Constant Temperature Bath and checked. This method also proved unsuccessful due to rebound from the rubber stepper destroying the bond of the wax and the pressure caused by the head in the pipette. Method Four Method Four was a variation of Methods Two and Three. The entire procedure described in Method Two was repeated again with the following variation. The rubber stopper edges and the pipette sides were heavily coated with step cock grease before final assembly of the apparatus. This method also failed. Although at this point the rubber stop- per rebound had been eliminated, there was still the pressure head in the pipette to consider. It must be remembered that, although the pressure head has been mentioned previously to this, it was not discovered until this point. Method Five Method Five is a variation of Method Four. The procedure was an exact duplication of Method Four. However, when the stopper was placed on the bottle, it was wired down by means of a wire leaped around the bottle neck and looped over the stopper diametrically. This method also failed for two reasons. The first was that the wire looped around the bottle neck did not provide much to hold to and slipped off easily. Secondly. the wire caused deformation of the stopper and allowed air to leak into the bottle. Another variation of this method was tried by lOOping two wires 90° apart diametrically over the rubber stepper, butboth difficulties previously described were encountered again. Method Six Method Six was a duplication of Method Four until completion. At this point wood clamps were fixed to the bottle by means of three eight inch carriage bolts and tightened securely. 10 Had it been possible to use the Constant Temperature Room, this method would have proved satisfactory. However. the immersion of the wood into the Constant Temperature Bath caused it to swell, and inaccu- rate results were obtained. Method Seven Method Seven was the final method attempted and it proved satis- factory. Here metal strips were substituted for the wood end pieces and two eight inch carriage bolts were used. This method proved satis- factory because it stepped entirely the rubber stopper rebound and held the stopper from being pushed up by the pressure head. When preven satisfactory, this method was used throughout the rest of the study. 13d METHOD SEVEN - APPKRATUS _ 531 Pipette D- Carris~e Felts Too Pressure Plate 3- Rubber Sterner Better Preecure Plate - 9Tft19 fl .“1 B- A v "5] ll TESTING OF MEASURING METHODS All methods were tested by filling the apparatus with boiled water, omitting the placing of the material to be tested in the apparatus, and then placing it in the Constant Temperature Bath for a twenty-four hour period. If no variation from the original reading, except for evaporation which was recorded by the evaporation standard, was recorded, the method was then accepted as satisfactory and used. DATA The following data were observed and recorded. 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R4... 00.. \N .0 0R0 V5.0 .0.M.R 00 .\ 000\ N0 . 0.0 . Q\ . M0. \\. 0V. ”0 .0 R\.0 “0.0 \0.m.R 0...“. 0Nh.\ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0m. .0 \\ . 0 \0 .MR 0 00.n.\ \nV m < 0 D 4 .U D < KO 3.3 m. 2(Iu “$1349, 3233qu 2.02.045“ aim». 350: 52.» 3.40 uu _mdn ... maowmg onon V. .. 9qu Fszmu -mqug a On~ .erEmu . ..oz_zo_anoaa ...Nn oQU .2.....n.< oz>1 W‘ 0' J! (0/.) 39m: _ IWOWOA _ Conclusions 1. The final method for measuring the volume change was satisfactory and could be used in future tests. This method could easily be used to measure the volume change of concrete mixes by using the same type apparatus but larger in size. 2. The correlation between a concrete mix and a mortar mix could not be set up with the set of data obtained. Although the various cement mortars tested attained the same relative position on the graph as the concrete mixes, the curve tendencies are different. In only one case, Portland Cement- 24 hour, did an early expansion occur and this expansion only lasted for slightly better than a half an hour. In concrete mixes expansion occurs for about the first ten hours and then the contraction takes place according to the existing data. 3. The data comparison tables do not check with adequate accuracy against each other and the whole series would have to be run again and the results checked against each other. 4. The original intent of this thesis has been fulfilled however there was found to be no comparison between the early volume change of a concrete mix and a mortar mix . 'CC _\ LIFFLP 9 .1 . . ' ‘5 I y. ‘I‘ l ’l ‘ .: .w 1, .‘ 715 >161”. ETA TE .JNIVERH'ITY’ I . ‘ ... W W ‘ r . l . . M ‘l I ill I ‘ l . .. N1 .|\ \ 8 I b *l l l 1293 0317 3