MI 1 v ”II” 129 026 THS_ NI W515 m TIME LABz‘rP qj'\‘_:'t\ $1 Hfitwififiiuy «HFWjRETk \'ii,._- HI. JH_L71NI’_.: FJT'fHNSTRLH' i Tit W Thesis for the Degree of C. E. Frederick \X/iHiam Trezise 19th 1Hi15‘5 at»- UHIT COSTS AND TIME LABOR UKIIS \J b I REINFORCED CONCRETE MILL BUILDING COKSTRUCTICX Thesis for degree of Civil Engineer Frederick William Trezi§e 1028 J THESIS .L }-J Fl 0 :3 (D \- T‘vfm "3'“ m'rv“ 73",» TT'TF'T‘ n n.“-‘_ -"~"‘s.~.1-.‘ L'TTT .11” m" A w ~I~m,.1m . It‘lNAJ- «53-3 and $J. 'Q—IJ Lion’Lt U-‘L-fiD Il‘ V‘J‘ \JL'L—IJL-‘J 8'5.'L.LJV.‘ BK: l.‘:u-‘..‘J b‘JI\D-.-\‘.JVII‘J.I. Type of building. A. Site. B. Unisual uondit’ons C. hgul-ng and uelivery of materials 2. Barge D. Tyre of equigncnt 1. Sheet piling, pumps, etc. 2 . 3:937:11: in; 3. Concreting a. Forms b. Placing c. Ste 1 fabrications, etc. PrOrreS: Of Work \ “n A. Daily pro ress record. L.) 1. Time lab-3r 3. Division of labor \‘1 B. Chron010310al data and forecastinv. 2. Methad J. Time labar units L. Cost per cu. yg. One ' F} 5‘1 3. Form building and placing l. Footings, ails, columns ani flOJlS. a. lme labor units 3. Cost per sq. ft. of £01m surface. C. Concreting l. Footings, Walls, Colunns and Floo;s. U1 Stair 0. Finishing Time labor uni s. ComQarative costs abvve and below freezing. n D. Removing forms and Backiil.ing. 1. Time lanai" units and unit cosps. capitulation and conclusions.. A. Study of graphs and progress. 1. As affected by weather congitions with availab e data of similar construction PL) . cQMflar:Sen imilar construction. 3. s A) lication of results to . . l .1 ‘ . I ;u fl“ " r I' r- .‘ .'.1 .‘ ~'s ,‘ys —- L n B. Bibliog‘ayny anu QCAUJnLERQemuano Two A study of the Unit Costs and Time Labor Units in Re- inforced Concrete Mill Building Construction. The type of building discussed in this study is a re- inforced concrete three and four story will for the Riverside Fibre and Paper Company at Appleton, Wisconsin. This building as in— dicated in the accompanying plans and elevations is to be used in conjunction with the sulphite pulp mill of this company. The inte- gral parts of the building as noted on the prints are: let. the four story stock building where the pulp stock is prepared for the two paper machines which are contained in (End) the basement and double story machine room; the paper is then carried by sus- pended trolley to the (3rd) finishing building. This latter section is two stories in height. The paper is received on the second floor where it is calendered, supercalendered, cut and prepared for pack- ing. It is then transferred by elevator to the first floor where oment. A.Jas. Lefell and Co. turbine utilizing ‘- it is packed for shi a 13.7 foot head of water between the U.S. Government Canal and the S. channel of the Fox River, owned by the Riverside Fibre and Paper Co. was also installed on this floor. The forming, reinforcing and concreting of this waterwheel is also included in this study. The building was constructed on the site of a furniture factory which was destroyed by fire some years previous. Reference to the various photOgraphs will indicate more definitely the site conditions. It was necessary to drive 310 feet of sheet piling in a cofferdam in order to set the piers under the north side of the building in the South Channel of the Fox River. The south side of of the building borders the U.S. Government Canal which, with the series of locks in the city of Appleton furnishes water transporta- tion around the various power dams of the city. This canal and the (Mahgn\ railroad spur between it and the building, which had been used by the Riverside Company for the transportation of pulp and manufactur- ilg materials served admirably the needs of the contractor for the transportation of eguipment and materials. The concrete materials were brought to the site by railroad entirely and unloaded directly. Barge service on the canal was used to a considerable extent for the transuortation of equipment, form lumber and ma hincry. {use p: eozi;q;gt ackawanna sheet pilink was delivered to the site in 18 ft. lengths uhich were cut by cry-hydro en into 9 ft. len ths. Cribs V Were constructed at each end Of the cofferdam because Of the im- practicability Of driving the sheeting at these points. The piling was driven into hardpan 3 tO N feet by a steam hammer suspended from q a breast derrick. Five men worked five and a half days to complete the driving Of this 310 feet of piling. A steam driven 6 inch centrifugal pump Operated for about five minutes each hour was suf- ficient to maintain dry working conditions within the inclosure against a four foot water head. The excavation for the entire substructure was by hand, using pick and shovel. Footings for the columns and piers were set on hard pan and bed rock. Most Of the material removed was red clay although this was overlaid with the ruins of the former mill which occupied the site. Reference to the various phot05raphs Of the Operations will indicate the type Of concreting material. Because of the nature Of the clay it was deemed unnecessary to use forms in the wall foot- ings. The areas being placed with concrete were kept reasonably dry by means Of sump and trench pumps, Operated by gas engines. The (Four) M' ~‘b -- \o tow Executes}; .m. L . azkbrwx T‘NILI EKG Q VMKWLQ fins 8 k. sth h. E w Luca: to; D \M tth geek sum. .6386 i. 4.236” 356 seat Quth. . U . tutuu 3m l t II. . QSbkfitU 4»th Ean $ \ . 200m kuxkkNQ 1H1. MECCZZZ: :Cw: _:::_3:_:W:33:132»er__:2:::::E::::::::::tm:2.55:5.:::=E@mmmmmmmwmmmimwmmmmmmmmmmw”mmmmmmmww . t .0 ‘l“"l| men nook nbLh. :3 i? . C, 2‘— . . .. _ . .. surest _ WRQSOQ“. _ u._ 1.3.2.1.. INF-.. .. .. - _ knack qmwkhqu \ _ muc0\cflkthgb bake—am. 0k. .L» _q week {3.0% .m,\\m mtxfibbt I'VVV VI? A 11‘“ , mung x " " kmsfix ask .\p 25.3 W. ~2th .mttobwawuww .0... n . “\w \\\\\\\\\Y\\l b madamN .250an spread footings of all piers and columns were formed with two inch material. The foundation wall forms :ere cf hemlock with 2 x E verticals or studding. These were reinforced with H x 4 horizontal headers. Wood Spreaders and wire ties were used to maintain wall Widths. The outside dimensions Of the majority Of the colums were the same, 2" planking could be re-used for the side panels to be fastened together with patent clamps. The forms for the exterior Of the building were in the panel form, to be re-used as the nor“ prOgrcssed by raising. The pilaster and curtain wall dimensions were uniform throu bout the entire building. The photographs taken during the work show very well the method Of forming and re-using the panel types which were constructed on the site. Concreting, .A 150 ft. Insley steel tower assembled on the site was the basis for the prOper distri ution and placing Of the concrete. The plan of the entire construction layout indicates the relative positions of the various units. A half cubic yard Ransome mixer electric driven, was so set in the base Of the tower to receive the concrete aggregates directly from the charging bin which contained approximately 200 cubic yards. This charging bin was filled direct- ly from railroad gondolas, by a derrick and clam-shell bucket. Steam was furnished for this unloading and hoisting by the wner. Photoaraphs accompanying this nork ShOW very well, I believe, the manner Of distributing the concrete from the to or landing platfonn. The spouting was Of necessity sup orted at various points and counter- balanced prOperly for even flow under a load. Reinforcinr. The reinforcing steel for the construction was fabricat— ed by the manufacturer. However, because of the difficulty Of prOper- ly setting numbered rode, the three way reinforcing for the flat slab flea rs was cu t and bent by the contractor on the job. Prorress f the Work Dailerrogr ress Record. A daily progress record of the entire con- m struction was started July 15th 1-23. rhis record incorporated various details and phases Of the construction for each day, - the division Of labor, amount of work accomplished and laser cth es to each Of the various construction account These entires, together with the WTQGS of the labor groups, served as a basis for the data from which the results of this study were derived. Current propress ch? rts cons ruct ed ani reielu ed to during the work showing the per- 0 (U z' rt l centage couple ted to date was very valua ole in determ ininr th- 5 ‘ .~“ '» "u 'h-"-'\ " ‘ "v "7." ‘ ‘ * 1" ‘ O L" V imates it. he p UMSL.S to the CoLtIactoi. Inciden 1y, these entries and data *roved very valuable in *C' forecasting tr e need s of material and labor durin- the construction. .elative requirements could be anticip ted much more read ilv after J“ the labor and progress had been correlated. material reQ‘irements could better be delivered to the site with minimum delay and expense. his can be noted particularly in the requirements for the various agrregates for concrete ”i th the charging bin of 200 cubic yards, canacity and daily ~uns amounting to over 250 cubic yarQS of concrete. . . . A -‘ ‘~ -“~ “ fit‘\"‘\ 1‘ < . ‘ ‘ 1— ‘I 1 raonic RUCUTL. The PLOt,v LJLS cco panyin: and reieried to in this study are selected from those taken during the prOLIBSS of the horn. These were exhibited at frequent intervals during the construction period and resulted in a strong personal interest in tlie "Oiir. Cons trucztion Un Costs a.d Time Labor Units. ‘ time ao.r un is p- The study of the construction cos‘s an for the work is considered in the chronoloijical sequence as inarly as pos.ible. (Seven) Excavating. The type of material excavated determines largely the cost and time required. As inlicated above this material was for the most part stiff clay. The method used was 'pick and shovel'. It was necessary to use trench pumps in this work to control the -re and the labor charges for the care of these pumps is included in the cost items. Cost was determined in dollars per cu. yi., both for ex- cavation and bazkfill. This cost is graphically sheen on Graph fl. Variations in cost show a minimum of $1.3M per cu. yd. to a maximum of $2.M7 per cu. yd. he latter period, the week of August 20th, was during the excavation of the piers in the machine room fihGTfi the work was confined to a single pit the size of the pier Icotings and where two hanllings of the excavated material “as necessary. The ‘ minim‘n cnar es for excavated material transferred is indicated at g the time of backfiliin; where the cost is $1.HO and $1.3M per cu. yd. Relative unit costs are of little value to other Operations of this nature unless one can establish a ratio between the labor charges. Comron labor was paid MO¢ per hour. Gang bosses received 55¢ and mechanics 80¢ per hour. A study of the amount of work accomplished by each man per hour uill furnish more valuable data upon which to base charges and estimates under similar circunstances. These units will vary in- versely as the unit cost. A.man according to the data compiled will excavate .258 to . 25H cu. yus. per hour.with one handling. Double handling reduces this yardage to .175. Backfilling is less expensive as indicated at .311 to .358 cu. yds. per hour. The average man transferred material on this job at the rate of .283 cu. yds. per ON hour and the cost per cu. yd. was $1.0 (Eieht) 1" As noted by Mr. Gillette, there is no phase in construction work which involves so ;any varying factors as excavation. he Handbook of Construction Cost by hr. H. P. Gillette gives 3.8 cu. yards per ten hours per man in wet clay and 3.5 cu. yards in hard pan. These figures are based on an emyerical formula. Cu. Yes. per 10 hours eguels ‘7'." ° _ '1, . ‘c' _ in wet clay and r:— v u, " .— -.: ‘ ’0 " L 0 ~ ”I .3 9111:; .;(1./- nbiu.lb 11; It. 1 O in hard pan. 7- In Spite of the varying factors in excavation work the actual results in this study of .25? cu. vds. and Mr. Gillette's emperical .r Iv‘ "' results of .30 and .jfi cu. y.s. inuicate a worth while reletionshie. - ,- 1 .- i 1 FOlmlellulA_ anl Plac1n; Because of the nature of the construction of the forms and the necessity of pronerly niacin; reinforcin; and snoring there is ‘ a considerable variation in the actua '31 l area erec ed per d:y and the cost per unit of area. wall forms, represented by the foundat'on walls and the exterior surface we; s, show in thenselves a wide cost di- verycnce, and may be studied as a definite tvse of fora. The colim , . ‘i f . l o ..- ‘ w- r‘ ‘ ‘ r for.s, built CI 2 x c and pro erly clamyed and sup,01ted, may be L regarded as another type. The type of floor used in this construction, . r u I r1 V“. ‘ " ". 'A -. v ' 1. A . r, - ,1 va... '1 ‘1 . \ 9" ‘Vr ...- \‘ tde flat slab, “itn tnxet nay reinIorc1n_ dam has in its lolMtoix a large a.1.-.,unt O- Ctzuoul‘l“ L5~.~C:~\v.~‘rff 01‘ :131 111;, csnu. 1t Pi't2'.;-L—.: :3? U 8C8. B lflllC ll more 83(- u-‘ : f"! a ’0‘- .‘ v ‘ ‘ 4‘ r ' . r- ~. ‘ . i \‘ W< '. -— “‘ <¥ - ptnn;ive ”n-cn last ha; be noted in Dlmeam ”w. nlrlnQ the latter - ~'- I‘r\ ‘3 A , “‘l '. \ ~ . . I. 2 + . _-.- 1‘ ~ ‘+" 37‘ :“A‘v' ‘ “- fi‘--., as? part 01 the ConcrttinU gullzu soa1.htus, steel an.s, aasu-n.1J ‘~ '- ‘i \ - \ '\~. 1 bate; leltil ill_‘ a; l L‘w -. r . ‘ ‘\ k‘ ‘ ‘1 " '-,-( :v\<:« I: QI~A. (— “‘ -\"‘ g. the unit lanai costs. For these o‘clatltn- t..e unit last/r cost In I "v T ‘7‘ " r \1“"r\" “1“ " ' r, w L J I, at tor-5‘8; J2.;f 3.1‘ 5,1. fo. c} ._ -svw-':> has rated. 510 Loin) S.’ ft. I r nan A tr. 8’122CJCC to tee ailvs dlt51a. ill <00. n av age a "n ‘ V +1~x ' 1 1'1? " o " ‘\ ' ' -I a I- '. :" '1‘“ ' A "" ‘ ‘ ‘. l' OI Cd” 8.}; phi? chQ-JI C~Jbt ‘JCI‘ 8.1. It. nl'ol tile CIVCflc‘He 1114111 COL} .:_‘.J.C.‘t.1.nt: J- 3.23 sq. It. per hour. These comgn.ations are cased on the entire n; o;eration ineludin~ unloaiin; and the plae=nent of all 5-! (I H. :3 H I O H :3 (1‘ cf (- ’V F.) ’1 ('3 IL‘ (L: H C ’i (I Cl L5 0 ’1 ('3' (+— (D C A. "I L ‘ ' . - N . ‘ Canclet: “LXin arl P‘ c‘n ———... ._———— -- ————d “An—id No set thues can be -ven for the concrete 1- box costs {.4 and tine labor units in .einforcei concrete cznstruction. Various trigs must be cuns ii m‘el in the effort to eternine tnese units. HJwever, if the tf,e of constru«mti n and the site coalitions are simila‘ei as far as possible, the results will oe note cly uniform. The concretin; eoniguent r ich was used has been notei. and site is sheen in plan. The footings of the buildinj, \valls ani columns ar 1:23:§ CJuClCte but the ntire c nst tion aoove these foo in s is of 1:2:u mix. PhotQQraghs of the pro ress of the :ork will also - ‘ - ~ ~ .-- , e .,- ,3 ,4 _~ k 1' ml .,.- t. an identity tne b'JC o: “or; and use oi the e a , ent. Reference to Dia_‘an yo and 7 she in; the cost per cu. yd. I u w « indicates tne relative costs 0: tne vs rious Unases and Bytes of consti action. The cost of cor cret ir * par cu. yl. increases quite Lit-J uniformly during the construction period. The consideration of 1 w 3 o \_ > e \!J_1_ ‘ ‘ 1 L‘ _~ ucn peace units as sno n dirin stn and Karen 17Lfl and tuo weeLs periods mry be disregarded as the amount of concreting dur- ‘ K n5 th3se times was unalsrecl o e as nsfed 0n Di ajra: 35, shd in, the concrete placed per Week. in 3 increase in cost is due in a large measure, first, Q a to the necessity of using aunitional e gi'pznent and labor because of the increased heig t of the oui din " Sec end, the spec al methods of concreting necessary in finishinf “loo rs, stairs, tanxs 6n of the general constructiox ro ram will e more p.40 H etc. A discuss sz fi 0 0 we “11 e h;wever if the results are to te of value in com;aret1ve 'r‘~-\-‘ ‘L. f ‘.c'~‘ (‘ I“ \_‘ t vfi ‘r)"Qr‘ \WV‘" :4.’ ‘ fl'fl’fifi : aDauaolOn O C~oL-a (.111; ‘luib ILALIVD CLC.‘....l.l Lad. apL-Ur‘.l;n ’ L“ ‘ .- ‘L'w'! i.“ tle nature of c»ns.1uction. J" .Ah-\ mvy' \ '3 n ‘2. A ‘ 1wfi‘, 1\ L 1., fl_ 7 I ‘ f‘ r.’ .‘ L y— A .‘fifi V — -. Luca: -D. :8 CI v.1-LLJ L'l 4CL -vn L(.'L‘Jr Jab it: Lel- jut;- n“ 1' ‘1“ 1 ‘ Cu. :1 - o p ,I‘ Knaun Li 0 *4 4‘ - ' n. . in -.._ ;. J- ‘ “J W . fl '3 '2 ‘3 .‘so'Jt In S 8.112}. J‘L'A Ah olOn Lullasa ‘ri OJ o/‘-"'f 5 fl ‘II‘ '1 ‘0 1.3.; '5‘}: 7 fl“or 1.7:) .3\Y7 3 ”€115 é-Y; .2Cs K”) H) r. .J (.1 ‘1 'r O *4 \JJ - ‘J ( \ \JJ I 0 _ ~ -_"‘ 1' P r ‘- _~ ‘ - _l a ‘_ . .. ..I _ All nor .5». e in tan cs L: Ber Cd. ”r o L concre L-C in war 3 f 3 , .~ . a J-‘.<. fl 1 ‘\ I ~ ‘, ~ L ‘ . -.- ~_,-v] ~A~ ‘ r . ,“w- . . . a -‘. : r‘3.21.ldCch\ILLe III 91.6 .LI 1:13 ‘ (J .A ‘23.}..111 1.; C10 1} ts; . L l Inf-11 liduul‘ L5 ”-4.. CC. ted ‘ " *n‘fiw-vq. r . ." I 1‘. r 3' 4‘ ‘~ 3 11“.“ "l ' -: wrr ~ . 1 ' in tne above tabulatiwn. -“e cost cl the cone ate in .alls shown in . + VA 1 I‘ C 0' ' I ’u‘ g f' v “ 1 . ‘f ”i 7‘ l' \‘ “ ‘q' . .., . N t‘ 1 Q 1 A 4" 1 we 8 , b, '1 can»... u .. -‘ d. o d. 4...; .1. lug; Cc...‘ nl‘afl l... A; u;'.;.. u VJ. L”-.. 2 a J- ' .‘3. ,- . ‘.-4. L'- ,- .L L‘ ut‘CI‘CLS ”.1 1"" $312.3 1.; CU. -. i. - 92L: 1‘ ...v :1 L933. 3‘. ”if” L. 13 .2. I 311 . 53 ~ . ° a. -. 1 .. 4. ' ' : J- .. -. '7 . .~ A are sheen 1n the i oor cons-;rue ion in -te s 9, 7 an; 9. _,' go—f ,. 4 r a ,« I x. “ x O .’ ,.. _.-ov' 'ts in an example presented in Gillette's Handbook ‘ Labor co Ch of Construction CQSE‘, per cu. yd. labor costs averaged from $1.21 — . q 1 - 9 _ \I - "- ., — - " ‘1... \"W to $2.32 Wltfl tae laoor Charges at 3e¢ per near, compared nith es¢ 0 indicates a labot cost of {0 average on this job. Mr. Gillette al $l.H8 and l 70 for a mill and we ehouse gith the concrete piured *‘2/ from a tower such as was used on this Job. uessrs. Taylor and Thompson in Concrete Costs states that on a Paper Mill Construction a Milford, N. J. the labor cost on the concrete was $1.;O per cu. yd. After the w.ek of Nov. 20th on this job a very appreciable increase in the unit cost of the c ncrete was evident. This is a fact which wa* due to conditions WJlCh must be reckoned with in all concrete construction, however, the data derived from these observations can not be chargeable to concrete cost per cu. yd. or the time rate. The increased cost and the decreased rate of yroduction is significant only in that these items were derived during the period of grouting in the steel window frames, forming uindow sills, tank walls and when it was necessary to p‘ovide protection for the concrete to prevent freezing. A.comgilation of the total unit costs and time rates is given graphically in Diagram $3. There is a pronounced variation in the cost per cu. yd. from $u.15 to $10.77. The latter cost is due to increased cost of forming with its accompanying skilled labor charges. The cu. yds. placed per man hour is a Variation from .062 to .lho. Na row curtain walls, flat slabs and other 7 ections of the construction where the ratio of the square ft. of [1} form surface to the cu. yardage of the concrete inclosed in large is more Xpensive than the massive foundation walls of the nono- lithic type. No discussion or reference to this fact has been found in the bibliograghy, Hr. Gillette however, points out a labor (Wm; r+noA\ a c 0 ‘- ‘ I '\ .. p 17: _ o * _ vv « - " ,3 ‘v wifil‘ ‘ 1“ fr \« IV "' J \L. In.--‘4i. —-~ \a .V ACI‘.’ 41 ‘- ALL: old-ave OJ- glaJ. «- A1 ’ i/«MHL E) 3v.- “1.4. LLJAA- .L' “‘0‘ V“, L4 (lulu. o n- 1‘- - '4‘, .". V r- "a ,. - :u . ‘ n‘ "in" P- L.‘ 1‘1 - r ‘v-T s ,:‘~ -s-.~ ~- Udbu (and 1.00:1 an“; qusVCJ. Ire... QCUHLLLJ- rCCOL-‘b uni] int, 1 ° 5.3.1 _. 1. . ’1., .. L I - " . .. .- ‘ .. r" . 3 3- (3.. “ e ‘ L . ‘W . ‘-.- ‘ .Ll b 'U—b'J ‘54.. 1C; 15L.LI—_:u~ CUAA‘L... I. -..r1.b a‘ J r... .J1..L; m'JLL o ‘ ‘ a 1, _ .‘ , t ‘ ,~ 1 ‘ f. r u in '3‘. .Cl. J. .(L a Cs “Flilallb I -5--U MC 'L~.A.e lCCAleyur 3:1 .. thc. ‘1. 1..» L’ , +L'31 P“ ~— v t 1 ‘n‘fi' r + , ,' ‘ 4 ' r ‘ ’ to O 'Lwl ‘3 * A O; 1‘ “VL‘JACLE-Itc: \).L OJ. L L l-A "~'thhw Lt lb +“‘) d ‘t “ .1‘ “ o ‘3 -‘ . ' "-ku 1‘ v‘ ‘. ."LI ‘\ : ‘»\ 90.1in sL‘kA—sl\lt U... “JILL C0033 £31.21»;- tiukb aMOOI halLtb. - a :9 ‘y a t .- T‘xn . r - .' ~.- M .‘Y . ‘,-~ .‘ 1"- ; . A no islezied to tne idluLCllub ncus-tr“31 Construction . f . -.“- V - u 7 1 N ‘ fil" . ' . fl ‘\ nr' -. '- J'- . Cos.s fron ljlo to i no. In a co ”p1 tion 03 la'or cost variation u .0 Ln 0 o l ‘ \ .K‘ a t‘ 1" A - ‘ curiae .Hc ‘cricd the 1 x was set at 1C0 lol l”i,o In 1 ci-e (“J , J V labor cost was given as 2:2.1 and 817.3. Relative progress. One :in notice by merely a passin¢ " Diagram #3 that certain factors were berating on the 300 to so strilin- ly ef: set such a drOp in the nunoer of cubic yards of concrete placed per week. 'During tze first tne nly weezs u) to ’ds. of the total of L917.7 or 83$ a) roX‘nately had been placed in 5%; of the tize. Probably the strongest reason for th s decrease in actual con‘t ruc tion was the cold weather when it was necessary to protect the nork. This un- balanced prOportion can be accounted for in some degree because of the lirnitei area of Operations woich were confined to the stock buildi n3 alo.e. A CO'.31ariS1on of the relative progress oefore and after Dec. 80th will result in a ratio so::e~.at inlicative of the amount of concrete placed under fa orable weather conditions to the time when the temuerature is 810- freezin Ratio‘_£f s t Concrete. The total number of 81. ft. of foms otal concrete volume amounted to Ifl-_---L --..\ y i (I; C‘- flaced is ShOnn as l }M,9?3. h§l7.3 cu. yes. This ratio :f 8;. ft. of fangs to cu. 31:. of concrete is “0.6. The total averaée cost of forns for the construction as co Hpu ei on Dia15‘ ra m #M is 23¢.T1e cos t of fo " 1 one cu. yd. then of conczete will ave r: :e 33. b tiME:S 20¢ or $7.92. In a con- struction p1oject, uni r :11m1 can tlgns the a1 ea in sq. ft. of forms necessary will avere5e 53.6 times the cu. yards of con- A. crete and the cost of f3rmin5, placink 1ne steel haulin5 form materials etc. COMillct e for concrete will agfiroxiuate $7.92 pzr cu. yd. Some estimate of the 1n her of times that lumber fer forming may be re—used can be :1aie us1elly union will vary with the rate of construc- tion. This is labor cost of $7.32 on forms for each cu. yd. of If it is at all possible, 5reat savings may be realized, as.noted}1eu'1inoe1ore, if the office of the architect or designing engineer could so plan the structure in order that the forms might be re~ueed with minimum cost to the largest extent in View of the extreme high labor cost per cu. yd. of concrete. Proper design of shoring and falsework in the office will be well regaid in economies. angerisen 1 labor and cost units. Mention mi5ht well be made L of the relative value of the time labor units and unit cosvs. The En5ineerin5 News-Record Comparative Labor Costs and also those of the American Apirm; 331 CO. assi5n 100 as the index of labor Cost in 1913. This index in June, 1920 reached 273.8 as the high wa5e periodz nd remained 210 (plus or minus) nuxin5: the last half of 1926. The extreme varin ion from 27.h to the 273.8 shows the unsatisfactory method of usin5 unit costs eithout very definite information regardin5 labor charges. (Piftnnn\ Labor in general is a constr nt factor under sinilar conditions and the amount of wcrh oer11rne1 by an ave ra5e man is much the s:me. This unit time should be the better basis upon which to estimate costs. The unit is primal, it seems to me, and in the last ana ysis is the I ‘ a51s upon wliicn the uni t labor ccst is der: ved and t1 e wa5es fixed. 0.. There is a strong tendency in current construction practice to base estimates on this unit, but very little data has been accumulated from actual practice at the present tiu;. he standardization of concrete construction to the extent which this has been accomplished in other construction work such as frame building and brickwork will eventually brin5 uniform results. HA ACZno ledce“. nts and Bi I wish to expze s smy gratitude to Mr. Eu5ene Orbison of Orbison anl Orbison, En5ineers, for the use of the plans from which the accompanying photostats were made, to C. R. Meyer and Sons Co. for us e of pay-zoll da a. 35113.3(:- 1:11-53: Gillette: Han1book of Construction Cost. " Hrnibook of Cost Data. Taylor and Thompson: Concrete Costs. Din man: Estimating Building Costs. (Em? tpanl --____~- {:1 Jul'y 30. 1923 . Construction tower up to 120'. U1- umto height 160'. Cement shed com- plete .mmgiros. S will ifoottggo . 5'4 AV £51 AV 591 b-zll‘ 4o -_ -'-. ‘-_ a- D #2 View of the concrete distribution spouting. Counterbalance. _ _ 'a.—- . ,__-“ *’ 111“'5-_7 ,3 July 33th,1923. Excavating for south wall footin5s. Removing old trestle Drining Sheet Piling with ste u tanner at extreme right. August 2,1983. Cofferdam completed and pumped out. Excavating for wall between machine and finishing b115s. ’ j -" ’H‘fld J #9 August 5,1;Lj. south wall excavatiun. LOUhin5 toward west. ‘/ r“ #0 Au5ust 11,131). View of hiversioe Fibre an1 Papor Co. lookin5 west from f, oQ'. Also note the governwent locks and canal. ‘ - 9.3"“? ‘ - Jo“? v r ‘ ‘ L ‘-.— -fi-‘~‘_“:’;‘: . l “ ‘ ‘- - \fi ‘2 ‘2‘1 . Bin-2 “t i U a- -- -54,“ Looking east from pulp mill t'e: I ‘0 {‘-\‘.:‘4. D '45 .a' August 11,1323. ._‘ if" August 11,191.). Tower at 160'. Charging bin and derrick to right. Coffer- daln o #9 August 17,1323. _u-, h Formin5' for water wheel pit, Excava tim5 for :achine blag. piers. 1.. "NHL 1 I A“ ust 17,1923. pourin5 the south wall of finishing bllil (1 111.3. rs: ya; ’1 #11 August :3, 19“}. l #12 ‘August 23,1E23. View from tower of the footings of machine blig. Re- inforcing QOWGIS set in footirgs. e .. ,- I I l I a — In.‘ ‘K. _. ll“. #1“ Sept.12,1923. First floor of finiahing bldg. ready for reinforcing steel. mJ1' ,.ifi'f ~ 53 “’1'“ mh'” n. whim—7 ”,Fll .vu—— -- _ E22. 1. 7,7////// 1;,“ .5 var” WA/W/t #15 Sept.1u,1923. Critbii5 and cofferdam. Method of bracing north wall forms. filo V ' Seot.l,,10.) West end of building. View from 160'. Base of stock buildin5. #17 Sept.l§r1923' Ready to pour floor slab in finishing building. Note three way reinforcing, spouting from tower. #18 Sept.29,1923. Placing wall in machine building. Note construction of wall forms and pilasters. ’ o l .24.. #19 ' Sept.30,1923. Piers under finishing buildin5. Tailrace of water wheel inforeground. #20 October 8,1923. Preparing to pour walls of finishing building in background. Note platform for concrete'buggies'. v; ‘ V? f '17 17' / ..OV07,l/ZL_J'. lain Iloor of “nonine niildin5 protected with marsh hay. formin5 ior h wall. 3 \\. ‘-. W l ,1 u _)14 ”A. "V n ‘- ornin5 south wall of :achine building. Note tyye of walls ferns w ich were g V 1 raises as buiid'ng gregressed. J .A- is? . 1 ( rt‘t‘T TY“ . L ‘5’; l V_ ‘f- ‘. ! A‘; ,5- ..'..,. 7.1... .* _:~:7.,'_‘,1: . 14‘s . ‘~v F "“t ,\:-.- t 1-1“ _¢ 15; ‘ka’ I.L 01 .L 1‘1»! L-."I‘,l p-11-L--L...1‘|'.’O .\OtC '1 'v‘ tK/A—Ixarl 'O is. , ~.*.\. i- 7‘ n.1,. H ' 1 i .1 C‘1IVL‘ILII fl(,vde'1n . D: L(.)-_.\ :..‘.::l‘~u L ‘A‘V\..C)I‘ L‘ L;'-Ll. A.Z‘Ij&'A4\ Iluly A 13- , .- x “‘1' . - i._.A and le-. USCU to CJver Cuflfllspc. l‘ ' \\\‘LV__ 4| !=;L.‘!:::!!?1‘£iling'li§'4IIVIIV' “‘3‘ ‘7 §\P:’ _.3- ~36 445...; ‘95. 3'5"- r ‘15 a. :3. 2141'" Hide “-Q' t"... 1"“ :-.\‘~\‘-.‘!=“' "1". ‘-‘ ' - ‘ l .— v._g - . '1.- 5’ .t a. ".11: .. rs w ' ' Q‘;?_a . 1 "‘1 . 1 I 1b _. #27 Dec.15,1928. Boltin5, rivetin; setting roof steel in machine buildin5. #28 Dec.1s,1323. Forming stock builliz5 floor, (m-in) Setting roof steel in machine building. l 5 . . . . i «‘03! IA-melw Ur. v _. .V v- 1‘. 1mm #39 Dec. 19,192}. View from the southeast. #30 Dec.21,l_25. Stock building walls being formed. View from the northwest. Setting steel sash. #11 Jan.1o,192M. 1 Setting steel sass. took buildin5 walls 501n5 up. View from the southeast. ‘—_—_ ,. ' . ,3 \ r33 April 3.1;:4. Building practically complete. Pouring last concrete on roof of stock building. «'- . «39' “j r “-0 Ill-[I/f . // '1' " - :II‘I'Ir"’- o.;or-”4"r1: -Q,--- I I“ ’1 I':////’ / / / f' ' . \ " ” ’-" '4 ' , - .'// x // 7 . - , 2 '//,/ ,V 3" ,/ 4/, ' / .,' ., -, l- ,V .5 _I" '1 . . . .- / I 1/; 1 .31., , . ;','." _.'.'-’r_.'v,/ I', M ,<, -, 4. //'/’//éy/ ”4 “ “_ ——- _ --—-- \ \ C c‘ I I I I I 7‘." - .;_:_ A"""‘f‘“ ;\ / - x \{j 1! $1 .1 s ----‘- ---...- k-r---------J ‘\\ \\ 1 3x4 59:70»? Mead, '1 3 I. {,1 / ' f I / cow / M ////¢/ , ' , _' ."’ . 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