A .coMpARasou or sevsAAL 0mm:

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HRTIUZER m aRooxsToM Mum
ANO pwumw 30m

$1193“. {oM‘he Dqgm :0? M. S.

’ MICHIGAN sun. came '
i}. Kannoth [Walker
1951. ‘ I

 

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
A Comparison of Several Organic Materials
with and without Chemical Fertilizers on

Brookston, Miami, and Plainfield Soils

presented by

Earle Kenneth Walker

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Master of Science degree in Soil Science

samm

Major professor

Date August 23, 1951

 

0-169

 

 

 

..-A

'A COMPARISON or SEVERAL ORGANIC MATERIALS WITH AND WITHOUT
FERTILIZER ON BROOKSTON, mm‘m‘PLRINIIELD SOILS.

by

Earle Kenneth walker

w

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies or‘mlchigan
State College or.Agr1culture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree or

iMASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Soil Science

1951.

.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer takes this opportunity to express his ap-
preciation to Dr. L. MA Turk, Dr. I. Q, Lynd, Dr. K.
Lawton and fellow graduate students for helpful sugges-
tione during the progress of this study and the prepar-
ation of the manuscript. Acknowledgement is also made

to Professor.a. G. Wiedemann for the photography.

INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REVIEW OF LITERATURE -----------

PROCEDURE '-
RESULTS - -

Part I - Greenhouse ---------- -

Part II - Laboratory - -------- -

DISCUSSION -

12
12
60
73
77
79

INTRODUCTION

There has been an increased amount of interest concern-
ing various well-publicized organic materials. These ma-
terials, generally of low analysis, are marketed with the
implication that preperties other than their content of a-
vailable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contribute to
their value. For this reason they are often termed "soil
conditioners" rather than fertilizers. They are used to a
large extent on lawns, gardens and in greenhouses, so the
question of their relative value is important.

The materials used in this comparison were Ko-KAO,
ground alfalfa hay, dried sheep manure, and.mulorganite.
Kc-Kbo is a combination of cocoa bean shells and the residue
remaining after extraction of the cocoa been. The dried
sheep manure used is the commercial form put out for garden-
ers, and the Mulcrganite or activated sludge is a Product
of the Milwaukee Sewerage Commission. Since claims in re-

. gard to the value of Kc-Kho for agricultural use have been
on a verbal basis and not supported by authentic experi-,

mental results, a comparison of this organic material with
other better known materials was considered advisable. Ac-
cordingly, uniform lots of each soil received different ap-
plications of Ko-Kéo in order to compare it with the other

materials.

REVIEW 9; LITERATURE

A.search of the literature revealed considerable infor-
mation in regard to the fertility value of organic materials
and a summary of the more pertinent articles is presented
forthwith.

Rubins and Bear (21) stated that the principle of the
C:N ratio could be applied with success in interpreting the
availability behavior of many organic materials. This
seemed to be especially true of water soluble nitrogen. In
the water insoluble fractions the ease of decomposition and
relative abundance of the associated carbonaceous material
must be considered, as well as the decomposability of the
insoluble nitrogenous material itself, before a rigid ap-
plication of C:N ratios to availability can be made. These
workers used both washed and unwashed samples of each ma-
terial for analysis and found that several unwashed organic
materials gave values more satisfactory than their washed
counterparts. The nitrogen of unwashed alfalfa hay and
cocoa meal nitrified readily but that of their insoluble
fractions did not. Ground cocoa cake, wheat straw and
horse manure were poor nitrogen sources and their decom-
position not only resulted in the tying up of their own ni-
trogen, but of much of the substrate nitrogen as well. Mil-

organite was found to have a high nitrogen fertilizer value.

Deviations from expected nitrogen availability from two or-
ganic materials having the same C:N ratio were explained
partly on the basis of lignin content.

Rubins and Bear (21) stated that since lignin does not
materially reduce nitrification, a high lignin content lowers
the C:N ratio and if one material of high lignin content is
compared with another material low in lignin, but with the
same CzN ratio, it is found that the former material has the
greatest nitrogen availability. This statement explains the
difference between alfalfa hay and ground cocoa cake--two
materials with similar C:N ratios. Nitrogen availability
was found to be much greater from alfalfa hay than from
ground cocoa cake and continued to be greater after compu-
tation of the correction factor for lignin content. Their
resultsindicated that, for some unknown reason or reasons,
nitrogen was more available from.alfalfa hay than its cor-
rected O:N'ratio would imply.

White et al (28) found that 002 production was stimur
lated by the addition of lime to an acid soil. Lime stimu-
lated the activity of micro-organisms and increased organic
matter decomposition.

Nhrtin (12) added alfalfa tcps, alfalfa roots, sweet
clover tops and sweet clover roots to separate pets at the
rate of one per cent based on dry weight of soil, and kept

them in.moist incubation for ten weeks. Available nitrates

were determined by the phenol di-sulphonic acid method at
two-week intervals and the results showed a steady increase
of available nitrates up to eight weeks where alfalfa was
added, at which time the nitrate concentration was 175 parts
per million. Imaterials with a more narrow C:N ratio re-
sulted in a greater concentration of available nitrates.

Puffeles and.Adler (16) found that sheep and goat ma-
nure appeared to have been completely decomposed in six
months, under laboratory conditions in which the soil was
kept at a constant moisture content. It was found that the
addition of organic substances not only enhanced the supply
of essential nutrients, but increased exchangeable bases
and improved the physical condition of the soil. Some loss
of nitrogen was reported when sheep manure was dried.

Bolts and Singleton (9) found that then a legume hay
was added to a nonélegume cropped soil the amount of 002 ev-
olution and nitrate nitrogen accumulation was practically e-
qual to the sea evolution and nitrate accumulation from.the
same soil type on which a legume had been grown.

lhlton and Gardiner (27) found that more than one-third
of the total nitrogen in both pressed cake and solvent-ex-
tracted cocoa was water soluble, but the insoluble organic
nitrogen was found to be of inferior quality. Theobromine
and caffeine were found to be present in cocoa by-prcducts

in amounts significant in relation to their use as fertilizer

materials. Ground cocoa cake was reported to be satisfac-
tory when used as an ammoniate filler and conditioner in
mixed fertilizers. The solubility of the nitrogen of the
solvent-extracted residue was found to be a little less
than that of the cocoa cake, and both the quality and quan-
tity of nitrogen in cocoa shells was less than in the other
cocoa by-producte.

Richer et al (20) state that cocoa shells are satis-
factory as a physical soil conditioner for golfgreens.

Rehling and Truog (19) applied Milorganite extracts
to solution cultures from which various miner elements were
excluded. Corn.made very little growth in solution cul-
tures from which either manganese or zinc was omitted. The
addition of Mhlorganite extract resulted in the resumption
of normal growth in each instance. Tomato and sunflower
plants made good growth in every culture where Milorganite
served as the only source of minor elements. In all cul-
tures that received Hdlorganite, except controls, the dry
weights of the plants and the contents of boron, ccpper,
manganese and zinc were increased.

Rehling and Truog (18) made a chemical analysis of I11-
organite and state that its main fertilizer value is ac-
counted for by its content of nitrogen and available phos-

phoric acid which are present in the approximate amounts of

6 and 2.5 per cent respectively. It was found that

Nfllorganite has a base exchange capacity of 22.4 milli-
equivalents, a property which may be of some value when the-
material is applied to sandy soils.

White, Holben and Jeffries (28) prepared a stock soil
consisting of five parts of Hagerstcwn silt loam and one
part each of sewage sludge and fine sand. This stock soil
was divided into eQual portions and each portion was treated
with a different rate of sulphur to create soils in which
the only variable factor was soil acidity. The addition of
soluble nitrogen increased carbon dioxide production on all
samples but failed to restore the activity of the acid soil
to a degree comparable with that of neutral and alkaline
soils.

Noyes and Connor (14) conducted experiments on five
typical acid soils in the greenhouse. They found that the
amounts of nitrates present and the nitrifying power of un-
treated acid soils varied with the organic matter and total
nitrogen content rather than with the soil acidity, but
that nitrification was increased by calcium carbonate ad-
dition. Fertilizers were also found to increase nitrifi-
cation but their effect was not as pronounced as that of
calcium carbonate. V

Albrecht (1) found that the addition of phosphates and
limestone to soil encouraged the depletion of soil nitrogen

by hastening the conversion of nitrogen into the soluble

form. The additions of nitrogenous fertilizers, mixed fer-
tilizers and manures were all effective in improving ni-
trate accumulation in laboratory studies.

Inerkle (13) found that legumes, which are relatively
high in nitrogen, showed a more rapid rate of decay than
straw and other material low in nitrogen. It was conclud-
ed that the rate of decay is directly proportional to the
nitrogen content.

Bear (3) states that unless the first step in the pro-
oess of nitrification, namely: the production of ammonia,
Shes been accomplished, the others do not take place. If
‘the soil does not contain carbonate of lime or some other
basic compound to neutralize the nitrous acid produced,
'there may be somewhat of an accumulation of ammonia. This
they also occur if the soils are waterlogged or if, for
some other reason,-anaerobic conditions prevail.

Tyner and webb (24) believe that heavy applications of
zaitrogen fertilizer to a soil low to moderate in potash
supply may intensify potash deficiencies. 0n soils with
low nitrogen-supplying power, heavy potash applications may
intensify nitrogen deficiency symptoms and depress yields.

PROCEDURE

The experimental work carried out in this study is di-
vided into two parts: (1) Greenhouse pot tests, (2) Incur
bation tests in the laboratory using the tumbler'lnthod.

Part 1.
live treatments, including a check, were started in one

gallon glazed pots in the greenhouse, using three different
soil types; Brookston loam, Miami loan and Plainfield sand,
and four organic materials; Kp-KEO, ground alfalfa_hay,
dried sheep manure and Milorganite. The treatments were as
follows:

1. Check.

2. Low rate of organic material - 4 tons per acre.

3. High rate of organic material - 12 tons per acre.

4. Low rate of organic material plus 4-24-12 ferti-
lizer at 1000 lbs. per acre.

5. High rate of organic material plus 4-24~12 ferti-
lizer at 1000 lbs. per acre.

a.total of ninety pots, thirty pots for each soil, were
required for this study. After 4000 gram samples of soil
were weighed into the pots, the organic materials were ap-
plied and mixed throughout the soil at the indicated rates.
Twelve pots of each soil were treated with Ko-Kbo, accord-

ing to the rates designated above, in treatments two to

five inclusive.

0f the remaining eighteen pots of Brookstcn soil, six
were check pots and twelve were treated with ground alfal-
fa. Similarly, twelve pots onMiami were treated with
sheep manure and twelve pots of Plainfield were treated
with lfllorganite. Fertilizer was applied to twelve pots
of each soil in the solution form. till treatments were in
triplicate except the check pots, of which six were used
for each soil.

.1 crap sequence of white field beans, field corn and
spring wheat was originally planned but poor germination
of the bean crop produced a very uneven stand and the beans
were removed three weeks from the time of planting. Thus,
the original crOp sequence was changed to one of corn,
beans, and spring wheat. Accordingly, corn was planted a
month after the initial planting of beans. .After two months
growth, nitrate tissue tests were made on the basal portion
of the corn stalks (four plants to each pot), and the plants
were removed, oven-dried and weighed. The soil was immedi-
ately worked up, the corn roots were removed and white field
beans were planted. These were harvested after six weeks of
growth and tissue tests were made for phosphoric acid and
for potash. .Again there were four plants to each pot and
tissue tests were based on lml. portions of finely cut leaf

petioles. Spring wheat was planted immediately following

10

the bean harvest, with care being taken to remove residual
roots. The spring wheat was harvested after six weeks of
growth and tissue tests were made for nitrates, phosphoric
acid and potash. The Spurway Simplex soil testing method
(22) was used for making all green tissue tests.

Part II.

‘A laboratory incubation study was conducted in order to
determine the rate of nitrification of the various organic
materials used in the greenhouse study. Equal quantities of
Brookston loam.were placed in glass tumblers, brought up to
fifty per cent of their maximum water holding capacity and
held at constant moisture content for a period of eight
weeks. The treatments, in triplicate, were as follows:

1. Check. '

2. Organic material - 2 tons per acre.

3. Organic material - 4 tons per acre.

4. Organic material - 8 tons per acre.

5. Organic material - 16 tons per acre.

.A total of sixty tumblers was used in the study and
twelve tumblers received amounts of each of the four organic
materials as indicated above. The remaining twelve tumblers
received no treatment and served as check samples. Tests
for water soluble nitrogen were conducted at two, four and
eight week intervals on K01 extracts of the soil samples
using the reduction method (2).

11

In addition to the above analyses, nitrate tests were

made on K01 extracts of the same soil samples using the
Spurway Simplex soil testing method (22). This analysis
was introduced as a check on the reduction method and for

the purpose of comparing the two methods.

12

RESULTS

Part I.

The Effect of Two Different Levels of the Organic

therials Ko-Keo and Ground alfalfa Hay, With and

Without Fertilizer, on the Yield and Nitrate Con-

tent of Corn on Brookston Loam

Tissue tests for nitrates yielded low results for the

high rate of Ko-Kko application both with and without fern
tilizer. .All other tests were at the medium level. This
seemed to indicate either that high rates of Ko-Kbo appli-
cation depressed nitrification or that high rates of Ko—Kb
0 application increased plant growth to such an extent that
more nitrates were used up and the supply became more lime
ited in the soil than with other treatments. The results
show, however, that other treatments produced more plant
growth, and nitrogen did not become as limiting as with the
high rates of Ko-Kko. It appeared that high rates of Ko-Ke
0 application depressed the accumulation of nitrates, as
the high rate of Ko-Kho did not produce yields significant-
ly greater than any other treatment. The results obtained
from the laboratory incubation study supported this mani-
festation. The yield of the high rate of Ko-Kho plus fer-
tilizer was, however, significantly better than some of the

other treatments. In accordance with the results of tissue

13

tests, visible symptoms of nitrogen starvation were partic-
ularly evident on corn plants in the pots treated with a
high rate of Ko-KbO (see plate 8, page 31). The plants
were light green in color, their lower leaves were desic-
cated, and purple anthocyanin pigment developed extensive-
1y on the lower part of the stalk.

Table 1(b) illustrates that the results are highly
significant. It also shows a difference between replica-
tions.

Table 1(c) indicates those treatments that are signi-
ficantly better than others. Plants in the pots treated
with low and high rates of ground alfalfa with fertilizer
gave the highest yields and they were significantly better
than for any of the other treatments. Yields from the
pots receiving the high rate of ground alfalfa alone were
as good as the low or high rates of Ko-Kko with fertilizer,
and better than from.those receiving the high rate of Ko-
KkO. The low rate of ground alfalfa resulted in yields
which were no better than those receiving a low rate of
Ko-Xbo but they were significantly better than those re-
ceiving the low rate when both were combined with ferti-

11 zer.

14

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Table

15

l(b)-—Analysis of Variance Table

 

 

 

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of
variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 1363.4
Replications 2 51.5 25.6
Treatments 8 1181.0 147.6 18.1
Error 16 151.1 8.2
Necessary F - 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.
Table l(c)-—Table of Means for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)
Nban +
Treatment imean L.S.D.*
Check 17.3 22.3
Ground alfalfa-—low rate 19.6 24.6
Ko-K+O~-1ow rate 20.4 25.4
K0’K‘0“hi€h rate 21.5 2695
Ko-K-O--high rate + fertilizer 26.4 51.4
Ko-K~0--1ow rate + fertilizer 26.7 51.7
Ground alfalfa--high rate 27.0 32.0
Ground alfalfa--low rate + fertilizer 34.9 59.9
Ground alfalfa-~high rate + fertilizer 57.9

 

* Least significant difference - 5.0

16

PLAIE 1.

The effect of Ko-K-O and ground alfalfa with-
out fertilizer on the growth of corn in Brook-
ston loam.

.
-..‘
ta

1

4": L

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No. 1. Checke

No. 2. Low rate.of’Ke-He0.

No. 3. High rate.of xo-xeo.

Ho. 4. Low rate of ground alfalfa.
Ho. 5. High rate of ground alfalfa.

 

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17

PLAID 2.

an. effect of xe-Keo and ground alfalfa with
fertilizer on the growth of corn in Brookston

loam.

Isl

Q

     
 

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4D
LIIIIIIIIIIIII

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'0e 1e Ch.°k .

No. 6. Low rate of Ko-Kéo + fertilizer.

He. 7. High rate of Ko-K-O + fertilizer.

He. 8. Low rate of ground alfalfa + fertilizer.
lo. 9. High rate of ground alfalfa + fertilizer.

18

The Effect of Two Different Levels of the Organic
imaterials Ko-KEO and Dried Sheep manure With and
‘Without Fertilizer on the Yield and Nitrate Con-
tent of Corn on‘Miami Loam

.ds shown in Table 2(a), results of tissue tests for
nitrates were low for practically all treatments. This was
due to the wide Ozfi ratio for both of these organic ma-
terials or to their slow rate of nitrification which re-
sulted in nitrogen deficiencies. Visual symptoms of ni-
trogen starvation were not pronounced but nevertheless were
present in the form of 'firing' of the lower leaves and an-
thocyanin development on the lower part of the stalk, (see
plates 7 and 8, pages 30 and 31). Nitrogen appeared to be
a limiting factor to growth in pots treated with both Ko-Kh
0 and sheep manure.

Table 2(b) shows that the results obtained were signi-
ficant and that there was no significant difference between
replications.

In general, table 2(0) shows that there was little dif-
ference between the response the plants made in Ko-xeo-
treated pots and in sheep manure-treated pots. Pots receiv-
ing the low and high rates of the two materials with fertil-
izer produced similar yields. However, pots receiving the
complete fertilizer produced yields that were significantly
higher than the low and high rates without fertilizer and

those receiving the low and high rates of sheep manure

19

alone produced yields which were significantly higher than
the reapective rates of Ko-Kéo. However, neither of the
sheep manure treatments without fertilizer gave results

significantly higher than the check pots.

20.

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Table 2(b)-~Analysis of Variance Table

 

 

 

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of
variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 698.7
Replications 2 2.0 1.0
Treatments 8 606.4 75.8 13.5
Error 16 90.3 5.6
Necessary F - 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.
Table 2(c)--Table ofimeans for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)
imean +
Treatment mean L.s.D.*
Ko-KhO-—1ow rate 9.5 13.6
Cheek 10e5 14e6
Ko-KeO--high rate 13.2 17.3
Sheep manure-~10w rate 14.0 18.1
Sheep manure-vhigh rate 17.6 21.7
Kb-KPO--high rate + fertilizer 18.8 22.9
Sheep manure-view rate + fertilizer 20.7
Sheep manure--high rate + fertilizer 22.6
Ko-KkO~-1ow rate + fertilizer 22.8

 

* Least significant difference - 4.1

PLATE 3e

The effect of Ko-K-O and sheep more without
fertilizer on the growth of corn in memi loam.

 

 

 

HO.
HO.
HO.
Ho.
No.

10. ChOOk.

11. Low rate of Ko-K-O.

12. High rate of Ko-I-O.

13. I-ow rate of sheep manure .
14. High rate of sheep manure .

 

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-PLATE'4.

The effect of Ko-KbO and sheep manure with
fertilizer on the growth of corn in Miami

loan.

 
 

1
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

 

 

 

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'0.
NO.
’Ge
Nae

10.
15.
16.
17.
18.

ChOOke

Low rate.offiKethO + fertilizer.

High rate of Ko—Kho + fertilizer.

Low rate of sheep manure + fertilizer.
High rate of sheep manure + fertilizer.

24

‘The.Effect of Two Different Levels of the Organic
Materials Ko-K-O and mlorganite With and Without
Tertilizer on the Yield and Nitrate Content of
corn on Plainfield Loamy Sand

Nitrate tissue tests were low for plants grown in.Kb-
Ibo-treated pots and were high or very high in all Miler-
ganite-treated pots. Nitrogen starvation was not apparent
in any of the plants grown in uilorganite-treated pots but
was pronounced in those plants grown in pots which re-
ceived Ko-Kbo treatments, particularly where fertilizer
was not used, and both "firing" and anthocyanin develop-
ment were pronounced (3.. plates 7 and 8, pages so and 31).

From Table 3(b) it is apparent that the results were
significant although there was a difference between repli-
cations.

Teble.3(c) shows that plants receiving the low and
high rates of Koexéo with fertilizer and the low rate of
Nfllorganite with fertilizer produced yields which were
significantly higher than all other treatments. The
yields for the high rate of Ko-KFO without fertilizer were
significantly higher than those for the low rate of Ko-KPO
'without fertilizer. and the check. Yields for the low
rate of’Nfllorganite without fertilizer, and the high rate
of lilorganite with fertilizer were higher than the check.

The results show that the Hfllorganite treatments were,
in general, detrimental, particularly during the early

25

growth period. Germination was poor and growth was ex-
tremely slow in Milorganite-treated pots for over a month.
It was only during the last few weeks of the growth period
that the plants began to recover and grow appreciably,
particularly in the pots containing the low rate of Miler-
ganite. The recovery of these plants was sufficiently
great by the end of the growth period, that their yield
was higher than that of plants in pots receiving other
treatments on Plainfield loamy sand. The yields, however,
were not significantly greater than the yields from pots
which had received either the low or high rate rates of
Ko-Iho with fertilizer.

The high rate onMilorganite, both with and.without
fertilizer, was definitely detrimental tO’growth and even
smaller applications of Milorganite, than the low rate
used, would perhaps have given better results. The high
tissue test for nitrates in the plants growing in the
pots which contained the low rate of nilorganite indi-
cated that nitrates were present in the soil in excess

of plant requirements.

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27

Table 3(b)--Analysis of Variance Table

1—7

 

 

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

variance freedom squares Variance I
Total 26 1000.5
Replications 2 45.6 22.8
Treatments 8 832.5 104.1 13.7
Error 16 122e4 7e5

Necessary F . 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 3(c)--Table of‘Mbans for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)
Eben +
Treatment Eben L.S.D.*

Check 7eo 11.8
Ko-KPO--low rate 9.7 14.5
hfllorganite-~high rate 10.0 14.8
Ndlorganite--high rate e fertilizer 11.9 16.7
hfllorganite-~low rate 13.9 18.7
Ko-Kh0--high rate 14.7 19.5
Ko-KéO--1ow rate + fertilizer 20.5 25.3
Ko-KkO--high rate + fertilizer 21.4
Nfllorganite--low rate + fertilizer 23.9

 

* Least significant difference - 4.8

28

PLATE 5.

The effect of Ko-K-O and lilorganite without
fertilizer on the growth of corn in Plain-

field loam sand.

' NOe 19e
NO. 80.
N0. 21.
NOe 22.
NO. 23.

 

no... mogul“ J

 

Check.

Low rate. of Ko-K-O.

High rate of. Ko-x-O.

Low rate of nilorganite.
High rate. of lilorganite.

29.

PLATE 6.

The effect of Ko-K-O and Hilorganite with
fertilizer on the growth of corn in Plain-
field loamy sand.

“Ge 19.
Noe Z‘e
N0. 25.
NO. 26e
Noe 2'7.

  

III..I-IEIIIIII'IIIIIIIIII.
III.’ ‘ : ,-eea.;.-'l. _ -I0u

 

 

OhOCke

Low rate of, Keg-K-O + fertilizer.

High rateof Ko-K-O. + fertilizer.

Low rate of Milorganite + fertilizer.
High rate. of Hilorganite + fertilizer.

mm '7.

'Deficiency symptoms, and response of corn plants
in pets treated with low rates.cf Kc-KfiO, ground
alfalfa, sheep manure, and Milorganite.

Nee
Nae
NO.
N0.
N0 e

NO.

 

8.
11.
13.
80.

Low rate
Low rate
Low rate
Low rate
Low rate
sand.

Low rate

of’Ko-Hso in Brookston loam.
of alfalfa in Brookston loan.

of Ko-K-O in Miami. loan.

of sheep manure in Miami loan.
of Ko-KPO in Plainfield loamy

of Ililcrganite in Plainfield

loamy sand.

31

PINE 8.

Deficiency symptoms, and response of corn plants
in pots treated with high rates of Ko-Kbo, ground
alfalfa, sheep manure, and_udlorganite.

Noe
'Oe
HO.
’Oe
Noe
Ho.

 

3. High rate
5e £1811 rate
12. High rate
1‘s High rate
21. High rate
83s Risk rate
sand.

of KodeO in Brookston loam.

of alfalfapin Brookston loan.

of Io-K-O in liami loam.

of sheep manure in.ldemi loam.

of Ie-IFO in Plainfield loamy sand.
of lfllcrgamite in Plainfield loamy

32

The Effect of Two Different Levels of the Organic
iMhterials Ko-KsO and Ground Alfalfa Hay With and
Without Fertilizer on the Yield and nutrient Con-
tent of White Beans on Brookston Loam

Tissue tests were made for phosphoric acid and for
potash. The results were rather variable but they indi-
cated the presence of an adequate supply of both nutrients.
It appeared that nitrogen was the limiting factor with the
beans as it apparently was with the corn. Symptoms of ni-
trogen starvation appeared as a general yellowing of the
foliage and desiccation of the lower leaves. Nitrogen
' starvation was more apparent in the plants of the Ko-K-O-
treated pots than in those of the ground alfalfa-treated
pots (see plates 15 and 16, pages 48 and 49).

The analysis of the results in table 4(b) shows that
there was a significant difference between the treatments.
Since the variance for replications is less than the vari-
ance for error, there was no significant difference be-
tween the replications.

The table of means for treatments, in table 4(c),
shows that plants grown in the ground alfalfa-treated pots
gave considerably higher yields than did those receiving
the xe-Ksc. The high rate of Kb-Kéo with fertilizer was
the only Ke~KPO treatment which gave yields significantly

higher than the check. The yields for high rates of
ground alfalfa with and without fertilizer were

33'

significantly higher than for all other treatments except
the low rate of alfalfa with fertilizer.

34

.3363 .. a 50.3 i m "madame.” peep .Aon common...

 

 

 

E m 0.0 0.0 0.0 «anew...» no .2: coca + 003 awnmiisnawnqg 055.5
m .2, «.0 0.0 0.0 malfimlw no .mna oooa + span toatamnamndd undono
m m 0.0 0.0 0.0 eumn mwnniisnamnds endonc
m .20 0.0 $.0 0.0 open sediIanan< undone
S m 0.0 0.0 0.0 #028
m m A.o 0.0 o.e «Aussie no .msA 000A +.spsn sensinOimaoM
m S. 0.0 0.0 H.0 «Anemia. no .2: oooa i. open soHIuOIMIoM
m 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 open awnni|OIMIoM
m E. 0.0 0.0 0.0 open 30.7...0...M..0M
a 5 NJ 0.0 0.0 moono
M m HHH HH H
muonpsonamom vsosumona
*mpmoa osmmne manna an .ps nun

 

Smog mopmMoonm no mmoom
0033 non mason. cammna scone no mugmom one 36.; snails: edema

35

Table 4(b)--Ana1ysis of Variance Table

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 20.7
Replications 2 .l .05
Treatments 8 17.8 2.2 12.9
Error 16 2.8 .17

 

_'

Necessary F - 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 4(c)--Table of means for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)

 

 

Nban +
Treatment Eben L.S.D.*

Check 4.9 5.6
Ko-KéO--low rate 5.0 5.7
Ko-KkO--high rate 5.3 (6.0
Ko-KPO--low rate + fertilizer 5.3 6.0
Ko-KéO--high rate + fertilizer 6.2 6.9
Ground Alfalfa-~1ow rate ‘ 6.2 6.9
Ground Alfalfa-~low rate + fertilizer 6.6 7.3
Ground Alfalfa-~high rate + fertilizer 7.1
Ground Alfalfa-~high rate 7.1

 

* Least significant difference - .7

36

FIAT! Q.

The effect of Xc-K-O and ground alfalfa with-
out fertiliser on the growth of white ’beans in

Brookston loam.

 

No. 1e
N00 8e
N0. 3.
IOe ‘e
N09 5.

 

Check.

Low rate of Ko-K-O.

High rate of Kc-I-O.

Low rate of ground alfalfa.
High rate of ground alfalfa.

37.

PLATE 10.

The effect of Ko-I-O and ground alfalfa with
fertilizer on the growth of white beans in
Brookstcn loam.

 

 

l0. 1. Chocke

Ho. 6. Low rate of Ko-K-O + fertilizer.

lo. 7. High rate of Ko-x-O + fertilizer.

lo. 8. Low rate of ground alfalfa + fertilizer.
lo. 9. High rate of ground alfalfa + fertilizer.

38~

'The Effect of Two Different Levels of Ko-KPO and
Sheep manure With and Without Fertilizer on the
§Egig EggfiNutrient Content of White Beans on

The results, although variable, indicated that phos-
phorus and potassium probably were not limiting factors
to plant growth. Low tissue tests for potassium were ob-
tained with one of the check treatments and the low rate
of Ko-KPO treatment, but all tissue tests for phosphorus
showed an adequate supply. Some of the leaves had evi-
dence of potash deficiency, that is, the edges of the
leaves turned yellow first, but most of the yellowing was
of a uniform nature over the entire leaf surface. Symp-
toms of nitrogen deficiency were more pronounced in the
plants growing in the sheep manure-treated pots.

The analysis of variance in table 5(b), shows that
there was a significant difference between treatments and
that there was little or no difference between replica-
tions.

In contrast to the results secured with corn oniliami
loam, table 2(c), white beans on this soil, table 5(a),
gave significantly higher yields on Ko-KeO-treated pots
than they did on sheep manure-treated pots. Fertilizers
did not increase yields appreciably. The only treatments
which were significantly higher than the check were the
low and high rates of Ko-KéO and the high rate of Ko-Kho
with fertilizer.

39

.80.” I .H .8333 .. a Ewan .. m "magma umop you 23on _..

 

 

 

m m +.e n.e m.¢ manenue no .mpa coon + easy emanaaousqga Assam
m m nsv 93. H6 wanemae Ho .23” oooa + open Soanconsnmfi 900nm
m E eo¢ 03v «Ev cosh anAIIOHdnmfi museum.
m E 0; a.» «JV open scannohsnms macaw
a E. rim mom bzv Momma
m “2. o.m o.n ~.n manem-e so .mna oooa +.opsn emana-oimaou
m E 03 06 ad malemle Mo .23 000." + some soaslouu?oM
S 5 H6 06 a6 mush Amanxnonmom
.H m «.0 n.n 06 open toauconMIoM
A 3 93¢ o.n 03v . Macao
M m HHH HH H
mnofipmoaamom pneapwohe
seamen. camera named a.“ 2t.» in

 

.304 and: no 383
cases you apnea osmmsa noose do madamem use cams» oea:afievn magma

40

Table 5(b)-~Ana1ysis of Variance Table

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 10.7
Replications 2 .1 .05
Treatments 8 9.2 1.15 13.1
Error 16 1.4 .0875

 

Necessary F a 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 5(c)--Table of means for Treatments
. (Yields in grams dry weight)

 

Nban +
Treatment Mean L.s.D.*

Sheep manure--low rate 4.0 4.5
Sheep manure--high rate + fertilizer 4.5 4.8
Sheeprhnure--high rate 4.5 5.0
Check 4.8 5.3
Sheep anure--low rate + fertilizer 4.8 5.3
Ko-KhO--low rate + fertilizer 5.2 5.7
Ko-K-O--1ow rate 5.5 6.0
Ko-K20--high rate + fertilizer 5.5 6.0

Ko-K-0--high rate 5.9

 

* Least significant difference - .5

41

PLAT] lie

The effect of Io-K-O and sheep manure without
fertilizer on the growth of white beans in
mami loam.

 

Ioe
Hoe
Hoe
‘oe
N0.

 

 

 

Cheek.

Lew rate of, Ko-I-O.

High rate of Ke-K-O.

Lew rate of sheep manure.
High rate of sheep manure.

48-

PLAIE 12.

The effect of Ko-K-O and sheep manure with
fertilizer on the growth of white beans in
mm loan.

 

 

'0e 10.
NO. 150
Ego loe
Ice 17e
“be 18.

Check.

Lew rate of Kept-O + fertiliser.

High rate of Ke-K-O, + fertilizer.

Lew rate of sheep manure + fertilizer.
High rate of sheep manure «r fertilizer.

43.

The Effect of Two Different Levels of Ko-Kéo and
anorganite With and Without Fertilizer on the
Yield and Nutrient Content of White Beans on
Plainfield Loamy Send

The tissue tests indicated generally satisfactory lev-
els of potash, but rather low levels of phosphorus. Low
tests for phosphorus were obtained in plants receiving the
check treatments and also in those receiving the high rates
of Ko—Kko and‘Mdlorganite. Although nitrate tests were not
carried out on the beans, visible symptoms of nitrogen
starvation were evident as uniform yellowing of the lower
leaves of the plants in Ko-KbO-treated pots.

The analysis of variance table, in table 6(b), shows
that there was a significant difference between the treat-
ments and that there was no significant difference between
replications.

The table of‘Means, in table 6(c), gives the signifi-
cance between treatments. The high rate of‘Ko-KPO and the
low and high rates of Ko-Kho with fertilizer gave the best
yields. The only treatments not significantly better than
the check were the high rates of Milorganite with and
without fertilizer.

.30.” .. A .5308 u a Ewan ... m «mpasmon amen no.“ cnowoq ..

 

 

m a a.» o.m 3... «Teens do .2: oooa + open emEaaoflawwHBQ
E E 1*. mom 0.» Nduemld no {and 000.” + open Sedllopfidsmnoag
a A 9.0 and a; 83 nmEaaoflnswuan
E E o.m H5 >.m cums Boaanepanswnoag
2 A 0.0 o.m m...” uBone
m a m... use 94 «Teal. no .2: 83 +133 emsnsnoumnom
m ”S m.n b.¢ o.n malwmlw Ho .mnd oooa + open 30H3101M|QM
m A m.« >4 «J 3s.” nwannIOIMnoM
E E. a.» o.m 06 one." soHIIonMnoM
.H A o; h.“ eta Moono
M m. HHH HH H
macapmogmom pnmSpmmbH.
*mpmon. momma. 28.8 5” .p! 5.5

 

deem hams daoanqawam no memom
cod; no.“ space enema. «.898 no mpgmom use 36“» 23.3133 manna.

45

Table 6(b)--Ana1ysis of Variance Table

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

variance 'freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 54.0
Replications 2 0.2 .1
Treatments 8 50.7 5.8 19
Error 16 5.1 .2

 

Necessary F = 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 6(c)--Table of means for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)

 

 

Nban +
Treatment Eben L.S.D.*
Nfllorganite--high rate 1.5 2.5
Check 1.8 2.6
'Milorganite--high rate + fertilizer 2.1 2.9
Hfllorganite--low rate 2.9 5.7
Ko-K+0--low rate 5.2 4.0
lfllorganite--low rate + fertilizer 5.6 4.4
Ko-K-0--1ow rate + fertilizer 4.0 4.8
Ko-KéO--high rate + fertilizer 4.4
Ho-KéO--high rate 4.5

 

* Least significant difference - .8

4..

run 13.

The effect of Ho—K-O and mlorganite without
fertilizer on the growth of white beens in
Plainfield loamy sand.

 

 

 

.0. 19. Check.

'0. 80. In” r‘t. of Ko-K-‘O.

lo. ll. High rate of Ecol-0.

lo. 22. Low rate of Iilorganite.
Ho. 25. High rate of mlorganite.

H

PLATE 1‘.

'The effect of Ko-I-O and Milorganite with far-
tilizer on. the growth of white beans in Plain-
field loany sand.

 

 

'Ifle lge
Noe Z‘e
R00 85.
'0e 26.
”Ce 87e

. Check.

Low rate .of Ko-K-o + fertilizer.
High rate of Io-I-.-0_ + fertilizer.
Low rate of lilorgenite + fertilizer.
High rate of mlorganite + fertilizer.

PLATE l5.

Deficiency symptoms, and response of been plants
in pots treated with low rates of Ko-KHO, ground
alfalfa, sheep manure, and'fldlorganite.

I0.
‘0.
lo.
‘0.
NOe

N0.

 

2.

ll.
13.
20.

22.

Low rate

Low rate
Lew rate
Low rate
Lew rate
.mde

Low rate

of Ko-Kho in Brooksten loan.
of alfalfa in Brookston loan.
of Ko-K-O in Miami loam.

of sheep manure in‘miami loam.
of Ko-Kéo in Plainfield loamy

ofIMilorganite in Plainfield

loamy send.

49

PLATE 16.

Deficiency symptoms, and response of been plants
in pots treated with high rates of Ko-Kho, ground
alfalfa, sheep manure, and llilorganite.

Noe
N0.
N0.
NOe
HO.

NOe

High rate
High rate
High rate
High rate
High rate
sand.

High rate

 

of Ko-K-O in Brookston loan.
of alfalfa in Brookston loan.
of Ko-K-O in Miami loan.

of sheep manure in mm loan.
of Ko-Kko in Plainfield loamy

of llilorgenite in Plainfield

loamy sand.

50

The Effect of Two Different Levels of Ko-Kbo and
Ground Alfalfa Hay, With and‘Without Fertilizer
on the Yield and Nutrient Content of Spring
Wheat on Brookston Loam
The tissue tests showed that phosphorus was the only
major nutrient which may have been a growth-limiting fac-
tor. Tests for nitrogen and potash were generally high.
Tissue tests on plants in treated pots were similar to
the tests on plants in check pots. There was a general
yellowing of the lower leaves of all plants near the end
of the growth period, but this situation was accentuated
by extremely high temperatures and by insect damage, mak-
ing visible symptoms unreliable.
The analysis of variance table shows that there was
a significant difference between the treatments, and that
there was a difference between replications.
Table 7(c) shows that the low and high rates of Ko-
K90, the low rate of Ko-HEO plus fertilizer and the high
rate of alfalfa did not produce yields significantly bet-
ter than the check. The low rate of alfalfa was the only
treatment without fertilizer that gave a significantly

higher yield than the check.

51

.33 .. .H .532. .. a .53.. .. m

unpasmoa peep non cummoq *

 

 

.2 a m on.n om.» no.» mauemue do.mna oooa ..opsu ewaaunsoasaae canoes
m Us, m mm.o en.o mm.e «Huemue co .mna oooa + span soauuecaecae sesame
m a m m«.« bm.e mo.n open emaanaacasaae canons
m a m mm.m om.m «a.» open soeuasuasuas undone
m A _s. an.» em.» mo.e scone
m a m mo.e Hm.o mH.n ”finesse no .mna coon +.opan emaeasoam:om
m _s, m em.» no.» an.m ma-«m-e so .mna oooa + open soda-ouuuom
m A m me.a no.» os.m mama ewaesu01mnom
m A m mo.a oo.m no.m muse soaauonm:om
m A m as.» as.“ earn sumac
M m z HHH HH H
meowpmowaqom uncapsone

enemas osmmwa

 

mango ea .p3.hnn

 

smog napmxoonm so amen:

mnfinmm you momma unmade momma no evasmom use caeah onaluasva cance

Table 7(b)-~Analysis of Variance Table

52-

 

 

 

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of
variance freedom squares Variance F
Tbtal 26 51.77
ReplicatiOnS 2 1.15 e57
Treatments 8 59.25 4.91 6.9
Error 16 11e57 e71
Necessary F - 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.
Table 7(c)--Table of means for Treatments
(Yield in grams dry weight)
mean +
Treatment Mean L.s.D.*
Ko-KhO-—low rate 2.21 5.67
Ko-KPO--high rate 2.67 4.15
Ko-KéO-~low rate + fertilizer 5.58 4.84
Check 5.52 4.98
Ground Alfalfa-~high rate 5.88 5.54
Ground.Alfalfa--low rate 5.04 6.50
Ground.Alfalfa--high rate + fertilizer 5.54
Ko-KkO~-high rate + fertilizer 5.56
Ground Alfalfa-~1ow rate + fertilizer 5.71

 

*Least significant difference - 1.46

53

The Effect of Two Different Levels of Ke-xeo and

Sheep manure With and Without Fertilizer on the

Yield and Nutrient Content of Spring Wheat on

unami Loam

The tissue tests showed generally satisfactory levels
of nitrogen and potash, and a small amount of phosphorus.
They showed that an increase in the rate of both Ko-Kbo
and sheep manure raised the level of available nitrogen
and potash, and that the use of fertilizer increased the
level of available phosphorus. There was a tendency for
high rates of both Ko-Kko and sheep manure with fertilizer
to give higher tests for nitrogen and potassium than the
low rates of both materials with fertilizer. The plants
in these pots were also subject to numerous growth-dis-
turbing influences which made the reliability of visual
symptoms questionable, but a 'reddish' tinge was noticed
on a few of the plants and this symptom of phosphorus de-

ficiency helped to corraborate the tissue test results.

Table 8(b) shows that the results obtained were sig-
nificant, and that there was a difference between repli-
cations.

Teble 8(a) shows that the high rate of sheep manure
was the only treatment without fertilizer that was signi-
ficantly higher than the check, and it was also higher
than both the high and low rates of Ke-xeo.

54

£3 .. A .552 .. 2 £an . m

unpasmoa pmep you unowma *

 

 

 

m M m no.0 we.» Ho.¢ mateuce no .mna oooa + some awannaonsemfi,moenm
A m A o¢.¢ om.n en.¢ «Alwwlw Ho .mna OOOH + open SOHIIoHdnma Assam
m .H m 2.4 a} one open nmflnaenenes seeem
m A .2“ na.n on.¢ oo.¢ when scannoHSQMEflmoenm
E H en mm.¢. Hm.» mo.¢ Moono
2 s m oed «in mud 3.494 .He .9: oooa + Bea emannnoaMnoM
A .2” m Ne.¢ Mb.¢ mH.n Ndldmnw no .mnd oooa + open SoaunothoM
m .H m we.» «in no.” Bea amenioéaom
E E 2 an.» «5.9 0b.»... open so.~..!..0.-M...0M
E A 5 #03. so...” an...” Moono
M m z HHH HH H
maofipmouanmm uncapeoaa

*mpmma commas manna ea .93 hen

 

Econ «Sofia so neon:

mqwhmm you memos osmmue 20090 no madamem one oHeHM ogeltasvm capes

55

Table 8(b)--Ana1ysis of Variance Table

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 14.78
Replications 2 .71 . .55
Treatments 8 10.2 1.27 5.5
Error 16 5.87 .24

 

Necessary F - 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 8(c)--Tab1e of means for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)

 

 

- Mean +
Treatment Mean L.S.D.*
Ko-K-O--high rate 5.46 4.29
Ko-K90--1ow rate 5.80 4.65
Check 5.94 4.77
Sheep manure-~1ow rate 4.55 5.56
Sheep manure--low rate + fertilizer 4.68 5.51
Sheep Mhnure--high rate 4.78 5.61
Ko-KeO--low rate + fertilizer 4.84
Sheep manure--high rate + fertilizer 4.90
Ko-KfiO--high rate + fertilizer 5.56

__

* Least significant difference - .85

56

The Effect of TWo Different Levels of Ko-KFO and

Nhlorganite With and Without Fertilizer on the

Yield and Nutrient Content of Spring Wheat on

Plainfield Loamy Sand

PhOSphorus tests were low for all treatments that did
not receive fertilizer, which indicated that Ko-KPO and
Nulorganite added insufficient amounts of phosphorus to
the soil. Nitrogen levels in Ko-KrO-treated pots were re-
ther low and results were similar to those obtained in the
check tests, but nitrogen was abundant in Nulorganite-
treated pots. Potassium levels were rather low in pots
treated with Ko-KFO without fertilizer, and decidedly low
where fertilizer was added. In.Ndlorganite-treated pots,
potassium levels were low where no fertilizer was used,
'and high where fertilizer formed part of the treatment.
Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies were also evident
on Plainfield soil, but the presence of other detrimental
growth factors prevented their proper interpretation. A
few of the plants in the Milorganite—treated pots, except
where the treatment consisted of a high rate with fertil-
izer, were completely desiccated. This was also evident
for a smaller percentage of plants in pots treated with
high and low rates of Ko—KHO.

Table 9(b) shows that the treatments were significant

and that there was a difference between replications.

57

Table 9(c) shows that there were three treatments sig-
nificantly higher than the check. These three treatments,
the low and high rates of Ko—K-O with fertilizer and the
high rate onMilorganite with fertilizer, were higher than
all other treatments. The low rate of Ko~K+0 was signifi-
cantly higher than the high rate of Nfllorganite.

no.
.5 .MamAp II .SOA I A .asAcoa IL: .nwun I M .nwAn has» I Mb «endorse once you encweA *

 

 

e a E 85. A46. 34 «Aisle no .2: 83 + nee... awAaIIeaAaemaeAAs
a s E 0A. 3. ea. 3-5.-.. no .9: 08A . Sen 37-335332
A A Mb bu. Ae. em. open nmAmIIopAseMHOAda
A A m an. 2.. an. 3a.. 333335833
A A A .8. 34 em. 5er
A s s 2.» so.» mo.A 3.5% no .9: 80A .33 amEIIoIMIoM
A m an EA no.» AN.“ 3.51. no .aaA 83 + 38 seAIIOIMIoM
s A s 2. as. 54 3a.. 53-6.9.qu
s A A we. ate SA 3a.. :oAIIoaugeM
S A 2 mm. no; mo. Macao
m a 2 AAA AA A .

meOApmoAAMeM psmapmoae

 

*mpmoa mammwa mango nA .pa hen

 

comm MEmOA vdoaueAmAm no pawns
wsaamm new names enemas scone no mpasmom one acaeAH onBIIAsva canes

Table 9(b)--Analysis of Variance Table

59

 

 

Source of Degrees of Sum of

Variance freedom squares Variance F
Total 26 50.60
Replications 2 5.52
Treatments 8 25.10 2.89 11.1
Error 16 4.18 .26

 

Necessary F . 2.59 at the 5 per cent level.

Table 9(c)--Tab1e of means for Treatments
(Yields in grams dry weight)

 

 

Eben +
Treatment Nban L.S.D.*
Nfilorganite--high rate .51 1.22
Hfllorganite--low rate + fertilizer .45 1.56
Nfllorganite--1ow rate .56 1.47
Ko-K-0--high rate .82 1.75
Check .91 1.82
Ko-K90--1ow rate 1.55 2.24
Ko-K-O--low rate + fertilizer 2.29 5.20
Ko-K~0--high rate + fertilizer 2.68
Nfllorganite--high rate + fertilizer 2.78

 

* Least significant difference a .91

60

Part II.

This section contains the results obtained from analy-
ses conducted on KCl extracts of Brookston soil samples
which were incubated for a period of nine weeks in the la-
boratory, after having been treated with various amounts of
Ko-Keo, ground alfalfa, sheep manure and.Nfilorganite.

The data in tables ten and eleven represent the re-
sults obtained by the Spurway and reduction methods respec-
tively. Each treatment was in triplicate and each figure
is the mean of three replications. A graphic illustration
of the results is presented in charts one to four, using
the data obtained by both methods and shown on the same
chart. There is one chart for each organic material.

The results showed a fairly close correlation between
the two methods of analysis, although the results of the
reduction method were generally higher than with the Spur-
way method. The results of the Spurway method appeared to
be somewhat inconsistent, which was perhaps due to the use
of a dropper for measuring aliquots for the determinations.

A presentation of the results obtained from the incu-

bated samples follows:

61

.msonpmoAAmon n no uses one peemonnon mozaeb as
.Ammv nopasA use hasnsnm no venues on wencnoooe coananepen *

 

 

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«#0. mad. wann. Moono
one. now. nnN.A ones sea nee» eA I oaaaaz.aeeam
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mwo. mwA.A one. once non meow e I ensue: macaw
Ann. enm. moo. once non meow N I onzsmfi_moenm
«Ac. «om. bnm. Macao
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mmo. one. «be. once non meow e I snacna4.cnsonc
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«An. Ann. one. Macao
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Ann. mmo.A emm.A open sea neon a I orMIoM
«An. woo. man.a Macao
near; a neon: n enema n

 

 

 

 

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peospeons

 

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62

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00H. oMm. mam. Moono
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63

The Accumulation of Soluble Nitrogen in Soils
Treated with Ko-KBO

Chart one shows that there was no increase in water
soluble nitrogen with increasing increments of Ko-KEO.
Rather, there was a tendency for larger additions of Ko-
KPO to decrease the amount of soluble nitrogen in the
samples. In all cases but one, the sample which contain-
ed the highest rate of Ko-Kéo gave lower results than the
check sample for each incubation period. .According to
the Spurway method, there was a decreasing amount of sol-
uble nitrogen with time; the analysis for each incubation
period was successively lower than the preceding period.
However, results with the reduction method showed that
nitrogen was released in greatest amounts after four weeks
of incubation. .A higher accumulation of soluble nitrogen
occurred in the check treatment than in any of the other
treatments at comparable incubation periods, therefore,
the nitrogen release from the organic materials was of no
great significance.

The results show that Ko-KPO treatments contributed
little to the soluble nitrogen content in Brookston loam
in nine weeks of incubation. The soluble nitrogen con-
tent of Ko-KkO-treated samples was similar to that of the

check samples.

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65

The.Accumulation of Soluble Nitrogen
in Soils Treated with Ground Alfalfa
Chart two shows that there was an increased amount of

nitrogen released with increasing rates of ground alfalfa.
According to results using the reduction method, the re-
lease of nitrogen was not pronounced until eight weeks of
incubation and then only with the highest rate of applica-
tion. .Although nitrogen tests were higher for each suc-
ceeding period, the difference was not substantially
greater than in the case of the check, except for the high-
est rate of alfalfa after eight weeks of incubation. The
Spurway method showed that increasing increments of alfal-
fa, over four tons per acre, gave a substantial increase
in water soluble nitrogen for all three incubation periods.
The two and four ton per acre applications were little dif-
ferent than the check. There was a gradual release of ni-
trogen from decomposing alfalfa throughout the nine week
incubation period. The larger rates of application re-
sulted in substantially greater increases of water sol-

uble nitrogenthan the check.

66

 

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67

The Accumulation of Soluble Nitrogen
in Soils Treated with Sheep manure
Chart three shows that there was no increase of water

soluble nitrogen with increasing increments of sheep ma-
nure and that there was a tendency for sheep manure-treated
samples to yield results very similar to those found for
the check sample. Sheep manure addition to the soil had no
measurable effect on water soluble nitrogen content during
the nine weeks of incubation. The nitrogen content was
neither substantially increased nor decreased, in compar-
ison with the check sample, by increasing the rate of ap-
plication of manure. The same effect, for all rates of
application, was observed throughout the incubation period.
The results obtained for sheep manure were similar to those

obtained for Ko-KPO.

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69'

The Accumulation of Soluble Nitrogen
in Soils Treated with flilorganite

Both methods of analysis showed conclusively that wa-
ter soluble nitrogen content of the soils was increased
with increasing increments of‘Mhlorganite. All of the re-
sults for samples which contained four tons per acre or
more, were higher than the check as measured by both me-
thods, and the results for eight and sixteen tons per acre
increments were substantially higher than the check—-par-
ticularly by the Spurway method.

In general, the results with the Spurway method
showed that the time of greatest nitrogen release from
the Ndlorganite was during the first five weeks of incu-
bation. The results obtained with the reduction.method

indicated that nitrogen release was greatest in the first

two weeks of incubation.

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78

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73

DISCUSSION

Several organic materials were applied to Brookston
loam, Miami loam, and Plainfield loamy sand. The organic
material Ko-Kho was applied to all three soil types, and
compared with.ground alfalfa in Brookston loam, dried
sheep manure in Miami loam,.and Eilcrganite in Plainfield
loamy sand. .A.laboratory study involved the application
of various amounts of the four materials to Brookston
loam.in tumblers kept moist for a period of nine weeks,
and periodic analyses, conducted on K01 extracts of por~
tions of these incubated samples, to determine water sol-
uble nitrogen.

The soils used in this study were all in the moder-
ately acid pH range, and although plant growth appeared to
be somewhat affected by this acid condition, particularly
in the Plainfield soil, more significance was attached to
the toxicity effects apparent when.uulorganite was applied
to this soil. The work of Bear (3) shows that, if anaer-
obic conditions prevail, or if a soil does not contain ad-
equate amounts of basic compounds to neutralize the nit-
rous acid produced, there may be an accumulation of ammon~
is. The toxic effects of‘Milorganite noted in this study

may have been the result of ammonia accumulation caused by

74

low level of basic compounds, as anaerobic conditions were
unlikely in a soil of such a coarse texture as Plainfield.
loamy sand.

Although green tissue tests for potassium in beans
growing in Mulorganite-treated pots were fairly high when
the nitrate content of the beans was high, potash tests
were low in spring wheat growing in the same pots. This
is in accordance with the belief of Tyner and webb (24)
that heavy applications of nitrogen fertilizer, to a soil
low in potash, may intensify potash deficiency symptomS.

The work of Cook and Miller (8) indicates that, when
tissue tests are low for one major element and high for
the other two elements, the high tests do not necessarily
signify large quantities of these elements. Green tissue
tests are valuable for indicating the element that is
most deficient. However, high tests may be obtained for
elements which would be actually deficient in a normal
plant, because a deficiency of another element is more a-
cute. From.this, it appears that the high tissue tests
for nitrogen and potassium, which were found in spring
wheat growing in Brookston soil, do not necessarily in-

dicate that these elements were present in Optimum amounts.
Rather, they indicate that the amounts of these elements

were sufficient to meet the nitrogen and potassium.requirew

ments of plants which were stunted in growth because of

 

75

phosphorus starvation. Larger quantities of soluble phos-
phorus in the soil might possibly have resulted in nitro-
gen or potassium deficiency symptoms.

Several workers (28), (14), (l) have found that ni-
trification, and nitrate accumulation, was increased in an
acid soil by the addition of lime. Since the amount of
nitrate accumulation appeared to be insignificant when
dried sheep manure and Ko-Kbo were decomposing in the soil,
it is improbable that lime addition would have increased
nitrate accumulation because the soils were not strongly
acid. Brookston loam, to which ground alfalfa was added,
had a higher.pH (6.2) than the‘Miami and Plainfield soils,
and it is improbable that this acidity seriously interfer-
ed with nitrification. Nitrate accumulation in the Plain-
field soil was certainly not depressed to a critical level,
although it may have been lower than if the soil had been
less acid.

The results of Puffeles and Adler (16) showed that
sheep manure appeared to have been completely nitrified
in six months under laboratory conditions. Their results
indicated that the addition of sheep manure to the soil
enhanced the supply of essential nutrients, and although
this was not disproven in this study, it was found that
dried sheep manure gave relatively small increases in

crop yield. As the organic material Ko-K-O gave results

76

similar to those obtained for dried sheep manure, the econ-
omic practicability of the use of Ko-Kho as a fertilizer
material also seems questionable. (At least its value as a
soil amendment should place it in a class of materials, low
in fertilizing value, comparable to animal manures.

The addition of complete fertilizer generally resulted
in an increased yield in all three soils. The soils had
adequate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
until the supply was exhausted by continuous crepping over
a period of six months. Soils treated with Milorganite
were unbalanced with respect to their levels of the major
nutrients; nitrogen was high, whereas phosphorus and po-
tassium were relatively low.

The decomposition of ground alfalfa in the soil was
found to increase the soluble nitrogen content, which is
in accordance with the results of several workers (12),
(21). and (9).

Results obtained in this study do not show that Ko-
K-O has superiority over any of the other organic materials,

either as a soil conditioner or as a fertilizer.

77.

SUMMARY

Several organic materials were applied alone and in
combination with fertilizer to Brookston, Miami, and
Plainfield soils in the greenhouse, in an attempt to com-
pare the fertilizing value of these materials on the soil
types concerned. Green tissue tests were carried out on
each of the three crops grown during a six month period
to determine the approximate levels of soluble nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium in the plants. In addition, a
laboratory study was made to determine the amount of ni-
trate accumulation resulting from incubation, for nine
weeks, of various amounts of the organic materials in
Brookston loam.

The results from the greenhouse and laboratory studies
suggested the following:

1. The data obtained from the greenhouse study
showed that nitrate accumulation was insig-
nificant in pots treated with Ko-Kéo and
sheep manure, appreciable in alfalfa-treated
pots, and very high in pots which had re-
ceivedimilorganite.

2. Laboratory incubation tests showed that ni-
trate accumulation.was negative in Ko-Kko

and sheep manure—treated soils, low to me-
dium in alfalfa-treated soils, and high

where Milorganite had been added.

3.

4.

5.

6.

78

In most instances, yields were significantly
increased when complete fertilizer was ap-
plied with the organic material.

The major nutrient content of Ko-Kho and
sheep manure appeared to be too low or too
slowly available to warrant their use as
fertilizer materials.

Twelve tons per acre applications of Milor-
ganite to an acid sandy soil produced dis-

tinctly injurious effects on seed germina-

tion and crop growth.

.At the rates used in the greenhouse study,
ground alfalfa gave greater crop response
than any of the other organic materials,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(ll)

79'

Bibliography

Albrecht, W..A., Nitrate production in soils as in-
fluenced by cropping and soil treatments. imp. Agri.
EXP. Stae Rese Enle 294s 19380

.Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 0f-
{égial thhods of Analysis. Washington, D.C. Ed. 7.
0.

Bear, F. E., Soils and fertilizers. John Wiley and
Sons. N.Y. 1950. I

Bray, R. 3., Nitrates tests for soils and plant tis-
sues. Soil Sci. 60: 219-221. 1945.

Bouyoucos, G. J.,.A comparison of the hydrometer me-
thod and the pipette method for making mechanical
analyses of soils, with new directions. Jour. Amer.
Soc..Agron. 23: 747-751. 1950.

Directions for making mechanical
analyses of soils by the hydrometer method. Soil
SOie 42: 225'230e 1936

 

Browning, G. 11., and F. M. Milam, Effect of different
types of organic materials and lime on soil aggrega-

Cook, R. L., and C. E. Miller, Plant nutrients difi-
ciencies diagnosed by plant symptoms, tissue tests
and soil tests. Much. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 353.
1948.

Holtz, H. F. and H. A. Singleton, Comparative value

'of alfalfa and sweet clover on soils in the lower

Yakima Valley. Jour..Amer. Soc..Agron. 17: 326-333.
1925.

Lynd, J. Q., L. M; Thrk and R. L. Cook, Application
of soil tests, tissue tests and foliar analysis to
field experiments. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 14:
256-241. 1950.

Nutrient di-
Ticiencies diagnosed with foliar analyses and plant
tissue tests. Jour..Amer. Soc. Agron. 42: 402-407.
1950.

 

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

80

martin, T. L., The effect of alfalfa and sweet clover
roots and tops on 002 evolution and accumulation of
nitrates in the soil. Soil Sci. 29: 363-370. 1929.

uhrkle, F. G., The decomposition of organic matter in
soils. Jour. of Amer. Soc. Agron. 10: 281-302. 1918.

Noyes, H. A. and S. D. Conner, Nitrates, nitrifica-
tion and bacterial content of five typical acid soils
as affected by lime, fertilizer, crops and moisture.
Jour. of Agr. Res. 16: 27-42. 1919,

Peech, M. and L. English, Rapid microchemical soil
tests. Soil Sci. 57: 167-195. 1944.

Puffeles, M; and S. Adler, The effect of sheep and
goat manure on some mediterranean red soils. Soil

Reed, J. F. and R. W. Cummings, Soil reaction-~g1ass

° electrode and colorimetric methods for determining

pH values of soils. Soil Sci. 59: 97-103. 1945.
Rehling, G. J. and E. Truog, Activated s1udge--Nfll-
organite; constituents, elements and growth-produc-
ing substances. Anal. Ed. Indus. end Engin. Chem.

v01e 110 1939. .

Nulorganite as a source
'3? minor nutrient elements for plants. Jour. Amer.
SOC. Agrone 32: 894-905. 1940.

 

Richer,.A. G., J. W. White, H. B.‘MUSser, F. J.
Holben. Comparison of various organic materials for
use in construction and maintenance of golfgreens.
Progress Report No. 16. Sept. 1949. Pa. State
College.

Rubins. E. J. and F. E. Bear. Carbon nitrogen ratios
in organic fertilizer in relation to the availability
of their nitrogen. Soil Sci. 54: 411-424. 1942.

Spurway, C. H. and K. Lawton. "Soil Testing", Nfich.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 132. 1949,

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

81

Tenny, F. G. and S..A. waksman. The nature and rapid-
ity of decomposition of the various organic complexes
in different plant materials, under aerobic condi-
tionS. $011 Seie 28: 55-84. 19290

Tyner, E. H. and J. R. webb. The relation of corn
yields to nutrient balance as revealed by leaf an-
alysis. Jour..Amer. Soc. Agron. 38: 173-185. 1946.

walkley, A., A critical examination of a rapid me-
thod for determining organic carbon in soils--effect
of variations in digestion conditions and of inor-
ganic soil constituents. Soil Sci. 63: 251-264.
1947.

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