129 678 AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF DAIRY PASTURES IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Warren Harding Vincent 1949 v— -. .— ‘5" v.“ ‘1' ‘.._—A -fi— - - '. H.- "’ _ - n o- -a M - __ m I. ‘ ‘— p—a- vu4.. ’w _._ - ——I_p~bq—.” -.-.—-‘r W“ I I U P A. ...:uo-H.g.viuf1 J5»... ..31 1.411.. ..r. _-_ ,....\ ~41}? .... v . , , .. ... . . . a. I . ._ I . . . u . .. , 4 p . . y « . . .. .IbII, OLI'I . « it .‘Dolir. LII.-III I IIII‘OI AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF DAIRY PASTURES IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN BY WARREN HARDING VINCENT A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Muchigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Economics 1949 Warren Eardin3 Vincent EERSOIAL Age - 27 years, June 13, 1949 Reli3ion - Prote§tant Birthplace - Eomer, Kichigan Hei3ht - 5' 10' Nationality - American Yveight — 160 pounds Martial Status - Earried Iiealth - E cell ent EDUCATION High School — homer,l ioni.an, graduated 1939. Colle3e - Hichijgan State Colleg :e, East Lansi 3, Mick:ig3an; Ei3ht-weeks Short Course winter term l940; Four-year course, 1941- Denison University, Granville, Ohio3 1943— 44; hick i3an State Colley e 1946- 47, mduated June 1947, B. S. De3ree in Farm “anauenent. COLLE3E AFFILIATIGES Farmhouse Fraternity and AlphaZeta Agricultural Honorary. Reared on a 200 acre farm of dairy and general farming in Calhoun County, Kichifian. Thirty-six months in the Army servin3 seventeen months in EurOpean and Pacific Theaters. Eighest rank attained, First Ser3eant. Assistant in Research, Hi 1:1:an State Collegge , Farm Management Department, 1947- 48. Conducted field work and compiled monthly and a.nual results of a dairy en- terprise cost study in 13 counties of southeastern Michigan. Engaged at time of writing as extension 8 Farm Hana3ement, Michi3an State College, Michigan. ecialist in' st Lansing, ACKNOWLEDGE-2mm Appreciation is expressed to Dr. K. T. wright for his counsel and suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript. Dr.'W. D. Baten assisted in some of the technical phases of the multiple correlation analysis. Many members of the Farm management Department gave freely of their time and advice for which the author is deeply indebted. CHAPTER I. STA‘ELEKT OF TLE PROBLEM AID DESCRIPTION C HE ‘TUDY Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . The need for the study . . . . . . . . The scope of the study . . . a . . . . Objectives of the study. . . . . . . . Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditions under tr“ich the study was conducted . . . . . . . . . . . II. A REVIEW OF TLE LITE; 1TU§E C] Characteristics of pas ure . . . Methods used in pasture research . . III. HE nEaEthIEYT OF PASTURE 'ALUE The collection and analysis of primary data . . . . . . . actors affectin3 results in pasture evaluation . . . . Computed values of pasture . . . . . . IV. S'IKIQY ’TD EVALUATIOK OF THE STUDY V. .ADDITICYAL .8323.Ch SUGG‘STTD sleiloeg-‘m'm APPEITD 13:33 U1 .p p— n) I4 TABLE LIST CF TAB.ES PAGE Location of 85 Herds in Dairy Cost of Production Study, 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2. Grain Fed Cows on Pasture and Its Relation to Production and Feed Cost Per th. Milk, Detroit Milk Shed, 1947. . . . . . . . . . . 33 5. Imputed Pasture Yield and Selected Variable Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4. Value and Comparison of Yields Per Acre for Selected Forage CrOps. . . . . . . . . . 44 5. Suggested Values Per Acre for Selected Michigan Pasture CrOps . . . . . . . . . . . 45 LIST or FIGURES I”URE PAGE 1. Monthly Milk-Feed Ratio , Hichigan, 1947 and 1935-59 Average . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Days Between Killing Frosts, Selected S.E. Mich. Stations, 1947 and Average of All Recorded Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Inches Precipitation, Selected S.E. Mich. Stations, 1947 and Mean for All Recorded Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Days with Kore Than .01 Inch Rainfall by MOchS, Selected 3. E. Mich. Stations, 1947 and Mean for All Recorded Years . . . . . . ll 5. Average Monthly Rainfall, Standard Deviations by Selected S. E. Mich. Stations, 1947 and All Recorded Years . . . . . . . . l2 Average Monthly Temperature, Selected S. E. Mich. Stations, 1947 and Mean for All Recorded Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Kilk Production Per Cow by Various Levels of Grain Feeding During Pasture Season, 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Feed Cost per th. Milk by Various Levels of Grain Feeding During Pasture season, 1947 O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O CHAPTER I STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.AND DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY Introduction: Man, through the ages, has depended more on pasture than on any other single crop. It is recorded that without pasture there was famine in the days when grazing sheep and cattle provided most of man's food and clothing. The first Biblical reference to pasture is made in Genesis* at a time believe to be nearly 2000 years B.C. As long as man has made use of animals that graze the fields -- for the same period has he realized the economic importance of pasture. He has become eSpecailly aware of its value during the past few hundred years when the area subject to pasturage has become smaller. The nomads of old moved their livestock with the seasons where they could always enjoy the best pasture available. The livestock husbandryman of today is limited to the confines of a Specific area. The extent of this limitation varies widely, but in all cases the owner of livestock is interest- ed in the maximum returns from the land on which his live- stock graze. Pasture evaluation and improvement is a general problem. Since pasture is usually interpreted as the food of livestock gained by grazing, it varies vegetatively from sagebrush to domestic legumes. There is practically no limit to the kinds of grazing livestock. This wide diversity *Genesis 47:7 2 of plants and animals under consideration has been a com- plicating element in the study of pasture values. Further complications come from wide variation in soil and climatic conditions. Even when these complications are met by limit- ing the problem to Specific conditions, one is always faced with the lack of a suitable unit of measure for pasture. In Spite of the general obstacles in pasture re- search, the problem becomes very Specific and important on the individual farm. 0n farms with a high percentage of till- able land, pasture is considered a Specific crop and part of the crOp rotation -- providing livestock is a major en- terprise on the farm. On farms with nontillable land used as pasture the problem becomes one of increasing the produc- tivity of the land by improving the pasture management prac- tices used. In either case, the entrepreneur is faced with a Specific management problem. The increasing emphasis placed on soil conservation adds impetus to the problem as do new developments in forage utilization. The Need for the Study: The need for the study can be stated rather Specifically as follows: 1. The cattle population in Michigan was esti- mated at more than 1.8 million head on January 1, 1949. (32) Over three-fourths of the farms of Michigan reported cows and heifers being milked in the 1945 Census of Agriculture. (33) In 1945, the cash farm receipts from the sale of dairy products amounted to more than 157 millions of dollars in Michigan, which was about a third of the total 3 cash farm receipts for the state. (31) This predominance of dairying in Michigan makes a widespread interest in and need for investigation in the fundamentals of cattle feed- ing. Pasture comprises a large portion of the feed con- sumed by dairy cattle. Thus, pasture research warrants strong consideration because it represents a phase of cattle feeding in which much information is lacking. 2. A systematic approach to the value of pastures is desired by farmers, teachers, and extension workers. They have been lacking specific and consistent information concerning pasture value. Uniformity in viSWpoint is de- sired eSpecially by Dairy Herd Improvement.Associations and Similar organizations where pasture evaluation is of major concern. 3. Farmers interested in dairy cost accounting in most cases have been forced to appraise pasture in terms of its rental value. Due to the immobility of pasture and to the imperfections of the pasture market, they have felt rental rates do not accurately reflect standards which are generally applicable. There is a need to establish more un- iform rates, particularly for different Species of pasture plants. 4. The need for pasture is generally recognized in the organization of the farm because of its soil conserv- ing prOpertieS and because of the cr0p of hay which may be harvested from a field the same season it is pastured. On some farms these needs are considered primary, and the contribution in the form of animal feed from grazing is undervalued. The complete evaluation of pasture in its re- lation to other crops involves a comparison of the inputs to the pasture in the form of labor, seed and materials with outputs in the form of nutriments to grazing livestock and its contribution to soil maintenance. Determining the value of pasture to dairy cattle is an important phase of the problem of complete pasture costs and returns. The Scope of the Study: Investigations in pasture research include many phases of farm organization and opera- tion. They overlap in agronomy, animal husbandry and animal nutrition, soil conservation, and farm management. This study is confined to pastures used by dairy cattle. Mbre Specifically, it iS limited to the mature dairy herd excluding all young stock. Objectives of the Study: 1. To review research in pasture evaluation to see if there exists a technique suitable for evaluating Michigan dairy pastures. If none is available; attempt to deve10p one. 2. To isolate and determine, if possible, the affects of the sundry variables on efficient utilization of dairy pasture. Such variables as amount of supplementary feed fed during the pasture season, length of pasture season, and season of freshening were considered. 3. To classify, if possible, the various combinp ations of crops and acreages used for pasture and determine the most productive system in the observed sample. 4. To determine the value of pasture when used by cows in the production of milk. Hypotheseg: 1. A.necessary part of the study has been to describe existing pastures used by dairy cattle. Hypothe- tically, it could be stated that there is wide variation in the amounts and kinds of pasture provided dairy cows. 2. The effects of several variables on pasture utilization can be measured statistically by multiple cor- relation. It was thought that from a mass of data contain~ ing complete costs and income the influence of a given.var- iable on pasture utilization could be measured by holding other variables constant at their average values. 3. Since the values assigned pasture by the co- Operators in this study were, for the most part, arbitrary, it seemed desirable to test their validity. It was asserted that if the yield of a given pasture could be measured, then a monetary value could be ascribed and the result com- pared with existing rental rates. Conditions Under Which the Study was Conducted: For background to some of the conditions existent during the time of this study a few economic and climati- 1ogical situations were investigated. The monthly milk-feed ratio is reviewed in figure 1. There was a seasonal widening of the ratio from June to November for the period 1935-39. One pound of milk would C‘\ buy over a pound more of ration in Movember than in June. In 1947, the amount of ration that a pound of milk would buy increased by less than a quarter of a pound from June until November. This condition of an unfavorable milk-feed ratio has relevance to the problem of pasture evaluation if it resulted in reduced quantities of feed fed. In practice, it was found that many herds were fed large quantities of grain in Spite of their high prices. It is asserted that ac- curate pasture evaluation is aided when a minimum of supple- mentary feed is fed. Then it is possible to attribute the feeding responses to pasture without the question of how much is due to pasture and how much is due to other feed. Since the feeding program in many herds did not seem to follow the pattern eXpected from an unfavorable milk-feed ratio, the significance of this condition is some- what diminished. The investigation of climatological conditions revealed a more suitable year for pasture growth in 1947 than the normal for the region. Although the average grow- ing season was shorter (figure 2), the above average rain- fall in August and September benefited pastures in 1947 (figure 3). The average rainfall was above average every month from May to Movember except in October and November. The aggregate rainfall was not only greater, but also fell during more days of the month than the average (figure 4). The distribution of rainfall over the region was not uniform, however. This is pointed out in figure 5 which illustrates E M] E w. . . E «E M E M ._ .< a d E _ . . .E . , I. .. . E . . E . _ . . . . . . E . . E . . .. . .. . E E E. . E .E E . E H M .. E. . . . E E . E . . . I . . E . _ E ... E ._ . . . . E . . E . E .. I E . E . . I I I I II t IIQ‘III)¢ I .11. I . b I . A I I IIIIoIIlIIII 1%.. )o I p I I I I a I I I o . I I v.1 I .IuIIIII)? I1Iro1ro1IIIIII III 0 Ifll I 1 I f I C I! o OIIII I 1.1110161 III .. flIrII..v.IIIIIb.I EIIIIII ..+ 91411 I I {til I I I III III I I II I I p I I . e . I I.I cII1§II1I «. 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IIIIIIIIIII...I 170.1; .0 IIIIILIIIIILvIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIrII.1. . .. . . . . . . , . .. . .. E . I I. . . . I . E E .E . . E . . . a CH. E . . . . . . .. .E. . . IM. I . . . + . . .. v. . I E . I I . I . _ I E. I . E I . I E E .E . .. . . ... .E I . ..... . . .I . . E E .~ I _ . E .+ I I E ..E. I I IE .E .E I u E ... . I I. .. I I I . I IIWI . .I I W . . . a . . “1 ..r . .E . . a . . I I I > ...E...E..... I . 141 I . E .. . 114 1|. 1 . . OHEE . E . . . ... .. . . E . . I . a . .E E I . I .. . . I . . . . I. . o. I . I E. . .E . .. . o . . I. .. . . I . . .E I . . I I .o . . E . . I . . I E . I . . E . . E . I o . I . .+. . E . I E I f I E . . . E. . E . . y . E .w. . m E I . . .. . . I .. . . . . . b . . . . .4 ... . . . . E ... ..E . . . I a . . I.?o.II.4.1II(III¢IolIIIII+§|IIII II I jw'EIEIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I III IIIHIIIIIIII ITIIIIL IIIIA I I 1+ . I I LEV +1 I.. I A I I w .ETI 1 4.: .1911 . . I. o . . I . I . E . .. E I. I I . I E o I I . VI. II I I E . .E. . . . . .. . E E. . . I ... ... . o . . . . I . . . . E .E I .... . E. . . . . I I . . . . . I + .. . . .I . . I I- . E . ... . I. . E .. . ... E. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . ... . .E... E. I. . .... “I H . 1 E E H I” I E. W L t r L. . L E w . 4 III. . I ( E 1 4 I . . E. . E. . . . . I . E E.. I . . E . . I . I I . .. . . I . o . . . . «I I E I . .I. o . ..E .o . .E . I .I . . .E E .E. . I... ... . . E.. E.. I. .. ... ...E... ..HI.. .I . ....r ..... ......, ..E ... E ..E.. E.. .....E I... I . . . .I . .E.. I . ..E . .. ...... I ..IE. .. . I. . . .. . H....Ev....... . .. ..E . . E . I . I . . ....E ..... ...E . .... .... ..I . .... . ..... II... . .E.. .. . .....4.. ..E. .H. I . E I. .. . .... TI II IIIIITEV III VIIQIII.Q.- rIIa 0+Ir$+OIIIIEIIWIIIvv IEII '- IIETIOOQLT >110...- »I 10 7.441 III V r v I vI ((1. JI OIIOI. 30.? I+IIIII|IIITP9|I IS I III E I I IeIIIII VI I'IfIIOIIIEYIiVIbIIIIi I .. . . . I . .. ... . . _ I E. . I I . . . o . . . I . I . II ... . . I . . I o . I . I I E . . .I . I I . II.H I E . I I ... I » ... . . .E. . .... ...E. ...... E . II... . .. . E. ... .IE . ........ ...III. . .. E. . . ...... II.IH... .....E . . .. . E . . .E... Ir. I . . . .. I... I. E. . . I I .. . . . . . . . . . . .4. . I . .E. I. I I . . E I I . .I I I .«. . .. . . . . . . . .I .. E I .M . . .. E .. ... I ..E. . . . . . . . . .. . I . . . . . . . I . . . . I. - I . I . . . . E . . .. . . . I . . . .r . E E. E . _. I I E E . .. I E I . . H . a H a . § III, 8 diagrammatically the standard deviations for monthly rain- fall of selected stations in 1947 and of the all time averages for the same stations. This indicates that the month of least uniformity in rainfall was August. The season of Spring and Fall were "late" in 1947 based on average monthly temperature (figure 6). The cold spring is related to this study if many farmers were forced to pasture more land than usual because of an inp ability to fit and sow for the usual spring crops. It is recognized that weather and economic condi- tions affect pasture use. however, no attempt to measure their effects was made in this study. These conditions have been merely presented here to provide a background of conditions existing while the study was made, fi§ "v'---~‘-I.¢ .i 1 3 < < 3A 4 4 1 4 3 . . i . . . a - -. a. -. 3. a . . H. . M . . . _ . . . . a, u d a a . . . .. _ . .. . ._ . .. . . . . _ .. m . . . . . . H . .M . - . - u . . . . . . . . . .i . o . _ k . .+ _ . .. o . . . .t.' .9 3.3333sl ..-|> . . .3 a .- H .. . v . a . _ o nurD-133......-v..-3u...-n.>.t -Y 33. . . . . . . . ..q ...-3233- .l..ov.A-v. .t-un .... - . . . - . ~43 . .-.-3-... .-.-11-3.? . - i a _. .. . . h N . . . . a. ... i 13 . h . . . . . . . . . . . . q . . . .. . _ ., . _ o . . 4 . . . h. * . . .. a . - . . - . . _ .- . . . .. l .. . * ,. . . _ i i. . . . . . .. . . .4: - - 3.....3-3 . a. ... . . . . . . . - _ » t 1 .3 I-.. m1 . . n .. .. . P 3 .1 . .. . . < . . a . - L. + - n . _ ... .. . i . . . . .. Ac _ . n 3 _ . . . V . . . _ . ... . . a . . _ . . U . .. . . . . A H. . _ . . . . n M .- _ . .. . . v . . . _ . . - _ . . . . . . ._ . .. . . _ _ .- - 333..3.3.37.1...3... 6333.. 4..-.4.---....... ....l..;.. .. _ u i . . . . _ ...-..--..-3..---._..-..3-...-.-.-33.3,--.1-.-. .. . . _ 4 , ..o _ _ . . a -F-..633£.....Lvo.3o 1 a..¢.3to%3-33..-an . . . . .. .. . -. . . . . . \0 . l - . - -- --.-3- . . .. _ _ . T .. . _ a l . . . 7 . .. r . . , . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . a , . . - .. -. a . . . . _ . . . . . . M H .. . . i . . .H ,H . . .. n . . - . m I . . k . . . . i a . 3+3 0 0 . . r . . .4. . . 3 4 4 4 . . w a 4 . _ . . . . . H . . . l4 s- 3 4 . . . o h .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . + . . . . . . _ . . . . . m . . fl . . . . r + +3 33- .3- i333}... ...-...r .. _ - :4. . i . _ . . . .....-.:.....---.+.--..--. 3... ...- . -. . _ . . . _ n :; . . . :, . . _, . . . i; _ . . . . e. . The. .. -|I3 fi vs ..3..IA3I49 - . . A . . . _. . ._ . . . . . . . . . . n . . _ . .. . . - . . _ . . AV.Y. . n . . . . N H ._ W . . . .. . H i H . . i H a J r ,, .--...- .__ ..--3-3-31... -L V . a * . . . . _ v . . . . . . o . . . H H . . , h . 0 a .3- I 4 33.- \.3L 30.303333“ . "l . . . . . _ _ . _ 3' I33- 99339 .7 1 — . . _ _ . ...T. . . , 33.33 3'30 3 . . _ v s 333.3- 33-3337.-- .. .. . i . _ H . . . _ ._ i U _ t . i . fad _ . _ . . . _ . . . . A . . - . . . . C v . . fl .. . . , i . i . . . i. . . . ...}. ...-... ... 1. . . l . . w . . . . ._ . . .- .33.... -..-3-... - . C. . . . i .. h . .:....L. . .. i . p . . . . . . .m‘wr. 0......vcs ...-s ..A a . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . M . . . . . . u -. _ .. - . . . .b s N _ i _. . . . . . i L. a . . w . . - - Adv _- . . . . . 4 0 q 4 . . . . . _ _ M a . - - . . l i i. . . . . . i . Si . _ .. .- i # _ . a H . L _ . . . . . . 4 . i .... m . . i ._ . . _ . . . ; _ . . . . . r. .. _ . . ,- .- . __ ._ a . . . i . ..--3.3.. o .3344-..,...-I. -... -+ ......d.. 333-- -uI-.-.- - . . — .- . _ . . . 3!. Ino\~.. .0...I.u34n --..-i30.1..i . . 4 . . . a . . . . . --. ..3.:....- a H . . . _. . l. . . 0 ‘33-33-34. n . o-3n.vn..-.c.-33#-nl H V M M . . .. . . .. . . . H . e“ . . . 333... .13 . \ . . _ _ . . . _ .. . F a .. -. _ . . . . . m. . t. . _ . . . . . . . u . . -33- 3 333 . . i u . _ . . . . . . . . . 3 L63 3.0. a ...- 3 . . , p _ " .-.3-3-3-.--3» J .. .a - i . . a _ . . ed l a . 33. A A 14% v .1333 36335; 33.333. 1. t ...31! I 13: . 0|- . u . . . . . . . * . - . . t . _ . _ - I. - . -. 313- .3l . . . . . ... . . n - . . -. . . a. r u . . a . . ., . . g y . . a N ..H . . . - fip . . . .3 H.3- ..3333 . . . .. . . . f . . . x Q . 3- -43 - .J . . - - . + 333 ..A-. V. 0 33.33.- 34 . a . . u . a . . 3b.!3-ol136v .o*....-clto.-.39..4l«33Av3.cnl.u3. 0 11 3 . . . H . . .. o . .. . 3.53313; - - .... - .32 :33 3 - . o - ELI-.9 . -3 .33 iv 33-. 9 . .4 ... .. . . l _ .. - .. n . - . f . . w -.3-7... 33311. .-.--.. . .. . . . . . . . . l . 7 ... .._ . . . . . .. i , . .. i . . i . _ . . . . q q . .. g s . .. ~ . __ . a -. KL_ i . . . _ » 0 . . i . .. . .. . i . s . - 3 1 .. v . _ . b V + _ . . ‘ . _ _ u a . _. . H 3 H . .. . ._ .. _ ._ . . . n. a a . 3 4 . . . . - u . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . e . . . .. . . ~ . .. . . . . - 33 I I .. t - VIA-13-3%.. . n . Y. . 3v .- m . . . . . . s _ a .. . . s . ¢ ‘ ollka-olo-9333vlouov..v. 1133-9.... .ua333. +— . o A ‘1 . . . n. . . . i . .... - 3.3:... 71.33.: A: ...-..3 . _ . . 3 S. . t. . .. . fi- H. 3633.... - 3..--..........-_r.-.- .- ... .. ... .-.-h w h . . r . .. . . . . . _ . .. . ..-. _ . r . . . l l . . . a . fl . . . _ l. . IQ .. . M . . . . . . . . . .. - rc~ . _ . 5 u A q o o . . . . . * . .. _ |.. ... 33 .33333 . . . . . . . ~ . . . H . e .P w 31 - H w 0*“ 333+, . to . . . . a .. u k A .v)LY3o b . 4 . Y H w .. .. m . I A . _ .. 333391333 I 333330 f .- u 4 1 . a . . . r . . - u M . . . . _ . - . a . _ . o . ... . . . .. . . .. . . u . . . A. . p . a . . . . . . . . . _ i i . . . . _ _ .. . .. 3.-.: . V . . . . * V . . . . -. .-.-... . .:.-.:.‘v. o .. .3 1.. -¢ . 3.».«3- 1.7 . d .. * _ * . p . . +...3vc3-. . .o.. . .:.-... ...;..c . _ - u L _ . : . _ .. . . . . . .. .. . ... u- . 4 . . . . . AVA“... . . fit...-.P....wn.- ..-.. . ...-.-.... ..-.. w.... .. .. b . . u u _ _. . . _ - H J. . . . . . . _ . . . . . .. . . . _ _9_ h- .. _ . , . . F . . . . . . . . . . . . P .. H . H . . H + . . h p - L w 1.] . .3 u . p b 4 l u . .. _ . _ 3F 4 _ . . . . _ v . . . - g . . . l 1 o . 4 m . . - . * . A. ., * . . H H H . ’ . . . . . 1 . . .. . . . _ ~ . . A .. .,¢¢3.I..v~n..o ‘q i . M . n . . * . . n . $ A on 34 I 1 0-33 I! 1 1 . y . a . A .033 v 5 .vi file. 1|: . o . u u . + u r O U 4 S. s 4. M o a o 39- Q |3I-- 40-3 ‘3-I- v.0. I‘A ~ 7 c u u i . . . H . . -_,:.-..- .. . n _ . i _ _ . e. n n . . .A.33-.- .a..9330. 13.1. .... llucO . - . A . . i 7...... -+..n~.o.‘ . W . . . a _ . . . .. . o. ... . . .. .. n . . . . i .1 i M _ . n N y. w -. ..hi 0 . . .. ... . . . . a. .. . a . . _ . 3.3..3-¢-a-.o;3 I .333+:-3|vnl .iI3l3-3.33.-33.x . k . . . _ _ . >3I. 3.+.-o-.t.-¢-a-o33-3Llol 1 . . . . . .. _ - - . a . u -.3l3 ...:3 . . . . . - .l . . + L- 3: -- . i _ n . . . . . . . n.+u H “ .:.-1.23.33? -. -. 3 3-. . - i . . a . . . . . .M . N H h . N . . _ . H J N . u - . _ . . a . H . . Fr "-3-3.th9.-tl¢3'3v334-.01333Lv 3-.4.~voH-uuu0:.c. H . .. 4 . . . . - .... . . . U . . . w. 3.. .. v33I. -¢ua+n6u.l33lolv...4¢.-o3-Alvltooo.|3. . s + . . . «.. . S . . 4 . ._ . T...- ... . .-.-..+ . . . _ . . ... . . . . . . - . . . _ .n . . . . . o . a . . s . . . . . . . - . . . . . . .. . . . 1.. . . _ . . . . w a k I 4 . p .. . . . * b p r 4 A 4 1 ‘9“ .. v . . ... ... .4 w _ . . . n 1 - _ . . . . . . . .. i . r r F 3 a. l . . . . . N . _ . 1 L s 3. . . i . + .. . .- _ . h .F . . _ . . . . . . . .330; . . . _ . . . . . . . .- ..; a 33 I A . . . 0303 .- 3 1 333-33 0‘ . o b 3a .. . . . l . H . . . .-_ ...:- . .1 -...:..:..3-.-.;.-. H. ,. . W . u . . i o . . . . . . . . ..- .. . v o .. .. v.o......3.o.-na . . - . e . . . . -. ‘ . u-tp. I. . 39307039: - v 45-. . . v4. . .0 . . o v. . . v . - . o . . v _ p . . . . . . . w . T o. *. . -. . l . . . . i P. ._ . . . _ . h .. . . . e . . . .- - n . . . . . _ . - _ . . . . . . . . b R . t 3 > . a . . . - .. . . _ . . _ . a 0 ~ 4 4 ... . . . . . . p 3 -. p . . . . . . - 3- H . . . . _ . . m. m .. F ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ... . . . .H . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . -. v 3‘ 14333 33-10 _ . . . . . . . . .. 4 . . . .. .. - a .. . ..L.nc-c»o3.H.I-r.wn3- 3-33.».vv333fi333.3.1-3nvg 33+: 0 A . N- A .. .7 - . . . .. . J _ A 03-33303.3I qlv.b3d+u .....‘.193ci.-0.~to- _ . . _. ... .4 . . . .. . . . . . . .. . ..-4i-.- ...-. o..o-i-v.iT-3.-+3 - . . . ... . . .. . .. - .a... -..-.... . . . . .....3..--....T...o§iv?-....04. -.. . .. .... . . . . . . . . . +.-3.>3-3.- . -a3.- -3 .o l . - . . . . . ... .. . _ k . . ... . ... .....vr. . . * .. - . . . ... .. . ..- . .. . . ..H .. . » . .- a. .. . . _ . .- . A . .... .- .. . . - . - . . ... . _ o . . . . -_- > . . .. . . . n. M ... . - . - . . . . . o . .. A 3 r P 4 L‘ . . . . u . . . ... 3 . 4 . . .v .. ... .- . o . . h . . .... . . W 3 3 . .. .. ..... . -. . . a .. ... . ... .. - . - - o - a. - v. o -. o-v... . we... ... o... ... . -.-.. o . 3... y. +. - h . H ....~ . . -¢. ..3..~v .- . .... . . . .. .. . ... . ...-H. 3.3 r 3 4 . .3 w ......4... . -. .. . or: .u . _. cl ..4. o u; .u n r... . 0.. to o . v o o 133: ..- vb n 333! 0‘3 33 A - - . . u . . . . . . - - . . o . . . o . . . - . . - .. . . v 3 . . - - . . - . - . 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H H: . ... .1 H....1. ... .1 1 .1... v.11 . . ..-.--Iy.1+.. .1111... .1... . .. H . .1... . . .1 H. ....1 . . . 1v 1 1”... . .1 o . .1 1.1+v1r1 11v 1... . ...... .1.‘ . H .. . . .. .- . ¢. .1 . .... . .1 1 H 1 r r r _~.. .... H . 1.-H . 1 . - . .. . _ . 1 .H 1 P . 1 . . » 1r| > > r fi _ 1 1 . .H . .1 1| .1.» 1 1 1 1 1 1 . F r > l4 ' CHAPTER II A REVIEW or THE LITERATURE Matter pertaining to pasture culture and use has been written in abundance. While a sincere attempt was made to become thoroughly familiar with the problem, this review falls short of consideration for all written matter on the subject. The intent was to become familiar with the problem of pasture evaluation rather than to make a compre— hensive digest of literature dealing with all phases of pasture culture and use. Material has been drawn chiefly from experiment station bulletins and articles from techni- cal journels. .Characterigtics of gasture: Determining the characteristics of pasture was considered the first step in becoming familiar with the problem. The following ques- tions suggest the type of information sought in the study of secondary data: What characteristics distinguish pasture from other crops in its culture, land use, method of harvest, measure of yield and utilization? Is its price consistent with the feeding value of pasture consumed? What difficul- ties in the measurement of yield are peculiar to pastures? The problem of pasture evaluation as it effects the individual farm has been aptly stated by L'Hote (17) which adds emphasis to the purpose of this study: "Farmers have always had the problem of deter- mining the amount to charge for the various classes of livestock for the pasture used during the year. Usually the amount charged has been an arbitrary 15 figure. It often happens that a farmer actually has no basis for estimating the charge and consequently he may charge pasture to a particular class of live- stock at too high or too low a rate. If he charges pasture at too high a rate, feeding efficiency with his class would appear low, and if he continues do- ing this, he may eventually decide to dispose of the enterprise. In reality, if the correct charge for pasture were made, the enterprise may be operating on a paying basis. If the pasture is charged at too low a rate, a livestock enterprise may be kept that actually is not paying for itself." Hence the first characteristic of pasture to be considered is that of a non-uniform price from farm to farm. Pasture is considered a cheap feed but eXplana- tions for its cheapness vary. L'Hote (l7) attributes the cheapness to its immobility. It must be harvested by live- stock and since there are usually few bidders in the market, the rental value is less than its real value. Bidders are limited because the prOSpective buyer must have livestock and they must be close enough to facilitate moving them economically from the home farm to the rented area. Beyond this, there must be a scarcity of pasture on the home farm to warrant moving the livestock to another area. The con- ditions of pasture scarcity and that of having several in- terested parties are not common so the prOSpective renters are few and the market is not competitive. Another reason for pasture being considered a cheap feed is thatthe output is usually high for the amount of inputs eXpended. Sample (24) explains that even annual and other temporary pastures which may cost as much to produce as grain crops, are harvested by livestock with 16 practically no labor cost. There is, of course, much var- iation in the relative output of different pasture; Basically, pasture is a cheap feed because acre- wise it is a commodity of abundance. Most farms have more pasture than can be utilized by enterprises such as hogs and poultry. Bottom (5) carries this idea further to state that "since the marginal use of a product determines its value, pasture values do not get far out of line with the value of pasture in the great plains areas". An exception to this rule is cited in whole milk consumption areas. In these areas the importance of dairying limits the produc- tion of cattle and sheep and the marginal use becomes more intensive and the price of pasture becomes higher. Ybung (34) asserts that because the contribution of pasturage to the total feed supply is difficult to measure it is therefore commonly underestimated. None of these eXplanations satisfactorily answers the question of how to evaluate pasture if it is not being offered on the market. In this case, it is no longer a problem of what would a buyer be willing to pay, but what contributions does it make to the farm economy? According to Bottom (5) there are two main contributions of pasture: (l) to conserve and improve productivity of the soil and (2) to provide a source of livestock feed. Neither of these contributions have been satisfactorily measured. The method of comparing pasture with non-pasture has been a common technique. This establishes comparative 17 values but the results are usually lacking in concrete statistics. In comparing crOps in relation to their soil maintenance effects, Semple (24) states, "In addition to losing less soil by erosion than cultivated land, well managed grazing land loses less fertility because less is taken from the soil by pasture plants and part of that which is removed is restored directly through the excrement of grazing animals". The problem of comparing quantities of feed pro- duced by pasture with that of other crOps becomes even more difficult than comparing their effects on the soil. Semple (24) attributes this difficulty to the fact that pastures are usually found on the poorer lands and to the lack of practicable means of determining the quantity or composition of the pasturage consumed. ‘ 4 It is essential to the farmer that a objective technique for comparing pasture andrmnppasture crOps be determined. It is through a comparative process that the farm Operator makes his plans for farm organization. The crops will be selected that will contribute most to his par- ticular farm economy. One of the considerations taken by the entrepre- neur in this process of comparison is that of the contribution of feed from a nutritive point of view. True evaluation is difficult, as pasture production in weight or volume may be low, but nutrient analysis may be such as to result in a.high value. 18 It has been established by WOOdward (30) and Semple (24) that when grown on fertile soil and harvested at the prOper stage of growth, pasture contains most of the substances for perfect nutrition. So, a feed with high nutritive value may be listaias one important charac- teristic of pasture if it is grazed at a prOper stage of growth. The nutritive value of pasture is clearly recog- nized by many but is prompting further research by techni- cians. Huffman of the Michigan Experiment Station is con- ducting extensive research along lines of pasture nutrition to determine more complete and satisfactory reasons for the tremendous reSponse to pasture in the way of increased milk production by dairy cattle than have thus far been pre- sented. Summary: One phase of the review of literature was directed toward determining characteristics which had primary relevance to an economic appraisal of pasture. Botanical classification and descriptions of physical pro- perties were not of major concern. The primary characteristics considered are sum- marized as follows: 1. There has been non-uniformity in expressing the value of pasture. 2. Pasture, as compared to grain crOps, is a product of abundance acre-wise and thus there is little competition in the market for it. l9 3. Pasture is immobile and must be utilized at the point of production which prohibits its utility to but a few. 4. Pasture has two primary functions, soil main- tenance and improvement and to provide a source of livestock feed. Quantitative measurement of both functions has been difficult. 5. Pasture is considered a profitable crop be- cause of a low input requirement and because the end product (a valuable feed) is consumed by the grazing animal at practically no cost to the cattle owner. Methods Used in Pasture Research: Many problems connected with pasture research have already been dis— cussed. It is not surprising that with a wide variety of conditions and problems involved that there would be numer- ous methods of pasture research. The lack of uniformity and the quest for still other methods by farmers and tech— nicians are positive indications that none are completely acceptable. The wide range of variables affecting pasture culture and use suggest in themselves numerous research techniques in measuring pasture value. Schuster (22) reports 13 different methods of pasture evaluation used by 12 stations and the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. Each station reported one or more of the methods being used so that it was possible to deter- mine the most commonly used technique. The methods followed 20 at the time of the survey was taken are as follows: profit, hay weights, clippings, cattle weights, sheep weights, photographs, surveys, carrying capacity, milk flow, plant population, chemical analysis, palatability, and duration of grasses. These and other methods will be considered in this review. Ahlgren (1) lists the following three prere- quisities for a research method if it is to be most effec- tive: "(1) Be relatively ineXpensive, (2) be reliable and reasonably unbiased, and (3) provide results within a reason- able time. Methods of measurement must take into considera- tion the many variables occasioned by differences in Species, relative palatability, stage of growth, management, fertil- ity, and climate". Profit: If profit is to be used as the measure of pasture value, it is necessary to consider increases in animal weight, increase in milk production and increase over investment and interest on investment, according to Schuster (23). In research of this type it becomes extreme- ly difficult to control the many variables involved under farm conditions. The eXpense connected with conducting a controlled experiment when sufficient numbers of animals are used is almost prohibitive. The value of pasture for beef cattle is frequently credited as the increase in body weight times the price of market beef. It is analagous to multiplying the price of milk by the milk production during the summer and crediting the product to pasture. The fal- lacy of these plans lies in the failure to recognize the part the animals played in the end product. Age, stage of 21 production, inheritance, and health of the animals are factors effecting the production during the pasture season. Also, there are many other items such as building expense and interest on animal investment that are omitted from the profits analysis, but which effect the final result. One test of reliable research is to obtain the same results by duplicatingthe eXperiment. It would be difficult for the technique of profits to withstand this test because of the large number of variables involved. hay Weimhts and Clippings: These methods can be considered together because they involve manual cutting of the pasture plant. They involve little expense and are easily conducted. Schuster (23) and Ahlgren (1) have dis- credited the use of hay weights because they represent the growth and production of meadows for hay and not for pasture. It is assumed that the yield for a field is the same whether the forage is cut once or several times. Wiggans (28) and Stapledon (25) have shown that yield decreases with addi- tional cutting (as would be the case under grazing condi- tions). Nevins (18), on the other hand, has expressed satisfaction with clippings in the determination of pasture yield. however, on the basis of total digestible nutrients, Jones (15) has found higher yields under the clip plot method than under grazing conditions. This occurred even when allowances were made for gain in animal weight and a low digestibility for the pasturage. Similar results have 22 been experienced by Gardner, gt a; (11), Brown and helm (9), Hodgson, et a; (14), Brandt and Ewalt (6), and Ahlgren, gt a; (2). The clip plot method is, therefore, limited in use unless a definite grazing-mowing ratio can be determined. This plan has been suggested by Knott (15). Cattle Weights and Sheep Weights: The methods of cattle and sheep weights will be considered together because they require similar analysis. They have the advantage of harvesting pasture by livestock under actual grazing condi- tions. However, the number of animals required for reliable statistics make it costly to conduct. This objection is more easily overcome by using sheep instead of cattle for larger numbers may be kept without excess expense. Ahlgren (1) points out that data obtained with one class of live- stock are not readily applied to other classes of livestock. This means the kind of animal should be used for which the results are to apply. Grazing habits and tramping effects of sheep and beef cattle are entirely different and it is likely that their reapective effects on the sward will differ. The chief problems in using this method lie in the proper selection of animals, weighing of animals and the following of recommended practices relative to the feed- ing of supplementary feeds. Photographs: Photography as a method of pasture evaluation is a means of portraying differences in the con- ditions of pastures. Photographs are ineffective when these differences are small. however, they are extremely valuable in supporting experimental data. Schuster (23) 23 has reported that it was impossible to distinguish accurate ratings for various grass mixtures and fertilizer treatment by use of photographs. he concluded that photographs were of little value in themselves. §gpyeyg: The survey method of pasture evaluation involves the gathering of primary data from the farm Opera— tor by means of a questionnaire. The survey method has limited use in pasture research because the data are ordi- narily inaccurate and contain enough bias to reduce their re- liability. They are valuable, however, in gaining general impressions of pasture conditions and in becoming familiar with the major areas to be investigated by other means. Carrying Capacity: The term, carrying capacity, has common usage in describing the productive ability of pastures, but has certain limitations when carefully analyz- ed. These limitations have been summarized by Brown and White (8) as follows: "(1) No record of supplementary feed provided is supplied, (2) neither maintenance requirements nor gains and losses in weight are considered, and (3) no distinction is made in the requirements of high and low-pro- ducing milking cows". Because these limitations have con- siderable significance it is felt by Ahlgren (1) that the term carrying capacity has limited use. The "standard cow day" proposed by Knott, g; a; (16) eliminates the objectional features of the term carrying capacity. From previous experimental data Knott concluded that if a 1350 pound cow consumed 16 pounds of TDN per day, 24 this would enable her to meet her body maintenance require- ments and produce about 17 pounds of 3.5% milk. From this basic data the standard cow day was defined as a unit in which an animal obtains 16 pounds of TDN from pasture per day. This expression has gained wide acceptance and will undoubtedly grow in use as a means of describing the produc- tivity of a pasture. Milkggroduction: When the production of pasture is expressed in terms of milk production the same limita- tions are encountered that were discussed in the method of profits. The many variables affecting milk flow may obscure the results and lead to false interpretation. However, this technique is easily interpreted by farmers which is an at- tribute often lacking in more exact scientific procedures. It is possible that many of the variables can be controlled by recommended procedures for selection, allotment of animals, weighing of animals, and in the use of supplementary feeds. EXperiments of this type, however, are relatively eXpensive and thus are somewhat limited in use. Plant Population: Palatabilitv: andfiQuration of Grasses: These three methods of pasture evaluation have been treated briefly by Schuster (23) as follows: “These are all contributing factors to some of the other factors that have been discussed. They furnish an explanation for some of the results that have been obtained and are very valuable". 25 Ahlgren (1) has concluded that even if palatabil- ity is established as a significant factor in the value of pasture forages it is only one of the many factors affect- ing their nutritive values. Because of this, he questions its use as a sole means of measuring the results of pasture research. Evaluation on the basis of "duration of grasses" has been replaced by more specific and precise techniques. Information relating to the survival of Species is import- ant, according to Ahlgren (l), but must be combined with other data to be of most value. Chemical Analysis: From Ahlgren's (1) review of the exhaustive critiques by Beeson (3) and Orr (19) on the chemical composition of forage it was learned that mineral content is an important factor in determining its feeding value. Its association with livestock growth, and protein content and succulence of plants has been determined by chemical analysis. When used with other methods it may help to eXplain difference in soil, plant and animal relation- ships which are not readily detected otherwise. It has helped solve problems of malnutrition and toxicity in cer- tain regions. Other valuable data have been obtained by chemical analysis, but Ahlgren (1) has concluded that in- sufficient comparisons of these analyses and digestion trials have been made to accurately predict results to be expected by feeding forages. Therefore, the results as applied to livestock feeding are, inadequate by themselves. 26 Total Digestible Yutrients: During recent years the total digestible nutrient method of determining the productivity of pasture has gained prominence. It consists of calculating the total TDK requirements for body mainten- ance, change in body weight, and milk production for the cow while on pasture. The calculated TDH from supplemen- tary feed is subtracted and the residual is assigned to pasture. This method has been used by Forbes, 33 a; (lO) and Knott, it 31 (16). Others, including Sprague (25), Ahlgren, 23 a; (2), Nevens (18), Robinson, gt a; (21), Schaller, 23 a; (22), Young (34), Gorton (l2), and warren and Williamson (28) have followed this procedure with minor changes. L'Hote (17) used net energy units expressed in 'therms instead of TDN. Ahlgren (1) reviews this method as follows: "The total digestible nutrient method is considered by many to be the best available means of evaulating pasture practices on the basis of milk-producing dairy cattle." The merits of this method are given by Knott (16) as follows: "The factors of maintenance, amount of production, gain or loss in live weight and amount of supplementary feed all need to be considered in making pasture comparisons or evaluating pastures where producing dairy cows are the grazing animals. The calculation of the yield of pastures in terms of total digestible nutrients seems to be the only method that per- mits consideration of these factors". Further discussion 27 on this method is made in the text of Black, gt a; (4). "The most difficult estimate to make is that of the amount of feed obtained from pasture. The method of total digest- ible nutrient yield is the best available. It consists of calculating the amount of maintenance plus production re— quired to produce the amount of milk produced while the cattle are on pasture, and subtracting the calculated TDN pounds in the supplementary feeds from the total and convert- ing the remainder back to TDK's. One weakness of this method is that cattle frequently lose or gain weight in the late summer. Also, any feed wasted is credited to livestock and this reduces the imputed value of pasturage." It is recognized that much of the reliability of this method rests in the acceptability of feeding standards, and the strength of assumptions dealing with changes in animal weights and the use of supplementary feeds. Summary: This review of literature dealing with methods employed in pasture evaluation yielded the follow- ing conclusions: 1. The methods employed in pasture research are numerous. Those considered in this review were: profit, hay weights, clippings, cattle weights, sheep weights, photographs, surveys, carrying capacity, milk flow, plant population, chemical analysis, palatability, duration of grasses, and total digestible nutrients. 2. All methods employed have produced valuable results but, for the most part, have been inadequate in 28 themselves. There is an inter-dependence of one method on another for reliability. 3. Since this study deals with value of pasture to lactating animals, it was decided that the total digest- ible nutrient method would be most useful. Other methods give less regard for many factors effecting variations in milk flow, do not directly meet the objective of t-is study or are not suited to the collected data. CHAPTER III THE LEASURSLEKT OF IASTURE VALUE The Collection and Analysis of grimary Data: The primary data used in this report came from a cost of milk production study conducted in the Detroit milk shed. It has been a c00perative project between the Farm Management Department of Hichi:an State College and the Michigan Milk Producers Association since April, 1945. About 100 cooper- ating farmers each year have submitted detailed monthly re- ports showing actual cost and income figures on their re- apective dairy enterprises. In addition to the monthly reports, data were also obtained by farm visits at the beginning and the end of the project year. At these times, inventories of cattle, build-8 ings and equipment were taken and questionnaires were answered for information not included in the monthly reports. (See Appendix for forms used.) The 85 herds whose records were summarized were located in 13 southeastern Michigan counties. Their distri- bution is shown in table 1. These herds averaged 16.5 cows and ranged in size from 6 to 43 cows. Milk production for all herds averaged 7,942 pounds per cow and ranged from 4,941 to 11,447 pounds per cow for the year in individual herds. Butterfat production averaged 301 pounds and ranged from 190 to 404 pounds per cow in individual herds. 30 Table 1. Location of 85 Eerds in Dairy Cost of Production Study, 1947. Number Humber County of County of Eerds Eerds Genesee 3 Macomb 5 Hillsdale 6 Oakland 1 Ingham 5 Sanilac 6 Lapeer 5 Shiawassee 3 Lenawee 7 St. Clair 15 Livingston l3 Tuscola 2 Washtenaw l3 Only 25 c00perators have participated for the entire three period of the study. This has a meant a change in sample each year by the addition of new coOperators. It was decided to use the records for only 19¢? because: (1) certain supplementary data necessary for complete analysis were lacking prior to 1947, (2) they were the most recent records available, and (3) the deviations were too great for reliable averages in the small sample ‘~ of continuous COOperators. The analysis procedure was as follows: 1. Tabulate significant physical quantities to be used in calculation. Those considered are: a. The length of the.pasture season. (Calcul- ated as days between dates cows were turned on and removed from pasture.) 31 b. Total cow days of pasture. c. Total value of pasture as charged by coopera- tors. d. Pounds and value of grain, hay and silage fed the herd during the pasture season. 9. Humber of calves born and month they were born. f. Acres and kinds of pasture. g. Pounds and butterfat test of milk produced on pasture. h. Breed of cow. 2. From these tabulations the following statistics were computed: (All calculations were limited to the period the cows were on pasture.) a. Average number of cows in the herd. b. Average milk production per cow. Milk pro- duction was converted to a fat corrected (4%) basis accord- ing to the conversion standards calculated by Brody and Ragsdale (7) using Gaines' formula*. c. Total requirements of the herd to maintain body weights. Cow weights were calculated using the stan- dards for breeds calculated by Ragsdale (20L Mixed breeds were assumed to average 1000 pounds per cow. No consider- ation was made for gain or loss of weight during the pasture season. *FCM . .4M + 15F, where FCM (fat correctflmilk) is gross energy value in terms of normal average cow's milk of 4% content, M is actual milk, and F is fat, all in the same unit of weight. 32 d. TDK requirements for the amount of milk pro— duced during the season. Likewise, the TDK supplied from barn feeding was determined. (See Appendix for assumptions used for these and other computations in this study.) 9. TDK requirements for maintenance and for milk production were totalled to represent the TDN requirement for the cow. f. Yield of pasture per cow day. This was cal- culated as the residual left after the TDKs from barn feed was subtracted from the total daily requirements. Table 2. Grain Fed Cows on Pasture and Its Relation to Production and Feed Cost Per th. Milk, Detroit Milk Shed, Hay - September, 1947. ~‘- Pounds Grain Fed Per Cow Daily on Pasture Month 3.0- 5.0- 9.0— 12.0- U-2.9 509 809 11.9 14.9 Grain Fed Per Cow (Pounds monthly) May 52 138 226 342 412 June 24 130 200 315 430 July 38 149 234 271 450 August 31 135 224 304 384 September 30 126 213 297 380 Ray Fed Per Cow (Pounds Kenthly) May 119 244 426 234 304 June 41 26 42 53 133 July 38 13 26 88 0 August 31 23 51 113 48 September 111 110 194 89 141 Silage Fed Per Cow (Pounds Monthly) May 0 187 351 156 304 June 0 48 26 0 0 July 0 24 16 0 0 August 0 16 102 51 0 September 95 55 276 0 0 Milk Production Per Cow (Pounds Monthly) May 636 695 738 872 932 June 691 770 794- 850 812 July 017 689 702 788 723 August 619 609 660 741 670 September 621 585 643 708 735 Total Feed Cost Per th Milk June .91 1.18 -1.45 1.81 2.17 July 1.03 1.48 1.86 2.13 2.56 August‘ 1.22 1.68 2.25 2.21 2.69 September 1.33 1.71 2.21 2.19 2.72 1 . 1 u . .4 . - .1 a a . ,. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . - .. . . . . . . .. . .. . 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' .'~‘a_ 36 Factors Affectinm Results in Pas+ure Evaluation: It became apparent early in the analysis of the data that there were many factors that could affect the re- sults obtained by the total digestible nutrient method of pasture evaluation. For example, excessive grain feeding of cows on pasture could minimize or erase the imputed value of pasture. It seemed desirable to determine as accurately as possible the effect of this and other variables on the re- sulting measure of pasture yield. To determine the effect of different levels of grain feeding on total feed costs and milk production the records were sorted according to amounts of grain ration fed per cow daily while on pasture. Sorting was repeated for each month so the farms did not necessarily fall in the same grouping every month. If a herd was not pasture during a given month, its records were not included in that partic- ular tabulation. The results of this investigation are shown in table 2. There are three main points of interest result- ing from this inquiry. hey are illustrated in figures 7 and 8 and may be summarized as follows: (1) the cows receiving the largest amount of grain on pasture produced at a higher level of production, but the milk flow declined as the pasture season progressed, (2) cows receiving the least supplementary feed were producing at a lower level of production but it was more level for the season, and 37 (3) the averaje total feed cost per 100 pounds of milk was higher in the herds receiving the most grain in spite of higher average production in these herds. In the first case, there is the indication that the pastures were too inadequate to maintain a high flow of milk. On the other hand, as shown in the second case, the herds receiving the least supplementary feed maintained milk production at a more constant level. No visits to Specific farms were made to see if the higher rates of barn feeding related to inadequacies of the pasture program. In the matter of unit costs of production, as sum- marized in item 3, the highest unit costs were in the herds receiving the most supplementary feed. This does not neces- sarily mean a 1 wer net profit for these herds. The extra production may have yielded a higher return even though the margin for each unit was smaller. However, it was impossible to answer this question by using only monthly data. Many of the costs of production, (e.€- interest and depreciation) cannot be calculated until the end of an entire year. There were many ramifications to the problem of different levels of grain feeding as related to economical milk production that could not be dealt with in this study. It was concluded, however, that excessive supplementary feed- ing can obscure the results in pasture evaluation if produc- tion of the cow and quantities of feed inputs are involved. This is particularly true where much feed is wasted. 38 At this point, investigation was extended to see if the extent to which the results were effected by supple- mentary feeding could be determined. It was decided to do this by multiple correlation.* The imputed yield of pasture in terms of pounds of TDN per cow day was designated as the dependent variable (X1). This yield was calculated according to the method outlined previously. The independent variables selected for the multiple correlation analysis were as follows: percent that the pasture yield was of the ' total TDN input (K2), percent of the number of cows that were dry at some time during the pasture season were of the total herd (X5)*? daily production per cow of fat corrected (4%) milk (X4), and length of pasture season (X5). When the daily pasture TDN yield was calculated .for individual farms it was found in a few cases there was little or no TDN residual left to be ascribed to as the value of pasture. This, of course, meant the entire input require- ment was being met by non-pasture feeds. When the pasture yield was expressed as a percent of total feed needed to meet all that was required it was found that in 18 of the 85 herds less than 40 percent of the total feed intake was Multiple correlation involves measuring the association of one dependent variable and two or more independent variables. See Appendix D for formulas used in calculating coefficients of gross correlation, coefficients of partial correlation, and the coefficient of multiple correlation. ** , Determined from the date calves were born. 39 supplied by pasture. It was felt that the inclusion of the records of these 18 herds would impair the reliability of desired averages. Hence, further consideration was limited to the remaining 67 herds. The pastures of these 67 herds yielded a daily average of 12.3 pounds of TDN per cow. The range in yield was 5.9 to 16.9 pounds and the standard deviation was 2.5 pounds. Since, according to Knott 23 al (16), it takes 16 pounds of TDN to meet body requirements and produce 17 pounds of 3.5% milk daily, the average pasture is unable to be the sole ration for the producing cow. Woodward (30) maintains that 25 percent of the value of pasture is lost in tramping, soiling and energy used in grazing. If the TDN yield were adjusted to compensate for these losses the result would be an average of 16.4 pounds per cow daily. Although it is conceded that the yield according to this adjustment is probably more accurate, the original calculation was used in all of the multiple correlation ana- lysis. A summary of the results of this analysis are shown in table 3. The gross correlation coefficients indicate the linear relationship between pairs of variables without the effects of other variables included. It was found (as to be eXpected) that milk production and amount of supplement- ary feed fed were more closely associated with pasture yield than any of the other selected variables. 40 Table 3. Imputed Pasture Yield and Selected Variable Factors. (A summary of multiple correlation analysis.) Factors Influencing Pasture Yield x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 (lbs) (%) (fi) (le) (dayS) Mean 12.3 72.2 31.6 20.8 157 Standard Deviation 2.5 12.4 15.9 6.6 22 Gross Correlation Coeficients r133 -.18 r23: -.014 P14: $.31 P24: -.010 r34: -.14 ' 4 = -.001 r = .1 I‘ = .018 r15- 1.0 r25 35 * 3 45 Coefficients of Partial Correlation r12.3= *-65 r13.4' '-15 ... .‘f a -.01 r12.4‘ * o7 r23,4 Coefficient of Kultiple Correlation RL234 = *‘75 Equations for Lines of Regression 3 — R ’ ‘ - . . 1 {1.234 - 1.,2 4 .1270 (x2) 0154 (x3) 4 1242 (x4) X1.24 = 2.31 + .1342 (x2) 4 .0123 (x4) The imputed yield of pasture in terms of pounds of T K per cow per day. . Percent that the pasture yield was of the total TDN input. Percent that dry cows were of the total herd. . Daily production per cow of fat corrected (4%) milk. . Length of pasture season 41 The correlation between length of pasture season and any other variable was highly insignificant. This may be interpreted to mean that adequacy of pasture cannot be eXpressed only in number of days. It is likely that many herds were being charged for pasture, eSpecially at the end of the season, when the amount of available feed from pasture was small. Since these insignificant relationships occurred, it was decided to omit length of pasture season as a factor to be considered in the partial and multiple corre— lation calculations. The effect of dry cows on the imputed pasture yield was apparently slight. A correlation coefficient of 4.18 was computed for the relation of the percent of cows dry during the summer and pasture yield. This small coef- ficient was further reduced when milk production was held constant at its average value. When the percent of dry cows was held constant at its average value in relating pasture yield to the percent that pasture was of the total feed, the result was practically the same as when the variable of dry cows was omitted entirely. The effect of holding both the variables of dry cows and daily milk production constant is shown in the mul- tiple correlation coefficient where R10234= 1 .75. Thus the correlation between pasture yield and the percent that pasture was of the total ration was increased by including and holding constant the other variables. A predicting equation was derived using three in- dependent variables. The standard error of estimate for 42 this equation was 3.00 pounds of TDK daily. It was observed that the coefficient for the factor of dry cows (X3) was very small. Therefore, that factor was omitted in the for- mulation of a second line of regression equation involving only daily milk production (K4) and the factor of the rela- tive importance of pasture in the ration (X2). The standard error of estimate in this equation was 1.53 pounds of TDN. This makes a better equation for the purpose of prediction than the one involving three variables. The use of an equa- tion of this type could be very valuable in predicting pasture yields on individual farms. However, the need for strengthening some of the assumptions used in formulating this equation necessitates caution in its use at this time. Some of the assumptions concerning the maintenance require- ments of livestock and the relative nutritive values of different feeds will undoubtedly be changed as further re- search along these lines is made. Computed Values of Pasture. It has been pointed out that the average daily yield of pasture was 12.3 pounds of TDN per cow. In order to express this as a dollar value it became necessary to use some price per pound of pasture TDN. It was decided to use the same average price as that for the TDK from other feeds. The total cost of all grains and roughages fed during the summer was divided by the total TDH yield of these feeds. The result was a price of 1.23 cents per poun.. Applying this price to the yield makes an average daily value of pasture of 15.13 cents per 43 cow day. Coincidentally, the average charge for pasture made by the farmers was likewise, 15 cents per cow day. However, if the correction is made suggested by Woodward (30) for losses in tramping, soiling and energy used in grazing the resulting average daily value of pasture would be 20 cents per cow. These averages would amount to about $4.50 a month per cow if the lower rate were used and about $5.00 a month per cow if the higher rate were used. These averages can be useful guides, but there is much variation in the kinds and conditions of pastures and the single rate cannot be used in all cases. An attempt was made to classify the pastures and to calculate the yields of different types. The difficulty encountered in accomplishing this objective came in the wide range in pastures on single farms. In many cases it was a matter of starting the pasture season by pasturing a field of permanent pasture. Thereafter, as the need arose, gates to other fields were Opened and before the season was closed, the cows were given free range of most of the farm. Since the cows were permitted to choose their own field it was impossible to tell from the data collected just what kind of pasture the cows were using at any given time. This condition destroyed the data for use in calculating the carrying capacities of different types of pastures and the values of these pastures on an acre basis. Thus, the solution of both of these problems were specific objectives of the study that could not be answered with the data 44 collected for analysis. An attempt to reduce the total yields of pasture TDN to an acre basis became ridiculous because so much of the land listed as pasture was not actual- ly being grazed. This made the yield per acre in most cases ' extremely low. An interesting comparison of yields of different forage crOps has been presented by Semple ep a1 (24). The manner in which hese yields were derived was not explained but the results are shown in table 4 because they are close- ly related to this study. The price of 1.23 cents per pound of TDE as used above has been applied to the yields and an additional column on pasture value per acre has been in- cluded in the table. Table 4. Value and Comparison of Yields per Acre for Selected Forage Crops. Yield TDK Yield when— Value per as Harvested Grazed Acre CrOp Hai 5LT (Pounds) (Pounds) Grazed Alfalfa 2.07 2,252 1,666 $20.49 Sweetclover 1.19 1,226 907 11.16 Clover & Timothy 1.25 1,200 888 10.92 Grains cut green 1.05 1,029 761 9.56 For further comparison of the value of different pasture creps on an acre basis rates have been applied to the carrying capacities of various pastures suggested by iarrison and Bell (13). Both the 15.13 and 20 cent rates per cow day suggested on page 43 have been used to present 45 a possible range of reasonable values for each crOp for the season. These results are presented in table 5, with figures rounded to the nearest dollar. These values are not necessarily intended to be the amounts that should be charged livestock for the use of the various forage crOps. How- ever, they represent interesting comparisons which, in general, are quite realistic. They are only suggestions based on research information presently available. It is the Opinion of the author that farmers interested in dairv cost accounting are inclined to charge more than these sug- gested rates for pastures of lowest productive ability and ass than the suggested rates for the pastures of highest productivity. Table 5. Suggested Values per Acre for Selected Michigan Pasture‘Crops. Cow'fiays Per Acre Range June grass (good-permanent I 50 8 7.50 -$10.00 Alfalfa-brome (average 3 yrs) 120 18.00 — 24.00 2nd Yr. Sweet Clover (average) 90 14.00 — 18.00 2nd Yr. Red Clover - Timothy 95 14.00 - 19.00 Junegrass - whiteclover (permanent) 90 14.00 - 18.00 Reed canary grass (average-10 yrs) 200 30.00 - 40.00 Sudan grass (average) 115 17.00 - 23.00 Oats (average) 60 9.00 - 12.00 Many difficulties were encountered in arriving at a satisfactory empression of pasture yield by the method 46 employed with the data analyzed. Average yields and values have been presented, but their reliability for general use will be discussed in the next chapter where the entire study will be evaluated. 47 CI-LAPTER IV S LEARY RED EVALUATION OF TIL STUDY It was revealed early in conducting this study that while pasture research is not new, results dealing with pasture yields and value are not readily accepted by many technicians in the field. In many cases evidence is personal opinion and Opinions are often easily changed. Opinions have been formed on the best information available but even the best information appears inadequate and some- times inconsistent. It has been difficult for teachers in the field to make Specific recommendations concerning the value of pasture. The difficulties to be encountered in pasture research were described in Chapter I. At the out- set of the study objectives were set up with cognizance of these difficulties in mind. It will be possible to evalu— ate the study by considering how well these objectives were met. The first objective was to search for an accept- able method of pasture evaluation that might be applied to the dairy enterprise using data which were already available. Many methods of pasture research have been used in the past but the wide selection did not insure an easy choice. Limitations were found in each. Some of them merely describe a condition or characteristic of pasture. Those falling in this category were: photographs, surveys, plant population, chemical analysis, palatability, and duration of grasses. These were considered as valuable methods providing they were 48 not used in themselves as methods of measurement of pasture value. They are excellent supplements to the techniques directly involved in measurement of yield. The methods which did attempt to measure yield could be classified according to the manner of harvest. Pastures can either be harvested by man by mechanical means or by grazing livestock. In the case in which man does the harvesting it is assumed the resulting yields simulate the results obtained by animal grazing. he methods considered in the review of literature which involved harvesting mec- hanically or by hand were hay weights and clippings. From available results of research of this type it was found that neither method closely represents the yield which would have been consumed under animal grazing. The methods of pasture measurement involving live— stock have widespread use. They have been particularly popular with livestock farmers because the results could be eXpressed in familiar terms. Those considered in this study were: carrying capacity, profits, cattle weights, sheep weights, flow of milk, and yield of total digestible nutrients. In those methods in which livestock products .or dollars are the end product, it is difficult to measure how much of the yield was directly caused by the pasture intake and how much was due to other factors affecting livestock production. Research involving the use of live- stock requires extreme care in setting up conditions which will control the influence of other factors besides the 49 one which is being considered. The necessary precautionary measures are frequently overlooked in some of the methods of pasture evaluation requiring the use of livestock. In spite of the many limitations of the method, it was decided to measure the pasture yield in terms of pounds of total digestible nutrients per cow daily. This involved the calculation of the contribution of pasture to the total feed consumption. The acceptance of this plan 'was based on the general approval of many authorities in he field and because it was well adapted to the data col- lected. It is granted that the reliability of the technique rests largely on the strength of assumptions made in con- nection with requirements for maintenance, milk production and growth, These assumptions were made with the aid of the best information available. The resulting pasture yield averaged 12.3 pounds of TDN per cow daily for the season. Hence, in the use of this technique of pasture evaluation, it was felt the first objective of the study was met. The second objective of the study was to deter- mine what factors common to dairy farms affected he use and yield of pasture. Climatological conditions and the availability of other feed during the period of study are matters of importance but whose affects could not be measured in this study. Those selected for consideration were: (1) quan- tities of grains and roughages fed during the pasture 50 season, (2) number of dry cows on pasture, (3) production of milk and (4) length of pasture season. It was conven- ient to use these quantities in correlation analysis. By this process their significance was determined and the second objective of the study was met. The third objective of the study was to classify and evaluate the various pasture creps used by the c00perat- ing farmers. Failure was met in connection with this objec- tive. The data did not lend themselves to classification because more than one kind of pasture was usually used at the same time. The fourth objective of the study was to determine the "dollar value" of pasture. Since the yield had been ex- pressed as pounds of TDN the problem was one of determining a reasonable price that could be assigned this yield. One possibility was to divide the total pasture charge for the season by the total TDN yield for the season. This plan was not followed because the actual pasture charge was made by farmers who themselves were not sure of the value of pasture. Another possibility, which was followed, was to divide the total Value of all feed besides pasture by the total diges- tible nutrient content of those feeds. The result was 1.23 cents per pound. For converting yield to dollar value, his price was used. In principle, this means that a pound of TDN from pasture is equivalent to a pound of TDN from other feeds. In fact, it is quite likely they cause different re- Sponses and are not of equal value. It is probable that a 51 pound of TDN from pasture would be equal to or have greater value than a pound of TDN from other feeds. hence, the price of 1.23 cents per pound becomes a minimum value. How much higher one could safely raise this price is not known. When applied to the average daily TDK yield from pasture, the calculated value was 15.13 cents per cow day. This compares with 15 cents per cow day as the average actual charge made by farmers in the study. This answer was the desired end in the fourth objective. For further compari- son, amounts of TDK yield and carrying capacities of differ- ent crops were obtained from other research to which the prices obtained from this study were applied. In this way it was possible to eXpress pasture values in terms of value per acre. In the methods described above the objectives of the study were met, with the exception of the third. Criti- cal consideration of the data used in calculating the results of this study prompt suggestions for further research needed. The new research that will be suggested is that which seems to be necessary to improve the results of this type of pasture investigation. It does not seem appropri- ate to necessarily prOpose new projects, but to simply state questions that arose as the study progressed. The field is broad and the limited eXperience and time of the writer prohibits complete mastery of the problem in all re— Spects. These questions are raised only because they seem relevant to a complete treatment of the problem, but with no intent of being critical. The following questions were brought to mind dur- ing the analysis phase of the study: 1. How long should a study of this type be conducted in order to measure the affect of weather on the productivity of pasture? It sug- gests a long-time study of identical farms. If generalizations are to be made relative to the yield of certain species of forage crops they must be made with certain qualifications concern- ing climatological conditions. Row typical these generalizations can he with one year of data is uncertain. 2. The matter of representative conditions is also involved in ways besides the considera- tion of length of time needed. For example, the U1 U1 size and dispersion of the sample are important. Vnat is a prOper size of sample for a study of this type? how large an area should be included? Should corrections be made for different type-of- farming areas? Are the answers to these questions necessarily the same for a study of pastures as one on the cost of milk production? 3. Still other matters relative to represent- ative conditions have to do with variations of farms. Examples may be found in soil variations, variations in the quality of crops and livestock, and in the differences in managerial abilities of the Operators. Some of these are difficult to measure, but they could be reSponsible for consid- erable bias in the final result. What are average conditions as far as soils are concerned? The sample used in this study was considered fairly typical from the standpoint of the organization of the dairy enterprise, but some of these other matters were not considered. 4. How can the value of specific pasture crops be studied under farm conditions when the general practice is to pasture several kinds of pasture at the same time? It would seem that the cows should be left on a single field throughout the period of the study if the yield of the field is to be measured. Therefore, a study in which this factor is controlled is suesested. 1..) L) 5. When the TDN method of pasture evalua- tion is employed, it is necessary to use in calcul- ation many standards based on metabolic rates of the cow. The Morrison feeding standards, and like— wise, the haecker feeding standards are widely used but they are considered inadequate by many nutri- tion authorities. It would be well to know more about comparative requirements of pregnant, and lac- tating animals. It would be desirable to know more about the nutritional requirements for growth and weight loss under farm conditions. It would also be advisable, in connection with digestion trials, to know what unit could be develOped that would be superior to TDNs for the purpose of comparing dif- ferent feeds. Some current research reveals that there is not a direct relationship between TDK in- take and production -— that the same production quantities are possible with different amounts of TDK being consumed. A unit that would more nearly describe productive capability of feeds is essential. 6. It has been emphasized at length that the influence of large quantities of feed besides pasture during the mfmmr 3n.the final imputed yield of pastures is great. It would be desirable to conduct a study of this type in which the supple- mentary feed was kept to a minimum and to standard- ize the grain ration as much as possible. It might also be possible to measure the reSponses to pasture that would come to cows going on pasture in different degress of flesh condition. In other words, it would be well to know how the winter feeding program is related to the produc- tion reSponse caused by pasture. The above considerations were confronted in develOping the problem. They bring out definite shortcom- ings in the analysis herewith presented. however, they help to focus attention on needed areas of investigation and help to stimulate thinking along lines of improvement. It was strikingly apparent throughout this study that people in fields related to pasture use are searching for an acceptable method ofevahnfihan. Perhaps one solution to the problem is to refine the methods now in use rather than developing new techniques. It is not important which method is perfected so long as it overcomes the prime ob- jections currently raised concerning each of them. It is felt by the writer, however, that the TDK approach or re- lated techniques have many advantages and could be develOped to a satisfactory point of acceptance for both farmers and technician alik . This study has progressed much as an amateur naturalist nets a butterfly. In the distance he views his objective -- a new and valuable speciman -- and proceeds to capture it. The chase leads to land travelled before and occasionally on territory entirely foreign.Numerous '— 6 U "passes" at the insect yields nothing. So it was with this study. Many times the answer seemed right in the net, but jumps to the conclusion, like the jumps of a butterfly chaser, were too hasty and the prize escaped. Sometimes the butterfly was lost from sight and the path had to be retraced to pick up the trail. When, after an arduous journey, the butterfly is finally in the net, a closer ex- amination reveals the specimen is not so new and valuable after all, and the spoils of the victory are small. BIBL I OGRAP}; (l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (7) (8) (10) (ll) BIBLICGlKPEY Ahlgrcn, H. L. 1947 A Comparison of Methods Used in Evaluating the Results of Pasture Research. Journ. Amer. §og. Arron. :2: (3) 240—259 , Rupel, I. W., Boshtedt, G., and Graul, E. J. 1944 Eight Years' Results on the Effectiveness of Fertilizer and Kanagement in Increasing the Production of Permanent Pastures. Jour. Amer. goo. Amron.,y§§:301—315 Beeson, K. C. 1941 The Mineral Composition of Crops with Particular Reference to the Soils in Which They Were Grown. U. S. D. A., Hisc. Pub. 369 Black, J. D., Clawson, M., Sayre, C. R., and Wilcox, W.W. 1947 Farm Management. The Kacmillan Co., E. Y., 1073 pp. Bottum, J. C. 1944 The Value of Pasture as a Feed. Purdue Univ. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, unnumbered mimeographed publication, 8 pp. Brandt, P. M., and Ewalt, E. P. 1939 Pasture Yields as Heasured by Clip Plots and by Dairy Cows. Jour. Dairy Sci., gg:451-452 Brody, 3., and Rarsdale, A. C. 1935 Evaluating he Efficiency of Dairy Cattle. U. of Ho. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 351 Brown, B. A., and White, G. C. 1933 Kethods of Expressing the Production of Pastures. Jour. Amer. Soc. Aaron., g5:230_231 Brown, E. 3., and Helm, C. A. 1945 Report of CrOp and Pasture EXperiments at Lathrop in Horthwestern Missouri; 1940-1944. U. of Mo. (College) Agr. EXp. Sta., Bul. 486 Forbes, E. B., Fries, J., Framan, W. W., and Kriss, M. 1926 The Relative Utilization of feed Energy for Maintenance, Body Increase, and Milk Produc- tion of Cattle. Journ. égr..3e§., 22:483—492 Gardner, F. D., Bechdel, S. 1., Williams, P. 8., Noll, C. F., White, J. W., Erb, E. 5,, Coffman, E. B., Fuller, G. C., and Enlow, C. R. 1935 Pasture Fertilization. Pa. Agr. Exr. Sta Bul. 323 " (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (2O) (21) (22) Gorton, W. U. 1941 Cost, Efficiency, and Hana ement of Dairy Cattle Pastures, Coast Re5ion, Oregon. Ore. A5r. EXp. Sta., Bul. 39C Farrison, C. M., and Bell, R. W. 1947 Pasture Costs. Mich. State College Farm CrOps Dept., mimeograph, 1 p. Eodgson, R. E., Grunder, K. S., Knott, J. G., and Ellington, E. V. 1933 A Comparison of R.otationa1 an Continuous Grazing of Pastures in Wes tern Washington. Wash. EXp. Sta., Bul. 294 Jones, I. R.,E alt H. P., and F009, J. R. 1937 A Comparison of Pasture Returns from Actual Grazin5 and Clip Plot Methods. Jour. Dairy égi, 20: 420— 421 Knott J. G., Hodgson, R. E., and Fllington, E. V. 1934 Hethods of Keasuring Pasture Yields with Dairy Cattle, Nash. EXp. Sta., Bul. 295 L' lmo e, homer J. 1942 Measuring the Productive Value of Pas ures. U. of Mo. EXp. Sta,, Bul. 443 Eevens, J. B. 1945 A Comparison of Sampling Procedures in Making Pasture Yield Determinations. Jour. Dairy _§gi., EQ: (3) 171—185 Orr, J. B. 1929 Hinerals Ag Pastures and Their Relation Lg Animal Futrition. E. K. Lewis a 00., London, 150 pp. ' Ra5s dale, A. C. 1934 Growth Standards for Dairy Cattle. Mo. Agr. EXP. Sta., Bul. 335 Robinson, R. R., Pierre, W. E., and Ackerman, R. A. 1937 A Comparison of Grazing and Clipping for Determinin: the Response of Permanent Pasture to Fertilization. Jour. Amer. “gg. Aaron., 29: 349-359 . Schaller, F. S., Pohlman, G. G., Henderson, H. 0., and Ackerman, R. A. 1945 Pasture Fertilization Ea periment at Reymann Memorial Farm. w. Va. A r. Exp. Sta. Bul. 324 (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (34) (35) Schuster, G. L. 1929 Methods of Research in Pasture Investigation. Jour. Amer. Sog; Agron., g1: 666-073 Semple, A. T., Vinall, H. E imammfl,l.3. 1937 A Pasture Handbook. U. S. 194 Enlow, C. R., and " IL A.,Eflsc.PMb. Sprague, E. E., and Renzer, R. w. 1928 A Study of Permanent Pasture in New Jersey, N. J. Dept. of Agr., Ciro. 141 Stapledon, R. G. 1912 Pasture Problems: Drought Resistance. Jour. am: as}... 5: 129-151 Warren, G. F., Roberts, I. P., and White, P. J. 1910 Pastures in New York. N. Y. (Cornell) A5r. Col. Exp. Sta., Bul. 280 Warren, S. R., and Williamson, P. S. 1941 The Cost of Pasture, N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Col. Dept. of Agr. Econ. and Farm Hgt., mimeo- graphed publication 356 Wiggans, R. G. 1923 Studies of Various Factors Influencing the Yield and the Duration of Life of meadow and Pasture Plants. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Col. EXp. Sta., Bul. 424 Woodward, T. E. 1941 Feeding Dairy Cows. U. S. D. A., Farmers Bul. 1626 ,1 U. 0. Dept. of Agriculture 1947 Crop Report for Michigan; Annual CrOp and Livestock Summary. 3. A. E., washington, D. G., in cooperation with Mich. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Animal Industry, Lansing, Jich., 98 pp. 1949 Livestock on Farms January 1. B. A. E., Washington, D. C., mimeographed publication, 26 pp. U. 3. Dept. of Commerce 1946' United States Census of Agriculture, 1945; ' Michigan. Bur. of Census, U. 8. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Young, G. E. 1932 Economic Utilization of Land for Pasture in Southern Indiana. Purdue Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 359 APPEI'CD IJ‘CES APPEKDIK'A TABLE I. Avera5e Monthly Temperature, Selected Michigan Stations, 1947. TABLE II. Days with More Than .01 Inch Precipitation, Selected Stations, 1947. masts III. Average Monthly Precipitation (inches), Selected Stations, 1947. ABLE . Date of First and Last Killing Frost, Selected Stations, 1947. TABLE ‘. Average Konthly Temperature, Selected Stations, A11 Recorded Years. TABLE VI. Days with More Than .01 Inch Precipitation, Selected Stations, All Recorded Years. TABLE VII. Average Konthly Precipitation (inches), Selected Stations, All Recorded Years. TABLE VIII. Average Length of Growing Season, Selected Stations, A11 Recorded Years. APPEKDIX B FORKS USED IN CCLLECTIKG AID AIALYZIKG PRIIARY DATA AIPEI II C ASSUIITIOES USED IN CALCULaTIKG FASTURE YIELD BY TD? YET"GD #fix‘ APPEIDIX D SYAEOLS AID FCRIULAS USED IN LIHEAR MULTIPLE CORRELATION APPEKDIX A TABLE I. Avera5e Monthly Temperature, Selected Michigan Stations, 1947 Station Kay June July iigfhs Sept. Oct. Nov. Adrian 55.2 66.7 70.7 78.1 65.0 59.0 35.9 Ann Arbor 52.8 64.0 68.6 75.6 62.8 59.5 35.8 Caro 53.4 64.8 70.0 75.5 53.2 59.5 34.8 Detroit 53.8 66.0 70.8 76.5 65.4 60.3 37.2 Flint 51.8 64.5 69.2 76.0 64.0 59.4 55.0 Hillsdale 54.6 65.1 69.0 77.4 64.5 59.0 35.2 Howell 51.6 64.0 68.0 74.6 62.8 58.6 34.1 Lansing 52.1 63.6 68.2 75.5 62.4 57.8 34.6 Lapeer 51.2 63.0 67.8 73.7 62.2 58.2 33.8 Mt. Clemens 53.2 65.2 70.4 75.6 65.0 59.8 37.2 Owosso 53.8 64.6 69.6 76.5 64.2 60.4 36.2 Pontiac 53.4 64.8 69.8 75.4 64.8 59.6 35.8 Port Huron 50.4 ** ** ** ** ** 37.5 Sandusky 52.4 64.2 69.2 74.5 63.9 59.8 35.9 Average 52.5 64.5 59.3 75.8 63.8 59.3 35.6 *U. S. Dept. Commerce Weather Bureau, L947 Climatological Data, fifl: nos. 5-13 **Not available API‘EZ‘CJ X A TABLE II. Days with More Than .01 Inch Precipitation, Selected Stations, 1947.* Stations May June Julyfionzfii. Sept. Oct. not. Adrian 15 10 9 ll 10 6 12 Ann Arbor 14 7 5 4 4 4 11 Caro l4 9 14 5 9 3 7 Detroit 19 11 10 11 11 6 12 Flint 21 9 ll 10 12 6 l2 Hillsdale 15 10 7 8 8 5 l6 Howell 2O 8 9 12 11 6 13 Lansing 22 11 l2 12 10 7 14 Lapeer 16 9 12 9 10 5 11 Mt. Clemens 18 9 10 9 10 6 10 Owosso l6 9 8 11 10 5 11 Pontiac 17 8 14 10 10 6 11 Port Huron 18 ** a» as %% an 12 Sandusky 18 8 14 7 10 3 4 8 Average 17 9 10 9 10 5 11 *U.S. Dept. Commerce Weather Bureau, 1947 Climatological Data, 35: nos. 5-13 **F0t available APFZKDIX A TABLE III. Average Monthly Precipitation (inches), Selected Stations, 1947* Stations nay, June July figifhs Sept. Oct. Nov. Adrian 4.95 3.72 1.51 3.56 3.06 2.69 2.17 Ann Arbor 5.56 2.49 1.13 4.10 1.10 3.40 1.88 Caro 3.46 2.78 2.70 1.83 3.54 0.97 1.35 Detroit 6.97 3.49 2.42 2.85 3.96 1.31 1.80 Flint 4.60 3.53 4.75 3.36 6.61 3.35 1.79 Hillsdale 6.80 4.05 0.85 4.90 4.39 1.56 2.70 Fowell 5.84 4.09 4.43 7.46 5.63 3.24 2.20 Lansing 5.22 2.74 3.06 3.86 4.75 2.68 1.99 Lapeer 4.56 4.28 3.20 4.08 6.00 2.89 2.00 Mt. Clemens 5.54 2.57 4.74 6.03 4.39 0.58 1.21 Owosso 4.13 4.49 2.75 3.02 4.06 2.3 1.75 Pontiac 5.09 3.18 4.84 2.60 4.40 1.68 1.73 Port Huron 6.94 4* as 4% *4 4* 1.82 Sandusky 6.95 3.91 4.34 1.98 4.45 2.01 2.18 Average 4.75 4.93 1.33 3.82 4.36 2.19 1.97 *U.S. Dept. Commerce Weather Bureau, 1947 Climatological Data, 3&: nos. 5-13 **Not available MPEI D Iii A TABLE IV. Dates of First and Last Killing Frost, Selected Stations, 1947* Station E?£§122§;§§§ giliigigiggt Adrian Ray 10 September 26 Ann Arbor Kay 10 October 1 Caro May 4 September 23 Detroit Kay 9 October 1 Flint Ray 10 September 25 Hillsdale May 10 September 23 Howell May 10 September 25 Lansing May 10 September 26 Lapeer June 4 September 25 Mt. Clemens Kay 10 October 1 Owosso May 10 September 25 Pontiac Kay 10 September 25 Port Ruron ** %* Sandusky May 10 September 26 "V *U. 6. Dept. Commerce Weather Bureau, 1947 Climatological Data, 33: nos. 5-13 **Kot available APPEKDIK A TABLE V. Average Honthly Temperature, Selected Stations, All Recorded Years. Stations day June July 1023;? Sept. Oct ROXY Adrian 58.2 68. 72.5 70.1 63.7 51.3 38.4 Ann Arbor 57.5 57.0 71.7 59.2 62.8 50.5 37.8 Arbela 56.0 65.3 70.3 68.3 61.6 50.0 57.4 Armada 55.2 65.4 70.0 '68.2 61.5 49.5 36.9 Detroit 57.7 67.3 72.3 70.3 63.7 52.2 39.1 Durand 57.1 68.1 73.2 70.8 63.9 51.6 39.7 310138 57.4 67.1 72.4 70.0 53.7 52.2 39.2 Flint 56.3 66.0 70.6 67.6 61.6 50.0 37.3 Hillsdale 57.3 66.6 71.8 69.4 63.2 51.4 38.4 Howell 56.4 67.0 71.2 68.8 65.2 50.5 37.9 Lansing 56.5 66.7 71.0 68.4 61.3 49.2 36.5 Lapeer 56.5 65.8 71.8 68.9 62.9 51.3 38.1 Mt. Clemens 56.0 65.9 71.2 69.4 62.9 51.7 39.5 Owosso 58.0 67.0 72.4 65.7 63.4 51.4 38.4 Pontiac 56.5 66.2 71.0 68.4 62.5 50.5 37.8 Port Huron 53.9 64.0 69.3 67.8 61.8 50.3 37.8 Sandusky 53.5 62.9 68.8 66.7 60.7 49.1 37.5 Ypsilanti 57.3 66.4 71.1 69.0 62.4 50.5 37.9 Average 56.5 66.2 71.3 68.7 62.6 50.7 38.1 * U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Weather Bureau, Climatic Summary 8 2i h Sta., 0 ,1 ection 63; Eastern Lower Michigan APPEHDIK.A TABLE VI. Days with Kore Than .01 Inch Precipitation, Selected Stations, All Recorded Years.* Stations Ray June July “023;? Sept; Oct. Nov. Adrian 10 8 7 7 8‘ 8 9 Ann Arbor 12 10 8 8 9 9 10 Arbela‘ 10 9 7 7 7 7 9 Armada 10 9 10 8 9 9 10 Detroit 13 11 9 9 10 10 12 Durand 9 9 6 6 7 7 6 Eloise 9 8 8 7 7 8 8 Flint 12 10 9 8 9 9 10 Hillsdale 11 9 8 8 8 9 10 Howell 10 9 8 8 8 9 8 Lansin5 10 9 7 8 8 9 11 Lapeer 9 7 7 5 7 7 7 Mt. Clemens 9 8 7 7 8 8 9 Owosso 10 8 7 7 8 8 9 Pontiac 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 Port Huron 12 11 10 9 10 11 12 Sandusky 9 8 7 6 7 7 7 Ypsilanti 12 10 9 9 9 9 10 Average 10 9 8 7 8 9 9 *U. S. D. A., Weather Bureau, Climatic Summary of the U.S., Section 63 Tw—“—— ; Eastern Lower Michigan AI EZTDIX A TABLE VII. Average Eonthly Precipitation (inches), Selected Stations, A11 Recorded Years.* Stations Hay June July L 88:? Sept Oct. H014 Adrian 3.93 3.75 3.15 3.03 3.37 2.65 2.92 Ann Arbor 3.52 3.40 2.94 2.70 2.95 2.64 2.49 Arbela 4.55 3.43 3.40 3.26 3.33 2.91 2.77 Armada 3.63 3.22 2.95 3.17 2.77 2.72 2.49 Detroit 3.26 3.56 3.27 2.74 2.75 2.39 2.41 Durand 3.19 2.90 2.14 2.67 2.39 2.18 1.60 Eloise 2.88 2.90 2.69 2.52 2.67 2.27 1.96 Flint 3.62 2.81 3.03 2.64 2.76 2.30 2.25 Hillsdale 3.99 3.68 3.07 2.81 3.01 2.70 2.87 Howell 5.24 2.82 2.76 2.85 2.62 2.52 2.35 Lansing 3.31 3.57 3.05 2.71 2.81 2.44 2.27 Lapeer 3.57 3.33 2.88 2.48 2.74 2.32 2.44 Mt. Clemens 3.01 2.93 3.24 2.55 5.05 2.21 2.22 Owosso 3.30 2.82 3.29 2.63 2.92 2.60 2.39 Pontiac 3.17 2.78 2.69 2.52 2.75 2.29 2.26 Port Huron 2.96 2.94 2.70 2.68 2.70 2.52 2.36 Sandusky 3.39 2.97 3.21 2.74 2.61 2.42 2.02 Ypsilanti 3.64 3.48 2.95 2.64 3.19 2.55 2.69 *U. S. D. A., Weather Bureau, Climatic Summary Q; the 5. §., Section 63; Eastern Lower Michigan APPEI‘TD IX A TABLE VIII. Average Length of Growin. 3 Season, Selected s Station Days Adrian 158 Ann Arbor 153 Arbela 137 Armada 144 Detroit 169 Durand 148 Eloise 153 Flint 131 Hillsdale 150 Howell 148 Lansing 158 Lapeer 150 Mt. Clemens 151 Owosso 143 Pontiac 151 Port Huron 143 Sandusky 131 Ypsilanti 154 Average _ 150 , A., Weather Bureau, glimatic Summary 93 the g.§., 3; Eastern Lower Xichigan. . a a - . \ ,1 r . . I u l l' . y , I . ~ ‘ 1 l t. 4 , ‘ . , . ‘ l , l A. 2 l r‘ , ’ u ' . - 1 1 . ‘k . ‘. . . . 4 a y a : o y '2' . a v 3‘ ° . ' fi . 1'. “-| " V', { ‘: '5 t ‘ I < _. . - , . . .“ ~ . . .y‘ . l I ! ‘7 . . . . , . .. . . I 4 . '. . - ,' 3 V‘ f ' ‘ \ ~ " , ' "a v". n I a . \ I .. a. O ,. b‘.“ ‘~. I u‘ . v .. r. ‘l .. 3- .Hu.» . ) . l 4‘ .‘ 3 , 'v .. .‘7 AP PEZZDIK 3 I , u‘ .‘ ‘ _ . ‘ .7 u c u - 7 ~ . ‘ ‘ , . ' l' I ..‘.-o '7’ ' '7 . l~"' ‘ 511%." ’ ' V3 . l . .... .' . 7. . ,, . 7 I. l 4 l l'.‘ i ,1 A ' a“ . . .7 . l | . .a , .r x- .‘i t- 1 ... ' u II I '.. ‘~ -- :1 . . t ... .. ..n I: ‘ -. L I '. 4 .4. I 1 . I .. . an ""s v- ‘ . LJ‘L. 3 IX Iq {—2 Farm Mat. Dept., M. S. C. entry?) 7 ‘uAJ-Jl‘x' Isa B INVENTORIES Mich. Milk Producers Ass’n Name __ ~_ . __ ..Addresa _ Date County Township Section- DAIRY CATTLE Name -or number Age 809:?an E3?! Name or number Age 809?an 5&6 year year year year 1. 2. 3. __ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. i4. 15. 16. Heifers overi 17. Calves under 1 18. Other cattle BUILDINGS EQUIPMENT Description Beglonfning Brad Description Beginning Bead year year year year Dairy barn‘ 1 $ Milking machine 1» 3 Milk cooler Milk house Milk cans Pails and strainer Bull shed or pen Cream separator ' Cooling tank Separate calf pens Hot water heater Forks, shovels, stools Electric fencer Total _ Total Cowa_____% Bulls___% Young stock.__% ‘Share of floor space used by: Name County COWS: Breed Av. firing)? .1: a 3 ANNUAL DAIRY COST SUMMARY Milk: Av. B.F. test Butterfat: Total production no. YOUNGSTOCK: % Production per cow per cow over 1 yr. No. under 1 yr. COSTS Total Per COW £9§2§ TQt .Per Pead Feed ...... ......ii ..... .. ............. . ....... ......13. 5.9.9.9 .................................. ii .. ......gi ........ Lahcnmw--.. . has. 1. ...... . ........................ - .. ....... 1899? hEfis. .......... .. ..... . ...... .mmm.m .m .m Conidepreciaticn-mm. ............... u. ............. mmm .1111..Ca1£..va1uel ..mm. .. . .................... ... ....... .1.” ...... ,mm ........ .1 Interest 9n 1nxaet.--m. .--1.- .m -. . interest enminyestm. ......................... MM ...... . .............. . ............. BU1ld1ng use. . .m. ....................... l ........................................ .Bui1ding use .......... Wm. ...... 1-. ............ . .......................... Equipment.use-..nm--.-m-m--wl .......... 1. .1 ........ .nqnipmentmuse .................................................. mm.mm.mm ....... . reedlns Qqst m ................................. .. ...... reed1ngmccst. 1 11 1 .............. miscamfi1ectrigitx ....... . ............................. -M -11.WMWMEsccmElec.tricity ...... L ............................. u- ........ u ..... . ---------- 1 vvvvvv -Vet. and Hed1- .111. ................... .. ..1, .......... 1911 and M99 ............................................................... -Beddingfl...nu.--mmm.flm-mwn-.111111 ............. m. ........... Bedd1mgr. ............ "Mmm.n.m--...um. ........ nm..mmm. .. other -mwmmmmn-_w-. .............................................. -.mmsm.innermm-mMHHH..NHW-NMN. ........... . ............ . ...... , ........... Overhead. (5%) ............... “.Hnm .. .......... ,1 ........................ mevenhe d (5%). ............ 1-1---.” ............. ..m ...................... $01,543.18...” ..-... s-.- . Total ..... as ................. ........... a... ........... "7 IIICOis‘IE INCOME Milk sold-.- ..... - ................ .1 ................................... 1-- ..Appresiatipn.m, .................. it--- ............ “mmmmkmmm. ............... Milk.usedruww. ........ . ........................................... .. .......................... fissure Qnsdit ........ . ............ .. ..... . ............ . ................... m .......... Tota1-- -11. -mmum ......... -. ................. .1 Total ..... $11. . ..................... u. Subsidy.. ....................................... .Net Return -mm.ufl.m-mm.mw ...................... Cali value“. ................................................................................. . ...... Return per Hana .m.m- . m ........ .-m ................. m ...... manure creditm. . -u .............. - -. ...... CowhappreciatiOQMNm Total-g Netwfieturnm.- iRetpxn per hen: ................................................. - Bull depreciation .-um-- .1 .... ........... COSTS AND INCOME PER UNIT-OF PRODUCT It I] III '«I I-llllrl In: [I'IIII.I l ll'l'-'£Ilil‘ll'- ‘u Item .Eeedmmmmm. . Labor --- Costfi=w run-n. I'xrw- '--|,~uI.-"-. ..................... Totalw_m-m..m“ Imonedll .. . H.639. Return .. . . .. . ”(per. ...................... Milk ”QWiJT lllllllllllll rrrrrrrrrrrr Butterfat (permlb.). .................. ........ 1 Equipment use llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ”Overheadn(3%l -Tctalm. ........................ ---------- “Manure193911t cher income, , .Total ..... Iu-uuuulnmum' -. r“ lrl .............................................. rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr turn-Hun! .:r-I lul- .118Q;-B§Qdinsw-4.m. 'OIIIIIHOO‘IHIIIOHI u I ”Net CostmformXear ....... .Interesi on bull ....... .--.m...-n llllllllllll ................. OI IIIIIIIIIIIIII all” .15.. ........... lllllllllllllllllllllll .................. .fimW....- n an». um um. ulllHl'Hldre u n no Lu. s an. t ”in” I’ll I I'm 9- l: IIII l nun rrrrrrr I ttttttt HI llllllllllll lll' Il-riialllll u-uv-H'A llllllllllllll i llllllllllllll 4 """"" u ------------ IH'I ....... a ............ l ........................ FEED VALUES YOUNGSIQCK IHIIMIOH%§HHHUD‘ IIIIIIIIIMQI3mIIt'nI-uuun I Per Per Per Total Value Total Value ‘ Total Value FEED Head Head Heao -II.III HI I II I II'IIIIIIII . nnnnnn -.II«I'IIHHIIII-HI-OIIIIUUIIH HHIIIIHIHIHHH‘"HUIHHHHHHIHHIHHrlllllllllllllllfllHIIIHHHIll .a..........:,.: ,,;.:;:;::...... .....,... .. , , , , , . ., . . .IIIIIIHII-IIIIHII 09". no”. III ’I I IIIIInIvnnI-IIIIII IIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIOII'HIIIHBIIIIIIIHHIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIHH HHIIIINHIIIH pIHlIIIHHIIHI IIIHIHIIHII IIIIIIIH'H :I- “uni IIIIIIHIOIOCI|IIIOI{I" O$‘IIIIII|IIIIIII I". u -vv I Other rain IIIIIIII IngIIIII-Inn-vullv IIIIIIOIHIIIHHIILJill-VIII“!HHII'HI'IHIII IIIIHHIIIIHIIIII IIIIIII-IUII Hunfi‘d.‘ , ...... ,_ ,, IIIIIIII up: ........ .. . ----- II I|HIHIIIHOOIIHIH'H"CHIIIIINUIIHIII ‘Illllllllllnib'n III'lhauH'HHHUIIIUUHIIUD'IUIH HIIIIIIIII-II'IHI'V‘ lIllIII'IIIIHIHIIIHIIHIIII HIII"'IIIHIIIIH ”NIH-1:2: . :.. ..~ .IIIIII IIIIIIIHIIIIIIHIHuuuulnuu IIIIIII .:. . .... ..."..v. uIvIIIuInquIIIIII-I H ............ nIII III-I ...... I ----- Silage A I HHIIHI IIIHUIIIII IquIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN 'IIUII'IHHHIIIIIIIIIHNIl-LUIHIIHIH'IIH :1.:.:.:.:: " ‘ ‘ I IIIIIIHIHIIIII I “ '.'2 . .......:.:: :‘. ::: ..HHIHHHINIIIIINHH IIII III-mum .... Other rough. III: IIImIInII II IIIIIIII HIHHIHHHIIIH IIIIHIHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH HIIIIIIIII" “.§:::::IH|IIHIHHIHHIHIIII : ‘ ‘ , ...I:.: ..... . .. ., : , :..: IIIIIIII vvvvvvvvv . IIII «‘06 I II"! III IIII O'HHHII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN-I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIII r‘HIIHIIHIIHH' HIHHIH‘H ;‘.:. . .. . . ' . . .1 """ ‘ ‘1 ““““ :' ,: ::::I::I:::-II::... . :.. _ .:." Ilnuunlnv Milk to Y. S. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIHI I I ||II‘|I'I||'IIOI||II uvaIImIo-I-unnunnny ununununu ....... ””:::‘.‘..=:I IIIIIIHHHHMMullIqu-IIIII NIIIIIII‘Z‘ . . v;-.‘.::I||’HHHIIIIHHIHHII”1IIIIIIHIIIIIIIHIIlIIHIIHHD'IHI' Iota I dun HHIIIIHHIHHIHIIHHIIIII .:':;“ ummlun IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIImm IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMI::::.:. ::: ‘ ‘ . ' ... -‘: nun-mun Immmuu‘ :.-.:: . . . _ ._ ,- x: . . -.::,-mummnn nun-nun ------- I-.--- ...... IIIIIII .IIWQR‘...im ..I nu -.»-Iv.-un...:.Ivun'o-IIIIIIII-IIIIII.IIIIIIIIIII llll||IOIIIIIII.I'I‘10|I|CI‘I||IOI‘|I|!1‘||IIII.I|ll||||fiIDII\IIIIIIIYIfillll‘lll.!|.l‘llIIIIIIQIIIIIH‘I‘II"'.".III||I..I‘Il|‘|\II|||\¢III[‘I1.I||£III‘ll-Illllntl ‘IIO'I'OI 'lPIH 0H IHI In Im NHHIHHIHIIIIH HIII"I'HIIIIvniIIIvIIHIII III‘HIIIHIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIHH IHHINHIIHIII IIIIIIIIIIIHIIII HHIHHIHIIII uuluuuw IIIHIIIIIIIII I|lt|ll||l|§|\||lufiltu '.II|III|!.|'Q||H| III-II IIIIIIIIIII IIIIII III-IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHII. IIIInun:IIIIIIIIIIIII-Inu uhuuuuluul IIIIUHIIIH IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHI IIIIIIIIIIIHIIII IIIIIIIIHIHIH--I|||qu\u luuuuuurruuuluuuuuuuu IIHIIIIIIIIIIIHII )IIIi-IIIII-I . x.mv-HHNIIIUXUHIIIIHIHIIIIHJ' IIIIIHIHIIIIIIIIBH HIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIH IIH-IHHIII'IIII-LIIIIIHIIIH IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIHIIIIIHIIII I IIIIIII I.'|lII|'L"Il.I.H‘|' Innnuuulul IIIIHHII‘HIIIHHHU flNIIIIIIIIH'WIII ”I‘- IIIIII l""' 'I'llITIQ’EMUIIHEIII.I‘IUDII IlHIvIHIII-l-IIHII III-I IIIIIIIII I IIIIIII IIIHIH . IIIIHI'IIIIIlI| HIIIIIIIIIIH I IIMIIIIIIIII'l-i IIH IIIIIIIIIII I IIIIIIIHIIIIIIII IvIu-IIIIIII .IIIIIuIII-III- IHIHHHIHHIHIHNI "IIH'I'IUIH‘I’I IIIIIIIIIIIIII -. CATTLE INVENTORIES, PURCHASES, SALES, AND APPRECIATIO OR DEPRECIATION Endlng I-qun my'"e""r1':§9‘m."u' ”QUnIHIHHH \vi: . . .u . ..':': ‘ 9|“IHHII'I'HIIIHIUII'HI IkIIIIIIIIIIuII IIIIIHIIIHI IIlrullld'lixnulli‘zgxu'HPXIQHIyfiHHHHHHH HHHHHH'I'I‘ '5‘algfi'IIIIIU‘HIHHull-INIIIIUI‘IUHHHH'V'NI! Hum-mum” IIII-H III “II“ minnnfllumnuu I I .II--m:mum-InnIII-IIIIIIIII- I u I ImfilfilHHHHHIHIHIHHH--U'I|\|||'||NHIN' Immuml‘v' ~IIQILa'1HnQrIeIdihzt‘fimummnm IIIHIHHHHIII'IHIHNIIIIHH'IIIIIIHIIllINHIIIIIIIIIII IImmIm-m IIIIII Imam-II: :. :H‘ H: ..:..II IIIIII enamBllllau...-.mumu-m- m IIIIIIIIII Remngminmenthmu \HHIHHHIIHH H‘IHHHH'IHHHIIH‘HW Mum-m ‘ A .. 15':HIIIIHHII )Imm ......... ..IQI'IbIaJNIICIrIImI. anlmuunm 'I'IIIINHI‘v . ~ IPmchwesl‘IIIHIHIIIH'HH”IHHHHHIIl IIHIHIIIHIHIII-|I”HUM-HIvIIIIIHH-III INIIHMIHII I IIIIIIIIIIIHI-I-IMHIHIIIIIIIIII III-IIIIIIIIIHII HIHHIIII- II-ggSIIIIWlMIZI-IVHII'H‘PXI‘HvIIIIIIIIIuI-olnllvnInIIIIdII-II Heifers freshening . Bulls kept chases ' I\‘uiHlllualillm.IIIIIHII.IIIImmIIIIIIHIIIIIHIIIIH mmuunn-III I ' Fun HHI III \I m In um um \Hu UH nu mu m nu muuumuuuu mum I-uunmgnmn-min-gum- - w EIR$‘§;'lv'qgh;pI§v‘ . . ' nun-II: .:-: vvvvvvvv nonunion-nu. ......‘. .. .. ...uouunu .I{.OITI9IIItI%IIIDR.IO'|K+ Inl IIIIIIIIII ....” iII'IIIIII-I‘Iw Apprlggmnimnbnuuunnflm|=‘==v== v-HHIHIIIIHH LINN! IIIII HHIIIIIIIHl-vv .IIHItII-uI ;I.3IHIHUHHUI'|HI||I|NI||H IHINIIHIIIHI*HHHIHHI IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHII HIHHIIIIIIIIIIII DIIIHHIv' I 'yxw ;r."' . D-epregiatann-u- ‘ ‘ ...... ‘ IIIIIHIIHIHIIH- ‘ .:.::::' " .2 ..... :: ..... ununnlun . . ..‘ -, .: j‘IH” :I‘”? IIII'IIIIIII-I' Inn \t‘eflmlfiCtulgl W§YQOIIAQYQ§tm§D$ 'IIatulifizuu$lulPHIHHIIIHH|IIH|IH IIIIH W H" III-Mllfi II UH ll HI H H IIIIIHI III" II IIIHII IIII IIHIHI IIIIH IIIIHIII Illifil—IMIHLHHIHII'III'I'H'IH'II" ‘ BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORIES AND CHARGLS _ Item, Barn Hilkhouee figumpm Barn 'sag‘ ............ ‘ ‘ : ‘::..:... III I-II IIIHI| IIII‘ II IIIIHIIIIIIIIIHIIIIHIdunInIuIIInInuIIuI H {HUI I n I IIIIII IIIII MIIIII luv HHHIHMIIH I n 13.9%-} V'Wafifiaififi. ...... ...$............ ........ ECQWS 75 (d [0 EnQIM.iI1V.WXn.I I-vuvmmnm-m r'l'lIIIIHLIHH'HHHIII I... Inn-Inn IIIIHHHIIIHI' u-mu run-mummum mun I'm-mum“ mm-m-z. R1111 S Depreciation . __;; IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ll-n-IHIIIIIIIHIIIJ II “”1 IIIIIIHIIHIIIIIIHI IIHIIHIT llll'lllIlIl'vIu ..:...;: I-IIIIIIIIIIIIII-iu iv . . . ...nnm HIIIIIIIIII- . E‘s? re ‘ % mfiexafiIW .. . .. - - . .:..:::: :.:.--—- wwHIHl-IIIIIUHHHH: :::.=.. :..::. -:-::.:.. .:. .:--.I -e:=--.-.IIIm-IvIIIIIIIIIIII (...: IIIII .Bam...?u$8m2hargef rum van 1"" , 0’ T%§\§:I ins. (‘2 WHIP: I:“:::':: .:: .1. 23h“ nun-IIIHIIIII IIIIIIIII ”III-Inna I'Hll] bl'lll IIIIIIIIII I IIIIIIIIIIII I IIIII I "GQWSII' ‘3 $ R-e'p. aflaq‘ ne‘v ‘ -. I?“ I "I“. -::IIIHIIvquv:.. ...... :. IIIIIIIHHNIIU"HUHH"IIIHINIIHIIINIHI-IHHNIHIHIINIHIIIJ IIII-IIIIIII HBRJHJVISI $ 3 (It —* st " 1"”"r Y. S. $ w ----- "IIIIIIIIIIIIHHIluululuuuHMIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHIHIH.:1“", “ ”.‘HquIIIIIHIII IIIIIIIIII III-HIM ..- . . . .::::||IH::-.::..::: nii HlIHIIlIIIHIOI IIIH'IHIHII IIIIIIHIIII u I I I III m- IIIr IIOHI M' " . my" X Farm Mgt. Dept., M. 8. C. MPH“DI B Mich. Mllk Producers Aes'n MONTHLY DAIRY COSTS Name Address Month of In 1. CONCENTRATE MIX (Only) Concentrate use Concentrate Amount Average mix Obs.) price Item Amount On hand first of month Mixed or Total On hand end of month Used Share to: Cows Mineral Bulls Salt Y stock Total XXXXXX Other stock 2. FEED SUMMARY (Concentrate Mix, Other Grains, Roughage and Pasture) Cows Bulls Young stock Average Kind price Value Amount Amount Value Cone. mix Other Pasture Total XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX 3. LABOR RECORD Cows Young stock Worker Hr. per mo. Value Hr. per mo. Hr. per mo. Value Total XXXXXX ‘For hired help rate per hour: Cash wages per month $___Value of Items supplied (list them) Total Wage 5 Hours worked In a typical week-day f X days in month = hours Hours worked In a typical Sunday x Sundays in month = hours Divide total monthly wage $____by total hours In month—for rate per hour__. Monthly wageforyou &_____. Hours you worked in month—your rate per hour__. Average daily time spent on cows: Milking—minutes. Feeding—minutes. 4. PURCHASES AND SALES OF DAIRY CATTLE Date Cow purchases No. Value [Date Cow sales No. Value 5 ll 3 Heifers freshening Cows butchered Cows died XXXXXXXX Total Total Cows on farm at first of month XXXXXXXX Cows on farm at end of month XXXXXXXX Total number XXXXXXXX Total number XXXXXXXX Bull purchases Bull sales Calf purchases Calf sales A... Calves born during month___.____. Number of dairy heifers at beginning of month . Number of bull calves at beginning of month over 1 year Average number of cows for month over 1 year under 1 year underi year 5. DAIRY PRODUCTS SOLD AND USED ‘ Milk Cream and skimmilk Pounds Test Net receipt‘ Poonds Test Price Net receipt‘ Used: House fed Used: House XXXXX Fed XXXXXX _:otal Calves at 5 da 21 Manure Tota_| xxxxxx Su pa nt (rate ) Total income ‘Hauling and fees are to be deducted. Enter other expense items below. 6. MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES OF DAIRY CATTLE Date Item" Young stock per ton S ) “Dairy equipment repairs and supplies, expenses on barn, share of electric bill. veterinary, medicine, breeding fees, testing dues, and other dairy expenses. Mlit. 621 A? P3113 II C .ASSUIPTICHS USED IE CALCULAT KG IASTURE IIETD BY TDI HSTHOD 1. TDH content of feeder:r 4 a. Tsual grain ration to consist of 75 percent total digestible nutrients. b. Usual hay fed to consist of 41 percent total digestible nutrients. c. Sila3e (corn) to com. sts of 17.8 percent total digestible nutrients. 2. TDK required for maintenance of each 100 pounds of live weight:* .787 pounds. 3. TDN required for each pound of 4 percent fat corrected milk:* .3375 4. Standard weights of dairy cows by breeds as presented by Ragsdale.** Cows in mixed herds assumed to weigh 1000 pounds. 5. Hilk converted to fat corrected basis according to the Conversion tables of Brody and Ra * WOOdward, T. E., Feeding Dairy Cows. U. S. D. A., Farmers Bul. 1626, pp. 30—31 ** Ra3sdale A. G., Growth Standards for Dairy Cattle. Mo A? r. EXp. Sta., Bul. 336 iP‘i Wody, 5., and Rags dale, A; C., Evalua sting; the Efficiency of Dairy Cattle. U. of Ho. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 351, p. 4. AHD FORLULAS USED IE LIKEAR IULTIPLE APPSKDIK D CORRELATION the dependent factor or variable. x4, Total or summation, i.e. The The The etc. - the independent factors or variables. 2531. sum of K1 values number 0: items in a given series average of the K1 values a :l N standard deviation standard deviation of K1 - Jazcxne -<.-~.1>2 product moment of K1 and x2 .lex2 _ (AKl) (axg) -———- N coefficient of gross correlation = P12 regression coefficient for X1 on 32 = rlgcrl 022 ' asT cans: CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS Measure of correlation between X1 and K2 holding K3 constant I‘12 ‘ (r13) (r23) _/l-TT13)2 3,1- (r23)?— 1203 = r12.4 = r12 - (r14) (r24) ./1 - (51472 _/1 - (r24)2 r2304 = r33 - (r24) (r34) _/1 - (r2472 _/i*- (r34)2 APPEITDIIC D SECOID ORDER COREZLATICHS COEF? CTTVTS ‘0'Ht‘ .- r12.34 . neasure of correlation between A1 A2 holding A3 and n4 constant I3.2.34 = r12.4 ‘ (r13.4) (r23.4) -fl - I7313.4 ../1 ' 1253.4 COEFFICIENT OF KULTIELE CCRnELATICN Rl.234 : Heasure of correlation of a K1 and the series of X2 , 33 and K4. R1.234 = -/1 — (l-r214) (l-r213.4) (1-r212034) ”'CIITI'I‘WIB‘IHIL ill ”1i“ Ilfifliijfifll'lfll Jill ll?!“