A COMPARISON OF THE SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS OF CHILDREN FROM BROKEN AND UNBROKEN HOMES THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. A. Rose Matthews Potter 1932 ""1 *V' . welt} , r A ‘“ “¥€f‘%*“.".d. div ‘ ~'.|( ' fl -' ""‘ 7'4 “ '1 ‘ ' r'-- -‘1<"“" ' ",T’“ "'7 ' .f1w. JL ‘J ‘1‘... "I ;,I |_/ \O’,,. V J_¢L.,J LJU 4.: .LJJ £1-1’L"-’UJ.A «L‘ 4. I.) f “ T ‘ . ' 1‘ ~ 1'3“ 6' x \J -‘ ‘J—-.LJ..J—'J—~—.J.z- .‘L‘sv'au Lung/Ax... ..-.. i‘btr-’ -~'*~)*, ~1r- .— ‘T’d-"r‘ --. 1 ‘.‘\.,‘i.-‘_.1.-v -~\’J..JMJ - ¢ ,, .. "4‘ ’1” A”, ”1‘ '1‘ .. n'rag “'1. w". C‘..,.‘ (J:‘ kq jay? :J.) 12-; _ d... -- n: UJ. ;.\)L .er \J-_VUJ‘L.Q(~J. .LlU--1 : - , 3 O— _..-F‘ ' ’ (V ' 1 A -\ n 1- ,". 'x '77 ‘.-~ A- r‘ p.63 ) l~"--:,' \JJ. Li‘e L) I‘Jlf-«n L31‘f4-‘vb JllAL ‘5"_1;Ul - .x :M . v: - . , ‘ ;JKIL._JJ‘.Q, .'..1...u.Ll:_J(-.L;J - ‘ 'v',‘}"' -‘~. 'u‘x‘ 1'v . ‘0 '. r, ‘.L) LJ—A-J J 45.1. .‘ .u -4 .f .V.' J V a at. t¢J 1" ‘ :_ -. . m ‘ ‘-'\ I - -. "I" I 4 7" I~ f" q -‘ i J r 1 . ‘ , fl ' C . ‘ - . 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' ~.-- + ‘ 4 4 n v- ‘ 1 ‘ . - , - -. ~ general agree.-zenO . :mO One U.le.L.~’1 nee-..- r fé-z‘bgul‘ '1 - .‘ " '4 ‘" ‘ » “O ‘. n. .- 9-" r' 1-, ' O.‘ - J V',. . “I, -7 am. a I.LJO.;’31‘, in; :- fOOt;u;L'..Oe :OO‘OOOeL‘ aim mother.” (1) Igid SLMQJ is magi; Atom Lg: 35£otueele LLat rue“ One "110.413 name ‘OOOere 2.;1‘; O.OiL«:i.ra-O: ls brazen, were 1;, “O3; -.: 1-1.1, in he ;-a;.:r-.>-==L-,'-i 73161;; ;;Oa:.O-:-:2e L.:.e .3...:O.‘Z-.a;. ei".._;:_u;.iun O»: L;-e gull-Owen Luce; tuat tue; “we Urea/Os: iTé'iOO-HL'L‘,’ in ling, O W n ' . ;_“ 4‘- r' a) E :1 ‘ 'u‘. ‘ O. ‘ ‘ g ‘ a " f .3 .-_ »- : ‘ ‘ >1” .‘ , ~vvr' | I. . . " t. ,- ~ ~ 5.)!) V1 LAO—A. Lul‘AU L). 5.! (J.A__.il Uk“ L'-.L.J:.i; nab-J \J -J.-‘A.‘.A.l ‘v‘j «a '00-&'~...i VU;;“3 l l‘UJJ LL11“. ,‘,\ ‘- ‘ -3 g . -. ULV“$—‘ $AUAn09v A.) . ‘V‘ ‘ 1' .' O ; ‘ _ _. ' ‘ . ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ,- r - __| ' | . l J ‘\ . ‘.. L-u ‘ _ .3 ,- ‘. ._; .' , ¥ « .O _ J 5‘. . , _ fin ,‘ . , .L... u./.LJ.A.LOOJ.LD ‘.'.L‘_/-¥..J.‘.‘. O“). 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'4 ' 1-, I.‘ {e A , .‘ e ,1 J 7‘. . f4 _- l a“: ~ r-‘ , . .__ - ‘, I J4. 4.1 a J: N. OIL; Us.) CL 'v Only»); M" u.- UU \A. :1. Labs, “90%.. ULV'J’ ~ 5‘, «J- .‘ ‘ ' ~~ -~ v- ; -‘~~ 3" . C" -‘ .' "3‘ ‘I -|11 ‘ ;; *5 . .. ‘ , O " .- - . \.\ -‘I , '.t f - ‘ - -, "\. :ll-J-déb, U- .L-~l‘.‘&.Lo.'J&LOAA./AAU’ \,., UV .-_.l ;. _L\,I,_)L,L,.L dL 1. V’L11J.5L‘O;\‘ Lev“!- ‘ ‘I‘ .-'~ ‘ r‘ ‘ “‘1 ‘ 119.’ ‘ . " "3 r9 : .' 1 I» .v i 'J E! -‘ 'r a, I , ‘ ', ' ~ I; .\' l u net-J 95.0“ UALU u-.Ld u. OLu v.5 .L.-:.. Q-L Ls-'...- v-9'... v-5 ‘a‘-';..d ‘U'JU‘Ava 1-3) L; A I“ V; -. “.34 'J . we -1 -' -1 , ' 3 ‘ . "1”,. ~ ‘* .- ~' -‘ U ‘ v. .' . "I V'v‘I ‘ ‘ * n 2’- V 61“] d‘L.L.LbJ-L U QALJ.AA'CD lelL'fi-OU J. U Loud-L.) U6 ‘JUL‘.‘LJ;LI‘e\-L til b-i U_‘—e wLAA‘ ‘- ‘ ‘ ' ’_ ‘ Y H ‘ . Z..- . ' J ..' C} :‘ ‘3 .. IO. ~n L.) 1 3 ,"O l ' "ll ‘. "‘ ‘ fi \ ‘ ‘- . ‘ 7" ' ' ' " : ULJ~.\.:~.’ $AU¢AV, k1l:.1;L «Lu, doi‘.’ ~.-..'./.L v U«.-.¢ V¢.L.LJ.\A- ._ isthé- V—-U~ 914*: “ u y - ' ' ' ' '4 .' to . y - r ' "v ' - v \ r w ~ A ‘V‘ -v > v: “ - 1 . a, '_.' - I“ w ,‘ f .v , ‘ 2 . , - 9 V _- ~‘ , 4:. y 1‘ . :5. . \ .Ll.{_', Luli‘n 'Hjlisilib DJZJC 04.3.51 {/htilbk b-AFfLA&V(41.l‘L.;—§‘U (.2: ‘-U...'.'..p AMI-L V‘“ ‘-‘l Ql‘OlLOLl'Bno 444.5 483.111}. LID-u LLOCJS ILL/L e-'.1-"4.Ozue 7213-9 08—565 W118 '\ ». O a. A .Ofn 4..- «at! (i, ‘4‘;l:S:AL Li. HIQJ.:,;C, -aa-h.‘ Mil-.1... .bALb -LJoJ'; hi. (.14 re one of the parents has left the home temporarily for occuga- tional or other reasons. The term "unbroken" home was used instead of the term "normal" home for the writer has the conviction that as yet we do not Know what constitutes a normal home. Often this term is used then in reality what the mind visualizes is the setting of an "ideal home" ~ a goal in home life whicn would be worthy of attainment. Evidence that the broaen hone, where trere are children, is of considerable social significance may be vouched for by those who cone in close contact with children's activities. Teach- ers, social workers, and juvenile codrt judées are agreed that children from brohen homes are more often problem children than the sane percentage cominé from unoronen homes. While the teachers interviewed had not made a definite study of the cases of yroblem children coming from broken homes and com- pared them with children coming from dnbrohen homes, they stated Without hesitation that the orosen home furnished more problea pugils than the unbroken home did. The maladjustment records of the school showed evidence of this. The records kept by juvenile courts and juvenile protective worxers and social workers Show that the broken home has a demeralizing influence, and has been substantiated by studies of the youth- ful offenders who have come into the juvenile court. Such -3- studies have been made by Clifford R. Shaw, a social worker 2 of Chicaggé)Charle? Ellwood who studied children in thirty- "5 four reform schools:)and Sheldon and Eleanor T. Glueck in "500 Criminals in the Making and Unmaking."(4) In order to learn how much work has been done in this field many books, magazines, and articles were sketched or read to throw as much light on the subject as possible, also to get the viewpoints of others. No one book was found that had been written on the "Broken Home" as such. Keither was there an en- tire chapter or an entire magazine article dealing with this theme in the material reviewed. In order that the children from both braken and unbroken homes would represent similar and comparable social situations, it was decided to obtain permission from the Social Service Bureau of Lansing to use their case histories as a source for securing as much data as was possible from them. The fact that both types of fahilies had come to the Social Service Bureau for help in settling some yroblem that they felt they could not adjust for themselves gave them at least one factor in common. The face sheet of these records give instant information in regard to the name, address, nationality, age, religion, occupation, eagloyers, relatives, and friends. The inform- ation written.in the case histories is biven in Chronological 2 "The Jack holler" E33 Eugene I. Bushdng "family Estrangeaent and Juvenile Delinquency” ”Soc al Forces" Sent. lQLd, pp. 79-85 (4) Pp. 116-118 unli— order and in a condensed narrative style trying to preserve any description that will be an aid in showing the personal— ity of the client. In fact, any information that relates to the client is kept in the history. Any correSpondence carried on in connection with investigations is kept with the record and if the client happens to get his nane in the papers, the clipping is also filed in its chron0105ical order. The information pertains to the investigation of two hundred twelve children from broken homes which represented sixty- eight families. There were two hundred fifty-nine children from the unbroken homes which represented fifty-six fauilies. The ages range from birth until the individual was twenty-one years old. So permission was granted oy the superintendent of the Public Schools of Lansing to study the records of these children whose names had been secured from the Social Servioe Bureau. Inese records gave the names of the pupil's parents - address, occupation, the pupil's name, birth date, school d; transfers and the scnolastic scores for each year he As the physical and social factors of the conaunity in wnicn one lives has a part to play in one's sociality, a brief description of Lans.ng, its growth, institutions, and racial composition helps form the background for the cases studied in this project. -5- Th; CUthhIIY BACKunoUhJ Lansing is the capital of hichiaan. It is located in the south central part of the state at the junction of the Red Cedar and Grand Rivers. Ihese strewus afforded the power of the city in embryo in 1837. Ihe territory of the city is about equally divided on either side of the Grand diver ex- cept for a triangle made by the "Y" as the med Cedar and the Grand meet. The city now comprises eleven and one-half square miles. Lansing is on U. S. 16, a trunn line highway union was once called the Plank Road. It is also accommodated by four railroads. Lansing is about ninety miles north and west from Detroit and sixty-five from Grand napids whicn is west and north of Lansing. While it is located in a rich level eg- ricultural section of the state there were no great natural resources, extraordinary water power or other inportant factors which were instrumenta. in the creating of a large city. Its automotive manufacturing activities were due to the fact that the inventor of the neo automobile aid the founder of the Oldsmooile Company were residents of the town. In 1847 the site of the future capital was a dense for- est. "So few were the white people at this place on the Fourth of July that the Indians had to be called in to help raise the Liberty Pole." (5) So the city is young - not yet one hundred years old. huch of its populace has been made up from the farmers and (5) Pamphlet - Iichigan The Peninsular State (State Dept. of Agriculture, Herbert 3. Powell, Commiss1oner) their descendants who have moved "to town" from the surround- ing territory. As the lumber activities of the North died out and the farm land of the North is mostly marginal, its occu- pants drifted to the manufacturing centers as the varidls in- dustries began to make their call for more men. Lansing re- ceived its share of those who sought to bettex'their financial status. Prior to the year 1900 there was very little manufacturing here except what a modest little city of 16,000 and what the surrounding agricultural district might require to carry on their pursuits. The years when the Legislature met were years when the merchants expected to reap a "bumper crop," when the farmers planned on "polishing up" the reddest apples, and the farmer's wife wanted to make her "best butter." In the first years of the Twentieth Century, the Olds hotor Works and the Rec Motor Car Company began to build a few automobiles by hand, and other industries also began to spring up. (Of course the automotive industry was not the first industry in Lansing, but it was the one which made the biggest showing and most rapid development.) By 1910 more machinery was used in the manufacturing plants and a greater demand for outside labor was created so the population had increased ninety-three per cent, or had reached 51,758 in the fiIst decade of the Twentieth Century. The next ten years showed more feverish expansion, the automotive industry being the largest in the city was working to capacity to meet the people's desires for quicker transportation. This naturally induced other manufacturers of rekited articles to move to this city to lessen the delNery -7- costs of the article they supplied to the construction of an automobile. The World War demands fox-military vehicles also had its influence on the growth of Lansing. By 1920 the population had increased slightly more than eighty per cent over the population figures of 1910, or was 57,387, and the last decade was not to be outdone by numbers though the per— centage gain was less. Twenty-one thousand and ninety-eight persons came to Lansing between the years 1920 and 1950. This made a gain of thirty—eight per cent over the population data of 1920, or 78,425 people. This is the population within tne city limits. Counting those who work in the city considering Lansing as their town, and living on the border of the city, Comprising what is called Greater Lansing, the population would reach approximately ninety thousand. Some of this growth was due to natural increase, some to immigration, but mostly due to emigration from other states and other parts of the state. The nativity of the population as given by the 1950 census: Native white............86.l per cent Foreign born white......12.7 " " Negroesooooooooooocooooo 1.1 " H Others...o...........-...0.l " H The coming of the foreigners to the city has been so gradu- al that the assimilation has taken place without any diffi- culty. There are sections, however, where certain nationalities have located fairly densely and might be sponen of as the Polish section of the city, or "that is where the Syrians live." That these neighborhoods have developed cannot be blamed on the foreigner but on the native born individual who is afraid to become acquainted with those who do not 100K, act, talk, and eat as he does. The educational needs of the city are tahen care of through the two Senior High Schools, three Junior High Schools, twenty-four Grammar schools, and seven Parochial schools. Some of the State Institutional Schools are also located with- in the city limits, as the Vocational School for Boys and tne Michigan School for the Blind. Iichigan State College is located at East Lansing, aid Lansing has always had a great deal of pride in being adjacent to such a fine institution. There are fifty-seven churches of at least twenty-seven different denominations to minister to the religious needs of the peOple. A fine Y.M.C.A. organization meets many of the needs of the young men, and a very fine new Y.W.C.C. or- ganization helps to meet the needs of the young women and adolescent girls. The Branch of the Michigan Children‘s Aid Society is effectively worhing all the time to help alleviate the sting caused by the broken home. It carefully supervkses, advises and takes care of those children who are entrusted to its -9- care ani it can be said with certainty that it has helped many children make their difficult social adjustment after their home was broken, ald has also prevented many from fall- ing into undesirable habits. One only has to read some of the rec>rds of the Social Ser- vice Bureau to know that many children and parents have been given valuable encouragement in time of need, not only physi- cal need but the intangible need where there are emotional and social conflicts that require adjustments to be made. The social worhers have been able to advise and worn with their clients so that it has been possible for them to under- stand their social situation and in a great many cases make satisfactory adjustments. The type of homes are largely those of the working man. There are comparatively few squalid places and most of the homes have a "front and back yard" large enough to insure a certain per cent of privacy. Within recent years four "better" residential districts have developed. Location of the broken homes are shown on a map on the following page; a red dot indicates the broken homes; a yel- low dot,the unbroken home. The key to the map indicates the Imnkings showing the classification of the different resident- ial and business distriCts of the city. There were four -10- cases of the broken homes that lived east of the last street shown on the map aid two unbroken homes. Lansing has two daily newspapers, the leading one having a daily circulation of 45,264 and the other a daily circula- tion of 12,649. There are three banks which have withstood the depression. Two large mid well equipped hospitals are anong its public in- stitutions. For outdoor recreation and rest there are several fine parks which together with the cemetery comprise an area of six hundred eleven acres. There are four municipal golf courses. The case study, personal investigation, and schedule methods were used in carrying out this project. The case study method predominated. In order to obtain this information, much time was required in reading long records, many dating back as far as 1922 - not a paragraph of them could be omitted for that paragraph might have been just the one which held most import- ant information. There was not a child's school record kept in the files of the Board of Education, three Junior High Schools and two High Schools that has not passed through the investi- gator's hands. The data of the records were classified by means of the schedule into twenty-two items, all of which have their use in maring the aniysis of the subject under consider- ation. The school material was also analyzed by means of a schedule in order to provide a sound basis of comparison. It is not presumed in this study that the broken home can be eliminated. There will always be the home broken by death and by maladjustment of parents. The matter under con- sideration is what are the individual and social consequence of the brOken homes upon the children as far as it is possible C" to ascertain from such material as is obtainable a‘ the pres- 4. ant time.} No one can imagine the conflict and confusion the child has to strugge with in competing with this problem which is adverse to custom and tradition. Only having gone through with such an Xperience gives one a full understand- ing of what it means. The work would be both more interesting and more valuable if we could look into the mental processes that take place in the individual's mind when he is going through the period of transition, or if each one coul’ describe the sensations, feelings, aid attitudes which he experienced in adaptina him- self to the changed situation. This has not been possible, however, so the material will be interpreted as objectively as possible in order that no prejudices will enter into the value of the study. - l“; .. CHAS? find I I IAAAoiJAiSFICS OF FAMILIQS S'EJDIED Perhaps the most noticeable thing that differentiates one person from another is his nationality. Jo doubt the differ- ence is due to habits, traditions, customs, physical and social environment that have been transnitted to the succeed- ing generations from the earliest activities of clans and tribes to the present generations. It is significant to know the nationality of any group when making an analysis of social behavior. As has been stated previously, Lansing is composed of a high percentage of American born citizens and in te king a ran- dom sample, by the Law of Probability, the higher perc nt ag e of families v.ould be li; {sly to be triose of American descent. Of the sixty-eight broken families, fifty-eight of the fathers, or eighty—five per cent, were Americans; nine per cent of them were of foreign birth, and the nationality of six per cent vas not mentioned. Fifty-eight of the mothers, or seventy- nine per cent were American born, four and one-half per cent were of foreign birth, and the nationality of the sixteen and one-half was not mentioned. Thus in this group it is eviient that the American women marry foreign men more often than American men marr‘ foreign women. There were fifty-six unbroken homes studied, and of this group of fathers, forty- five, or eighty per cent were of American birth; eighteen per cent were of foreign birth, and the nationality of two per cent was not given. Of the fifty~ six mothers, forty—one, or seventy-three per cent were Amer- ican born, eighteen per cent were foreign born and the nation- ality of the remaining seven per cent was not given. Table I, p. 14 shows the wide range of nationality. To make a comparison between the families of the broken and unbroken homes it was necessary to see in what characteristics they were alike and in which ones they differed. The division into which the characteristics were classified are nationality, age, size of family, religion, occupations incomes education, apparent mentality,mnd location of homes. -14.. Table I. NATIONALITY or Th... PARENTS or ran CHILDREN STUDIED 68 Families so Families Nationality Broken homes Unbroken homes Father; Iotner Eatner: Iotucr American 58 54 45 41 English 0 O 2 0 German 0 O l l Poli sh. O O 5 4 horwegian ” l O 0 French 0 O 2 1 Belgian O O l l Austrian O O O 1 Italian 1 U 0 0 Swiss 0 O O l Croetian l l O 0 Danish O O O 1 Indian and American 1 O O U Hegro l l l 1 Not given 4 ll 1 4 -15- When we come to the question of age, it is the "age-old problem" of getting the age of adults. There were many which were not given and strange as it may seem, it was the men‘s ages which were missing most frequently in tne records. how- ever, the few ages which were given may be more easily compared if Table II is used. Table II. nuns OF PAfinhiS I; Duoxn; AND Uisuonnu BULLS ho.of Cases 2&-29:30-59:40-49:50-59:over oo;uot Given Br0ken homes: 68 : Father: : 2 : 5 : 9 : 5 : O : 45 mother: : 5 : 8 : 4 : O : O z 36 Unbroken Homes 56 : Father: : 3 : 6 : b : 2 : l : 39 Mother: : 7 : 6 : 5 : l 3 l a 56 These are the ages of the parents when the first contact was made. It may be said, however, that these are the ages given when the parents were first contacted and do not represent the ages of the group in any one specific year. The records from which these data were collected date back to 1922 and in some in— stances there are sumaries of the cases which preceded this date. A fire destroyed tne case histories in 1922, so some valuable information has been lost. There are Some clients who have made only a few calls upon the Bureau for advice and assistance and Others who have continuously made reéular cells for help of “arious sorts. There is one evidence that most of the parents were at least in their thirties, for the oldest child was usually in his or her teens before tne family became known to the Society. There was no difficulty in obtaining the ages of the child- ren as the parents seened rather proud to give these dates. These ages, too, are given as the age when the first Contact was made. Only the children who are old enoubh to have a school record by January 1951 are considered in the analysis of the data. Before school age there was very little information con- cerning the small children in the Social Service records, and with none from school records there would be little information obtainible about tne pre-school child. There was a total of two hundred twelve children from broken homes between the early ages and twenty-one; nine of them were not old enough to be in school to have a record by January l93l, therefore they are not included in the analysis of the data. Fron tne unbroaen homes there were two hundred f'fty—nine children. Of this number there were twenty-seven who were too young to have a school record in January 1951, and therefore they are not con— sidered in the analysis of the data. The classification according to age for both broken and unbroken homes is shown in Table III. These data show that the children from the broken homes are older when they come in con- " ' “ ' ~fi , *r "h c ”e from tact With the Seeial service Bureau than those wLo cm the unbroken homes. Y Table III. AGQS OF CHILurhil? III 3301131; AIM) UIJBROILL. HOLES No.0f Age Periods Cases :0-4 :5-8 :9-11 :lz-l4: 15—17: 18-21 Broken Homes: 212 : Boys : :(45): 21 : l5 : 21 : ll : 6 Girls: : : 86 : 2 : 22 : 14 : 6 Total 212 : 45.: 47 : 4o : 45 z 25 : 12 Unbroken Hones: 2:59 : Boys : : : 54 : ll : 7 : 6 : 5 Girls: :(109: 25 : 2 : 19 : l8 : 4 Total : 259 :109 : 59 : 52 : 26 : 24 : 9 The sex of the children under school age for convenience sake was not separated. It will be observed that children living in the unbroken home situation are generally younger than those living in the broken home situation. It may be added here that the size of the family is larger in the unbroken home, averag- ing 4.8, :hile in the broken home it averages 5.1. Perhaps. this difference of 1.? children in the unbroken home may be of significance in finding a reason for their need of advice or service from the Society. In investigating the records for the religious affiliation of these groups it is interesting to notice the wide variety of sects represented, and those who class themselves as just "Protestant." Ho doubt this group have never allied themselves with any church but hold a Protestant point of view. Table IV, page 18, gives a list of religious denominations aid membership of both broken homes and unbroken homes. The percentage of church.membership for each group being 54.8 per cent and 54.5 respectively. This is about 12 per cent lower than the church membership for the United States given as a whole as 'shown by Warren Thompson's book "Population.Problems" (6) What the real significance of this low percentage of religious affiliation may be, cannot be determined in this study. That is not its object. However, it seems that it diould be con- sidered as indicative of the breaking down of the s>cial cus- toms, traditions, and standards which have been recognized as stabilizing forces in our saciety. Table IV. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIOR 0F BROKfln Ann U13 BriOI-Loii FAIILILIIJS Sixty-eight Fifty-six Religions Broken Homes Unbroken domes OOIOOOOOCOOCOOO Methodists.............. Baptists................ Congregational.......... Catholic...............o Lutheran................ Salvation Army.......... Free Methodist.......... Pentecostal............. Pilgrim Holiness........ Adventist............... Spiritualist............ Christian Scientist..... Protestant..............34 ...............26 not given............... 9 ...............l2 OOOOOOCCOOOO... HOPOHNUHOOR’JU‘ OPHHOONOQI—‘Ntfi The occupations of these grdlps are more numerous than their religions. Perhaps a little more grouping could have been done but it was thought that if the distinctions were left practic- ally as the individual gave them, it waild indicate or show (5) 9.73 -19... a self-consciousness that the person has toward his or her social status. A person feels that the type of work he or she does, gives him or her a certain Class distinction. The eXpert macninist feels he is of a higher intellectual level than the man who runs an automatic machine. The housekeeper feels her work is higher type than that of the one who scrubs floors or does dishwashing for a living. Twenty-eight differ- ent occupations are listed in Table V, page 20. In a few in— stances men and women both work at the sane type of work, as they say they do "factory work." There was one mother of the broken home group who worked in a factory at one time, and four of the unbroken group who had worked in the factory. The oc- cupation which is most common is that of "factory worker." Then the ocupations of laborer, housekeeper, and waitress come next. Where there are girls and boys old enough to work their occupations have been counted with those of the parents, if they have had a permanent job. Of the occupations listed it is evident that there are more factory workers than w>rkers of any other group. As there are ninety-seven workers in the broken home class, thirty-nine per cent would be employed in factory work. Of the seventy-eight workers in the unbroken homes, forty-seven per cent were employed in factory work. Perhaps a good reason for the higher per cent of factory workers coming from the unbroken home group is due to the predominance of female workers in the broken home group who -30- work at women's occupations, and there are also more older boys and girls coming from tnese homes. Table V. OCCJPATIOHS 0F Th3 PnflhuTS 0F Inn Channun FROH EH3 SIXfY-EIGHT BnUKmh Ann FIEIY-SIX UnBKUKmJ ROLLS AID SHOWIBG nfiPROKLhATE End CENTS - Broken Per Unbroken Per Occupations Homes cent Homes cent Factory W0rker..........58......59.....37......47 Laborer.................11......1l..... 8...... Painter and.Decorator... 2...... 2..... 5...... Expert Machinist........ 0...... 04.... 3...... Janitor................. 5...... 5..... 0...... carpenterOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 300.... 50.... 1...... Pattern Maker........... 0...... 0..... 1...... Mason and Plasterer..... 1...... l..... 1...... salesnlan................1...... 10.... 6...... TI‘UCK TrarISferOOOOOOOOOO 500.000 5.0.0. 1...... Night watChman.......... 0...... O..... 1...... Acrobat................. 0...... 0..... 1...... PIMberOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1...... 100... 0.0.0.. Pie Shop................ 0...... 0..... 1...... JunkinEOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.1.000.010.000’0000000 BOOt‘legger............. 2...... 2..... 0...... Demonstration........... 1...... l..... 0...... ReporterOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO 1.0.0.. 1.0... 0000.0. Lansing Fire Department ...... ..... 1...... Presser (Dry Cleaner).... 1...... l..... 0...... Store Manager........... 1...... l..... 0...... Stenographer............ 5...... 5..... 1...... lauSiCiarlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 100.... 00.... 0...... Rooming house........... 2...... 2..... 0...... waitress................ 7...... 7..... 6...... Housekeeper............. 7...... 7..... 0...... Scrub Woman andHousewod: 1...... l......4...... Laundry................. 2...... 2..... 0...... C)UMDOJCHDFJCDCHHCDCDCH‘F‘CH‘F‘FHEF‘F‘FWD§>OHD Total No. workers 97.... 100.... 78.....100 .211 Closely related to thessubject of occupation is the subject of income. There are some instances where the rates are given per hour, day, week, and month, but these figures are not of much significance in trying to get at a yearly income as tne date when the wages were paid is not always given. In most instances the income is irregular. This may be due to a man being a poor worker and losing his Job frequently or because of the manage- ment of the present industrial systan. r"here is practically no data given for the extent of edu- cation attained by the parents. In some instances t‘e social worker eXpressed her Opinion in regard to the apparent mental- ity of some of the individuals but progress in school was not specifically mentioned. In the broken homes there were eight cases where the mothers were spoken of as being mentally de- ficient, sub-normal or epileptic, aid four fathers in this group were, in their opinion, mentally deficient. In the un- broken homes there were two persons whose schooling was men- tioned; one had completed the sixth grade and the other quit school in the eleventh grade. Seven mothers in this group were classed as "below normal" intelligence. Information was given for only two of the fathers. One had completed the eighth grade and the other was an epileptic. Perhaps the best index to the amount of education and mentality these parents had is the type of occupations they follow. In gen- eral the occupations indicate that their education is very mediocre. The type of house, its furnishings, and the neighborhood from which an individual comes,or in which 1e lives, bears a relationship to his social behavior. Consequent y, a compar- ison of the homes implying house and furnishings is given according to a classification of the homes in Social Service Bureau Records. The good home is one which is modern, kept in good repair and furnished with furniture that is not shabby, and located in a good neighborhood. A fair home is one that may be older than the good heme, some of the modern conveniences kicging, furnishings border- ing on the shabby stage, and a neighborhood in tne less de- sirable districts. The three or four room type 're very small as the nane 9. indicates, poorly constructed, u ually built on the outskirts (J) of the town. The furniture in these varies. The neighbor- hood is usually poor financially and often morally. The shack may be constructed cheaply of tar paper over some rough boards,'or it may be built of only boards. Some of them are lathed and plastered; more often they are not. Some may contain one room used for all purposes, while oth- ers may be divided into two or more rooms. Table VI shows this chissification as it was made accord- ing to the social workers' Judgment. -233)- Table VI. CLASSI; 333510;. c;- holhus or SIXTY-hldiil‘ atom; no rim-1-312: Uhlhlon...’ Us...) 7: Broken Ter Unbrokei er Classification of homes homes cent Homes cent Good 12 23 14 26% Fair 22 42 15 28 Three or Four Room Type 4 7% 5 9 Snacks 5 9% 4 7e Furnished Rooms 0 0 5 9% Poor . 9 17 10 19 Types not mentioned 16 5 To compare the homes, giving each type tne same value, allow one point for the shack, two for tne three and four room type, three for fair, and four for good. The broken home rates at a sli‘h tly higher standard on the whole. These homes are not located in any one section of the city but are scattered. About one—third are located on the west side of the city west of Washington Avenue, and the remain- ing two-thirds are on the east side of Washington Avenue. Although they are scattered throughout the city the greater majority will fall outside the mile circle. ~54 Elli-L? 1...“: I I I CQIJITIULS IE BdUKhn MOZJS Although broken homes are as old as the existence of the family, still interest in fellow human beinés le ads us to study the causes of this phenomenon. The factors causing broh- en homes were listed while making this analysis of broken homes, as they were found in the case histories of the fahilies studied. The causes were found to be death, desertion, divorce, imprisonment, and detention in state institutions. Table VII snows the number of occurrences caused by each factor. The .,. 1- .._ Table VII. "xi-"HIS TI- 23113.1 TLLS‘ iiUlLJS "ail-143.43 BiiOlhu. Father thher Both Death .......... ll 17 " .......... 5 Desertion ....... 5 17 Divorce.......... 5 l2 luipri sonment . . . . . 2 0 State Institution 0 l Total 21 47 The death of one or both parents occurs most frequently. There were only three instances where the children were tot- ally orphaned before they reached maturity. In one of these three families studied there was only one child, Carrie. her father was drowned when she was a baby. her mother married again when Carrie was ten years old. Five years later the mother died of cancer. The second family consisted of two little girls eight and ten years old when orphaned by both of their parents being burned to death when their farm none was razed to the ground by fire. The third family donsisted of three children. The age of the oldest was not given, but the two younger children were aged twelve and nine when their mother died and twenty and seventeen when their father died. The incidents that happened to the children of these homes after the natural home situation was changed, probably would not have become so serious if their parents had lived. In studying the circunstances in Carrie's amily, who were described as, ”not of high mentality," we may not feel so certain that her life would have been markedLy m.fferent frmn what it was if her father had lived; however, a description of the conditions of her social situation will help to show the effect of the bronen home upon her personality and upon her adjustment to her environment. Carrie‘s father who had been drowned was a drunhard. her mother was a very neat housekeeper and a fairly good financial manager. So if the father had lived and the home had not been broken the social situation might not have been of the best. The question in- volved is,"What would have been the difference in the in- fluence upon Carrie living in a home with her own father and mother who had their own child as a common interest to work and plan for as compared with the home situation where there was a step-father coming into the home after Carrie was ten -26.. years old. He did not like Carrie and she did.not like him; in fact, she said without hesitation that she hated him. Car- rie's mother loved her, but could not show her the same inter- est and affection that she would have shown her had Carrie's father been alive for the step-father maintained a disagree- able attitude toward any intimacy between them. he quarreled with and nagged at Carrie's mother and often it was over Car- rie. He frequently swore at Carrieand sne reciprocated. An atmosphere such as this filled witn constant turmoil axd irri- tation affect the personality of a child. If Carrie‘s personality and behavior are described it may help to give a better understanding of the problem and indi- cate whether the home situation had any responsibility in shaping her destiny. Not much was know: aoout conditions in Carrie's home until she was thirteen years old, when it was reported by neighbors that she was the worst child in the neighborhood; that she told vile stories to other children and ran out with boys at night. The mother denied having any trouble with her daughter. When Carrie was interviewed at school, she was defiant in her attitude ard declared that she had not done anything wrong. The teachers reported that she was an odd child, maintained a surly mood, and was not in- terested in school. The children at school did not complain of her being vulgar, but she had circulated a vulgar poem -37- which she had copied and admitted she had heard her step- father repeat the poem. Carrie is small and coarse looking for a girl of her age. Some months later Carrie was again reported as truant fro; school and staying out with boys at night as well as running around with a girl of questionable character, who is much old- er than herself. Her mother is quite ill now from the effects of a cancer and is not able to discipline Carrie even to the small extent that she had previously. She believes that Csr- rie is doing things that she snould not do and is willing to have outside assistance. The step—father maintains a distrust- ful attitude toward the child and believes she is a bad girl for he says she goes out with a bad boy. Ihe mother is so ill and weak that she is taken to the hospital. Carrie is put in- ($- (U kJ f—— . to a boarding home where she does not adJus wilful and hard to govern. She shows no concern over her mother's illness, but said she was glad to get away from her step-father for she hated him. She begins again to play truant from scnool, going out with this ”bad" company, and still has no sympathetic feeling over her mother‘s seriOus state of health. She continues with truancy and delinquency until she is tried in Juvenile Court. She amiits being a sex delinquent and has been influenced by tne girl friend previous- ly mentioned. The County Agent who visited the home says that -33.. the home conditions are resgonsible for Jarrie‘s behavior. one is reconciled to go to the Girls' Training School at Adrian and thinks it dill be a relief from her steg-father. her mother died about the time Carrie was sent to the Train- ing Scnool. About two years later it was resorted that Car- rie was out‘of the Training School, stayin5 with the girl friend in a very small crowded home that was not at all a desirable place for her judging from the results that had happened from the earlier association. When the ViSitor interviewed Carrie she said she had been very unhapgy at the Training School, so she made it disagreeable for everyone by kicking doors and screaming. She was glaced on orobation two or three times but would not mane good.because she wanted to be placed in Lansing. Hot long after her release she became illegitimately preg- nant and.married the lazy drunnard who was resgonsible for her pregnancy. He was more than twice her age; was brutal in his treatment of her and did not worh to furnish her food or anything better to live in than a snaci or house car. She had been accustomed to a much better tyne of hone than this .‘ when living with her step-lather though it was snail. The step-father had been a steady worher so she had not Known such dire want before. If the garents had lived what would have haogened to the two children in family number two? fLet us call the older girl Lila and the younger one, Ann. Left alone - no father, no mother, no home - all wiped away by an uncontrollable fire. At ten and eight they were helpless and had to depend on others. These sisters were separated; Lila was tak n by an Aunt and Ann was placed in an orphaiage where she lived four years, then she was put in another institution where she re- mained a year. At the age of thirteen she was taken out and placed in boarding homes. Yhile living with the aunt, Lila had learned to work so that she became cayable of taxing care of herself. Although the aunt was a refinedwonan she did not fill the role as mother, for she na’e Lila feel her dependency and did not instruct her in many of the things an adolescent girl ShOlld be taught. As soon as Lila was capable to earn enough to furnish a room, she began to pro- vide for Ann's raom aid help her with other exoenses on her meager wages that she earned at the Dime Store. For some reason the aunt was never very kind to Ann; criticised her for many little things she did that were really of no im- portance. Ann was a rather attractive looning and refined girl. She was well-mannered and seemed to have normal in- telligence. She seemed to be entirely dependent upon oth- (“ ers or upon Lila's initiative aid Lanagement. she did not seem to be able to get work and keep it or to be resoonsible for herself. t nineteen Lila was married. She has made a fine wife; is well thou5ht of in her nei5hoorhood and is prom- inent in her lod5e. Z3ut this left Ann entirely upon her own resources, a situation with which she did not Know how to meet. She tried housework and did not succ mi she clerhed in a drug store but it did not last long; then she found work in a laun- dry. where had she had a chance to 5et trainin5 to prepare her to make her own livlihood. With her degehdency inclina— tion she fell easy prey for an unscrupulous undivorced dude who confessed love to allure her into unchas te ways of livin5. She ece.me kre;5 nant and with the assistance of this man co; mit- O. ted a ortion. He took the baby to a amp stove and odrned it. He was later arrested for manslau5hter and performing an ille- gal operation but Ann was such a poor witness that no legal action could be taken a5ainst him. When questioned as to why these thin5s had haypened, she said she 5uessed she had lived in orphana5es and boarding homes so lon5 that she did not know the ways of the world. After this unyleasant exterience she was sensitive about 5oin5 back to her work. Now she dri ts from one roomin5 hoase to another; never has a steady Job; 5oes on ”drinkin5 and wild" garties. All the indica- tions are that she leads the life of a prostitute. Z7ie e1 method + of living is such that ila will not allow her to come to her t—i home any more. Can this be said to be the result of a bronen home, Was it the lack of the influence of a mrther aid father -551- and a home the. caused Lilr' e de ends nce, lack of trainin5 leek of ini iative, lack of self— ‘1fidence, and lack of prey- aration to meet the social situations Y.hich confronted her and made her life so chaotic? At least it is a series of events tnat have ho5ope ned after a home was broien. Lila who had lived under more home-like conditions had a better ORQOF‘ tunity to mahe normal adjustments to her euV1ronhen . This situation mi5lt be said to {Jolohinate an ex5erinent about as closely as one could be carried on in a human situation. There were all indications that these 5irls were of 5ood stoch and of norma intelli5ence." One was glaced d1ere there were blood ties and a home-like atnosohere. She other was gloced where her ghgsical needs were tagen care of but the freguent chan5es in homes of various tyges called for a constant re— adjustin5 of her peryonality to conditions and 5eve a feel- \ J.) ing of insecurity. The third case - a fe111 il;r Where the mother was tagzen e.'1'.*C..;y‘: leavin5 twelve year old - arcia, nine year old Kenneth, and an older brother who was”on his own.” One day in October when harcht was seventeen years old her older brother ca11e to the Society to reoort that his sister had been put out of the house by his father, and as she had no glaoe to go he 1nd let her sleep in the little ”F x—It-Sho51" which he owned and 09- erated. 'He said the housekeeger 112d oeen mox1n, it so uncomfortable f) 1' tie children that they left as he had done F; 9 some years before. Torc' is anxious to find a place where she can Tork for her boo rd and room and Keeo on going to UJiHQ t0 Sinday H. school. She would also li:e the grivilege 0 School and choir practice as she sinés in the St. Paul's choir. She found 51021 a place. Ene emgloyers regort that her work is very satisfactory and that she does not leave the house m.th- out permission. This is in ho ember after she has been in the home about hree weeks. She was in need of clothing and was capable ofznaking for herself a dress out of a coat which was given to her. In December her school work was reported as satisfactory by her teachers. The first week in January she left her employers as she did not "wheel” the baby Just as she was told; she also stopped to talh with a neighbor girl next door. Her employer complained that she was becoming listless and needed to be told everything that s;e did. However, she was never ihgudeot. Kile indications are that this lady expected too much from Ilarc cia and nmintaixmd the attitude that she sl'zould be very brats— ful for a glace to stay and therefore be very hunole. When t; is so cial worger called atjfiari.a's father‘s none the last of January, she found harcia baring GUJAiBS and CaAC. Ehe house was in very good order; everything was Q'oinc nicely. The housekeeger had gonet frrcia failed to hes; a prohise she 113d made to usher at the Jibh School on tne Iourtn o; .I -QQ- eoruary. nor scholastic record ior tie fl rot merging "W. 4"" . '1 J ‘| V) VI .- ‘ —“ a. “ ' J. .' ., H" W _. _ _‘ -. . -, ,_ ye]; a. .L 0.1. wilt. .1" LG»). Wan.) Mllbctbl bl. Etv DULJ o J.“ 1.4 AA.“ 5.1.73.0 Maxi-5 Elia" se't fro' S‘lO‘l * ° ~t IJP’ r "~~ '~' * ' ,.-, - - o u 4... “1 Li U ci- Oreo“. (ACCLL CLLXvL Sad“; .‘ bis?) .58 c9 lilo v0 5110;) 1a,," 1 r . ,‘ -- 4 ‘,_.'_‘ A 4“‘_. .bfifl4'.,_fl -_. -‘.. ‘. . .. , SCli‘JCL cLS Sue GOES .LLOu liftVC Llic‘ blUL/lib'i) tile in: tab, Clo “LEO“ _ -.~ - ,1 . .0“ ,1: 7.‘ ... - v-1 ‘ ,_ _ - ' , . ‘ .t 4-. ..' . talninu luitner nan tne torner sne br0n1sen to return to scnool. She inileu to hoes this orchiso. lne nutsezeefer nas come sac; and this caused a great deal of contention be- tween Iarcia (who feels she is, and really is,casable,of car« 4 1‘0 f tj‘ \. r “ n "I '\f\ i V" -‘ A ‘~ " ‘ " ‘ ‘ lhb or he home) anu ner fatn-i, out one “OASechyfir seems to hive a pow rful influence over the father who Lanes sides s with her against garcia. Le also Broniseu to buy harcia clothes which he fails- to do. Inis man is on a good wage scale, getting at this time eighty-five cents an hour for his work which was steady. At last Larcia strihes Out for herself and cones to the .4 0 Society to inquire about 68tbln5 work and they assist her in finding a position, but she fair: to resort on the Joe tne first morning and of co1“se this is a poor introduction to a worher‘s reliaoiiity. Sne 1s not wanted onen she cones the 1 j .~. -_ .‘ : w. ' '.. .. ‘.\ J ~- 1 ‘ ~ ' (~. . IA‘ ‘4 ,\ ~. z" . "\ 'I r" .’ J r‘ -' " 38002.1(; i...‘.)lil.Lll£‘)o r. luull Lad. $81..th pile la: ICLJQ .LLCJU. iJleDALCutb Calla - . ‘ *r..:-. “:4... :.-r.-\-'-I-.‘. chow '1._4.;,-n .- W. zrg 18 sent to tne onive ‘slty l.tUbiJJ.Lau.-Lo n .iontn .Lc‘Juvl a saw ooy is born. She mints to Keep ner ba‘y out 1163 is not a SUI‘JILQ - - , ‘ A ‘ 'r 1‘ - ,_'_ '_ . f “r W - .' ,._ j, . r q. . ._ 4 ,—-‘ “77'3v baoy so 3J3153Qt at 14x31.os31tal In)..ece1»c ticunmta.ts e.cn .. ‘ ‘- - , ,, -\ Q ~ u n 1" I u 4 . . ‘ " 1: 4- . ‘ . u " a I; -‘ ' J ‘ though the mother 1s ciscnarcei. ufi‘Jfl lcbctlillnc one bebb ‘ .. ..- ' 4 .‘ a» . r r o r-‘- ,. -’- y " vvq') " ‘ ‘~’ “) 1' ’3 LC: . more; 0.016).;le5 LJOE‘ltl'JLiS 011 -11 Exit. "ob: Ql BVVI'J billbe "bk/«v: I C): .L\ I says worr mares ner so nervous that she cannot stand it. TWe d sho gives the impression of one F4 (0 is so unstaole and unsett ’1'” - . . A" . ~n ' v" ' . ,I' ..~ . ,‘ J‘ -‘ n. ”V, e.‘ ‘ .l f , ' r-‘ .. r ‘ ‘ r _f\ . — - _ groupino 11. the aurnnese .Lvl 0331;.bbltlli5', one Cullilot .Lliiit. yell“ in; this time she writes a most yitiful letter to the Licnigan -"'1'-."‘ ‘54,. ",} ,, ' .- children's Aid Society 0 , v ‘ " " "‘t ' 1 "4‘" j‘ ‘ .“r ‘1 1-. ~‘ “ r" Ciic will: Bl Si by .10 I31 beti, J.L<.~.'.ll.AL'-) all "‘3 [I ( agpeal to the director as a mother to help her Rees ner baby. but the baby is kept from her. About a year and a half later she is married and again writes to beg of the Society if they I} (‘J cannot help her get her baby. or .e this was not bossicle 011 I Y ’ as tne baby had been released for adcstion and the Society could give no information. When last heard from Karcia had been married three years, her husband oein; a college graduate. Ehey had a new baby and were getting along very successfully. One cannot help feeling very sorry for tnis girl when she was going thrngh that neriod of blindly searching; for sometnir‘lg to ”tie to.’ Abnarently it wa" the loss of her mother wno un- derstood her and was sympathetic toward her, that was reSyon- sible for the unsettled, restless grooing resulting in a tyne of behavior not sanctioned by society. When affection was found, a home, a husband and a baby, narcia had something Y" o . on which she could rely for security and sne had lads good. - Kenneth, an attractive boy, was much concerned over Larcia‘s ‘ ‘ ' - . ‘A u -- (3“ ,- 7” ‘v'r. we, I‘ 1". 4“ loav1ng none and not returning to school. he wanted her to -35... come ba CA home. he, too, seemed to have had difficulties after his mother's death. llis home with the quarrelsome and jealous househeeper in it was not like the home it had been A with his mother. at the age of fifteen he was sentenced to serve from six nonths to two years in the 'Wei rmatory for steal in5 a1 automooile. He was rel eased ard rs freedom ”J“ - .9.-. , _ £11 V‘J was sentenced a5oin to serve from two years to fourteen yea H U) in the deformatury for for5in5 a check. he must have been a good prisoner for he was relea.ed on inuei‘inite arole, but m while on parole he plays the 9art of a hero and assists a 5irl who is out of earlo ment and a little later is arrested on a bastardy warrant. He is very much worried about the breakin5 of his garole and comes to the Society for advice, but is very slow about hazing a fifty dollar gayment toward the 5irl‘s care so he is returned to the fiefornatory for violation of his parole. He is a tall well-built good lookin5 youn5 man and has in- telli5ence and ener5y enou5h to make good if he were only start- ed in the right direction. he likes good clothes; Lanes a good appea irance and has a smooth, suave manner. These stories have told of events that have followed and affected the lives of children after their parents' deaths and caused them to be brought into court to help settle the diffi- culties. Of course, all the children from all the broken homes do not appear in the courts to have adjustments made; some are able to make satisfactory social adjustments, althou5h the mental stru55les that take ylace when a child loses one or both of its parents cannot be fully realized. Therefore, it was thought that if someone could tell how he believed his home being brohen had affected his life, it wulld be at least smue evidence re5ardin5 such a situation._ Ihe followin5 is a story of a young man now thirty-three years old, who lost his mother when a small boy. He was married at the age of nineteen to a young 5irl not quite seventeen. Ehey have five children now. The oldest is twelve years of age and the baby a year and six months. Besides having resyonsibility of the child- ren they have had plenty of other difficulties both domestic and financial which he does not tell in his story. "I was eleven years old when my mother died. After my hone was broken I staid part of the time with my grandparents and part of the time with my father who lived alone on the farm. I realized it was not home anymore without mother. I was contented to stay most anyWnere. There were times when I lon5ed for my mother. When my stec mother first came into the home I felt happier, for it seemed more like none. I later realized thd15h that she could not take the blace nor had the un- failin5 love of my own mother. I also found that her influence affected my father in re5ard to 5ivin5 me help at times. There were times when I would have staid on the farm and helped father, and I think perhaps if my own mother had lived I would have gone back to the farm. I do not think this chan5e had any effect on my educa- tion as I graduated fron high scnool.hor do I thinh it had any effect on my social activities, only that my step-mother did not want me to 5o to dances and I wanted .Q']. to go. That was the cause of most of our difficul- ties. One night I threw mi good clothes out of my bedroom window and smeared away to bo to a dance when my sap-mother thought I was in bed. Sne found this out later and it caused quite an ugroar. I was about eighteen years old then. Ky own mother used to dance and I could see no harn in this tyne of enter- tainment . "I had a desire to striue out for myself, to earn my own living, and think it WOuld have been just the same if my own mother had lived. As for getting mar— ried, I do not believe my home b81119. broken had Changed my idea about.narria5e. I found that if pos- sible it is better for young couples to have the approval of both of their parents, for if the yarents are not satisfied they are quick to add more fuel to the fi.re of the young married couples‘ quarrels. (fhe stey-mother was much opyosed to the marriage be- cause tne girl was young and had come from a brouen home situation where the mother had a poor regutation.) I felt that my life would have been different, not so much before I was twenty-one as after, because after I was marriedpl never felt free to go home as I would have felt if‘mother had lived. Ly father did not come to visit me nearly as huch as he would have if mother had been alive, although at thnes we lived only a few miles atart. It was often months before we would see each other. "I shall always train hy children to love their mother and helg her so she will be with them as long Q as possible, and tell them that no one can tune tnc niece of their own mother." Table VII, (page 24) shows that next after death, deoertion is the greatest factor in causing brouen homes. Further an- alysis of the data shov ed that there were three and four tenths as many mothers who deserted their families as there were fathers wio deserted theirs. These data do not agree with data given given by others who have made 13V85t15&tiOHS in this field. Joannaialcord. in her book "Bronen Homesdalways speaks of the deserter as the father. Stating the reason for desertion in a general way, it must be dissatisfaction with the existing conditions. In order to get at the definite reasons it waild be necessary to interview the different per- sons concerned to get their personal at‘itndes, and this has not been possible to do in a short period of time. However, there is one interesting observation which has been made uyon analysis of the data. It is the frequent occurrence of desertion there the sgacing between the children is close. The question arises whether the constant strain of child- bearinb and its accomganying resgonsibilities wears so much upon the mother that she feels that she must flee for.a change. The sizes of the families in the seventeen cases where the mothers deserted ranged as follows: two children, three children, four children, five children, six children, and eight children. There were der families each having two children and in all instances the oldest Child was two old . . years/when the yonngest child was born. In families hav1ng three children there was one family where the three children were born in a period of three years; in another there were four years difference betweer the oldest and the yoangest; and in another there were six years between the oldest and the youngest child. In one family of three children the birth date of the youngest child was not given. In the families hav- ing four children it is found that there were two instances where the fourth child was born while the ol lest child was still seven years old, and in the fliird case the fourth child was born when the oldest was ten years old. In tne families where there were five dlildren there is one instance where the old— est was eight years old when the fifth child was born; one case where the oldest was ten years old, and the last was eleven when the fifth child was born. In the fo‘ily. mw*1ere there were eight children there was no record eiven of the oldest children who were married then the family was first contacted. However, the Luther was married at the age of fedrteen to a man twice her age and the spacing between the ages of the four children given is two years. fhe general ten- dency of the sp acinb' is to be approximately to :3 years. U7 The families were smaller in the cases where the father de erted. In one instance there was Only one diild, in the families of two there were two children three years apart, and five years apart. In the family WMBIG there were three children the ol ues and the youngest were four years apart, and in the family of four tne ohlest was eight years olier than the fourth Child. The R family presents a fairly typical picture of the home -40- life where the mother has deserted. The father was born in Iorway, th mother 'n Anerica. She ages of thegarents was not given but the father must be in the late thirties and the mother at least past thirty-two for they have a daughter seventeen years old. hr. d is a factory x>rher with an in- h come of thirty-five dollars yer weeh. he is well liked by his fellow workers and is also a good worhman. At hom he is said to be quarrelsome, glich temgered and dnreasonable. He is fond of his children and concerned.over their welfare. fire. 3. is said to be quarrelsome in the hoae; is not con- cerned over the attentions that an old man gast fifty years of age is gayinD to her seven een year old dadbhter. She seemsto thinh it is all right for her to Do oat with this man and to accent clothes as gresents from him; neither does she think it is eat of place for this youno girl to stay nights at his home. hrs. 3 uses vile lanolabe before the children, and says ner married life is very unhaggy. Jr. 3. reports thatlfljstife has Kept cmwhhgrvdth OtherIMhlfbr' three years and has a man friend with then she agends four nights a week goiz“ to dances and movies. She finally leaves hr. R, retarns aga'n in a few months when they go on a fann not mend domestic 0) to live. This change in residence doe difficalties and they retnrn to the city. hrs. fi.falls in‘ .C‘ o N 7,. M Y‘ , ' "A ‘f (w r— rm“ . ‘F I 1 ’ F ,‘—': .L 7,. a “ ,.. {q A 7 I. ' ‘ Wltfl nei men friends again and deserts hei home and izmily which she has never given rrober care. The oldest dadbhter, rebel, married the old man trree tihes older than herself aid has three little children. hee;lecs to say, she is utterly inhappy, living in a miserable home with this jealous old men. William, a brother of Leoel, was sen to the Boys' Vocation~ a1 School when he was fifteen years old as s punismnent for stealing a bicycle. Upon his release he joined the Arm5. Ae orts shoe tliet Oscer, another brother, had a fairly 530d school record but later s mien of his time was divided between 1is tsrents' h’mes that he had become very irreglla' and dure- liable at crool. He is considered es rod;h and smohes tobac- T. co at twelve years of age. Olga goes to live with her mother bdt is soon tagen to the Detention Home because her mother's TBydtQtlQn and behavior *5 are considered unfit to fdrnisn LAB Lmorer environment for a child. She is glaced in a boarding home where she receives the best care she has ever had in her life, but is unhapp5 here. Her school reports show thd; she is a bright and intel- ligent girl, and the principal believes defendsole if she could have a chance. In A,ril when she was fifteen, she was absent fro; school for a .ec;. 4r. A says she had UBCQme dis- satisfied tritn t11e b0011c1l11c home and had co--1e home there 5-11, 1 Quad been for the pest sdo;nuu1M1s. Olga, he Salu, nod.been . a‘ . ‘ l I ’. ’- ffl _ (‘1 A ‘ ‘7', 'i‘Y' r.' ‘ “‘. 1‘1 .‘l ‘f‘ )r “v 'v r“. ‘V .: ‘4' . 5’3"” :‘ CCUJS 3115 11.1111 d- 91.50.. LLBLIJ. U f 1.01.13 will). lieu). uCCsA 'u or; kngl .L l v-J..LL -42- to coAtrol. She has picced in another bosrdin; home. One 1 ' ..'1..L C"? C‘ '- (1.: f ,.,_ ' ..,- J ' ‘ .1" 5.:- ',\1 5.}, .'_ 4'.‘ 3 ._ .'..' I, ,, t. ' Illbfl .1118 QLUJLLL UJL ullbll. 1.113? 81., O VAOUI‘. Lil «all; 111ur111110 culU. aheA the yrixmigel at school taiAed to her aooAt it she 1-11—15 resentfdl and sdliy. olba‘s boardiAQ Acme was cAanged again '1‘11is ti111e sh: had to Lori: for Aer room and board as :2. ;.e 5118 of .‘ . 1 _' A . .‘ 14 ° 4 " .__ —\ ‘ .>r ’V '1 ._ .4 : A "3"? ‘f _ > ’ "I _.‘_ . '." _‘ ,-. UCbulelua 116.1 b11118. 1161“ .w’oli has .201blble16bul‘5' 0111b {-1113 nab so + , J ) D dance “1i boy01r”s" that AA- ofteA shipged out of the board- ing home to satisfy Aer craviAA for AAAs e- eAt. A deliAsAeAcy Retition was filed aAC at tAe JAvenile Codrt AeariAg Oléa was sent to tAe Girls ;r:iAiAQ School as she admitted iAAoral 01A- ddct, smoging and association with persoAs of bad regdtatiOA. She cried when committed to the EraiAing School and begéed Aer fafi Aer to Aaxe other plans for Aer so sAe mauld not Asve to 50 to 111.11‘1'. on. 111a regorts that ca;:.e from Adrian were that are - ~~ -r ’or '1 1“. " r. ~ V' rs ,- 4‘ ‘1‘ t‘ "f I ‘1 gm: . 1~Tu ‘r "g“. ,r's '1".\'~ 11.611“ DU.“ 88% 111.5; .3 U1. U D Q UL J MULC , .8ch“ rutll QLHCJU OWL we 0 .LALC " *3 School aathorities seat a reouest asAin5 tAat sAe be p eced in her sister's home on prooe ti011. IAis rquest was noo grant- V‘ J :- VI '4'- ‘ v'.‘ 11011 a. bAlbctUle :l 1 or sAcA a (D H. ‘4 1 D n C" C. .1 U '\ .1 1-1 A: . . - EU. 6.5 11118 sistel' E; 111118 \ . 1 blrLc . - - . ‘. A, 1 A . 1 ' ,. '. ,1 n 1,: ° ,1. 1..) _ __. -, BeitAa Mao gLaCBu 1A a boeidiAb Aer w1en 5011Ao AAA witA .J-‘— _ . . _ -A' ' 1... .0 ,. 1...: i , r'1‘. v ~‘n-‘|-’ ‘1 -; ’. . r Lj- ‘1' \f5'“ "ry...""‘ ‘ 0-8.8 {:ALiJef‘. 1531011 OJ. a. {1.1.58 DDe:.ltLl11;_., 11M.) b11164. LA.»- 11a...) 1261,11 11101.1;11110 .. —-+qn*/ r t n‘c 77:2" “1'"? ‘ 1 rpm r710 Ir."- r~5 (JrnLo-t E; ti vaon (:1.th «1.: 1116-111”. llul b-utOU “10 u...) L(.v.\A 0.1. 111d. Si" ‘8 11.88 U63 .88 LJI‘UiAOtG Lu. UJ18131 £318-8‘tl‘3’o "Jesertior‘ play 3 21A 11115011121111; part 111 the 13-81 I b juvenile delinode A35. Ao31olc51sts are LalilflA less about the so—cAileA ”criAiAAi t55es” AAA Aore LooAt tAe effects cfl‘531ciai environment. Agunqgt ror tAose miiri a deVeAeIate or rojbuUUuLnlu AcreAic tAe Angority of crimina s ale 1 aoe not oorA. AA AAAeAitA5 icAii5 life is a very favoroole soil. OAe of tAe 1 'I “ l Pg i.) cAiAbs LA1CA rs tAe re ores of tAe JA— J strike even tAe casual rerer o: ( 1 LI 0 s.) ”VuLil 3.81 6.01183 L .8 v . ' A' {‘0 -' ~ \ 4- . --. I Y. r‘\ * r‘ ‘ -‘ I " " ' ‘ veniie cano 1s tAe Aib h peioeAtAOe of tAs from orOAeA homes BotA Ai orc“ AAA Aeser i A Are iAAi- .1 c. 0 c tions oi AA AAALALLe 11A115 iiie iA tAe grocess o: QAuULlSt1;Al1A. H (2/ Data in Labia VII, page A4, sAaz tAAt tAere are tweive mothers .A0 A3 ve obtained civorces es coA5areA witA tAree fathers. IAetAer tAese AAAbers ere of any sigAifiCAAce in relation to 5.11;) is tAe meet resyoAsiole for t'Ae Amie "oeiA-C; brerA ccAAot very weii be deterAiAei here. It Aas oeeA traditione' mAerever Bossioie for the woAAA to obtai: tAe Ai- vorce in order to protect Ae* AAt~LioA. iAere mere ioro,- K".8- eight cAiloreA in tAis stiA5 :Aose Aers AAA oeeA oioA eA o5 divorce. ;Aere were six cases nAere tAe fAtAers were greAteA - ‘ fl '5 .' ' - , _ ,.'1.. ‘ . FY ._ A 1.9 ,. 41.. . . . 1., .3“, CAstooy 01 tAe cnildren, siA instAAces “Held tAe AotAei was CA ('1 ;A r (U '"3 (D r4 y 5. (12 fl - 9 4 ‘ '3" . I". AA‘. r '111 J ‘| "1/3 ‘-,C‘ grantee tAe CAstoo5 o1 tAe Uilldlcd AAA cArec coo c o W. c-y‘fi - T’t‘ .,..‘. _|:‘\ J ‘1‘ ."‘ ,~ -'\ I 3 l. ‘ —A'3 . ‘\‘\’r 0481.05.37 was not Aleii'LlodsC... “11.1.18 AA_..115 0.1 0118 110.....5 0132.911 U5 divorce Lays maAy tAiA;s 1n coAAon lb 1s Acre ciiiioAit to ' ' ‘.' ..,_ ,.. W ,-. (-4", 1.17 ., r ' 1 --. find. a. real 1.5510511 ez'AAAi ile. iAe baud CAoseA Axons 1c.1r1.5 _ . -Hci .-. A + - c “*1- JH oi‘er chiloren WAD are V» 81.1. V'viia.b lb, 1.1.8118. .1 Lo 1 S dude-.LLJ {2.11.3 \Av -1 .4 affected most, and as tAe 5JAAU‘ e1 ones are neariAb tAe Ape oi fifteen tAe5 become more and more dissatisiied witA tne Acme end the AAABtAral home ooAditiOAs. (7) Adward 5roA AeAttei - ”She FuAily” 55. 5&7-bee ”hrs. Kowe said it was her friend and neighbor, hrs. Roohie, who broke up her home. however, lir. llwoe had tne care of the children.) hrs. noon;- ie and her husband separated and hr. nowe emgloyed Hrs. Roonie as his houseneeyer. The chi drer were not fond of her, and the oldest boy Joined the levy three years after tne home conditions had changed. He said his unhagpiness over the conditions at home was his "eason. Luella, a nice loonin; éirl, neat in apnearance,has gone to worn at sixteen for her room and board because she is unnarfy at hone. Her emoloyer is the wife of a teacher, hr. Flowers. The next year recorts come that she is frequentin; cheag dance halls with a disreputable girl. She had quit school becsise §;e could not have clothes line the other girls had, but she was persuaded to continue her sdiool worn until the end of tne semester at least. Luella was not hapgy in the teacher's home. hrs. Flowers frteently reminded ner When she was unsettled that if she were not morning for than file could not ciox‘ztinue in school. She cannot think of going home for she says her father and I s. Rookie quarrel so tnat die is very unhapoy at home. She wants to get work and gait school so she car have some pretty clothes, but upon advice and consulta- tion from the Social worker she decides to continue in school. After school closed in June, Luella went to a Horthern sumner resort to work for the sumher to get he desired clothing. "The other two children, Ada and Lester, were making their adjustments so well that there were no signs of unrest Visible in them at the ages or thirteen and eleven." There are two homes in this study that have been brofien by the imprisonment of the fathers. In both cases it was the result of boot-legging. In one family there were three children, all girls; in the other there werei‘our children, two boys and two girls. Contacts with tiese families came as a result of the delinquency of the okier girb . One of the broken homes was caused by the mother of the family being sent to the Home for Epileptics. The father was calledtne"black sheep" of his family who were refined people. He was a drinking man and they were very much dissatisfied with his marriage to this young woman n10 was an epileptic. There were two girls born to them, one of whom'was tested at the age of fourteen and pronounced feeble—miwied. Commit— ment papers were filed to send her to the lraining School at H apeer. She said she wOuld be glad to go and get away from v. her sister with whom she staid, but when it was time for the hearing she did not appear at court so she ran at large until later she got into all sorts of troubleand was sentenced to the Girls Training School at Adrian. Legardless of which factor it is that has caused the die- integration of the home, the unnatural conditions seem to be reflected in the children by their restlessness, lack of idea s, and behavior which is not sanctioned by the tradi— tions and customs of our social order. CIALEJR IV Ul7.[“l‘-tolfi_.l) SJ 11m I’JinVIJn Behavior is th0u5 ht of as our mode of acting in the pres- ence of others and is characterized by overt acts. It is usually classified into ta 0 genera.l classes - good and bad, or approved and unapproved. Approved behavior is an indica- tion that the individual has been able to make his social adjustments satisfactorily and in harmony with tne social customs, whereas unapproved behavior is an indication that the individual is hiving difficulty in nahing his social ad- Justments accordih5 to established standards. So an analysis of the behavior patterns of children from broken and unbnaken homes has been made as one of the approaches to test tne hy- pothesis stated in Chp ter I. A The v rious tyres or unaoproved social behaVior have been 0.: listed as they occurred accordin5 to their frequency. A glance at fable VIII almost tells the story. not give the entire picture for there are many of the children who do have 500d traits and qualities, out as tne undesirable ones have made an fiogearance more often than is usual it nas had a deleterious effect upon the individual‘s personalities. Delinqu uen cy is a term much used to apply to unapproved be- havior or a5,rans5ression of social traditions and customs by youthful persons. It includes misbehavior fr in petty 0e5- ging to bur5lary; being out late nights to sexual misceliavior. -47- In this analysis there are seven different 5rades of delin« quency which have nanifest themselves durin5 the investi5a— (“8?e 48) . 4 r‘ r“ + 1.)." ‘ . . . ., . . thLlo jaule V‘Lli/SllU/‘t 28 L116 blmes a particular delinquency nas appeared. One boy or 5irl may have committed one offer 07 or several. Of course it is almost ceit in that if only one offense were committed by a child it would not have been i brought to the attention of fine Society. It is who: tne prob- len has reached such proportions that the parents fee that they cannot cope pith it that tiey ash for help from those who they feel are especially qualified to give advice, or when the probleh has reac 1ed the stage that persons interest- ed in public welfare report the need of special ouidance being 5iven to certain individuals to protect themselves and society. 94 Sex delinquency has agen the lea of all other delinquencies. It will be observed that this misdemeanor has occurred twice as many times in the brohen homes as it has in the unbrohen there is a variance between the number of 5irls (i) J 1 one percenta5e in the brohen none is ts enty seven as compared with twelve in the unbrohen home. There are tnree times as many delinque iicies of this type on the part of the boys in brohen homes as boys in uJbTJ£€H homes. The per cent here is 7 to 2. While it is true that every time a 5irl commits a sex delinquency a man or boy has been involved,it has often happened that the man is much older than the 5irl so is D v t which sex delinquency p.) riled out of this study. ‘le OJ -8 begins in girls is yo1nger th on that in boys. And with dif- fe rent persons or environments the age 3.ries. Here it was -43- . ' F1 11 '1 ‘r .. '4'.qu .1ng laole VIII. ULLII {V “\ij 3“"!3 U4: .1: 4.2;! U445.) .“ u ‘— ‘ m? - Q‘1 ALA 01.1gn ILL: ULMLJJJJJ 113 JUL-.Uill U“ -<, ”FY"! adiauh ,_ ‘l R'Ltn.‘ 4.1.1... UL UF d 1.845 .L 3.1me 'l'liAI 173 Bronen Behavior Homes U nb roK en vv- 110119 5 Av. Av. 4:15: 2 Fr‘ L—-—4 P1 yU e w F0 OF. 0‘] $9 ....> Unoronen IETOTIPS lassification : so ll7 :lOS l29 :B.Li:J.3.:fier cent I‘er cent :BoySGiIlszloysGirls: : :BQB Guns:3gs G“5 Delinquency: : : . : : 5 : : Sex Delinquency : 6 32 : 2 l6 :l42k15u>:_7 27: 2 l“: Irregular at,or : : : : : : : Skiphiflg School : 9 31 :10 12 l2£hll£9:lO 426:11 93 Stealing, : 22 9 :17 5 :ll :10 :26 8:16 2: Restleseness : 2 9 : l 5 :14 :15.6: 2 8: l 41 ____-,:,_ann..‘1gout nights: 0 8 : O 5 :14 14.8: 09 7: Q 4: School Iiobleri : 2 2 : 4 l .514 '9 : 2 2: 4 l; DrLihn“ : I: S _; Q7 13A;16 :,g Aigl In Other on“~*1roble Sraits: -__ Resenthent of : : : : : : : m.upyuu‘ C-Qntr : 4 ll : 0 5 :l‘7:lé : 4 9: O 4; Bold or : : : : : : : Inpudent : 4 l2 : l 6 :l”;slc.o: b 13: b: ' : : : : : : Unreliable : 2 9... : 4 9 ::l_5.l:l2.o: 2 A 8: 4 9: lack aflhflie : 7 13 :i5 6 flifibi2.2:€3 ll: 5 6: ua11c_s Ileness : 7 7 : O 3 :1; ”l7 : 5 6: O 2: VulAJ11Lan»u¢Ae : 7 7 : O 5 :l22:18.6: 8 6: O 2; IPoor'Wolker g__2 5 = O C) :l4ifi O t 2 4: O 0: Table III. ;‘a;STJL1'S c-I‘ LnIg‘; 'IIJLZ’IInS 01" 331:1)-w1. Inc-l: TlILJLZJI: E;f;1 ljiIA.Lc11.J" j;;;;g;§ _ I‘einil . . Inetititions : l? 8 : 5 5 :ld6:l;o :22 7: 4 4: LiarlQ’ or : : : :: : : : ‘ ..— ° (a r‘ a f"/‘ _ . _ . r. - . Torceu warrieAes: O 9 : o__ o :lgole . O 3. o 4 Illegitihate :: : : .: : - : , a: 'Eirths : O 8 : 0 E3 :I17zl8 : o '7: U o: Y'rsx nereal. “ Disease : 2 10 :p 1 :17 :10 : z: e: 1 4; *‘B.H. Troken home. ZJJI. ~‘Unbrohen home lound chat tne average Mao OUUHJ3H Lourteen and fifteen year (3 o This was the age that the Airl made the oc.notlchncnt ueud ly after she had been eli nquent lonA eno ouAh.to hav e bee; broiAht . “ . d 'L F—‘I‘ "“ c H" 1-:r‘4' ‘ '9 w. - —— into Juvenile court. inere are some Ca 63 oi A1~ls as younA *‘S I ..* *f' w? tr” : -:.- r:: L .H: h 4 4 -- o. Anna JLllib, 7:110 ilcico Cvtuutleu stilt; .’.311s.;:) lltil wI‘lS I;€.;,V..-l7 (41‘3- O ‘1. 4.4- ‘u'fir‘ 1‘ _ - 1’ J- .~ 1. “' ~'_ AF linquent oen. av10r and attitudes he." and.) this CLISCOVBI‘J cased .f.‘ ‘ v: r '9 o' v . “ r‘q T‘ -v~. v'. ‘4' ‘r‘ ' ‘. " “ ow ‘. Pu r. " on the stud; of lOItJ-fudr cases: "new M813 lull orpn;ns. fine b '1 D‘ 7-1 ‘~".‘:.. 'F‘i ‘ "Pf-f“ '1' ("r '2“ " Mnl'r ‘ “14-: "‘vrc: ’10 1; r0 LC nail ALOIALV .2. ._,'-A-‘ v 5.) .— {LuL‘ I‘D (1.....1 ’ is.) In Ui..t.l‘j-' U ‘H DAL VJ " t a. V v .L" v I. 0 CI.“ of the fiases were both warents livinA an; living tcAother. Death, divorce, and seoeration ca-sed tne criAinal brean. 138 int usion of a s ep-father or step-mother seems to have been a very important factor in the cases s'udied. Often he girl had never been a sod al oLfender until the d a 31 of her own mother or father." (8) Willystine Goodsell, in her book "Problems of the Family", has also made some definite findings and drawn definite con- clusions concerning the effects of the broke n he axes upon Airls L in rogrrd to causing anti-social behavior. She says, ”Wretched, covert“r stricken homes, especially those that have lost father or mother, are potent factors in diiv inA girls into conmtrcia - ized vice. Liner declares that of eight hundred seventy-eight homes of young prostitutes, about which definite in; oimation was secured, over sixty per cent of‘their Lumen tere bronen —- '~ 4' ,.~. 4 ’ n-» J : r» ya-« ‘,4. 4‘» 1| . \ by anLfoluu, ultolod, or Ucauu. (J) (E ’17 , M ‘ .. L. .A— L "\ ,1 ' L y , ._ 4 A _ _. ; J _ ' 1-3 _ 1 1 , ,‘1l' _‘ --_,‘ - (o) ” U111-..1.Lolll:. p-19 ,Jcl 1“ch L211 L: 11".: o1 buutb, ' ML-L o run-1.1. 9;: Lu LJ ’ \..~ ‘ x ‘ " 1. ‘. ~‘ I'N '1 . 1~ -‘ : d‘. -" V C‘ _' D ' "1 J F; '1 ‘v7' , J -v ,3'uilkJUi Of nyx-lie'cl. ._;Jbl:_-_.'l 2,311.".1'4L-o Oi .. Cbbvlh 1'. 6.361. -§3 UltJ-V ° 3 L (fl, ~ -..'1 . ,: -. 1 V 3.19 Eula—Laid), U0 .LJKII 9 1.1.9.). ,—~ \ r~-‘ 11" ‘_7 ..- _ ‘ - .- . j . fl (.1‘. (22;) .Llie UCLLJUVLIJ '3.) o ’ .L'; K: T .1. o .Lr o .LlU-LlUO11 , BQ‘Jl-g‘i I t "1 C) I ’- .' -— ‘ -— ’ — -" - ‘ -' < m - i ' v» .- ‘L ~1 . .b-w ,, -. \‘W 1- - ‘ 1,1115 £2,086,111: iI‘uLn 11611011]. 01 J'Inibnici I‘ CLDLCLJMCBL'JC' cat buLLUJl to snows two and one~na11 times more cases invivinA Airis iron ~_ ‘ . ', 4,. i.. J '- '\_. " ‘1'” '1 u "r“ ". ., n '_‘.._. ‘1‘ 3 .‘ ,. . _ ' U1 U£.U¢. U-L-;«‘.{L .LIJ. - Ui‘s’lIL-‘Q bLI'iu .1. 113-11 uhul‘ @5118 l ‘Lth- 3:.) o It 1 E lldt 1 ‘L 1’ r I r " ' «‘:.‘ A O " ,- .\ -- .-: - ‘ . :1. ”I r '. dqu tne 1111861108 fr)“ 8 Onool Ll; at is 01 L111": 1.1111,”: 9,115,111.11 c.11ce, 1 r. 4, r1" .1.‘__ 4.1,..-“ r ,-.V.1 ,,,..,...'. 1 ' ,," , .-'A — .-..' 7—, -' —..‘.,-~. Ldu c111. 11118 001131 acconwonginu u1lL-UciidL‘JluI'bg 1111,11 11.8 5,111.3 it is ver" apt tr be connected nitn SBLdal nisconddot or in- ; ' ,_ - 7 - .14- ~ ' ma , .-,: .‘ ddlAinA 1n adventure tnere strdnAe men are inv olve ed. 111ers may be <0me unsati31nctory condition from tne Airl‘s or boy's “ o o I ..' p _' . ‘1‘ _- “w” u T ‘ ‘ _ - .0 . _ r ,3 :- ~ . w‘ _ . pOll1L 0f V1614 1ro111 'J‘Jiiibii 1.118;; "I"; LI‘jillD LO 559;}.11‘89 01‘ 11.1.1.5" be seexinA to atloij Sjme inoeiiinA dc sire, as was the case witn girl of 111teen, Ltnet/wno rnn swnj Witn her sister to n1ve a 600“ ti¥3 Wit“ swne coy fr1end.oi‘tnie sister'sn :31e was brodcgn;1nxue by her drawn .--r,L.-.e» -‘z t 1 mm M: -- mo .w. 1 L i)“ Vllbb la, 1.. .L unlik‘. S bi1-111Ub115_.’ 113.11“ (AIM. 01-8 Wctu G‘JILJ' 102C bll‘; ~ "V"‘ Ni,“ -" 1' r : r“'r "'\ ‘1 ‘ ' " “'t“ p" 1‘" "‘ " -“ tf-J LA. DJ. 8 11118 Adultgg C 93.1.1 ,_2 SCA- LNAU i. .J “LU. 110 t l‘dll £1]. tidy .L 130.1». iiUufiQ‘ Exaablll 0 m1. V 7 . ' ~=-‘.n+— ' -- ALI ..., --.. ,; r- H ,_ one ned Sdld bmdw 111%.! s beccise s1: was t11ed o1 sonooi bunt ...- '1 -' ‘ ".‘~ V ‘ J‘ " I“ ‘l- ‘ ‘ ‘ (‘Q ,1: V‘l‘, " ' ,‘ , V (x 4' ~ , F ' ' 8118 15.1.11 CLVICLJ, IIOU UCvgtuLSe C1133 Mai-'3 “311117.311" cLL: 10.01118. I11 L118 J. 'tinter Just a few we; :5 be fore C1uu.sM1as.gtnei aAnin 5.1Ayod scnool witn Janet a Airi two years older tnan herseii. iney bdmncd” auto rides to Letroit and d sired to Aet worn in tne bir citv" to 11v *v ‘1 “1 Lion 'xaa« L'wio 7'4 ..1 hnv b 3 ,AJ’ b11811 b Obilvoa LAL~JUCI 01.1.1..-) £1.ch 11),; 1-0‘8 enou-A'n 111oney to 1193' for their 1011Ai11A', boat the 1.1.2111 wno fiCLCd. them ufi told tnen tngt 4e Had some oov friends who Lived in an apartment and ”0113 niAnts and ne believed tney wodid let the Airis stay in Lincir (1.35.1.1: LLB nt until tne; conic. Aet no r1; and make otner arrnnAements. fne boys n11 a sort; o1e niAnt -Ql- for the bills at Luis: not tmimiaugu tney were iooateo by tne ( p. .— G; FJ (\ H' 5.-. .— again staying out ail night againsu one LLUL; EAL]. C is (-1“ . W . y , (a " .‘ p .LLthJ LS ‘oihd‘L A1400 Ll UJ’ ‘Iflf‘f ,-.-‘ v-4 J “ v--. ‘ '- .Ir; r.‘ olLUA‘LSCL v 08 LO the uzioualueu Y .‘ V- r' I 7‘ -.,—\-\w- -\ V'. ‘ r iiealy cauu. 451 unuCi, ‘wiiO nave unsocial Guild have gage a v _ .4" a mess of the r-ius.v.'ay' s ofien L11 ey » 4‘. _- H ~‘ tin) v. F It 1.3-,a "1t IL.\ " l"\ 1:, ".‘7 LL) .. a. u o0 your. Dore i.eav11y umu me: a-“ she 12.; a: Lge boys are apooL sgrin¢ gonths and w teuoegcies ..it;1 the boys as Vii :41 mi SSLiUuS beca tne boys 0 u . servea liqu'r. Qtnei ssi r" that ind been bout": five Cci‘ijs lathers aha Lac er; peer. nous. 1o somooi out did a weex later. .017 s, a (r IL & U‘u lLQllle , to cases and ”Joy—ride." equal fo 1“ Don; 'tyij: S (D C F4 H F4 07 t. J (1* ose of S H (D aooomgaQ'ing evil 3. .C‘ J“ .--. .- . J—"I’ ' 1“ i .LUuJ. LCV‘LL UI ilLLBSu 1&5.va or oniougeo auLOuUUiLe. C) Di ycie, aone a brest, oeei o; WDIi Wibu tne er; boon diebuosis of Lne serious— (p. inere is great variation in :1 w 4. ‘ r-"~ r‘ '- - I" "‘ I - “« ‘ »\ .— r ~v- ‘x 1 r. . ' , uw ' w. j: 1 the bellOuuliek-‘b u... one ufJ. ens an 3.81.; 8.0 11; Tale Uiloihcu. 06:) $83in.18 and ill the 146110.81; Cy LO 1‘61) 8&1: LILLS 1U I"; 01 uciin- quequ .--------- “LG ...L tuaolou lu. vCLyL O 0 Q8; UQJ S guru girls who run away is oiiferent fom the goint of Causation. t" (me rust .1. int; cab and- of ) | , QC‘ F‘) (D faction witn home ii” C) aizcigliue, etc." (1 ) .156 05.011 ire with tne causes soon as sgirlb a*vent4re, rebellion against none conoipions: QlSSQLlS‘ .x I a” :... _ P, ' 1 .-C' ior lllfidfeilub..363 ieoi UJ. ”Leoonstructing Behavior in Youth,” yp.;o-54 F (\fi 5‘4 ( LJ (T) Stealin5 seeAs to oe t ' lil “q 113! in wAich boys partic- ioate more often tAaA girls. IAe rerc o‘nta5e of mi oemeaoor a5ainst boys fr0m broKeA homes concerned with stealin5 is macA Ai5Aer taan the ferc eAM of boys from uAbrerA Aomes; it being 25 per cent and 16 per cent, resyectively. :Ae stealin5 may iLclAde getty tAeft su on as talinzg alall art— icles at school or it may iuclee Such 5rave acts.as tacing automobiles or oierain5a1d enterin5. It may be carnitteu alone or in consfiir: C5: nitA omei :. It 23;); even. be e11coure5eu by parents. There was one s eg-mother on cvoleiAed about a steg—son tekiA5 food from tAe cupboard or ice-box witAout 9 her permission. (I really tloA5ht the boy w s huA5ry ratAer trim a thief.) This teAdeAcy often :11auifests itself in cAild- ren at a very early a5e. It avera5ed betwe3r1 nine and te11 years of a5e in these 5roups stidiee. It 31105 t se emeu liAe one of the most dariu5 oractices of tAeft were car“”d on by two brothers for about two years. They be5an when tAe oldest was less than eleven and the youn5er Less than ei5ht ‘ears of a5e. They were HGWSOOyS and went wit‘ioAt tAeir coats in the winter to create symfiatny in order to sell more pagers, and frequently persons would tage tAem into 18‘s auraAts to get them s>aethin5 warm to eat. The first theft recorded a5ainst th m was in company with anotner boy when purses from theaters and office buildiA5s were oxen luncn the office 5irl left her purse in Aer desk drawer uAlocxed aAA went ”to powder her nose." She agount they had stolen anounted to several hundred dollars. After t“e oluer boy at tAe a5e of thirteen was sent to the Industrial ScAool, (the youn5er ooy ‘ l was too youn5 to be sent there), but he continued to 5ather in his loot. One day with his gagers under his arm he went into an Auto Accessory Shop; the man bou5ht a pager and re- turned to the tool room; this little boy of ei5ht closed the tool room door, locked it and then robbed the cash r G) 5is- ter. A little later he and another boy rooted the Walton rhillin5 Comgany and did an untold amount of dama5e. The 50- lice recovered six dollars of tne cash that the boys had not yet thrown into the river when they first arrived on the P11 7 scene. 'ABSB boys cane froA a none there there was a father and mother livin5 t05ether. Bone insta 1‘1 1085 where th se boys stole it aLiost aoyeared that they were encoAra5ed to do so rfl‘t by their oarents. ine father is a boot-1e55er and has served time fir this offense. If Table VIII is stAdied, it will show that in practically all forms of delinquency and oth r undesirable traits that v the percenta5e of misconduct for the children from bronen ( .4. homes is nearly twice as hi5h as it is in the unbronen none. As a result of this unagproved behavior there are nineteen times that boys and ei5ht times that 5irls have served or are now servin5 sentences in genal institAtions.— most of then in the Industrial School. However, there are four occasions when they have been sent to the Ionia Refornatory. One is servin5 a life sentence for having committed a fourth offense; K1 the lost time this lad.was in the Lansins ail, he snoaed C—Jo great skill in breaking jail and sees in; for a short time. Ano+ her boy is reported as serving a Ion“ sentence in the Ohio State Penitentiary, and still another served at Lea en- worth. Those from the unbroken homes to serve in penal in- stitutions are fewer in number tflafl from the broxen homes and their crimes see-n to be of a less serious nature as they have only been sentenced to the Industrial School aid none of their "graduates” have gone to hiQner institutions as yet. ll of the girls have been sent to the Girl's Industrial 3:; 47.. r 3", tr: ,., .1514...,,,., q . ,.-... SUILQ‘J]. Cit .I‘LLylL-glnl 'JJ-l CLOJ..LALCIUL;’1LKJJ UlctrbCOO ('1‘. f m. n ’3 2 " ' ' ": " - P- P” 7:. ’.‘\ ' . .‘3 -'- J ‘»" r 1' A 5"" f: p- - l “w 1’ A .5: ‘..L1-e OJ. Vb“ inclllicibbo va ‘3va be) 11 LI U'v'v-l a clr ;).L'3|J.L e“. I *I‘ "- '1 "\ ' fl. ' i 1 "V I -. i. . ‘1‘ I "" 4' r A .‘\ -~. Y r‘ ' ‘ 7 +1“ ~ I“ ‘\ ~‘ ‘\ ‘u 111. ijr-ELU-tIICt.-L.L .LJ all. oi 'v.'..Le lubt._-~.;;c€.o. --I.otld.l 1‘, blue nl .ul re brun- °- '- .-- a .n -.. 4— .: I, . eiole for tne C,irl's misconduct is too olu to ms t sidered w in this lll‘v'écblootldn or bees...use of ta}: in.” a rant-.01.; sell UBJ. U there would be only a slib mt cr-nce of his record DElufi select- ed if it were in the files at all. However, twice as nany girls from broren homes as birls fron unorohen nones apnear to be taring the a.1ria>e vows us ca -use of illegitimate greg- nencies. Che number of cases of illegitimate births are equal but because of the fact that there are twelve nore girls in the unbroken home group tha: tnere are in the bronen hone group, the ter cent is sliohtly higher. l'hese forced marriages occur at a ve‘y early age - in most cases in the fifteenth year, while it is Just aboAL a year l- wt r in LAe uA013 ‘. " 'w ' r t ‘7 ' - " VV' , '\ " “K | — -" ' ~—. ” 1;: {taunts -..C'..'\.LC Liv. ot.-;ers 41. 7:8 JL’U“ LUiiill.€U. F‘ to studviqu wie.hone si b.4a tion shilgnxnl LQLBI timg' h beCUmC ue lincdent l ' inie L3IJii€ ll liohh3 a}; tire insics o teresting to see how the reoiips have shown :ihiiar relationships ” r.r (11' (I; ~-- 1a.». .. C‘ LI-LLA.J’ .L..f- ii) highlublt ’ I -L ioy. lb :4: 1&- l ' .4 . r\ , .| ,. _' ‘t f ' I. a .» r.“ .‘ ‘7 '.4 I...I— 1. ’ . 3" "I‘-: "Ull yin: ULiLdJ.‘ 1‘8“.» U¢LJ Dv H..O ouAULJ LIAlLULJ- V11. “W - f w-v.~ - ' ',- "I ' ,--.:~"-.r. r W. 1-; , . v-‘i.—.' .‘s‘ H; O‘JelJ' are (Ci/‘UI'CL ‘e bl; vgb ill, OiieOL lLU‘oA‘h-IU '1 e l LSLJO“:~Jd-U—Le C A. Q.‘ ..oi ext lhpflfi.i:” aih.d..t ;ii e-i a1. otxiii.i 3:, u ELnOuo' c ildren." (14) l'.‘ ‘--' ‘ fi“ -’1 ‘.v.‘ .~- r. 1 -' - ’l H '1 e. fi ...*1 . fl '. ‘vas H L.) iii newt -iJVCL, '>.4J\J.LL9.L .L l-J-Jlemo OI Lure Jinn- lJ 7' 7 - -: \ . -- n-. 4 ‘ ”q« 1' : u‘." “ "' r ‘ u" \ {Q1 ‘1 J ’. u o .3. J_-..L_‘J ;_.lilu1' bb ,U o , lulluuulyilld iota/3 r.."-L"J- ,Lbd: la” .4, 174—0. ‘. ’ 1/“ T“ ".1 1‘ "a ‘ , ~. . . I" r‘ t ‘.’\ ‘r— ‘ - V v" ~'. ’1- .“ 1 ‘l (14) '.ullce rioolcn.51.ilu en” cthii.atite lIleunxoe -‘LBQOIUS of A Child rdbli ation no Join. Sohnittee on I fit ods on preventing JbLlUUQ.HUJ, Lo “a t QLd St., I.Y. r‘r' ‘ TI «AL‘u L‘s—JAK \ ~.‘ 1“.-1J- I: .’:“| m‘rq w u,- ILU-A“~LJJ- ' I '~J \’-d I.) L'VATJ -.-JJL-I..‘{L A stqiy of tne activities of a Guild snoala inciJQe possioie a study of its beuAVior and oocombl'snments in school. fie syends six hairs so: say :or one kindred seventy five or one has-ireo‘. eignoy 6.st of car-i1 sci in SQu.e sort of school activity. Data from this source should be of valie in helgiug solve the groblem already sis e5. In maxin5 this analysis the records wAich are Asst oy the Board of Education in Lansiu; of all Lhe srei-s below tne 4,- f“. seventh were exufiinei in order to get any iufzrgatios 2A ti ,, 1) l r . Cram" -- J—' .2 J'fr .r-V - '...,‘;; '1'? ’rl .. .LCy iili Ull 8V 6C.l C V’ll LLALJ. 110 Ullv LL]. .1. 81 6.111 1.1.1-;4. ‘91.le a S CUll" sidered is this stidj. 1L2 Ssnool Att i'nce officer aiso -.- .-- 4 -‘ , 1' .4 ‘ -9 .. .. ,..,-,J. ‘. ,.,i w .r. - ‘ "exit oiiI‘Uclbil Lila ilaob ul 1.12.1.5“ (4.1.x; Co.i...oiflo R. uii MK) 38 wltil 'f storage .3 C. CL 0 L g. (D c+ L. C‘ F- s k' (D 1*“ OJ C) Pw C wnoh. size mac mad 3.1;; cont..." H“" '1': ’ h '1 \‘c‘ — I: 1 o. J« - . .. ‘q ,\- . ’ . '9 ' \ ,/\ . my, 4 s" a . ‘DB'-*C e ’ L‘Le '- ’Ja'rd- U-L -- Min/£90.- U l J A; (AU ‘3 E: 1M.) b 158 e“? 1 Eu ur‘l o “Lore uiicdl ' ' ‘ ‘R ”1 J -M ’w' ‘ J 1" ’ “ ‘? if m i It” . 1 ‘ 'I , ‘ - (N ." 3v two yeais Olu: quTGAOIe and 8 held ser oniiaic. in LAis stuod '0 ‘ " j ‘ ' ." r" 11f! L 1'1 “' x " r- 'r‘ - r Tvv.‘ '1 ' ,~ 4. - .01 .thn no EfihuJol (¢.Ui heie (infill&ble. iiigy oi L.~n1vn3ild .3 ' 3 L413 ye (Ar .1”; L49 3 {:11ch po 5— sibly have left tne city so tse e souls be no Jinior LiUA ' fl ‘ "Q ‘ ‘ 0‘ r.- 4‘ ‘ - - 3 ' - A , - \ 4‘ . ' ._ i" T 1-" . fir- ‘ ScAool reoor . All yfiob resoris 3r: Aer. r1 Lne oiAior ago "a" . -.'-: "-' (7‘ 11- 1 r“ -.'r‘. u.” ‘: ‘,‘u 1.. 4 *r: 7: r ‘1 ~11) 3‘. r. ri qu (a 61f." V .“(_‘J 3 f- yr smior iilcil Q -i Dim. limb“. in"- .L‘. i‘ilcu. .LVV‘.JI“\.. ”0A. till -J.., . u- 7‘ ’ ‘. —. . ,q' [-5 q s . . --‘- - ~5.- ‘1 for Loere snould no e been a record for eoci yiyil MuJ “do “ ' " ‘- ‘1 l‘ ‘ tr ’ -—‘l 1 I .~ A.’.‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘7' Cl 7 2‘ (1“ .2 y— ‘ ‘ “Ti-’1 ’7‘. aLtCFulSoL (.LiLJ' Cite 01‘ 8.1.4. 04. 'LLLQUe (531le1.30 “plural UAA‘JuDguA‘A reco ids were tangled to ootain tne information on the fi.r hundred thirty-live Childrtn of school age WLO were in the _, . .r. «1* .. ,. ,5 ,. ,., s .-.. . . - i - study. inese records CEVC tne sonolos and in sone (—L H O 0‘. H g; 5;. (“D m U instances the intelligence giotient of the gayil and occasion- allv his reason for leaving school. 11ers was nothinb else to give a clew to the child's personality. At one of the Janior high Schools a set of maladjustment records were Kept of those pupils who had been builty of annoyances, trdancies, or other misbehavior with which the school anthorities are concerned. The attendance record of the pupils is not Kept after he enters the Junior High School. In order to out the data fognd on a conparable basis, two schedules - one for the broken home did one for the unbroken home - were made. They grovided columns for information on the n‘mber of tinls in each section of the twelve QI&d€S: together with the scho astic grades and ages. A column was provided for promotions bdt kiter itTJaS decided not to dse B it in Illitxiillb' the table, for beginning with tie seventh/(grade the child is not yromoted in the sen fianner that he was in the lower grades and the number of "5's" or failures he ¢ets wonld be indicative of his failure in Keecing do with the standard of work reqoired. Of course ther are those who 1“five reheated grades, but a gdsil miéht have a ffl.ldre in two or three sdojects and yet sass on into the next section of a grade. In other words, he is not held cash a year or a semester even 8’ grade in ll the nor; in "‘ Of material Of]. was decided to in; to the Cti’v’i nesely, ele: AZeAIU SM” VJ». ool. C U ix 5‘ndes; ‘fles Considered for both broke in columns 1 an elementary red 1 - l relationshig in 5831 H ‘ QC Junior high home s 11)]. beccdse of hi e eon;;r en51ve an; bes1 -A more . congaraole grodp the data into three classes cor resoond— siJns reco nized tne existing scnool e"stens; -v DJ fi"\ 8 3“ dry graces, janior hirn 331, and senior high toin the irst rui,fOI"tne “Elvhidl, exhilnintii 7.2) II V the tenth, eleveitn 5nd t lftl grades. record niéht occur ttice in he I‘_ ' - n ostic e lflLQiJ th. schiol vror‘:: oi‘ w‘e and he might sttendschool for only sections, e mi Ht have attended several years, his egoeer- C 5,, heriOd of one seme ter's sciool a.onit. ndm er of homes is d There were not as many children in the es of the orok en home as in the un'ronen home units There is a closer the number of units to be considered in the or high school Inere are 185 units and 172 nnits IOicu nohes in tne ..- -- 1» ,~ .:v' “.- no' classii orJrcn nohes ‘ a i "' ”"7"“ .. ‘7' "' "T.”f'f‘TTW" TI‘ "" '. " I 1" 17 ‘" ‘ "'_ "‘ lsulc 4x0 ..._..;_14x.L.Ls/l.-.Jlu..s.l u_. u J.-V.L.1.£‘Lvllu it»). .IJJAQ.J--.4.~< Li! .‘1 ~—~.- , . --' ~~ I~ ' V‘ 'r ~, . - - I '*_ ' -~, J-L.LL4.—"- and-» ~'§\/4-« .5 1'\n’i.-.a_L.‘ 1“.--) \Jda.‘2-.L'\.)'\_ .A...‘ l..\.z- -.JLJ O . . ~ r: ‘ . —- 1_ A -- ~r ‘v . ' ‘f‘ ‘-'-LUU‘. .A—Jgaj ¢L~J~J \J‘. u.) J-.\.-\I .50 bile —.J.L. I ivJ-UJ‘U ‘-_:L‘.JI.LA .L¢\ . — ' - a. u 42.). J k.) -'A K' VPILJ \J J-uJ-i-J—H-L --. '.-‘.-r" "a“ '77-.‘ . LJ 0110K); Vii; U S d-L‘ LJTLI'.DB [we a .— .- .' ' . . 4 .. . ‘w . .. , -.- ' “ . ,. '_j .u, . .2 - glaSolIluatlUu , lie/$6“; L1.-Jr'JL\€J.L lot-red UlA‘Jl‘OL‘.CIi ‘- ' u 1 "'" ‘ ..‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ r: ‘ ‘ 1;;‘1’... 1-;i) 1-1J2-'V.IL J.-Q—L-.(E»( ;-'\,-'4u.‘cwé.?._. ‘— ..~‘ P J vr '7 ( 44—J— LJ¢ALQAL U'trbr b] 104 la ll 7' . .. ' I’ u ,\ r7 .) .- f.‘ ,- uuulOI‘ lino. 16..) “174. 1.0.0 14.0 r, .- ' -. r“ V -‘ L: " r -‘ ' "\ ." senior n.o. oi oi l7.o lo.u a . .‘~ .. .. r1“ 1 “""W‘. ‘ ; v.‘ , "a . ‘ TtrI ~. . .JtALfiEJ-ehe 11 U 10 .L {3.0.1.6 K. .. -u4._v-'...-‘L U- ~4-s‘..a./.‘_Jk) -...4 .244; d .4...) 41.ng . ., .. -, .-'r'?' 7. -.~« T"""" AHI _ 44-- 4,4-..lu 1.1-! 'l 444- J... LJ’J—-\./.LJ.“..J.L.L J U JV-._._J~) . r *1 ‘. ,....,-; ‘1‘) ,‘1 " ,_ .' 1 - .- A J .‘1. FILL'J. -2 , v j 4') g)J.LL\<. .LJ a .—-—_...—. .-____ ct;- ‘ . -‘p__ *v. i... {DC 93010 I C‘ F" (J L) I" IC “'Y ouol‘olielt .l-Jllbis J . .-, . ‘ 1 . b-' - 'AQlLvsl inioronen A“ 0A2; a S Mirror-ren :L'JJhC—ZS snort/‘56“ llOLlC‘; 9‘ 11¢ - MJ- 1%? so. In: no. rer ho rer ano. ler so. ler I ‘ {V '1 "' " ' ' f1 " ‘ A V" K. — I" -~ A? 'A’ ..z~. ‘i “)- '. I," - r. . , .l I. ‘, r". "‘ '1 ‘ l 011 ' V A»... '3 {14.1. 'v.... 0 LI Gilt: ”1w... V ifllb \J ~UQ‘ o L: QLLL V v VG}. v DLLU 4“" \A b...-_..§'._e..‘{.‘l'_.t_ '1 ,_ . . _. ' .LJJ- CAALCll '- I r- 7 «.r ‘a ‘s " ' '7’ ‘: "3‘ ‘( I I; f’" c‘ 's‘ . .‘Z. ‘ -‘ " .‘ V '. LQrJ #3 3~u-v udOi~%o~ o~4:49.0 ooozeo.d lfid.~lou lv&.ll.& T u' 11- _,,, . _ .. . ,,-. J. I ior H.35l9:;2.7 4ib:s®.8 544358.8 479:55.4 col:od.o Gauze/.1 3951*" _~ - ,.,. ,. . 1 'or 3.8 52:l7.6 61:b6.6 lO4:$D.2 . 64:27.9:los:&7.0 lo4:QU.& i - , a J‘V "w 2-- 3., J o \JI'LASJ o ‘i 4.8;! . U".- ° ~—. :‘l_ .. . 1‘ ..., ,iwr: 1'.."-\‘-" J ‘ ureJiotioL lor fldmutr oi Diodes lpvbvau- ol iron anoronen homes the t \..L w . r~‘ — . bl llle 63 average .3 and 4 and it will be o.Jser=.ed is in favor of tne unororen no; veer when it swings in favor of To snow the relationship bet 4" 4‘“ "a..:-.. h .. ,.. ‘._ _ or the molten cud onoioien rot-.1. k 0 and o, 7 and 8, aid 9 coldznis 5 that the oroeen hone QIDJQ nos 1" I‘-' f‘. ”c “ 4‘ g‘ . “ " 1 ~~ " ‘~ " g ". " " "' " ‘ " \ I' ”‘ ’\ ' A ‘ "‘ Ignace OK) 03.111301. 118.8 066.1 4.0,va UIJ" LlLU “SC of :gl‘CJiloflU: "- ’3 1 J’ ‘. ~"' ' . ‘r v .' “t ' 9| , - 'V r -' bbbbidl lS Sllk). -L .Lll \IULLA-.;U.{3 J ,.+ . ”pr.-. : . Lallr,‘ b {1.58 ‘ALJ. Ci ~ILL‘J‘3 LL; &_OVS ._ ‘.' ,‘ 1‘ . .3 I" .‘ I - .. I . ,‘ ‘_ , . ‘ e UV one 3, Let}. out tll on: bBLLlU I‘ bl‘OdC-fiii 1101118 gl‘ouy. V' . ' ' ..~' ‘ fl " ‘ ‘ r~ ‘v ‘3 “ -'. \ - . n “-3le Lrgle F, -AQLtLble lCLI‘J r‘vLO 3f grouse, n concoriron 01 tne $3 0 -'_' 5.31.1 1' l U- and lo, it ' l he ooserved received a marredly 3e" cent of A and B grade: for each sonool classification. "men the coli'in shot-in; oercenteges i'or C Lari-{3' is e;/;:.:;ined it reveals tnat the orohen home ¢rodg in each clcss has more ”’0 to its credit the; the ohbronen hone grads nus. Ehe ger- centn¢e tor J and A terns are given in columns ll end lb. 'i‘nis she's." the smile cif‘;i"ren3es 2' -: does tne ren ros tor the .k and E, anui C, to {Arc ‘isadv2ntsLfiaini beneral or idle orohen hone grolp. The sohrol records di; lowed that there were four oersons from the oronen homes who nod gradiotcd fron Eli-9n Sohoobnnd five i'rJ... the oneroizen none pro-4,.) M110 had grodoatef. Both tyoes of homes have regresentstlves in the 0,; i2):‘ tile oortdnity Room» .1I-I‘ f I, n, ’_‘ ..."‘l .,.‘ I’Q‘ thirteen Ior the qulOuvu p U U) Jortonity Room it do * Do I- 1. .. . ' .. ...,.-.... 4" - ,. n 11 lthl‘B tneie .~L;l-3 ill: 3 cul‘d. Jnen o ooiil is 31L in tne - «"n . ,rn. ,1 ,- 1,. -' QGSikllly neon tnot ne will x‘.’ -ng- continue there yermamently. It is qlite often tnet e cuill +V . lS pot in unis room so taut me can Hive sgeoiel assistence Fla u some one socdect th&t ne is enable to Urasp otherwiee Sometimes a chilo is out le“e to oel; correct a sneecn de- 1’,‘ 1‘ r‘““:) I ' "'-A V‘" n.~- '.- 4- f -. ' )- fect. luere are some to lie ulo lamalfl 1d toe dyeCldi naum J -1HK ‘.'fi ' J‘ L, : C‘ \‘ -~ 1 "b 3 v5 La- JJOILJJ b -Leir uu-l~JnJ.L waitreb o fhe malnuJ¢bumelt records snow tne VLJlOdS miedegeeuors I .1. re ’1'- of WHICH a gopil gas 082a Qlllty. leese mid soon that UJELe r were tnirty inoivicuals from the o1 ogeu home grouy who Lad 1“. 1‘ ‘1 1“}: I: " r\ r.'.fi~- r » .“.. .--n 4-» -.‘ . SSuOJl maloodls tment recorl . In thng dCCuunu oi toe “molar ('1') in the broken hone group mno Led school recorls it was foond to be one hundred five, so tile perceutebe of mrlaodootueot would'be twenty-eibht and on -Aalf per cent. i‘ne recoros ior toe children"; of the lab cog-e; easier; reveal tnet tier-3 e.:.e twenty- one mullouosteo pupils. As tgere were one honoree forty-six of toese children, the gercentage for Lois creep woold 0e fourteen per cent, or nalf as many as is ii the other Droug r. W" ‘7 c- In. ' )~-. v',— 1 -,‘ 'p SAGE-211.40 ung;2.tlafaC Efl,~il‘tl..1t;z.-:3.lt to 80110.2]. 114.9- < .I <4 J? These findings ‘eeo to show a ratio wuico corresgouos to the delinquency oehavior as recorded in EoOle.v1II \L 5 I - .-' I - A ’ .‘p '-I A : .. ‘ I' 7" T I . . ' - . ”Y - "‘- I w ' —' '1 ' 4"‘1 lire ulSCQVuI‘J \J.L a. luULa-L'\J'1 {.:-ciei); c.“ luulvludd; .2, he“ Wu. : ’ \ . n ‘7 ‘- l ‘ ’i I: ‘f r 3" ‘ r ' ' I C‘ 'r’ "$.51 .-‘ 1 - 4— w ' '.l 011.9110; 1"] 11$er 08 liledSL/tled. “coo 06311 0.; add-oil V9.1. V4.63 (,0 eLl«iC-_ttOrS elying ta: sol"e some of tne Erotlems gresenteo oj yogils. ' ' ".V . r ‘ ‘ I ‘, ‘r“"‘- - ~< 1, r .' ‘ .‘ ‘ ' " “ litrlllow ce tests are alien at Cbltxlh SLJDOS of scoool IO lees A “a such as during the sixt; school year, the ninth, and the twelfth. Unless the cnild nos some difficllty in Kecging no with this 02158 or snows other problems that make it seem necessary for an analysis of his sitnation he does not have 1.. ,1 . xtn Drane. 5.. .— (D k l p- Q} U) H (b [‘1 (I ‘. . ,,) (D 5.... C4. D- ’ J (D m H. an intelligence test until C—L \D r TIe intel'iaence tests re all Liven as group sts except in cases o neleojnstnent or for other reasons that nine it advisable to give a test to an indivioaal. ~0ut (‘i‘ the one hundred five pupils from broken homes wn have been stodied, there are sixty—two wno have I. Q. records. Of the one hand— ,.-. +‘- ~-.-.—~ . LOLLELO ullblci Lily .. I ', - i" (~ . ‘0' "'I , '3 ,: VI ‘/ fl -. I 'L LU "\ - 1 ‘o 1‘ - ‘r -. 1. leU. 40103r‘p‘3141 til-11.11 E31 .LI‘an b..-” pLoLJfOfLEll i . .. +'.._ ‘ ., ‘,...,. 1,.” , --. ...,l ...,.) , ..._, .; V. . 4 -. -. . of I.%'s for the UlJnud none Diony h-s from Slntd‘bulCe to I - — 1 I a .v' ~ -- J v, '- vvv -. v H. V ‘ I“ " I C\ r- v.‘ ~ . ' "F " , ' " I‘ .' ." One 1.5.111 0.1. ed. Ln eAL by - v.50 , '3. .1. LIL can CLVV"-»I‘L,LU'3 Of “111C. 9.} - 9116 w; d. + A J ,__ r. f r "-":-r~ I ,4‘, I... _ 4"" ' ‘l... -:‘V. ,‘ beUlALb, .lnd..n “KJWL'QI cl “JJLV ”‘LCnlro iu.e Icunge 4.31 tnr ee . J the unoroxen home group was from fifty-five to one nonnrea ,n .: .. — .: m "o 4_._ r , .~ q” - r. . .w,‘ .j, -, ,...‘ 3,- . ,c - .: .‘-, . .4. , 3.. or... tunen oj-elgnt , 1.1 on 2... aver--:Qe oi Clo-n .4, - elunt (one elont tennis, and a median of nine Cable XI.on the next pagetnows tne grunting: for anon in- terval of ten. 3H n‘ 7 r X ‘ :1 :LJ. 0113.er .L oil...) 7* c—-;O"" l E. f’{ -11. ("In .. $4.4... d-U no ,rn'r’ 1‘0 wow .-.- 11 4" ""-‘ O J. +.=.A¢¢ . W1 l.'.L -4.:..o' ’ V Q ,., ) .—-.. .L‘L'A 15,8 I r.-- \ .LI -'_.a._u.'- -" ALLJQ .- Mini... \T‘r.‘ —\ W*'F‘"§~v’ 7 I I -ble XI. 0 ( .. .J, ‘ n .1“ \u .C . I _ .l .8 C U .P ‘0 .U ‘ . _\U 1r + 6 TJ ¢ ¢ .. L. N d (4.. r 9” 4U. .mw. rm ob AU). . . l _. . . a . x. Mal/M mrw 0% 9 .U S .b ad 4 u .U «D :1. LO .7. r at 2; f “.1. HI Q 1 o o , m. e i n .l u H ... S O f .C.. S L . u 6 e h .l 3 S L .D t . 0 pl H . mu 2 VJ ”C 0: ab .3 \U 3L )‘l .)\l \)..l’ ) I 0v .:Iu LIV m'. n CU "J r‘ IA. n e r e .u a 3 E T b "O 9 7 2 9 6 l .0 0 .r .o r i U S r . e l 06 7. . u cl .b S O a ._. M r O h L d .f o. .1 .To . c -t u T ..|L fiU “v u r by.“ owl . .n O .9 ml or O 6 2n .4 .J 1.; 1 4). U. 3 w MN 5 L 9 a c .1. e L l e : . l a e n .(o a. h a... S E L O n a S O n o a , d .l O l a _ .l e a... V L e S E l J f .n A. _._.._ V r C t .l t h A .. 3 l r .:u 1 II) .)\I )\) \)\\|) w: A . DIV IL r . .. O .0 _. r O r .l S r 3.. S 0 5 7 2 3 2 7 l L r e . .4 o .n n c .n e ~1— l l .J 0...— l. v.1. +. .l .v 1. f rl , A... .To C T C Q S .. i. T C 8 .3 L .. n +. n... .l .1 _ or t e .C . w A ,.l l .l ..u e w. n _ .. 7o .1 S m u r... C . e m m 9 i .e s r .l .9 9 9 9 9 l . ._ l t u m C m.” a... .C T .3 .u :u .0 7 8 9 . . . O we .4 3 L S .v 8 u l _ . _ _ _ .J J J ml. 1 a T. t 3. .:. .. C U 0 O _.-.o O O l 2 r me o c 1 m. 3 e .. -o C 7 .o 9 l l l e m m e r .2 m. f o. .9. DJ M“ r .1 . M V.. W fi'lLu A“ . A l .. .o o t C .. -. to m1 qt¢ .a...“ r... +IU C 1s.“ 1 C no nu r n r _ W... m .l H o C 8 3 0 e a J n r i d. n v C a. f n L r D O l e 9 f O o f r #1.... V; h r no .TU r r l e l o e .m t me e e n l b s . .. .1... n u .h; \UL Mu CV 1.. T.“ 1 O m no .m m l. .T. i a t o C a A l m N L w”. 1.. e iro. .l S r .nl. .fl 1,” r mu 0 3 .u 0‘ J d O n C r e 3 .Q «U .ll‘ .w i. f T I 1A ! o. O .U :l‘ cw; 0v n e n 1n.“ .1 run... NO .:. .1n a l mm; «3. C r. 4.0 C p .1 l o "I... I . l — Jb e t r 5. VI..— .1 6 N. H .l O Q I .u f r d e .:.“ r V. r O Q. I a S flv +.. «D _ 0 PL .1 63'). LLiI‘ 0.1.3.]. (1'. . “‘ U;.. ‘4 4.. (L1 or 1 i-) 4. oil? L,. LU Q .n‘ ,_. 1.1.9. Q a < ._ r] V\J\JI“.L Vs, lik‘ng‘. 1; Viral r),’“|f'§ l .\ le from .:.;‘Lbsokcen no...es. Elie fact tint t :e :1. :_.’L.:;_th1st..cnt records dioa..tice so nany delingoencies to tne discredit of‘tne oronel; lgrnes ?:,dlt.:,g;e:u? to ice :2 due inninirgJ fncrtor in} ltwwerirrg scnolnstic scores. in: reason for ruin ni_fler grororticu of delinquencies cannot definitely be stzted, bit it con be .essnned fron revieu'né the dflflETL'ut hole SitJ”EiQHS report- ed in tnentv-seven irsiuoices tkrt tie unsett C9 end w~v4role v . - , . .14. . .-. L..-J.VU-..- .1 state of rind infloenced by inch condicions would netlrsll" oe reflected in e cnilc's sono‘estic wc“n. If tne “esllto of intelliéenCe tests are infldcnced by the mental attitolc. end onysical state 0. e gerson's b:d.tn, one wonders Want tn: ratinu of one Qirl tonic indicate. on four di ferent d tee she had four different scores Union were 0;, lQQ, 71, aid at. Sine I: 1 i.o.*: cl' 1;.e lion .enxgrn.'to Cg) efl. Lo..e ”*7 31'“ ' o 12".” . c' 4 ’4‘! ' ‘ :“C' 5"") / :"7’19 won. 5.‘ ""9"""rrl'pvJ "5'“ .LA-‘Q 94.4.... L.) AL... \J ~.'J.U.A .UJ.\JL‘. 9... I - o, J‘s—z 'i--'.k./ e91. L1.J.L.L.Ll\i-t VLLL! IAL her brotner c cri irwl. ‘re rather did not aelcore tne ent- side essist:nc; d? the Jovenile Erofiective ”orger no“ Cc.col $-1- \ -‘i :1 It €J;1d.er'.+u o The fret tnnt tnere rcre nineteen lir s in brozen homes who Were eltne“ rornlné Io? tleir room 3nd boori or toxinu tlte .;l:«ce ‘ ‘I ‘ J. - ... ,. .~' ‘ r‘ .. ,. , ' fl ‘ .r. _. i .... . . 7‘ fl 4 H _: . g '. r‘ “ ‘ _’1 . ~. moon Ezblll uj b. m. ll bile; not... nub been locululnuu DJ vlu donn— 4 5‘7? *' r.‘ raj. ‘2 . - . r-c , 'vj - n ‘wJ -‘|>.‘- ‘a A} --" "‘ {-3 ‘ y. .»l ,‘t .~ ‘ " , A ' I _'_-’. .--‘ (2;? ..I‘_ Ml ...-1. .-‘IL {.2 r. Lie. 'u' ... . .-I..-.;..~ bi hi). on ya... Li; a o .L n) 0.1. «94-x, UUJ o ‘ r - v /:J W '- -~-.' I‘ ‘5 _ I. ~, 1- H. - ’4 -~ ,. I " . . . ,—~ u ‘- v,’ '4 ‘\ " " ‘. .\ ‘ ‘.\ ..- . : F" . is. \ I. ,7 V 551‘?» Lau- (.:.-(ii (.:..L a {294:4‘ ...-ALL] QG‘L 516.311.0be J-Al DALe ..LALkLLLL ll; J—LIJ— .J unng-JJ- Lulla- “~09" 1" ' * “.Y‘V ,, 9n {—3015 ,5 § ‘, ‘ .. ~ "pr”. - " x (- “ . -.:. 4' ..LVJ. ‘J...nc’. bu ...J 0 4.1.46 .1 ..LlIlD .2 ..7 u ‘u‘.&AJ.-I..CL 3 ;-\J '.' . '4 pl. 3 “up Hr), .1» b.3491}. out Ly 01 tne none .:..s an infant '..'l_.e.. "one oo-l-ei {.1 ed, no.5; :. 1'34; econ ’1 .‘ . 4 J .. - - . . - ' :3 fi’ “ ‘ ~ 1 '1 " . r .2! vi; J - J. I v _, )4. v- .. Ur U . - ‘u , v \4 l C +3.3 .LL(-J‘- C: but OJ. rL 5-1 .49.- v.) 4: 1. ... . .1» — 1 at; '..';.L-\.4. :T,~J..-.J.'J.o '-‘ ‘ ,1 ~. . ..| P.~ r- —: -... o", » ‘ ~. I : . "4 ‘ ‘5 f ' ,3 - .‘ 7‘ h, . -‘4 ‘ v .. .'~ .- 1“, .1, c I -...le ..‘vI'L. 0-1.4- .Lw 4.4....pr VJ own, L4..1ur3;-oi1 Diuvkx) .ul: -:. .1.) oil _ . 1 n I. J . '1‘ ., ... .' ,—_ .-. ... ..— “r. .1 ; ' ~' L. ‘ .-- ‘ __ -f ..- . ,‘ ‘ .‘ ,‘l I -_ 0L b;x $JE‘II-‘oeJ‘f/b H. re UL lJIL’lQAL K111 Lil" C 1'.“ VaLU UVAQJJ-L \vtv‘chlbb\.‘.-‘I‘-'AA‘ , ,_ bliss (lid. o'o-.e:‘ l'CQQl'QlEE .:..ul' i.l-.€.-'3 'Jllll'nl‘tid RISES OJ. 6. (.:....Exlrbgllu- _. I .q-’ ill: liU-bA-L L - ..ere was 110‘“).th in tne sonool recorde- km.) show one degree ‘ U3. wagl‘l'lClL’ELLJ-04‘L O+ 1141455 Cslexv-.L‘Q-L 4.1.1. b..ul‘;’ JanluJLéll.‘ (...va LIL-‘4‘" do CiU-PTER V1 SOCIAL SIIUA’PIOEIS EiiIdTIRG 1}; 13:3 Ham A-Bro‘ssn Homes The importance of the family as a. social institution is readily re- cognized by all pe0ple. The fact that it is a world-wide institution indicates its social significance. Family life existed long; before history was recorded. When it actually began is not definitely known. What has been written about the primitive family is inference based upon the discovery of utensils, pictures, etc. found in caves, caverns, and burial ~'Iflngzuntisfiof3 th'etzprelhis torio people3.1;"..1‘15~ is in the fxnily'where‘we “firstoestablish‘th‘ek h;int patterns of the most intimate and personal nature.| (15) He goes farther and says that the family is not deterior- ating but it is improving. If it is true as Elmer says, that we establish our habit patterns in the family, then perhaps we can say that the thirty-eight sex delin-vgusncies and other undesirable behavior committed by the boys and girls from broken homes were influenced by the behavior patterns set by their parents. There were sixteen mothers and four fathers out of the sixty-eight homes repre- sented Who were reported as being intimate with "other men" and "other women" before the final desertion or the divorce took place. Nine illegit- imate children were born to four of the se sixteen mothers after deserting their husbands. If Just the "other men" or the illegitimate babies were the only social problems, it would be lass serious; but such behavior can- not be indulged in Wi thout being 3731;133:411 by other see 19.13;; unzmmovei conduct which is not wi tH‘eld from the presence of the chil'irC-jjg. 1:13;}; (15) University of Pittsburg Radio uublication Number 56: p.5. wml.i.___vul.._..:’ar 14.3333..in £13.22}: .. a" 3 27:31 t mm s i and 33:8 1 c 5.1 0 mt; i. ~ 'often 03:53.11. (16) When these activities take place, they cannot be done wi thout the parapts. l09‘LQ313:‘-1h91§ for one another and the child losing- reSpect for one or both parents. i'oreover child neglect is often an attending evil. rPliers can be no doubt about the role this type of behav- ior has in creating emotional attitudes and pars-mali by characteristi 3;; of the children who witness such scenes very frequent v. "Attitudes are for the most part acquired behavior patterns having been built up Out of our experiences in characteristic situations." (17) - "moss problems and situations which recur fresuently or persist througiout a large portion or the V-l".016 of one's life necessarily deve10p in the organism concerned a cons tzmt readiness fr‘r t‘re ex- pected stimulus. Regular modes of behavior or of reaponse to tiese fairly constant stimuli arise in the org‘ranism. Tiese attitudes be- come permanent parts of the organisms behavior exiuipnent. ......... "In their normal aspects the as permanent sets of induced attitudes are generally known as tanperanent, disposition, character and per— Sonalitz'o" (18) "‘9ersonality is another of the general background conditions closely related to tesnrerament, disposition and character. It also is largely composed of attitudinal sets." .......... Allport defines personality ".13 the individual's characteristic reactions to social stimuli and the ciuali ty of his adaptation to the social features of his environment.” he also says, "personality is a result of social behavior, also a cause." (19) Further analysis of personality shows, "Like the self ......., it is predominantly acquired. Its behavior aspect is determined chiefly by environment pressures act- ing upon the {rote-plasmic cons titution of the organism. But these environmental pressures take effect primarily upon the mum-proto- plasm of the cerebral cortex. Hence the chief organic mechanism of (16) Mariam Van Waters, "Youth in Conflict" Foreword, vi. ”Jealousy, hypocrisy, antagonism between parents may cause children mental retardation, disease or delinquency. Should mental conflict or emotional shock occur from outside causes, a home atmosphere of freedom and trust is apt to dispel it." (17) Bernard, LL. "Social Psychology", Henry Holt and Company, 1926, p.249. (18) Ibid. p.251 (19) Ibid. p.255 I‘tl'Qltt‘ I 'UU" the perscnaliiy are cortical and highly flexible. Personality is chief- ly mental, moral, social and is made up largely of traits of these types. (20) When Social Scientists and Psycholigists such as L.L.Pernard and Allport case to these conclusions after scientific study and research, it is justifiable to believe that parental behavior definitely makes its contribiition to the personality of the children, and influences their future behavior. Thee were ten fathers who drank, whether this was one of the primary reasons for the mothers deserting or divorce has not haen stated except in two instances. But it caused family quarrels and unpleasant situa— tions in the homes. Certain circmnstances which effect the home after it has been broken. They may be considered as major factors in affect- ing the child's pa‘scnality. The frepzent changes of authority to which he is often subjected, such as having a step-mother, a house—keeper, liv- ing in the homes of relatives such as aunts, uncles, brothers, sisters, grandparents, orphanages or other institutions play their role in char- acter formation. The lone father or mother may also try to maintain a hane without any other per son in charge and depend on the help of the children to keep the place in order and do the necessary home work. This leaves them without prOper guidance and training in the duties they are endeavoring to perform. Often they form bad friendships and become delinquent in their behavior. \ Georgia Green's story is fairly typical of how a girl resents a step-mother caning into the home. She was an attractive intelligent girl of fourteen when reports cane that she was incorrigible, had no (20) Ibido P0257 interest in her home and stayed out late at nights. A visit With her re- vealed ttat her mother had died two years previously leaving five chil- dren, the oldest sister, Joan, who was fourteen, Georgia Who was twelve, and a sister and two brothers who were younger. A year after the Mother's death Mr. Green married a widow who had three children, which she brought to the already well "child supplied" household. The first two or three weeks all went well. Then Mrs. Green began to have "dizzy spells" and could not do the house work and the responsibility fell on Joan and Georgia. The girls thought that she showed her own children much favoritism. Mrs. Green, too, gets discouraged and threatens many times to take her life and does attempt suicide on one occasion but is unsuccessful. The older girls feel confident that she is a drug addict. Georgia said she used to have a happy contented home when her Mother was alive, and that she had never sworn nor had never been impudent until after she acquired a step-mother. She said she hated her step-mother so that she could not give her a civil answer. The home situation was so repulsive to her that she often stayed with girl friends to loeep frcm going hone. On one occasion she went to a dance with a girl frimd, but said she was so disgusted with the way the girls and boys acted that she did not want to go again. Georgia began to play truant from school. The truant officer picked her up and she went to his home rather than go to her own. In the spring the step-mother left the home. Joan took charge of the household, and Georgia helped her with the work. She attended school regularly and completed her sanester's work. She said she was contented and happy. Georgia was anxious to be self-supporting and had planned to attend the Business College for A Business Training Course in the fall. During the summer vacation, she and her father had a quarrel and she went to stay a few days with a girl friend, When she returned home she found her step- mother had preceded Mr. But she is quite Optimistic and thinks possibly they can get along better now as Joan has gone and she may have been partly to blame for the mimosity that existed between Georgia and Mrs. Green. However when she was interviewed by the visitor a few weeks later, she confided that her home was a "hell- hole" mid she would be willing to do anything to be sent to the Girl's Indestrial School at Adrian. She starts in to achieve this goal by playing truant from school and has carried it far enough to be brought into the Juvenile Court. The Judge placed her on probation, which she broke and she was then sent to the Industrial School. She was happy to think she was to be sent to Adrian and believed that she would re- ceive much benefit from going there. She was anxious to get the train- ing given in sewing and also looked forward to the Opportunity of gett- ing the business course taught there. Clifford R. Shaw who has done a great deal of work with delinquent boys in Chicago has written a book in which a boy, Stanley, gives his life's story from a subjective point of view. He remarks as follows about the influence of his step-mother and bane, ..',j_.. . "Why couldn't I have had a kind mother instead of a hell-cat step- mother; a father to teach me; a home full of comfort Where I'd gladly go instead of being in the shadow of fear of going home to eat supper?" "Stanley's case is typical as it has aspects com-non to a statistically high proportion of cases. Stanley grew up in a delinquency area. In 1926, 85.4 per cent of all the boys arrested by the police came frczn homes in delinquency areas. He lived in a broken home." (bl) With a frequent charge of house-keepers there can be little continu- ity and consistency in the training of children. A house—keeper works for wages and not for tie training of children with Whan she may be only a few weeks. Mrs. Gary, smother of three children, becane dissatisfied With her home life and Mr. Garylafter the third child, Betty Lou, was a. few months old, so she took her and left Mr. Gary with Peggy and Billie to care for. Mr. Gary is very fond of his children ani is very anxious about their welfare. He may even be so extreme in his well meaning attempts that it is a detriment to the children, for he is constantly worrying about them, and the type of housekeepers he can get to care for them and the home. What oculd have been the feeling of uncertainty and insecurity on the part of the children who lived under the supervision of twenty-seven different house-keepers in three years, besides living in their mother's home on frequent occasions during this same period? Their father makes frequent visits to the Social Service Bureau to air his difficulties about the trouble he has had with keeping house-keepers and wanted to be sure he was doing the right thing by his children. He seemed to be very anxnous over than and has a constant fear that they may be taken away free him. After Peggy had lived with her mother and (21)"‘1115 Jack Roller", University Chicago Press. 1931, p.110 cane back to her fither she said that she never wanted to live with her mother again. She has become nervous and retarded in school as a result of the frequent changes of residence and the constant tumoil of getting acquainted with new housekeepers. The little brother prefers staying with his father also. The house-keeper said that he has deve10ped the habit of stealing and lying. He is also a fighter on the playground at school. Of course all of the children where house-keepers are employed are not able to have the experience of having had so many close "contacts" with adults. me boarding home is often a recourse depended on to care for children when the parents think are not old enough to be left at home alone from the time school is cut until the parents return home from work. Some children have stayed in only one boarding home, while some other children have lived in three or four. There are not many boarding homes where the child feels that he belongs to the family. When their board is being paid they do not feel that there is any work that they should help do. If the child is freed from taking any responsibility in the hane and fran learning to share the home activities, he is realm being cheated in his training that will equip him to meet his needs in society. It is learning by doing and by participation that deve10ps the fullest understanding of problems that have to be solved. All boarding parents are not capable of handling the children put into their hence for care, so the trial and error method means that many adjustments must be made by the child. The quality of all boarding bones are not alike and there are many wise and efficient board- ing parents as has been told by Healy and Brenner, in "Reconstructing Behavior in Youth". But, nevertheless, in cases where frequent changes are made, it means a constant re-establishing of habim. If a certain amount of uncertainty is present until a habit has became well established, then this changing of homes may be responsible for the unsettled and unstable activities and attitudes that present themselves in problem children, or rather deve10p problem children. Someone has said that breaking habits is a painful process, perhaps that accounts for some of the irritable and surly dispositions of these youths who are often changing homes and authority. Relativessuch as, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts and grand-parents are frequently called upon to help with the care of the children where there is a broken hcne situation. The placing of children Where there are blood ties is considered in have a better influence on the child and usually more satisfactory in all respects, if it is possible to make such arrangements. The overt actions of a child does not tell the whole story of tin influence a broken home has on his personality. To get the sub- Jective attitude of a boy who was taken to the home of his grandparents after his father was accidentally killed, he was asked if ire would write a story of the way he felt the loss of his father had affected his life. He was not one of the boys included in the study, but there is no reason to believe that other children might not have had similar experiences. The story is copied Just as he wrote it. "It was a pleasant day in September 1917. My sister and I were vain- ly trying to salt same peanuts in the milk-house. My father was busily grinding plow potnts,.".‘.vhen all of a sudden I heard the crash of a plow point being thrown, a loud report and then all was still. Fearing some- thing had happened amiss I stepped into the next room where he was, there I beheld him lying on the floor in a pool of blood with one leg caught in the belt that was wound around the shaft of the. large nine horse power gas engine. I tried in vain to arouse him, but to no avail. "That incident cinnged my whole life. I was not yet six years of age, ani now, over four teen years later I have often wondered what my life would have been if father would have stood on the other side of the grinder Out of reach of the belt. "After things were straightened up my mother, sis tar, infant brother and myself were taken in by my eternal grand—parents. by little brother died soon after that and my mother went to business college and got a job to take her mind off her troubles leaving my sister and me With our grandparents. My grandfather was an excellent provider, but he was a poor substitute for a cmpanionable father. "Life with my grandparents was pleasant. My grandfather and uncle did all the work on the eighty acre farm, leaving only a few minor chores for me to do. I had only a few toys vii th which I could :rnuse myself, and. so I spent a lot of time tinkering .aroxmd, rigging up contrivances With which to play. 17;; efforts were generally not with ridicule from my grand father. In order to save myself the arbarrassment of ridicule and to have a good time, I worked on the sly always giving: hazy weavers when asked ~”mt I was do inc}. I-was never allowed the companionship of neighbor boys good or bad and so I became a first rate lone wolf. As a conse‘iuence, it is very hard for me to maintain conraieship or even a ‘c: mversation wi th any one else. 'I'irough continued ridicule, I have acyxired an embarrassing case of self- consciousness that mal‘res it doubly hard for me to set out to seek a job, or even in having a good time at a party, or similar function. "From w‘mt I rerember of my father, I an sure that we would lave been great pals. Tn’e would have gone hunting, fishing, and swimming together; we would have worked and played side by side. I would have been at least two years ahead of where I an new, in eimerience along the line of fans work. I would have taken subjects more in keeping wi th my life work. I would have gone out for athletics in high school. Had my father lived, traits that embarrass me now would not have been cultivated. "I would have been a wiser spender by learning; how rather than being refrained from it altogether. 'iiy beliefs in my fatter are based on largely what I can renember of him. Even at the age of four or five, we were great chums. We went places together and had good times together. Had he lived I would have learned many things under his guidance that I have to pick up now by the trial and error method. 'tiy sister was always a great favorite of my grand father, while I was tolerated a sort of a necessary evil. In that way a mild animosity grew up between us. We always fought like cats and dogs and I generally got reproached whether or not I was to bless. "The breaking of a home makes it hard on the children. I have follow- ed the straight and narrow because there was no other way Open, thanks to my grandparents, but I will always miss the training and cmpanionship I WOuld have had with my father. I was very young when he was killed but that incident and several others Will always stay with me. And I will often wish that we could have been the pale he had always wanted to be to his sons." The lack of discipline on the part of the father, after the mother is gone has been blaned for some of the difficulties that the children get into, such as running the streets, sex delinquency, and school truancy. The disciplinary problem becomes a difficult one in the home where much strife prevails between the parents. The "pattern" for quarreling has been established and becomes a part of the social situation many features of which have been absorbed by those connected. with tie home and as well as making impressions on their personalities. These various situations are those Which have been the major influen- tial factors that have noticeably affected the behavior of the children in the broken homes. The factors occurring in the unbroken homes and what the apparent results have been will be shown in the analysis of the cir- ' cunstances that appeared in the homes of the fifty-six families whose records were studied. B - Unbroken Homes The statement was made in the first chapter that the term unbroken home ceased to be a more appropriate term to be used here than the term normal bane as we are not yet sure what constitutes a normal home. No doubt every one has amental picture of what to him would be an ideal home. In going over tin description of the unbroken homes, it could not be con- cluded that there were many that were ideal. There were also wealmesses that existed where fathers and mothers were living together. No lumen being is perfect. But the purpose here was to determine from the study of both examples whether or not the children who had both a father's and mother's protection and guidance were notmore fortunate in having less unapproved social behavior to their credit than the children from broken homes. After the analyses of the data were made for both types of homes and the undesirable features of each sifted out, it was found that there were some characteristics common to both. In the cases where there was anti-- social behavior am attitudes on the part of the parents it was reflecteu in the behavior of the children. There were three fathers who were boot-leggers and had served short sentences in Jail for their offenses. We of the boys who have been men- tioned previously as having stolen purses fran offices and. rbbbing the Walton Milling Company were sons of one of these men. here were eleven of the fifty-six fathers who were reported as drinkers, with the exception 'of one of them they were said to be heavy drinkers. In two cases they were placed on probation instead of being sent to Jail and two were sent to Jail for drunkeness. There were children from three of these families who were among those who had committed the more serious kinds of delin- quencies. In the hanes Where the quick or "bad" temper is a characteristic shown, tiers also seems to be a reflection of this attitude on the personalities of the family. There were fathers who beat their wives and there is one in particular who was cruel to his wife and children causing a very unpleas- ant hane. He disliked his oldest son. He maintained an ugly attitude and constantly wore a cruel expression on his face. One thing to his credit he is a good worker. Il‘he older boy, Jim, when thirteen years old was brought into the Juvenile Court fcr stealing gloves,- He, too, maintained a surly, ugly attitude. The Judge put him on probation which he soon broke so he Was sent to the Industrial School for Boys. After serving two years there, he was paroled but did not stay very long with his parents. He dis- appeared smd the next time he was heard fran, he had been connected with an accidental shooting of a boy friend with a pistol he had stolen. He was re- turned to the Industrial School but escaped after a short stay and when next heard frcm was in a Southern city on the Gulf of Mexico, Where he was arrest- ed and brought back to Lansing to be sentenced to the Reformatory for part- icipation in the theft of an automobile. After being released fran the Re- formatory and a few weeks of freedom he was again arrested and sentenced for stealing aluminum. rlfhe se experiences had all taken place in Jim's life before he was eighteen years of age. His brother, Eli, who is two years younger has a record of stealing bicycles, breaking and entering houses, being a sex delinquent, and being placed on probation before he had reached his sixteenth birthday. 0f the seven instances that parents have been reported as having bad tempers the mothers have not been so rated. Fran these homes there are six children who have been guilty of serious anti-social behavior besides other minor truancies and school problems. The use of vile language enters into these controversies and scenes which are not withheld free the presence of the other members of the fanily. Of the fifty-six mothers in unbroken homes, there are eleven who have worked outside of the home, and from seven of these homes twelve of the 'more serious delinquencies have occurred. (as) iEight of the twelve cases were girls brought into Juvenile Court for sex delinquencies and in most instances the girls were placed on probation. In the other feur homes where the mothers worked the children were younger and had not developed disagreeable social traits to the extent of their being so obnoxious as to be subJected to outside authority. Enough cases have not been con- (3314) "among children Who became wards of the court it appears that a very considerable number came from.broken homes. Data in court records show that anong 11,328 bbys and 2770 girls who cane into court during ten years, at least 349 boys (three percent) and 173 girls (six per cent) were wholly orphaned; 1,557 boys (Fourteen per cent) and 494 girls (eighteen per cent) were fatherless; 1,015 boys (9 per cent) and 353 girls (twelve per cent) were motherless. "Almost inevitably the fact that the mother "goes out" to work means that the house is cheerless untidy and that tie children are given an Opportunity to stay'away from school and live that life of the street which is at once alluring and demoralizing. Sophonisha .9. Breckenridge, "Neglected Widowhood in the Juvenile Court", American Journal of Sociology, Vol.XVI, (1910) pp.56-57-60. sidered in this study to make a.hard and fast statement regarding'the effects of a mother having her interests divided between her family and her "work for wages" away free hens as a cause of unapproved behavior of her children, but in the homes where the mothers work there is a close resemblance in the behavior of the children to the behavior of the child- ren in the broken heme where the parents' interests are divided by family cares and bread-winning. There are five families of this group where both parents are of for- eign birth, both belonging to the same nationality. There is one French father and mother, Who have a family of four children. 0f the older girl little has been said, except that she was married when young. The two younger girls have many difficulties in adjusting tn their home life as well as to their school life. They have little respect for their parents. Fear of parental discipline after truancy from school causes graver truancy, so that Jule tranped the streets, remained away frcn home nights and on several occasions took nightly shelter in public rest rooms. At fifteen she said she was unhappy at home and wanted to be sent to the Girls In- dus trial School at Adrian and strnr there until she became eighteen years old so she could get away from her undesirable friends and unhappy home. Jule said that she detested her father and mother. mat her father never spoke to the fanily unless it Was to call them vile names. That he would be better satisfied with her if she worked and he could receive etery dollar she earned, but she was too young to get work so would like to go to Adrian until she was older'andxnore sensible. Jule thinks if’she were in Adrian that she would not want either of her parents to come to see her. Jule was taken into the «uvenile Court, but placed on probation to her dis— p- U\') —‘ appointnent. She disappeared from home later and it was learned that she hadxnarried an orchestra player Who was twenty years her senior. The marriage was not a veqy successful one, and within another two years she was divorced endinarried again, this time to a youngerznan about her own age and new domestic affairs seemed to be fairly successful; she has a little child and is a changed girl. Her sister Hortense held a good deal the same attitude toward her parents, only site begm her dolinguencies at an earlier age than Jule did. She was taken to the House of the Good Shepherd and said she will never forget nor fergive the way in which her family deliberately lied to her to get her to go to Detroit 30 they could place her in this Institution. they had told her they were going'to Detroit to see her brother who'was ill in a hospital, but took her to the House of the Good Shepherd where she was never happy aumoment. She tried to starve herself to death. Fortense did not get along well With the Sisters wh‘. sie said she hated as well as the Catholic Church and would comnitt suicide if she were ever placed there again. Hortense blaned her father for the unpleasant home conditions. 'Marcille, the brosher, does not shoN such pronounced malconfent as the girls, but he is a problem child at school and has very irregular attendance. 30 doubt the French traditions and customs that these parents are ac— customed to cane into conflict with the American environment in which the family were living and affecting the children more strongly as their habit patterns had not been set in the way the parents were, thus making the situation too difficult to be harmonious. Thexnother is among those who work away from home; Some of the other nationalities represented in this study are Belgian, Polish a. Persian. There were two 1"olish families. We difficulty Which appeared in one was due to the fact that the mother wanted. to dominate her dhxghters and especially have control of the money that they earned. One. of the girls resented this attitude very much and so it was the cause of many quarrels end dissatisfaction with the home 3131 disrespect for the mother. In the other T’olish fxnily the children were smallsnd have good records. Tie cause of most of the maladjustment in the Belgian fanily was caused by the lack of respect for the school 1315. After they were made to understarxl their importance by appearing in Munic- ipal Court the difficulty seemed to be remedied. In the German family there were five children, three of them were married and away from hone when the family ctme to the attention of the Society. Nothing has been recorded concerning them, however the two younger ones, girls, at home had notmade satisfactory social contacts, both were sex delinzluents and had trouble at school. The parents would not go to the school to talk the woungest girl's problem over with the principal because they could not speak English well enough. The youngest girl's behavior became so unacceptable to‘society that she was sent to the Girl's Industrial School. This was very much resented by the parents Who displayed their resentment at the oeurt hearing. This mother worked away from home leaving the girls up on their own responsibility and initiative. There are other undesirable situations but they have been of less sig— nigicance in influencing the children's behavior and personalities. The home where the father is a poor worker gets the family in the habit of depending on outside aid for the necessities of life, it encourages a type of begging. rFnere were two homes where the fathers were placed on probation for drunkeness and some cases Where the moral standards were not as high as the general American standard. In generalizing on the social situations that have been shown in the broken and unbroken homes, it appears that there are both favorable and unfavorable influences that exist in each. Those homes where no complaints have been made may not be entirely satisfactory, at least the conditions have not become so obnoxious that complaints have been made to have cir- cumstances altared. It must be remmlbered that there are many good homes both broken and unbroken, but this study has been dealing with special groups where the hone situation has not been what we liked to think of as exactly average homes. Homes where there has been quarreling, display of bai tamper, laxity of social standards, or homes where the mother's super- vision is lacking or divided between outside interests, there is a very noticeable showing of unapproved social behavior whether the home has been broken or not. (23) Because the broken home is naturally attended by more numerous and varied influences, there seems to be a greater prepor— tion of unapproved social behavior, as will be recalled by turning again to Table VIII. (23)llarian van Waters, "Y0uth.in Conflict" p.xiv Foreword. "we find in the relation of the parents that which is basic for enduring hone life. Not only the psychic harmony which creates an aunoshhere of serenity and freedom necessary to the health and grOWth of children, but such unity of collaboration in the wider fields of art science and world affairs. The childish egoism is lost in the genuine ad- ventures through which youth finds right relation to nature and to humanity, the self functioning as part of a great whole." { -CJL- SURE. A??? This stuw grew out of the hypothesis that when the home where there are children is broken, there is something in the cleavage whichxnakes the social situation of the children such that they have greater diffi- culty in making social adjustments than the children do who come fron un- broken homes. In considering what constitutes a broken home the child‘s point of view has to be taken, that is a hone is broken when the child is living in a home where one or both of the parents are not related to it by blood. It may have a step-father or stepwmother, or one or both of the parents ‘may be missing due to death desertion, divorce, imprisonment or committed to some other state institution. The unbroken hone is considered to be one where the parents are living together to maintain a.home and provide for the welfare of their family. One or the other may have been away tenpanarily for occupational or other reasons. In order a: detenmine the significance of the influence of the broken home upon the children, a comparative study wasunade of children fron both types of homes. There were two hundred and twelve children from broken hanes representing sixty-eight fanilies. Nine of the children were too young to attend school so they more not included in the study. There were two hundred and fifty-nine children from the unbroken homes representing fifty-six fanilies. TWenty-seven of these children were not old enough to attend school so were not included in the analysis of data. The ex- clusion of the preschool children was deemed.Wise as there was very little information given in the sources of data beyond the birth date and nane of the child. This would not show his adjustment to the home situation. That both groups would hare belonged to approximately the sane social status, the cases were selected hyineans of a random sanple fran case histories of the clients kept at the Social Service Bureau of Lansing, 'Michigan. This provided that there would be at least one common factor, - that of asking advice and assistance from Social Service Advisors concern— ing problems that they felt they could not solve for themselves. The general factors considered in forming the social background of these groups were such as: the location and size of the city, its pOpula- tion, composition and institutions. Then the characteristics of each family such as: nationality, age of parents and children, size of the fanily, religion, occupation, income, and type and location of homes were classified to see wherein they were alike and wherein they differed. The causes of the broken homes were feund to be death, divorce, desertion, nmprisonment, and confinement in state institutions. Analysis of the behavior of the children showed many types that are considered as unsocial, such as: sex delinquency, irregular attendance or school truancy, stealing, running out nights, school probhmns, drinking, liquor, resentment of parental control, impudence, unreliability, lack of pride, quarrelsomeness and the use of vulgar language. Some of'the delin- quencies were fbllowed by the birth of illegitimate children, serving of sentences in penal institutions, and the contracting of venereal diseases. There is but little said about the good behavior in these fanilies, for when everything is running snoothly in the home there have been no problems to adjust, this means that the entire picture of the family life is not re- vealed in the Social Service Bureau's records. Tie conditions existing in the homes tl'iat were thm‘gat to be influential factors in the formation of the children's behavior and personality were taken from the records and were listed as follows: changes of home or house-keepers; changes of boarding homes; lack of understanding by the parents - or those Who cared for the children; the responsibility of home-making placed upon a girl fourteen or fifteen years old; the effect of the step-parents on tre attitude of the children; the influence of the mother's working away from home; and the results of poor parental example. In order to compare the scholastic achievement and intelligent quotients of each group the school data was gotten from the records of the children kept at the office of the Board of Education. These families are notigrouped in any particular section of the city as one might have expected. This may be due to the fact that the number of fanilies is too snail to show a cluster grouping. Only a few of the fanilies seen to have been neighbors according to the plots on the map page , ff; , There were practically as many families from the broken homes living in the middle class residential section as were living in the lower class residential area. The same may be said for those of the unbroken home group. This would indicate that the neighborhood influence would be similar for each group. The nationality is largely American. In the broken homes eighty-five per cent of the fathers and seventy-nine per cent of the mothers were Amsricem born. There were nine per cent of the fathers and four and one half percent of the mothers who were foreign: born, the nationality of remaining six percent of the fathers and sixteen and one half percent of mothers was not recorded. In the unbroken homes eighty percent of the V ”I ’1’ ’- ~——_d.._ c——— fathers and seven ty—three percent of the mothers were American born; eighteen percent of the fathers and eighteen percent of the mothers were foreign born; the nationality of the renaining two percent and seven percent of fathers and mothers was not given. This difference in nationality has appeared to be one of the factors in three unbroken homes and one broken home, making social adjustment difficult for the children. There seems to be a conflict with the parents over the parents' lack of adjustment to American customs. There were so few ages of parents recorded that a definite statement concerning them cannot be made; however, it is evident from the age of the oldest child at the time the first contact was made, by the social workers, that the parents were in their early thirties or past. The ages of the parents from the unbroken homes were slightly younger than those from the broken homes. Yet the difference in the ages of the two groups was so slight that it would be of little or no significance in the be- havior of the children. There were more children of the older age group, that is from twelve to twenty—one, in the broken hanes than there were in the unbroken homes. This may be one of the reasons for the higher rate of delinquencies in the broken home group. It shows that there were more parents in this group who had had help in child guidance when their children had reached the adolescent age. The families for the unbroken home group were larger than those of the broken home group, averaging four and eight tenths percent children and three and one tenths percent children respectively. The religious attitudes of the two groups seemed to be in about the same categories; and about the ease percent in e sch group were church members. The work that these groups engage in show then to be on about the same occupational level. iiost of them are "factory" workers. Some of the mothers frmn each group work as waitresses. 18 types of homes are similar in construction, location and furnishing. The schools that the children attend are the same. They have the same curricula and the saneimethod of instruction. The facts presented in the previous chapters show that in ahnost every instance the children fran the broken homes had a lower scholastic average than the children from unbroken homes. The intelligence quotients of the children frm the broken homes showed a slightly higher intelligence level. ihe range for the broken homes was sixty-three to one hundred twenty, with the averh age of ninety-one and three tenths percent and swmedian of ninety-four per cent. The range for the unbroken home was from fifty—five to one hundred and twnety-eight, the average being eighty-eight and eight tenths per cent and armedian of ninety per cent. While this difference is slight, it seems that the scholastic achievements of the two groups should have at laast been on a par. There were nineteen girls from the broken home gr0up who either worked for their room and board or had the work of the home to keep up. Rhis no doubt would cause mmne of the scholastic grades to be lower. The maladjus inent records show more children from broken homes are guilty of misconduct and truancy at school than those caning from unbroken homes. Table VIII page 4! shows that there is a greater percentage of girls from broken homes Who have been guilty of unapproved social behavior -9J‘- than girls from unbroken homes. The unfavorable results of the misbehav- ior of girls from broken homes will average twice as high in practically every instance. There have been twenty-two times that nineteen boys frcm broken homes have been sentenced to penal institutions. 9!".936 institutions include the Boys Indus trial School, the Iona Refomatory, The Ohio Peniten- tiary and the Federal prison at Leavenworth. ’ The children frcr. broken homes are subjected to fre.p.1ent changes of authority due to many house—keepers, changes in boarding homes, step- parents, or the responsibility of trying to keep the house. Their behav- ior and attitudes have shown that they have been influenced by these changes. Their attitude in school has not been good, they have bec'me restless and in many in stances have run away tram home to escape what was distasteful to them. In the unbroken home, where the mothers worked away from home, leaving the children to take care. of themselves during the time they were not in school, there were many delinquencies and unfavorable be- havior that closely corresponded to th urfavorable behaVIor of the children from broken homes. In conclusion it may be said that many of the basic factors influential in the formation of personality, such as social status, social background, nationality, religious affiliation, occupation, type of home and neighbor- ,. r hood, and the school have been very similar for these two groups. Then if it had not been for same otter factor, the behavior of the children fron the two types of homes should have been more alike. It seems reasonable to believe that the conflict in the children's lives caused by the fregaent changes of authority in the home, such as: house-keejéers or warding homes, the casing of the step-parent toward Whom a. traditional antipathy is held; the lack of‘ parent: 1 love, care, and guidmce; may be considered large 1y responsible for the unsettled and unstable state of mind that the children seem to reveal. The manifestations show up in the latk of interest in school work, skigpzizg school, running away from home, and staying; out on the streets late at night. Thy are ever twin; to g t away from the un— natural situation. Alien there is not the mo filer and father ccmbination to help in the : idanc e of the children, tiers seems to he an extreme weakness the t develop in t‘re ir tehavior. Tlis not onl;r results in nunisinzr t by the state, but also the lack of a mood foundation on which J to b.1115. molasre social attitudes. The broken heme has teen shown to be the greater contributor of children having unajjrovei sec 131 televior in these two L;rou.;ns. I must he r‘r'mcceru ed t1 .at tie san‘iples are taken from some: .hat ere cial ups rear than society at large, therefore it c .rutot be said t2: the are results will he true for all classes of sceie‘y. However, if hmm attituees and behav— ‘mr shell is ior are aflectej irzurts tenses it ml,» be cons sidered tint. this ’1 O stud” would indicate that similar results woili ‘se found if a larger fro-er? d .J . were studied in: hiding all strata of? so 0192:}. FIRE T ATENDIK MAY TELLS m Ot'vN STORY OF HOW WE BROKEN FIFE EFFECTID FER "I was eleven years old when my home was broken. It was caused by the attest ions of another man for my mother. My mother boarded me out until I was large enough, or I thought I was old enough, when I went to work in a factcry and roamed with another girl at the age of fifteen. When I realized that my home was broken and I would not have both my parents, it made me feel all alom and as if I would have no one to depend on. Being away from both parents, I often longed for their advice and companionship. How I wanted a real hare! "Both my parents have remarried, but they did not marry until after I had married so I never felt at home in their homes. "Because my home was broken, I could not go to high school fOr my mother's interests were not on me as they should have been. I was moved fran one boarding home to another so much that I became very discouraged in my school work. 'My parents parted several times, first winn I was eleven years old and the last time when I was fourteen. This had a disasterous effect on my Opportunity for meeting and entertaining young peOple. I wanted to have parties and have young peOple cone to my home, but I could never have them. Finally I went to dances alone and of course got into bad company. No girl knows her mind at fifteen and I was so innocent of city life. I was all alone here in F ------ a big city. My parents did not look after me at all. "Not having a step-father until after I was married, he did not in- fluence my life but I am sure that if my parents had lived together many of the unpleasant experiences of my life would not have happened. It would not have been necessary for me to have gone to work so young and I could have gone to school. I would not have gotten into bad company. "Realizing the affects my broken home had upon me made me so sick of seeing the hi things my parents did that I wanted a good clean fellow for a husband. ”I was married before I was eighteen years old and with no knowledge or information about responsibilities of a wife and a. home, I expected too much frcm my husband, so my first years of married life were full of difficulties which could have been prevented if I could have had the right sort of mother and instruction 3 girl should have. If mother had only imlped me before and after my marriage instead of causing trouble between me and my husband, things would have been so different. I made up my mind a few years ago that my husband was the best friend I had on earth, so I won't let mother make trouble for us any more. "The experience of my childhood home life has made me feel that I want to be a good mother to my three little girls and two little boys, be careful of the companions they have and be a real companion to them and have their confidence." ADE'ITTD IX CITATIQNS F301 1': OTHERS 0N INFLUEIICES 03‘ BROKEN Bil-CBS "Experiences have taught obviousness of causes of Juvenile delin- quency ............ . We all know that the loss of parent, lack of home comforts and necessaries, proximity to boys, gangs or resorts of vice etc., have a demoralizing effect on the young ............. When we see that 37 per cent of our cases lack the care of alnan and woman legally their parents or even step—parents and living With them, and that eleven per cent more have step-fathers or mothers or adoPted parents, it surely needs no argument to prove that these forty-eight per cent are at serious disadvantage in theunatter of life training. .......... It is significant tlmt of the half- orphans more than twice as many have lost fathers as mothers. ........ ""etting aside 3mg connections, the lead ng cause of delinquency would seem to be the loss or absence of parents. Poverty, bad neigh- borhoods and bad homes take practically rank in the list. 1b.ployment of mothers is a factor abnost as frequent, caused of ten by poverty, and itself leading to bed home conditions. It practically adds a consideratfle percentage to that indicating lack of normal parental care through loss of parents by death or separation." (24) "the problem of family estrcmgevent is ever present when dealing with Juvenile delinquency, both as a cause of the delinguency and as a factor in detennining what shall be done by the court for the young offender. Of a total of 10"], b-‘C$,. 3 .:irls committed the parents were living togeth r in thirtv-ei t nerkaeru Separated or divorced or both in Thirty-one and three tenths per cent and one or both were dead in twenty-nine and nine tenths per cent of cases." (Study ofl.“erion, Indiana Juvenile Court at Indianapolis) "Study by Chas. A. Ellwood of 7,575 children in thirty—four Refom Schools show that twenty-nine and six tenths per cent cane from families in which there had been divorce or separation. ............ There were thirty-five and three hundredths percent where one or both parents were dead. There remain thirty—five and thirty-seven hundredths per cent coming from normal homes." Taken from September Survey 1910, 99.886—9) (35) (24) Mabel Carter Rhoades, "A Case Study of Delineiuent Boys in the Juvenile Court of Chicago". Mericm Journal of 303101073; XIII, 1907-8 pp. 56, 63, 65, 73. Eugene M. Bushong, "F‘nnily Rstrangement and Juvenile Delinquency", Social Forces, Sept. 1936. pp.79-85. II‘IJII. iii-r £t!!.’£ .rus'.‘ ‘ . ‘1 .1 v0 ..V Morris G. Caldwell in a study of "Hone Conditions of Institutional Boys in .1so-onsin" scys "In the study sixty-two and six tenths per cent of the boy delinquents oime from unbroken haves and tLirty—seven and four tenths per cent came from broken hoses. Lumpkin finds that sixty-three and five tenths per cent broken and thirty—six and five tenths per cent unbroken homes in a study of delinuzent girls. There are over twenty-five ner cent more broken homes among girl de linguents than among boy delinuuents." (26 Sheldon and Elemer Glueck have u; :tten a book, ":00 Criminals in Making and imaking", and this is wha t +1 ey have to say about the influence of the broken home. "’15 total of abnormal or deleterious home omrlitions amounts to ei2 .ghty-four per cent of the ent ire group. "A number of criminaloggists have recently be-Shnd to stress the sig— nific-mce of biomn homes as a factor making; for elin men cy. (:1,h. butherland Crimino logy l‘LE—lCL'é ) "Out of a total of 305 5 social studies of criminals made by Catholic Charities “rotation in Cou t of" Jeneral Sessions in New York City from January 1, to Nov. 1, 19:30: bec :11- e of the absence of either or both parents, lL‘e‘sO - or for ty-sevcn and one tenth per cent were products of broken homes. .... The removal of the missinc; parent, generally the father, LLas due to death, separation or divorce, dessertion or hospital or institutional confinement and it was upon the mother that the Care of t‘: 9 c1 ildrsn devolved in nearly all case 3. Forced to ass use tie role of bread—uinner her duties as home-maker were necessarily neg;— lected and her absence from home made it impossible for her to train her children and direct t‘reir activities. Even during; the evening; hours most of her time was devoted to the rt.;._'s.i.c.:;l de tails of house- keeping a.1 little time and enerfr-v was 8V°111b18 for home—making in la. ger sense." (a?) ”Of forty cases of larcenr twenty-two of then committed lacked nor- 11131 home)! care before the 3.186 of fifteen. Sixteen of these were de- pr ived of parental care before the age of ten. By the term broken home we include a ose homes in wl‘ich either of the parents died, separated, or were divorced or remarried before the subject was fifteen. Results: (1) Effects upon the oliild, psychologically of family inferior- ity. (2) The effect of altercations which somethnes precede divorce. (5) Lack of discipline and guidance in the child's life thus permitt- ing it to grow Without definite standards or values. (4) Lack of ad- justment to the new home conditi one. ..... This condition is vezt,r often a proximate cause for Nmadis m and truzmczn' 2.8) (26) so~3fl1 Forges, VIIIldar. 1930 p.391. Behavi or". 7) pp. 116-118. (2-38) Fred Broth. "A TiracticalQ otudy of Some Etiologicalr “actors in Theft ~. . ml Lay .zand“mLmi11oloA' xx No. 2 (July 1951) 246-247. “Hadldl...tll illU|.ld.:.|l|f.I,i' I.) {'4‘ Juvenile Delinquency and Its Relation to Employment. Parental condition: Considering these delinquencies as a whole they seem to show very clearly the effect of unfortunate parental condi- tions. Only fifty-seven and five tenths per cent of the boys and thirty-four and two tenths per cent of the girls were living under normal conditions; that is in their own homes with their own fathers and mothers. Seven per cent of the boys and seventeen and six tenths per cent of the girls were orphans or deserted children. Twenty-four and three tenths per cent of the boys and twenty-seven and nine tenths per cent of the girls were half orphans whose surviving parent had not remarried while the remainder lived with step—parents or with strangers. The loss of the father seemed much more likely to lead to delinquency than the loss of the mother; seventeen per cent of the boys were fathe - less against seven and three tenths per cent without mothers, while among the girls eighteen and five tenths per cent had lost fathers and nine and feur tenths per cent were motherless. The girls were markedly more unfortunate than the boys in regard to the parental condition. The number of children studied, 4,278 boys and 561 girls." 29) (29} Summsryroifthe Renort_on Conditions of Women and Child Wage Earners in the United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 175, p. 275. B IBLI OGRAPHY Breckenridge, SOphonisha P. "Neglected Widowhood in the Juvenile Bernard, L.L. Social T’quhgloffl, pp. 247, 255, 251, 257. Henry Holt and Company, N.Y. 1926. Brown, Fred. "A Practical Study of Some Etiological Factors in Theft Behavior." J n' C imi cw Cri inolo , XX (July 1931) pp. 246-247. Colcord, Joanna "175 Broken Hon-e". Russel Sage Foundation, New York 19190 S m f Rep " r i homen and Child fags Egrrgzs in tha__U.Li_§_§.~i_i_a.m- Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Depart- ment of Labor, Bulletin No. 175, (1916) p.275. Bushong, Eugene M, "Family Estrangement and Juvenile Delinquency." 0o 3‘ , V (September 1926), pp.79-83. Caldwell, Morris G. "Homes Conditions of Institutional Delinquents in .‘Jisconsin." Wm VIII (liarch 1930), p. 391. Cooley, Edwin J. Pr, phat; on and Deng ggency p.87. Thames Nelson and Sons, N.Y, 1927. Elmer, Samuel C. A Series of Eight R3 dio Tajks, p.5. University of Bittsburg Radio Publication No. 56, 1330. Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor T. 500 Criminals in the Faking and Un- making-z. pane-118. Alfred A. Kn0pf, N,Y, 19w. Goodsell, Willystine. thlems of the Family, p.222. The Century 00., N.Y,, 1928. Groves. Ernest R. W. PP-161. 163. 164. 174-175. J.B.Lippinoott Co., Philadelphia, 1927. Groves, Ernest R. The 2:12:11}? am. , pp.81-82. Houghton Mifflin 00., Cambridge, 1926. Healy, fin. and Brenner, Aguata. Deligqmnta ang Qrdminals, p.208. The Macmillan 00., N.Y., 1926. Healy, Brenner and Murphy. ‘3 . 39‘- A.A.Kn0pf 1929 New York and London. King, Anne. Elizabeth. M“ ”Anglia Delinquent Attitude. p.69. Monograph, Published by School of Applied Social Sciences, "u’estern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1927. BIBLIOGRADHY (Cont inued) Powell, Herbert E. 113.Rimlfléianhi;Ellinsular Stage, p.26. State Depart— ment of Agriculture, Lansing, May 1, 1926. Reutter, Edward Byron 8c Runner, T13 Ffflll‘l. McGraw R111 00., New York, 1931, p.547. Rhodes, Mabel Carter, "A Case Study of Delinquent Boys in t1 Juvenile Court of Chicago " WW XIII (1907—5) p.56, 53, 65, 75. Shaw, CliffOrd R, Tia Jam—Roller, p.110, University Chicago Press, 1951. Three Problem Children, (Narrative from the Case Records of A Child Guidance Clinic) Publication No.2, Joint Ccm'nittee on Me thods of Pre- vention of Delinquency. 50 East 42nd St. New York p.69. Thompson, Warren. 1110., New York, 1930. 7° m . P .. , p.73. McCraw-Hill Book 00., Van WaterS, Marian. Youth 1;] Conflict, p.vi, p.11v. New York Republic Publishing Company, 192.5. L 1"!" a! I111 it'l’al 19% c 1|l\Iit]\Hjlflflylallil[[ltljfllifllllflilflIWIllH