. I. . - l . r“ . H 1 N n i W H HIHJIIJ‘HH. ‘ M W H .N. 1 \l 1 I l l .—'|O_s 1| ,mxlcn 1'~a(._‘-§"~-"IE {WCTCPS TO (Ci‘xiSlDER ii\' SHED‘I’T‘JC; 2' HE .53;"<.-'d\'3'l{1!\‘ {FF F“'*’:CBSP’WPOIJS 8‘1’ E'C%$‘L..S w{inane-is {Ct Degree of M. Andrew C. Weidemmn fir 3940 r¢ ’ . . I. A L I o! t . . . \V. 4 I4. i 4 a. ; '5 1,. I l ‘K \ . I! u . ,\ a v v [K ,I. a .10 I. (\ “13:515. - .. . a . . . st! ? . . . ~ _ ~ 1.. . . ‘ :2 Yfio. .. . v .A. .,. “.133; 3:7. .— _ .— SOME FACTOLS IO C HSIDER IE STUDYING THE FIZLLL‘ICI‘I OF PHOSPI’IOROUS BY SOILS T H E S I S Submitted to the Faculty of Kichigun State College as rurtial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree of K. S. Andrew G. Weidemunn -1~ ~1~fm ~ r‘Tflv ‘.‘:'--- “—1“ IN I I l‘ ‘ ILL/m1 C IJJJIJJJ JuJ.LsJ.Li .L The writer wishes to exvress his aenre- ciation to Dr. M.h. 300001 and Irofessor C.H. Spurwuy for reading an! criticizire the manu- script, and to these an& other menhers of the Soils Dejurtuent Staff for their kinfily sug- gestions and criticisms during the progress .‘f‘ J- , --- - 0.1. uhd \40111L. ML 1"\ my“ . rg Ila-31'; rm ' ‘\ \.;l/ “a V;- a 145.31; or Introduction - Historical : “"5‘\ J .. 7-“ ..'_.| .L. ‘3: . r‘" ‘3‘.“ ‘8‘ e.» l.-l{z$l1\l\}ul ( SBVleW TiVG CC; 1131328 of Uork — - - tion studies) feet of -hosyhorous Treatuent "c an.” sunmdry - - - - Conclusions . R '7", .Jl-A lio .~.-~.r- ‘51,"? V J. s—u‘L. +Ld' on acidity - - ‘7 ’ i N g ‘7‘ ‘4 45 IETRODUCTION The fixation phenomenon of soils is by no means new to soil investigators, altho like many other phenomena there are, no doubt, many things yet to be learned about it. he early as 1820 Way (48) empressed very definite ideas concern- ing the fixation of various substances by soils. Fixation may be either chemical or physical and is usually referred to as absorption. There is another term, "adsorption" which is sometimes used and is defined by Patten (39) as "a difference between the concentration or density of a film adjacent to a bounding solid and that of tie mass of liquid or gas that bathes the solid", or "a specific attraction between a solid and absorbed material". There is a feeling on the part of some investigators that the term ”adsorption" might well be dropped. In this work the writer has chosen to disbense with both of the above mentioned terms and use only the term "fix- ation". The power which soils have for fixing substances from solution is far from being the least important factor in soil fertility. It is the belief of a large number of present day investigators that nearly all, if not all, of the material fixed by soils is fixed by the colloidal portion of the soil. Fixation by the soil plays a very important part in prevent- ing soluble plant food elements from being lost thru leaching. Applied fertilizers and materials made soluble in the soil are prevented in this way from being lost while at the same time they are fairly easily accessible to the plants. gs a rule when salts, the anions of which form soluble compounds with C) (‘2 0 soil cations, are applied to soils the cations are fixed, while the anions are free to leach out or unite with other bases that have been liberated. This rule does not hold true, however, in the case of a phosphorous salt when applied to soils. In this case the phosphate radical is itself fixed. he object of this work is not to determine whether or not phosphorous is fixed by soils, but rather to point out some of the things that must be considered in studying the fixation of phosphorous and some of the effects,on the soil, of an application of a phosphorous salt. According to Prescott (40) it was known to Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, that sea water lost some of its taste when filtered thru sand. He states further that LeComte de har- selle in 1725 filtered sea water thru garden soil and then found by evaporation that a considerable amount of salt had been lost. Prescott (40) quotes Gas zero as statin* in 1819 in a text book on manuring that he observed that soils take up soluble substances, a phenomenon which he considered an advantage to a*riculture inasmuch as this fixed mate: ial ma become available later as the plants need it. Thompson (47) made quantitative deterninations of ab- sorption in leer. He added solutions af ammonium.sulphate to soils and then.washed them out v4ith Ma er. Analysis showed that quite a lot of ammonia had been lost from solution and calcium and na'nes ium were found in the solution with the su lp late radical. Way (48) repeated the above eXperiments -‘ with other bases and obtain ea about the same results. Ie con- sidered the fixation due to a chemical reaction. he reasoned that a physically absorbed substance could be washed out with water while a chemically absorbed substance was completely in- soluble. In 1352 'ay published another article (49) in which he registered his belief that tflG fixation of bases was due to tre formation 01 alurii num silicates with the cases used, this, being a chemicali reaction again. Erescott (40) states 8 J.V. Liebig took exception to Jay's chemical theory and declared that, in his belief, the attraction of a soil for salts was of a purely physica nature. Gordon (24), in an article published in 1923 described four different types of fixation from solution. 1. Chemical fixation which follows the mass law, 8. excian e adsorption (one ion ads01oed in place of one released), 8. :t1t1tion C‘f‘ ra io adso orption, and 4. electronic adsorption. Cameron and Bell (7) expressed their belief that fixa- tion was bo+ h physical aiid chemical. They report that when free P305 is added to a soil containing ferric hydroxide it is absorbed in sue a Way tna the more P205 there is in sol- ution the more there will be found in the solid ferric hydr x- (+- ide; that is, the T205 forms a solid solu-ion with the ferric hydroxide and 1e composition of the solid solution changes with that of tnc solution above it. qhen P205 is added to a soil containing CaO a solid solution is forzed also. The per cent of 3205 in the solid pha se increases with increased per- centa as of P 205 in t-e solution until a certain concentration is reached, and further increase of P,05 in tie solution does 0 Cu not increase the per cent of P205 in the solid phase. A defi- nite chemical compound has been formed. Prescott (40) found that, in his work, the concentration of P205 in the solution added to humus had no effect on the a- mount 0: P205 fixed. It is the opinion of the writer tha the above mentioned conclusions could not have been drawn if a much greater ran; e of concentrations of P205 had been used. Schreiner and Failyer (44) found, in their work, that soils which give up phosphorous when leac ed wit water also fix large giantwties of this element when solutions of CaFA(PO sed thru them. This i evidence, in the writ er's Opinion, tha‘ U} ‘ l the more concentrated the phosphorous solution addei Q0 a soil f H H. 5 H. d the more phosphorous it will fix. There is, of course, to the amount of phosphorous Wha t can be fixed by certain mat- eri al. These inve es ti :ators also find that if water is pissed thru a soil hi hly saturated uith phosphorous large guantities of the latter will be removed immediately, but a very large quan- tity will renain quite securely fixed by the soil. Subsequent leachi ings will contain only small quantities of phosphorous, in- dicating that altho the abso bed phosphorous cor tent of the soil is great the soil solution is about normal so far as phosph01ous content is concerned. Earker (57) in studying the selective absorption of soils found that the total quantity of Ca,hg, and “l in a solution of K 1 after treatiny the solution with a soil was not Quite equiva- lent to the K absoried, but the diiienence .as pracLi 'cally equi- F‘ u H I , q .. valent to the amount 01 iree a01u in t 1" J.fl 1e solxrtiont .he foruxl that all cas es of base absorption the solution was 1eft acid. He ? Siggests that a small cu ntity of fiaJOS added to the solution will prevent the liberation of other Vases such as ea and hg. fi’*escott (40) quotes Kdnig as saying that peat that is almost entirely free from calcium and oths r oases still ab- sorbs phosphoric acid. Also that he observed no 4atire absorp- tion. That is, the absorption of water instead 01 salts from solution. 1 peat trezted with r/1o KCl absorbed water and left the supernatent ligiid more~concentratt d than the ori4i- nal solution. r7 according to statements made 3y :atten (a9) Lagergren found that either the solute or the solvent could be absorbed J- 'her more concent11ted or less J (.L ~.1 4» .,- - - m- .: e111 w1e solirtion cords: 1ecche 111 ‘ concentrated on bein; added to the soil. dolutions of HaCl, 101, 3143 L and HHéBr becone more e._c;:.;ated.131en adfed to charcoal While those of Echo , KIOQ, NanSO K180 and EH.NO u w ,4, 4 4 3 become less concentrated. This invesgi4ator found no ch; n4e in the aciui ty of the solution when bases were absorbed. That is not in accord with the findings of no t otln inv sti4ators l:’o:'l;in4 8110114 "51118 line. Patten and Ua44eman (39) found that when 11 hL h in or- '4anic matter was treated xith a manuie extract lor 'n or4anic matter the extiact 1inzlly became more concentrated with or- 4anic nL tcr. This more nearly a preaches th writer's ieea of a case of true ne4ative 1ixation, when a olution actually be- comes more concentrated as a result of some substance being , . 4iven up by the solic, thethrr it be soil or sore other absorb- inr material. C) L -\.._J.L.I;L «Li .‘LJLIJ 1 r | In some p1 eliminery E-rh it Was found that :y treating some muck soils with a 0.1 E solution of CLH,(EO d then ) FL I 4 2 ‘ l ---1 *— .- + ' ~ ' 1 T 11-1- -~ -—:1 -— ~. analyz L4 the s pernau nt llqu1d approliuatcly sil blLCS a with a 0.02 K solution. It is eV1d dent fr 1 the above nentionc result“ that if a nor: dilute solution had been used tiere till szaller amount of phos - - - 1.1:" , : .14- -..~ - fi _ '1‘... 1-1. .J- '--’-‘ - 1,1,. “ t phorous 11led. Le m14n reason 1urther 11du 11 a Ve1; e1 'lu e phosphorous solutioz were added to a soil containing s large ‘L ...,1.1 0 -0 1‘ "fin 1', _ 1-1., .1 ... -1 " ..: 1 .1 1o .1 - g1uht1t by oi ho1pno us the S111 Lduld 41ve up some 01 this 11 J- ...V..2 1 __-1 '1 , .1- 4. _~4 m a -. .--1- ' elenedt 1_1c1 L1t11 4o 10 concentrdtc the 1emain 1.,4 solution. ."1 - 1- , '1 1-.. n -o a ,3, ..._’--J-,1- 1, 1: .. -1 n - 111s, s4a1n, Loul1 08 :1 elamplc o1 Jhs AJlUUJ'o irea o1 true (1 - nefatite iixation. It Las also found (85 0;;1 Khan either 0.10 H or 0.003 I solutions of LCl Lere kept in e:1;act with much soils for a teriod of stout 1; hours the solutions heca e less corcchtrLtei than it was before Zeinw added to the soil, ‘-ilc a 1.0 E solution 01 the same salt he;t in OGHtLCt :itl J_1‘ <3 U111, 91 (I) H (D D C11 5 p P. (I. t L 1 I L c’. ,1' g C C c 71 ’0 H (D L‘A '- 1- . w -4 ""1 r same 1111s 1or Jne s .- 1.1-..- J ‘ ----'-1 . 4—.— ...1- '4— n . * — -1 . ~ 4. -,01.C'.Il- 51:.1:- .\/L 1 4.1.1 p0 09.34.11.1LTH ullv.11 1U Imus JGLOlqe 'u‘izlgA-J C..L-L.ed U0 4.11 - 1° .: .‘.r 40.31.11- :11, , . 1 4-. 1 , 1-11 one 5011. 1n1s 1s s ca1e 01 LLHt 1s csmnonlr called he 211.8 4": ‘A "- ‘. "" fl 3. (‘V . ULOi‘, '-"-LL -i._\,-.lJ .LQ ’ l :L‘ ‘1 H (y. :4 v :- (1 «4- :J (3 O I‘ 9 K - .4 ( C1 , \. H H , I H P5| ("2 s \“ J‘ 1 A .- ’ ‘ ~-"‘ ‘4‘» 4-. Q’\ -1 . L‘ -»-.' i~~~1 undsle to hold as much potass um L3 Hus c nta1qeu in one .«.e: “I 0 __ ‘.1 ,_ J V 11d1eo L; 1-1 .QoWIL. "'_f 1.1 .I.‘1.- .. A J.‘_ . 7 1_ ‘ .1 ‘ 1‘” “ .2 ‘1 ‘ 1 ._ ‘ J- ..’-. ‘JV 3. ,2 _, 7 1' 1“ '.,. In‘_l_ 1) -1 U ‘ L'.« L_, :4- U. -1.) ' .Jij. ‘Js 11,1 1.-l‘$b. UlnL’: -a 11 LI {11.4-1 L- U ‘J ~1, b.5-L‘ iii/’(L 1 O _ 1-...d. L 41 ' 4‘ ‘ .-.. .«~.- , - n-4— 1- -1, n 1.11,” n -- 4-1 ~ .4:- ijLU , .‘b p Suib'le, ruUfC Lu-.'O‘-_U L-':)' IJllel/loz LellLJlrl O... \J"§L| .L. .‘LC. v.1 “11 OJ. -.~ . n -. ~. ' .~“ '1. . ~ ‘~ : -. "' ~ 1. . »- A . rhos;h01 1s Lsgsc1a113 Ly Luci :Lils. 1ou: ng les 01 dek -.,._141. 1 A, .-.1 ‘1 A“: -fi- . . -. ,. L 1 15.“..- . J— r - ‘ -..1.r,1 0203-34 ”1-1-1 "31-2 lJOIA LS ...,-l;:j L-l;_'-).;1'11u {Ll-31'. CCPJS uS 111 1' :‘ . _. . . -‘ a J" . -~ '- 7‘- fi ' 'q ('7‘ ’ v \ -‘ _f‘ ‘\ ‘ ‘v "t tJC Vioinity 0. “Lu CULLEHeo i -LE chozi .L. 1, _. .. _ 1‘ _._ 1 . _. '1 , ,2, 0 --, ‘ .fl ”'2 ‘--. .. A. ‘ . ,_- 7—. -2 ,. ,2 ,L‘ .‘ J-‘ an up), _, .aell ullU-J'l y o_‘.‘ l0-.lOulii_J “'8“ .2; g. ..' -_;-.«_'L a; l mu aux; J.---_ UH. J.1O'L-_JL3 J‘1 ‘ '5 I J‘ ‘ w-~..’_1-.Ie-31 . l ‘,. \y‘\ 2“ ‘7‘. -\ 3‘1‘ [.1 J'- '- T f‘“\ ' f3 "fell 1 ‘1a‘:, . 3-1 ’2, ‘ (‘;‘.“ j (-11 I p~ ~' '1: 1" ‘- l-Ji is ‘w'K-Qj _ . O “UV'LLVI a. UL]. I‘lLngk u -'.-L v-'— 1..) .. LL... “1&ka -- MAL“. s.’ \L-L." 1.; Us.) (1 ,_.J J...“ J_ o r‘ 1 )_~“ _‘ "7‘ - 4.. . C ‘.",'." .___ 4 a f”) .._,.\ .5: .‘ ' . ,,‘.‘_ _ V’v;)b UQUlon C~ DILOLLLIAJ. lb 1...) V‘u; ‘ MC;U.. 6.4. 3.1.0“ 1... .Lt', e IA:1-l-'U:: ...g., '1 is ';:y poorly CrLined Lnd exceeuinjly acid, too Lei; Lo sup- port plant growth. 5. Town Liie muck, Liich is ffirly well 2 ..A, ' ,-, (-2-, 1 7. " #1.. . ° ..._: .21. L1 ( J- l (L1 1‘...” 1 3 J.‘ ,u 2'. - n, - LiLiLed Lnu UJLVlelH “lun u-il do * Lialioi -epu2 LthOL_n it I a v ~. 4" 1 ‘. ., -1 f. ’1 7 1/ 1- m‘ ' ' a“ ' has a pn value 0. loss LLLn 7. 1. Col 636 much, ullCh is Lair- . ' . V f. t -1 ' {1 . '1 . “ ‘ i "L . 2" \~ \ lg .81]. (L Li 1 LLCL only slightly Lciu 1n :oLotion. .11.]. 88.11..- ‘V‘ 1‘ '5 ‘ ‘ J ""' r“ ’w“ ‘ “;\ V .‘ . ‘ a " ’- 5 ' I ‘ ‘4‘]. o .xJL J u-._-;;4.1 4.3011 241' bLLLflapbce 51.5 lile’I.e.;.. T'L‘" «vie )I‘CU. .2t J‘"‘ 'l: V'. A I ’3‘ 9," .0: ‘° —: “- “‘ 1" .“ rv~ " o.’ r q “1 I‘ W Ix v- .t In SULLdiLU LLL iiLLLion oi pnoLphoious 0y LLLLU muols LLe '5 _' ‘1...1 I 4“ ,-’ -‘ "'YI’ . ""’ " ¢‘ . Y'")"‘.'V' ‘. I“. l “ J‘ ’I‘ n 4‘ ‘ Q -~ lolloL143 m€u£~g ”Ls Luopted JLlCfl lS [Lid LimilL: DO L-Lt aL\u _ n .< _ I __ J_ ‘ __. fl 0 _ ‘1‘.“ ' {-1 _‘ _’_\ ,'_“ 3 . o ‘ c ‘. 'V __" i _f_ 3‘71 0 . oy other invosti3Luois: - Alle 3,L L o; inc air iricu ngbmlal . . J (.82.? placed. in _;.l"nr:1v'*“r :lle:s in C..i.‘r:lic:;;';e LIL; fiftv c.o. o; the desired phoL“hoionL Solgtion LCCed. The flLsks were stop- pered, shaken and allowed to stand for twonty-fou: hours, thcr which the liquid WLs filtered off and L phOLphorouL determina- tion mc' Le on an Llia;uot part of the iluiLLe. LL 0 a phosphorous Qeuo;LinLL;on was nLC.e on the or i i21Ll solution. It was found tth on passin3 a 0.10 H solution of CLH4(P04)2 thru L filter pLoer no cth3e in phosphorous c ntent coulu is detected by Lnlesis, L though 3.2. lurain and F.W. ZirbLn (2:) found that a su3L solution was dee more c :3“: trL‘ ted by pL s- siu3 it thru a d”? fi ter papo and loss concent“Lted ty pLs- sing it thru a wet p‘p 3. To Gllkilut the possibility of a Can3e in conoentrL ion fine to pass1n3 tnc splution thru a 1- . r1 1 - 4.- ..- .- 1..— usuel Volume3t11c MCtflOL. r. . ‘5 -‘ \ -‘ - . . (j -v" 1 —. .0 - ~\ '1‘ fl . Ma-‘JI‘ 1 J- -= 1-1 u1nw solutlons 01 elfierent concenursoions. In mak- °- -1 . #1.. pm . - .: . o ?‘-f‘- .1 < 1.-- .4- .- - -1 111, LP Dues; SQlLLJLOIlS 01 oilfe°enu eorcvutithwn a stool sol..-- ' ‘- "' .0“ «'1' ‘1. 1*.“ H ' 1 ‘ . ‘ c ,. o "'I‘ ‘1'”,1 n.‘ J“ t1on ”as 11’st piegwred oy eis.olvilg CaH4(PO4)n 1n Meter ut the (.3 grams per liter. The salt did not all dissolve, and, .1. no doubt, a portion.of lb nus co-n1di,<1:1e 0 other hosghorous compounds. The residue was filtered off anu from the filtrate "I series of dilutions was made by use 01 carefully calibrated ‘ x . ‘, 4- - .. x ‘ . . ,fi .., x.) 1-5,. ’1‘ .' J_- o .N fl_ . ._ “3 I: “ ' Pieettes. Ine soils Heie ulclted 1n unplic1te, as d1,\ULJ oes- 41 1 ' J_w .1.‘ '1. l__ _ 4.1.1. - -14. - .1” .94-,1 1,. A .2. Cl-LLDCCL, “1‘911 LIA—1'3 8.0071": L.-9;lUlOl’led. SOlyuUlOALD. 5&UV113j—1U3‘ 111 L) _L_‘ tge 5111 out it was found necessary to further Cilute the lil- rate before analysis. @113 , also, was done with sref lly cel- ioreteu pipettes. The results of the analysis were calculated g J-w, . 1 - on ole} 06.8 H C) O H.) C +- (J total volume of solution neeed, and are shown in table 1 and figs. 1 to 4 incl sive. The pH Values of the orL n11 mucks are also snown in table 1. Th results of the analyses er the av rs es of txo Qe"'r1nntions which, in most cases checked very well. The " " signs in the table in- Lieate lositive iixation, while the ” " 81; ns indicate that the final :olution was more concentrated then the ori;in;l, WTich is commonly spoken of as nL stive fixation. 0y odaw> mm Hm.m mo.m ob.m Hm.n HHQHHHHQ mm.ou OH.mHoH mm.nmoa n.0b om.Hm. O>.Hooa 05.5ms om.nmoa om.booa m.¢Hn ow.amoa om.booa om.mn ow.wmm ow.owm o¢.oo on.oww ob.wmm om.nH\ on.umo ow.mom Om.oau 00.0mm o¢.mom mm.wn Om.mmb mm.nmm on.m© Oo.mbb Ob.>¢m Om.n I ob.de ON.HHw Doom ‘ ow.omw om.HHm Q moomn n.Hmo mm.mmb O¢.mm on.mmm Ob.owb Om.n + oo.m©m OH.MH> mm.b t om.omb mO.MHb d .mm 00.0mm ¢©.om© omomm oo.wum ow.nno Om.m+. Odomoo ow.¢ao no.H.. m¢.@Ho Om.¢Ho mm.mm mm.Hm¢ H®.5Hm 05.00 OH.Ob¢ ow.wmm ow.nH+ om.nom ooowam ob.¢+. Om.HHm 00.0Hw odoan wb.mmm do.wad Oooam oo.a>m o..mmw ow.mH+ oo.mow quwfiw ooowl. ow.mH¢ ow.waw mm.mw oo.w .mm mm.mam mm.am m¢.©om mm.wan onomH+ Os.wmm oo.mam OH.¢¢. Om.mon 00.6Hn o EQ \fi 0 <14 (\2 02 CJ 0 ( , c 3 H L0 03 O H H 03 [Q LI) 0 K) Q” mo.moH mH.me Hm.m2+ ma HH.HHN Om.N+ o¢.mom OH.HHN m ®¢.HH mm.bm hm.moa O>.Hw wu.mm wm.moa 22.0H+ mo.Hm um.mOH Nb.¢+ mm.¢oa pm.moa dem deo dem @cHo doHHH uboomH dopdw deHm rboooH dmuww doHMH I>oomH dmdwa donw I>OOWH dmdwd .m:; H .meg H .m.u m .mwi H .m.; m .m.§ m .mM: F .mha m .m.: P was m .mna H .mva Hofi.4 SHHH mmoHHoo oHHH Shem HpHohdoou m 3.dHHa:3HH Ho 032: vfifrc .mHOHHd Hpmm oHHoo HHmHoMHHA mo HHOHujaom m:oHo: moHa Hpflh dmperB mHodH pmo HmHHHQ Hash hp aHHh mfioHoHHMQEH Ho .m,: on .LU. 22 § HHS §§H§§$ com 8d 8‘ 3m Hm. . H w .M . ”an? . U. JQQVKQNNHN QLNN >/‘I\\ll\l‘/J°m in P H w .mmtcs Eu: Hufxotcsuuuu EEHEHHEQHu £ nmbbuxtak b HM H335 it: .3 a E m E u m 2}“ 3 .Q oxochocq ”B 5.55% 9335 manta; 9:. an Higgins: uB 52.3: H 3...:th :35 $5. and nsogocmwgk .mmE QR. . Q03 69* 2% RN Qbo 8% 00m; oofi 8. u .HHQ H- Qhfll m a VI”. m f 5 u 2711.: .N _ b. 2 / 2Q“ __ HES, PEN N h E 1| L M win; 2 m naming: Ema .85 SH 2383. HESS .2236 2 .20.: hwmhu x33. $35 5.2: 5:5 2:3. 3 QEQEQE E grave SHE «HERBS: mo 3. 33323 *o a 32:3.“ .H . m 530$. $3.6 .Vmbhc “SEERRQH HHS HHS ob» as. QR 03 .- 98. 8» ca... 02‘ $st w. i ff.» SE 25 .1 2 6H its 3289; H .32: on: 52K 3 2:: “93.33 ,8 c 228;“ @522}. 396 H 8\ “224---“? . t—fi‘ hosfihorous flied. ¥““§“"“ ' mgs. p ..._..- § .. .. 5 n... O N ¢ .hmbhq geocamocq .mmE 85 8» 8b 2.2 8w 3a on» com 8n 09 $3 .0: . .d . m mfi _ S . u 2+0 “ r 1m $2.5 :i L {w . D: .. 9 arm ..<§E wagon mausoxocg‘mocofio zeta»: 9:22? {SEQ or , He see from these 1i dres that the two mucks which w re described as bein; ve1“°y acid 30th showed ne3ative fixation of phosphorous from the more concentrated solutions, aliile the o:her two shoxed positive fixation from all cozlcentrations of solution used. There is no doubt in the writer‘s mind but that J in all four soils there was more phosphorous fixed iron the more conc31mt atcd solutionsthan from the more dilute solutions, but the indications of ne3ative fixation by two of the muchs was urou3ht about by the fact Lhut they could not fix as much phos- phorous as there fins in the water than was rendered unfree, hence some phosphorous was left to concentrate the remaining solution. In the case of the other two mucks the phosphorous was fixed by combining c‘e:1.:ic...ll*r "’ htcalcium which accounts for the greater entity fixed, thus leaving the final solution somewhat diluted. These statement will be substanciated by u rk reported further on in this paper. In as much as the two mucks with the higher pH value showed no ne3ative fixation and the two very acid ones did show negative fixation the next step was to study the ef1e ct of added lirie on the fitation of phosphorous by the very sour mucks. Lleven sam- ples of one hundred grams each were weighed out of each batch of vcr sour muck and mi: :ed thorou3hly with varyin3 quantities of calcium oxide. The following treatments were male per acre, con- sidering an acre six inches of luck soil to uei h 1,000,000}: - No treatment, 1 ton, 5 tons, 5 tons, 7 tons, 9 tons, ll tons, 15 tons, 16 tons, 2 tons and 25 tons. These quantities of cal- cium oxide were wei3hed out and mixed thorou3hly in a mortar with a small portion of the 100 gram sample of muck and then added to the remainder of the muck sample and mixed thoroughly with it. This provided for a uniform distribution of the calcium oxide throughout the muck. Ordinarily the oxide tends to remain in little halls. Uhen these mixtures were made they were placed in jars and ne liter of water added. They were shaken occa- sioially for a week and then filtered and dried and fixations st dies made on them. The check sample was treated with water the same as the rest, but it received no calcium oxide. In making these studies the concentrations of phosphorous were used that 3ave a;proximately no fixation with the untreated muck. The results of these treatments are shown in table 2 and 1igs. 5 and 6. .,'v Taole 2. Waoodiorth muck Treated .=._‘ J- I. _J__ U - The m3s. of Ihosrhorous Fixed by Calcium Oxide. Trowbridge and CaO 11°C LEttI lent Trowbrid3e Xoodworth H {Jr ‘ S 1 C P mgs. P recovered fixed H158. mgs. 3 mgs. P recovered fixed none 1 ton 5 tons 5 H 7 H 9 I! ll " 15 " 16 ” 20 " 25 " C) r?»- 00 H H H H H 640.10 659.40 554.00 651.50 629.50 637.35 619.85 615.75 586.10 551.70 508.50 4.00 5.50 2.10 H Y? 648.80 645.50 558.10 627.50 540.50 505.90 8.80 12.10 9.50 C] O (:3 O F CL) . ()1 O 4.40 Ci] 55.70 58.00 84.50 117.50 151.70 .«osE tosses“; gem nevus 03 2.0.1.. .3. 3 R a 9‘ a e e a .3 a a .2 a. .3 3_ e . h a a“. a. n o 7. 1 \|\\\\ a \\\.\\l§l\\\\ . .0 \ u . \ .M. \ .5 .3K mud n .1 M fl. 11mm 1 O \ 1 r 0M \ new \ x . .m m. .9: 5.3. 53 3 embed 535 88 Amp. \ _ a \ Mm \ . AU \ OUU Q.\\\\. hmwd Mtsk. 0. \x . .0 \ m \ «use: mubtnkofin ma mamaofiqudcq «a CPCUFC msknfiw $320 w I30 .ruxs tqnownn“ to Q hm End 030 at 0K. 2‘ 3 2 R QR S 3 Q 3. [Q 3 Q 3 a Q m a 5 ¢ M r m .n . o 153. 53 ‘IO 5'0 .EQ 90' """'76“‘""“£0" m nc pnaxpha was fired \ 9° _...._ IOO ,. Sum 52% 333.: I10 110 x «335 $23.; booms $~ 3333.3on 20.:de 31x95 EEO I30 "IO '60 19. In pr poring the phosphorous solutions with which to treat these soils concentrations were not secured that gave exactly zero fixation. They were near nough the 1L ht concentranon, however, to serve die puruoxe vgry well. Xe see t1.t by sting to five gusts of the Trowbridge muck fifty 0.0. of solution con- taining 036.1 mas. of phosphorous there was a ie'st ive fixation of 4.00 mas. 1 severe sum lcs of much not treated with 0:0 had received the same G“Cd‘ t1er1t Ol phosphorous solution the iixstion in each case ssould have been t1e sax e, but when the mt -ck receiv- 11L;1AJ 11ty--ifre tons o CCanJun oxide nix; 114s guentlfi*fnmx see with the above neutioned phosphorous solution it fixed 127.6 m4s. of ph spherous. This dii“erehce in the snount of phosyhorous fixed was due to the calcium pre~ ent . She increase in phosphor- ous fixation due to the lime treatment nus hot Cirectlr propor— 1. n tional to the jl1liiodde of the amount of lime udCed. The crcv~~ in ii "3. 5 3.1:; 6 show tin there =::::.s E. Slif'hb il’iCl"<3Li..3Cd fixati 11 '1e increuse in fiLution was much “reutcr yuan the in- creuse in amount of lime adde d. Such variations die in all pro- Eility due to formation of di ffeient eozrou- s of phosphorous and calciuL. These same results in general hold true with the 4-1.1 ' J- '.‘,, 1,1113 DIALG (E1 Woodworth much. It will he iLtCT Hti Q to note at n that he twenty-Live tons 0; calcium 0: :ide per 1,038,000; of muck did not neutralise the Irons id e muc : unL it raised the _ ‘ _n J11 .‘ “'Y’,“ ,. ‘.. _ I ‘ q 1, ,4- . .: n“ A m‘fi ‘ pH V7,;lll‘3 OJ. tilt; awUCLu'Ol‘oil leCU. only Sli. 11137” aduve 7. L15; "0 .0 ..~ . ;-- . - ea OJ. pile Cliofelle 3.01 :1 u v 1 ““v 'F‘ ~.‘\'L- i.l“ Lloj oi thee e u«Uciiuls. (T: gives one an i :horous could us so markedly increased in sour mucks by the addition of line it was thought well to study the effect on phosghorous fixation by hirh lin e muchs 1y removing the line with acid or su-st1tu in; for calcium a base that forms a more soluble comgound with lhOSphOTOES. Accordin'ly two 200— ran samples of the Town Line muck were wei#hed into jars. To one was added a liter of 3 H "Cl an: to the other was aezed a liter of 0.13 HCl solution. The muchs were allowed to remain in contact with these solutions for twenty-four hours and then they were thrown on :ilter T‘in‘rs in lance funnels and allowed to drain. J T2 e nec.:s of the funnels were then sto;pered and another liter of r“ ‘lution awded to eacli one Tiese solutions were allowed to drain 0? C \ er 24 hours and each sample washed with three lite1's of cf - .51 n .J. 3.1 0 rs water. The 3 H solution 01 101 was reeomnended by Gedroiz (16) for su ostitut ion of bases in mi: ieral soils. He reports tiat the major portion of the calcium is usually rerioved frgm mineral Soils by the first iew leaiiings. Gedroiz also used lOfi HCl solution for removing bases from mineial soils. It was thou that a 10; solution of HCl would be too strong to add to an or_ :nic soil, hence the weaker solution was used. The washing was per- haps insufficient to remove the excess of HCl and £01 from these materials. Further washin; was avoided Tecause Justine removed such a large amount of the colloidal portion of the organic mat- erial, eSpecially when treated with HCl. In this case the less:- ings Jere almost black .ith or; anic colloids. After these SJllS .Jere treated “i h C:.H4(lO4 )2 and then leached with water the first leacnin s came thru fairly clear, but with continued le aching the -0 - ' »- -~r '- Aw? ' .-- “Vr - V _, -". " "1'." fl 1 ' ‘. .. ..‘.' ° ‘\ .— 1loeculat1uJ nateiial was renoveu and the leaCAIQUS again ctn tained large guantities of colloids. The fixation stnfies were ”A N . . u 1 .L‘ _' a J_1 - ‘ _ ‘." ': '§ (1., 5 o 11.3, “ -‘_ ‘ made on tn—se soils my the netnoe a ready descriotd ahu salts are shyvn in table 5 and fig. 5. Table 5..- The m5s. of Phosph01ous ?ixed by Tomn Line luck Treated rith H01 an«1with K01 and Substceertlj Treated 71th -h sphorous Solutions of Diffe1 ent Conceut rat 1 on. Treatment HCl K01 :s. 2 H58. P mgs. P hrs. P 4) mgs. P m s. P my ‘ fixed added recovered fixed added recovered 104.14 81.61 22.55 106.6 85.0 21.6 206.59 174.69 51.70 210.4 17”. L0 in H o ()3 (I) (,3 4l0.90 570.50 40.60 418.2 562. U! 0 CI 6 508.64 275.19 55.45 514.5 265.0 2 7 C *1 LO 0 (>1 515.28 475.50 57.78 522.0 462. 615.00 575.50 59.70 627.9 561.2 64.7 717.00 685.95 51.05 7 9.1 60.7 818.40 785.75 52.65 855.6 769.6 64.0 920.60 888.50 52.5 957.5 874.8 62. l 22.50 99 6.90 25.40 1041.4 980.7 60.7 The treatment of this muck with KCl solution incr ased its alkalinity considerably which is in accord 11 h the findings of ther investigators, but the fi'ures do not show that it de- creased, to any extent, its po e1 to 11 :pho phorous. The H01 treatment, however, did cause a cons deraole decrease in phos- J fl phorous fixation altho there was no no ative fixation mani- fested. Had this much oeen treated with a stron5er solution of HCl it is quite likely that it would have shown ne.15 ative fixa- tion of phosphorous from a concentrated solution. The writer has '1‘ ound (unpublished results) that when hi h treated with :01 solutions of different n reated :ith uniform treatments 1 rho s; horous sample dflxfl11reccived.ru)re conc ordnuxmal solutio ,...J-11 .3 ‘31- VJ. <.~ 1.1. I“) {‘0 o lime mucks were 4.1 611911 , 1 .1 "‘ .118 '..u L - C“ A.) olutions the J1 a 1.13" Orls 0.1 Cl :ed - - . . 'fi ..- ,1” . - 1..., , 4- - 4. - -.6 1, ., . corresyond1n513 shallow i1ant1t1es o1 ,hos n01ous. ..-. h in ‘ . f ‘L 1" .‘~,"\q~f ‘ 4 a . 1n. .fl . q fi‘ V s '1" "IV . ..._ . .1 12 havxa seC31 11.t .21-r ac11111uc113_11z 1n1os11u11oe1,-1151- :horous he'at° A ' 2.2 :1;1;[ i1x:xm1cks )1 -. . . 1. 2). 4. .. . \ . - - .~ . 1 ..‘w 1 - phos WHO‘OLE 1166 CJLCprra30) SulL lOLS alter .ne" are caged ’ . ' ‘. c . .5 ‘1‘ i 5‘ o "‘| ‘ Y" "‘ ‘1 ,-" “ ‘ l ‘1 l“ . v *1 ‘H , / .1Jn held. ID TChLlLS no” to CHJJ an explanation £01 th- so- ..J._ - ..-1. .j r)... OfiLLS .‘ILLJ. .‘ ..- ..- ‘-,, ~-‘ 3 o~y‘-‘ +- I.“ 4-. . wu- A) ~ — I vs .,— - . 1’. 4» -I . ghosghorous 21d water 111,1 sou soldtions o. L trat ‘ 10218 . ”“113 '11 1- 1- - .. m 1" .3 1 1 ‘1‘" ' 3.1—. n rm r.- .rcw ‘ w '7 1-9 LL11..- 06 -x... 'v 1-(J._CL VJ' U11‘MQL A. LKLV-~L.J ar‘v-S C‘ (:51 n J‘C‘A‘I 3 “'1‘," 5 IMO . . .. 5’ "\~H ’“fi ,7: -.. -.ud 1.x, LIVJ. ..K/ ‘u.-OL 2-..) L€Vl '0. . )Oba-UkkbUQ \._, , - - .033 ° 1 1- - ,1 J- ..., .1 L ,1 . 3.1-1. . 5 :1 - 3-1 ‘ 8001210 0001.11.51 -11 o ..cto 6-2 66;. 11.11160 111 on 111111.]. ch t t». .: .-. 1 :11; ”F151;: ” oe- J,‘ .L -0 6.16 8.330111168 O1 ' fl 111erert concen- I- - .. . .1": ‘ 1-1 53 '3 1 111656. 0" 118 ". J5, - 1“ 5 1 1.111.. of... .-y pc- or— — ' ' ‘di4‘f‘ J1fr Eblloll i‘ ’11:)" ‘L‘ ' ‘ J" '"J ' .'- . ." " r ""‘, _" . r- l‘. J-1‘" ‘1‘“ q . ‘L‘ 1“, ~ ’ ->~ . ‘ ‘ w ' -3121 60 1 {311th for 2:. ..6 Cl. 111 1.11;. UU... . 61:0. .. 61.0135 .-- _ e 11’). a. 1.8231” . J- . - .- n ,~ : A ~ -11- ° ,- ~ -" ’.’ ,2 1 rr. . ...“ » .1 M 2 1 Cd. 602.‘ O urcl‘ 6'. 6.111). “361.4. \JlKDL/l 01 111-75.) 2' o 11.8 333112123 01. 11826 G— vd I -4- - s . 1 4- -r3‘1l>:in:u-U;O:13 L’J—a ‘x/ US‘U ../L ") r‘“ '- ' 1 TT-- .- ,-. . -- ' I“ A _ . ..- .._._ " J 1.‘ T-. .. -.. - . .. .nlole 4. - T10 i‘ ..UVCO.JA} ouell.xllont gun. onztlh..lo0 u.o f ‘0, _4 .L ’ _, | °' . 1.. - . o - ... j 1-”, +1 .1 - -.v ‘."f‘ ..v- .\ ~03 aid;— UK- -) -lJ-L‘\J '4") bAl'J Li]-mJ~ \J‘JAL- C t\l:L “..‘4 U- .Ok.‘ ’ (Kl... 'Jlle ’ i ‘ 1“ (V ‘1 . -\ J‘ a . ' ‘1' I ....1'. 1-3 Meet. 3. L:;-lS an.) 1’12. 5 _ ‘9 If 1 7’” q- ..." ~ :1 K) fol-1V- . ".‘ 4- -,__._/\_ ,4]. V.,‘,IJ-,.. ‘ _ Kane 0; Lucx huvsosooyio ooe_iieieno Ln-roe -wuei w H» ‘ --.-$ " » . . *7“ .LL‘O r”; .LCLUe lLOCB AIL/.0 -«r 1”, . L7 F‘ ‘3 V ”ooudoron 15.44 uU.8 rm. . r r: r » ‘ L‘Jnll Lin l'lob 1,)qu f' " Col 180' e SC.CO ob.7 .., —. ' r n ,- , 1-. 1 .1... s - .-:~.: - ..d s 4., .- J» .. , ,- illole 1.3 ul bl- .‘il ‘OLLL-J u1_~-_..b.._)‘§il\.ae 78o No.1. «”12, 1111.: -ee JCI‘ ' t ‘I ‘1! W 1” '1’! (“f1 7 . 1 "" .0 '1 ".“,'\ t 1“~ 6 'V“ j“ ('1 t «'w 5‘. “7T ' ,;-{'_ Uan LJ lOQuoklu COTJLLiC- 5...; O.~ Ul-\u.‘2v ..LLKJ.;'.{.) «...-.3 Diloa ..1 .111 . v- - :- v . .-‘. J- ..J— -:n. - ,. n .0 hole 4. lo 13 (glue poo idle 'l¢o noionoi out o- ligures re- . .-. . 4- JJ , .‘ - 4. .0 r. -' 1'-) m .1. .2“ .. . . J fi,‘ .1- , J..~ A preexno one &MQULU i under Lane on 34118 111 bone ou. 0. on. -.v. '1 _ .. J. - , .1 _ ... in. .0 ., , .1. l 1‘ _, - .4. “. .1 ,. --- 4.. . :role as a..o;meni.. In '.-J 0. «ALL‘ -ucb ..33 .siu»r Lttuifloddq ..-. a ' - 1-K ..'\ ' .-- ,_ .: ., .. .. 4-... :1 ,- ... J. cf £18 lJ-lu Ul-e .. l‘lufllfi {-3 0 J ~J»~.L-¢-CL in mv.1:i;lk; Li::C~L./..OI1 S VJ. ..L \Ja , DO - , D J- . , .. , - L , - - - .r. .. ‘ 1, .v-, ., .... .z-_."‘=._, ..4. .0 afl‘lVd a. u 80; 1-.“ CU 1-.31L..Slu.'l ELS o0 hOu' 1..U.Cil nu... UCI‘ ...-S Lion-.311 OLLu 0.1. J‘ '\ “. " 0" 1 - ‘ I, V‘ “ 4‘ "‘ r > ‘ 'r‘ J‘ ‘ {1" ‘ 1 a. ‘v one .01; g” a SOLJERIU .; :om— oi 02-88 FTKflLS. in; :ollo” ;_ is .‘F:- ‘~.. - l Jug-Ll til 6 .1. 55' ...O shuuy oi found in l. 50 co 2. 765 5. 765 solution added in each {1"3 . q «Fix :.n.t ce Air] ‘JLJ— C. Lhosphorous izeiLne ion, d. 15.3 Solut cc H20 held unfree by 1“."'(" has- host dilute 1.821 filtia ...-.2 i011. =I; te. I A rfirvrj L.) 4r . \ ,lv »‘/ phosphorous recovered "iWures *“u ‘..'e f izaation 0y 9‘ f‘ who 5“ of 110 in 50 cc 7 a 1"? I' 116 aulfe lol 03]. sol r p ptooohorous in 1 cc of above solution used. phosphorous in l Oi Uoodworth muck and re obtained by 0’) fine on use ‘ u l V e, when no “0 evi- bias! 11m“ .....lU ioned iive graho air dry much used. afLir treatin soil with above mentioned 24. 7. 50-K : cc of free solution in all cases. 8. lo.3X - m5s. phosphorors n aster helt unfree by soils when no fixation ass evidenced. 9. How if we assume tha' soils will fix the same amount ..., I of phosphorous re;.1ules o; the concentration of the solution added, then 15.3K = m5s. phosphorous 11 red by soil from most dilute sol- ution used. 10. Then 15.3X +1.821 (50"X) = n53. phosphorous in 50 cc AM ‘ of Um; most cilute solution used uhich was found to be 109.27 11. 15.51+-91.L5-l.€21X ' 1C9.27 2. 15.479X : 18.22 15. K 3 18.22 - 1-55 3 cc H20 1? de unfree by5 13.479 1ied muck. 14. This muck we found to hold 8p water when air dried. Than 5 5ravs of air dried Huck ecs'sted 01 4.6 5rams O l muck and .d 5rs s 01 water. 15. 1.55'*.4;= 1.75 cc Held infree 3 38¢. The same method was used in de t~;ninir5 the amount of water held unfree by Trowbrid5e muck. In mu;in5 these Cetzrminstions it was necessary to assume tlm t soils fixed the same amounts of both water und phosphorous '° rom solutions of any concezitzstion which, of course, is not exactly true. Althou5h the figures oh- tsined in this way are not exactly correct they Hill serve in the attempt to show the cause of ne5stive fixation. For this work samples of Trowbrid5e muck and Ioodworth muck were wei5hed into Erlynmeyer ileslzs as already explained - .. it 1 _ q and as much ws‘er added to each sample esAwould hold uniree. They were then treated with phosphorous solutions of different fl fin '1 ‘ r": _. r' v W h . - 3 (~ '0 . ‘V' " -. 1 'L ' V“ ' 1" concentrdd-018 as sirea‘y expls1ned 2-1d th: 111at10n QBuCILlnm- tions made. The results are shoun in ts ole 5, and figs. 1 and {‘0 Table 5. - The Q38. of 110 oslhorous Fixed by Very Acid fucks 'ith as finch rure Hater hdded as They Wonll Hold Lilli-:1. e e O Trowbrid3e Iguck, 5 3rans Joodworth finch, 5 3rams 1. 0 cc Hater 1.4 cc water m3s. P H33. P n33. P mgs. P m3s. P mgs. 2 added recovered fixed added recovered fixed 103.62 94.41 11.21 1 3.06 27.68 13.38 2 0 209.09 190.2 18.89 06.3 183.46 22.93 312.54 302.16 10.38 309.86 286}00 23 .86 416.00 408.73 7.27 413.05 389.85 23.20 ”19.17 515.30 3.87 516.63 492.35 24.28 624. 65 613.76 8.89 619.82 592.19 27.63 730.00 72 .32 9.68 723.00 698.75 24.25 835.35 8' 13 “'3 “=- .1 11.21 826.20 793.20 33.00 7 940.80 0. 10.08 9539.58 905.80 35.58 to C] to 1046.20 1033.3 0 10.10 1032.70 1009.00 23.70 The 1 cc of water added to five 3niams of mromiwdbe muck air dried was sufficient,with what water was already in it,to mak 26“. Likewise the 1.4 cc added to Uoodworth muck was U1 sufficient to make 583. Table ard Figs. 1 and 2 show that when as much water is added to a muck as it will hold unfree there is not much Variation in the amount of phosphorous fixed 51 the muck from solutions of dif feie it concentrations. There is no indication at all of ne3 ative iixation. It is evident from th; results of this o;k that if Lleie were so.‘;c meth od of determining accurately the amount of water q that a soil will hold unfree it 2:31:10. he more l'l'.ill"l;' possible 4. b '1 J- ., -._ .. - 4-1fi ) 3.. .1- _,-. L£3_,, ' _- J-1 .L. 3‘ , _.., ,2 ° . .' . - o detcinine the elac a: ount oi nutciial bpub one 2011 Honld N fi from solution. Effect of Ihosyhorous Treatment on nciditi. ye have seen tln t the acidity of muck soils has a remen— dous influence on their ability to fi1- Mh spherous. It is in- J... te1eSti1n3 noH to note one e1: -." a treatucnt of CaH4(P04)2 on the acidity of the soil. There is grits a ‘iffeee ion a: on; 1n.es i :ators as to whether acil thosphate will make soil sour. Bur3ess (6) found that the agilication of acid phos- phatc in VLP"iQ a '1.t caused a slight decr2ase in acidity. Conner (10) obtained alout th“ sate esults. horse (55) fo“n that V2rv lit le change took place in the K-ion egncentration of soils that had been treated with acid phosphate for a period of years. Skinner and seattie (43) resorted a sli3ht increase in soil acidity due to the addition of acid phos hate to some of t_:eir field plots. Coe (9) found that lumo-phos effected the - .. r' ,.‘2 _' . f) ‘1 _' Jr??? .1. J- 2 .o 0 a". 1 q.” _ n- .1 _,_V “no .. \1'1- 0 reaction 0; soil tHo to thiee inches ataJ from he-e the 121C1- . I" ,-1-. c uf‘ -‘ -: ‘ . 4“ " . —n'-1..‘ A. ‘~ ._ "‘. a J . __ H I I .. 11203 Has agplied 1n the hill, the enan3e in 12action depe Ld1n3 , , HL .0 a ' 2 . \ \ 1 I the abount 01 ie;tilise° ’ lied. 4r ’\ . ~. " ~ ( f~ . ~ '. '- : I} . ‘V -..“ r" " ‘l-" 1 f‘ ' . w W' y "‘ " " 1 ‘4 . 111-33 1110;,‘01_.‘..1Jt3 111 2.01.0111" 1011.10. J" 009 .33 (10.0 00 8210\‘3221‘18 d d I L H *d L) *‘3 A KC! 0. V :J ”5‘“ ‘7‘ ‘ . ‘f. '\ ‘f‘ e". w‘ . ~ 1"»fi1 "g“ (1 . t1und that acid phospna e uupllefl on the 2231s .A. 4" ‘4' ~""\ 4-: 'r-.j ' --~'~.Jq n 7 ' 1' ‘ ' ~ “N °~ n '2'4- 01 hill lbrblll tion canned a; in ed1:;te 1n crtasc 1n .ClLl V. (1?. 4 " -r~~ ' "-7;- w. - 1“ l v 1' -f‘.’) -. -.H_: .3.‘ 7 ‘ r.‘ ° - -’— \— ’ In was 01 a 113 Hnicn are poorly dullered Hitn basic naterial, such as CaCor or easi 'ly “Jdioldzaole silicates and do not con- U tain a very ar3e amount of iron and alumil1um the acidity of the soil solution p1 oCuced ;r the hill a3; ication of acid phos- phate was very slowly neutralized. In case of neutral or basic i 13 c o 111‘; L- i ni n3 1113 e I‘.: 111‘, M. «'W' ,. 8 iron and aluminum the acidity cddsed Ev the acid 1hooentte figs rep; lv neutiulin; mhese results even to izficete tlgt the azidity or l.ck of nei— City l.roC..1.ce‘1 by e;jl*in3 acid jnoeplete to soils depend u;on the :2. unt o; c CL 3121-12.11” “need ...-1 '5.1e -21 01 the 'oil. After the phosfhorO‘s gelxtions were renoved, hv 1 l ri;3 fr» Jet 'nrious su-vl s of muck used in this aor: the pH Cettr- ninetions ~re LLCS on th- res1due ef the electro;e*ric method ‘ ~ ~» —. 1;“ '\ (7‘ 1"- "'r‘ 1 '1 ‘ (‘_ .‘. "1 1‘, {-1 J , \ . J‘- 1 5. J- LO'CQldud Dy speruey (do). I; ell ems - .13 m1 sph01'01is tiedo- ~ " "1 ’_1 . T " a“ («7‘ ..O ‘ ' '1‘ ‘n \' ". ° ‘ - Ients ne1e mute 1n e plnlte. inereiore, tgeie ”:3e , in all .. ,1 ‘ f .-.. -- .~ 1. , N ., .. .. q ‘ - ~. 1—1' a... ..o,‘ ’_" '3 J- ,.,,l_ - elses, thllcwud in 3les o- 1es1 de 1or pn us 5-1iLwtions. Cue .0 a 4“ 3" h - . t‘. J“ n.“ -‘ '- 4-3-1 "'/ “.11.? a r: "2‘fi ' ° 01 each SCU 01 hhpllCubes throw hodu tie .o_1 us seeded .1th n - J. '1 '1 "' " ...- J. .~ -. ‘ . '1 -. ‘. 1’ .‘_ .. , - - 3,. 4oO cc oi disuiiied Hebe: .elore the pH deter in tion “ls unde, ver“ . ‘1"‘L‘1u -'\.- -‘ .J' 1_ ,1 . ." '1' . ‘ "'I' ~\ ‘ ' ~: 1‘ - x; . ,‘O 1.2111119 on Una, o uner the do 1.111111. 1011.1-.s made .1 11110111., 1 (1.0111113. /‘ - Table 0 shows the pH velu o; the Clueriels untredted, sit- treatment xi oh lnworoiouo sol’dtions of diffrr01t sense tretion, ent wi‘tcr en’seuuent washin3 31th 400 cc 01 ”ltor. The phosphor- ous treatments referred to are tlose gian in teole 1. its of f'ect of the CeH3(P04) on the acidity of these soils 03. as seen inch 0 k sore clearly in fi3s 7, 8, 9, and 10. 28. nm.3 mm.n mu.m no.0 wo.m no.0 Mm.m oo.>ooa m¢.3 >¢.n Hm.¢ mb.n no.0 mo.n 3m.m o¢.mom na.m m¢.m om.HHw 03.3 mm.m m¢.¢ No.0 mm.m mo.MHb 3H.n m¢.m ow.¢Ho no.3 ww.m om.¢ mH.¢ om.n oo.m 00.0Hm om.m m3.n om.wHw bw.¢ HH.3 §>.3 03.3 on.n wo.m oo.mHm o>.m mw.m o¢.m 0H.HHN 3m.m mb.3 Hm.m 3H.m 30.3 n«.m uo.m m¢.n 05.0 mn.n ao.n Hm.n um.m0H w(mmwi womeW dmxmwr dmdm w cum dm Ham dew do H:H 623 Has a: :3 Ha. upwmma dmpwoaa :HUHH )-wHe dw>3mHm uHLHHo dopwope dopmee nHmHHo dmpamaa dmpd aha IHmHHo Ahawud; ommHHoo mSHH mace QpHoadoo: odeHonHB IonH mmdv dwddd 3W..mm£ .Hmaja Ho 00 003 SJH: mstma.:, pflofiaomndm Hmpyd 6:5 onH33szo ozoo meHonHm Ho mSOdeHom mdoHonmmonm SHHS psoapcohe prMc .dogwmrHQD mfiop: Hdok+ wo ofiad> mm mme I .o magma 68936 gestadcq. .35 82 as» ea an. 8» . ca, . .8». cam 29. 3mm QWMEHHQC I! « EN, QQx 13311.11“! 1 Nu m Rudy: 1:.' ) E SAN $VKT ICHL V. _ $55.53 #533333, Soft: 3:33.33, «@Sfiuu is) 8:8: «SHE mmutoiofi .8 min: ‘39: maxkofi E30 .yb.\.>l’§ . (A. 5".l .,.-.'O|. I‘.‘ivil..t‘|at.bvll’-blin?’\ >IL‘I'D v-o\.FIVO.pt ‘bfiubvl~"!lrtu,’tifll‘l‘.§.‘ ninna' l.cl>vb.‘é 0(3Ir l.).’.5'?\.l'll..|ll.lco"lly I|I. Ill'l III I’V'IP-QIID “My“--. ...» all name- .3033. 3.935321 .me g3 2.3 3% «6x .- . any..- .3 $3. 3: cam com 2: o 0. Z a. $st 1ftaitr§tifllifll ‘ - ii ,m 1 it: - 1--...3.E.u§t: :..----£1-22-_.-T--...-i.,- T i. ..u a m m m an D $55.35 +cmswmm§m .335 .s>> has its .3853 EB 3:3: in E 5: 3.32s. b 3% E 2: 3:35 c3: 0 _ ... OQQ 31. max. .3» 36d. .3. exocqwfixx .33: 0%. 5R 2.... 3% SS 3.. 93.. 8x .0, 3Q “3.5.9.63 .23: 3.33.... .5052? was 5.3) «fiOQKI am $22 H5423: «935 ms: 55$. *0 maxg 332$ mfigefi. EEG pl! value. 55% .3633 3303.33 .35 . Rm Rx 6.3. an... - 3» ca. 3... 8‘ .9 mm .mFEwS: +:m:wm3:m «3033; snack); «Equituu Ft: 3833* «82: 39.th 8 3:5 to. of E .365. 5:20 ..-... m- . _. ._ p/l value. 1a 3' Ha ) D Lhe most conceitriLod cf- C.i ..., 3, :1 13 I-J' C '. uu acidity 1 _J l 0) 1{’\ olution t1. k P‘ of the 1roxo:idje muck the 'het of the ori inel soi 1n; 0‘.“ \Ia. -aue aft leaelz m m .r a ’. r1 1". case 01 LLe 1o~n Line due to the ph sphorous ire ZCO cc of rater Since the neiCpity of r~ ya u U a. with ph horous the difference solution ‘3‘. 1 k‘oA ’y“.’.‘.(‘. (‘1 1 inc e in acidity, and rw b T\ ‘, hosphorou solution, the J. 0’“ (LL; .- fi , ’. -, ‘ 0" not C11 erLnue 1 "I 01' *he phosphorous solutions 1 - I‘ - I.~ . J- 'oO n r: i—J O L' lute solution Gown 4 Ks; (‘1‘ .LL; olueion. e eLun e lue of AC) .b F?) ion 0' L‘ phosphorous .'.‘ . O 031 " u L e 1118.]. ~-.J Late e11 That is xere more nearly h phospho n In the case r:"”' ‘11 c... LIL/1'. .--' “MS muck 11L original U.’ p‘ r -~ ‘. I," U.‘ '1 -. .- .. 011e9e mueLs .o a - a . vv- 1. 1- A... -.: 4-1 1L1.1L “as not romoVed my lose in. .1Ln LV 1 .. . - on; .L , “1e 'Tr03311iu_e unufl: ous JLAys 11LCI'-31.13- (\ ‘ _' ~1 ‘3 f‘ 4- “'1 ’\ ~o 4F, . . "V V 911- Sidiserjierlu L-“sni11 1A1111:1t .Axs -1). .... .~-‘ -v : ‘ " J-‘qflw - - J lLLL' '1 11 (Jul)- se 11.0th le-c‘zizfgd; 1:; Eric to the foe t‘-.:1t the 17110;:31111101111 triat- ucnt ch1xgco LhL Leia L1op rtics of 3: soil in such a way that *ley coulC to roLoVLW by emc-inx ; oh ngozr. r‘:3.ble 8 are fi;s. ll 2;C 12 Lom~ the p: vglues o; 110#9r;ijo ahd.oodwo1th much :1 Lted .i a v;3"1 * Cuautitie" o1 C; and srlmxy;‘:LL1;' : -1tea .ififi1zi gi* it; t'wit cut M luz'oho1 us so]:- “tion with LLC Without su so 1c:t ;;sh‘ng. Le see fr m these figures thst adding CLO to “L? Ero1briflge muck at the rs e of 25 toLs to l,CCC,CWU youACs of muck 11o not b“dflwl it. :“Lt ;uct gives one an 11?; of the "xtie: L1aeidity of Lhc sail. Th sore trestuent o; CLO “aisc7 the p; VLlue of LLe jood w101th me to 7.51, scncxhit siovo the neutrs point. Che phooghorous t111LNLAts iAcriLsefl age {Leid1t-r o: Lhtse SfiilS cons1631301y, but a levy? 901‘ion of ‘h? 1383-121 L‘~.a3’i":.i“*r :;s remove- Cy lc:;L}.i11f_;.TZ1e errvzs in fi,_;s. ll Lnd 12 shozx that th‘: phos- phorous tr.st.:;tso- L313: Loils cause a grain; r se in their pH value with inCIC;BCd atelicijien; 0: line until a certain °‘ " ' A‘ " 1 " '7 I "J . ‘1 . J- {1“‘ . ' ’ 1" {A 'f— '7" ‘1 ".m- " ' ,7 V ’7 ~ 5') ‘n 04 hoe use ae1eluy. LLlS Cudguu pines plefie at 3 pi vwlae 01 -~..-—— - r '0.- ' 'r‘r‘ "“ vv . V 1' ,~ 1“ '1 ‘ ' r‘ . " f . “ '.- .1“ 1" “ . . "' :~- ..11'e-_11..... Vela 4- 111 ..w 5.1 e- 111; -.--u. 13 , i1 1 ell p-30 1.5.5111 -.y, L08 J- L, -O -.—~ ,~ J- ' r- —3 {\ ha . an {a . ~ T'V . « rV ‘flt‘ " ‘3 .r- 1,0 U119 11,311-11 011 01 .111 1115-0111110 14101-11111... e. U; 11:11 1y ‘1: 1e breed. J in such curves occurs h: her on ghe pH scale. Table 8. - The pH Velves of ”rowbriége and vauuoruh ILuek Treated 1i4h Di fierenu ’uuntitic-s of 0&0 @116 Subue1ue1tly Tligbed with a Iniform Anzount of 3H4(P04)2 1it 1 and xi thout QLeoChvau dashing :191 453 cc water CaO Treatment frowbridge muck Uoodworth muck .0110 + CELI'34(PO€1)2 .9210 +CaH4(PO4 )2 111011e .‘iashed. 150 t .410 Le Washed _1:o tfi‘ ‘5..‘-‘ 1. T. 1, fi 130.8380. 14.811801 09"“ None 0.40 3.5 5.04 8.82 3.64 5.11 1 ton 5.5’ 5.74 5.16 5.90 5.74 5.25 C. C] O I") H 1?. O l‘ ') C‘ O r\ 11> . 1 CW (*1 ,p. O [.1 CO (>1 0 \1 <1 ()1 C, 1 0 (fl 0 ‘1 1b 0 ,1: (>1 1% O O 0 (>3 0 ()1 10 0 L0 <1 01 ,p. 0 I}. 0 ()3 0 LO 0 w ()3 O ,1; (:1 ,1; O t c 1% O 1...] C] 0 ht}. o 03 C. 1?» o H C] o (31 O 1 ()1 O C ,p. h 0 C1 b] (I) 0" 0..) . ll " 4- .95 0 C1 '1 Q 1 Q q 01 O O (' 1b 0 C *1 ()1 5.97 4.09 0‘0 L1 0 (.0 to O O ,- O - LO 1P 1% O 0 LO 0 19 (I) 1> O O I 3 4 8 2 " 6.05 5.16 4.06 6.95 5.11 .4.02 l 25 " 6.78 5. 6 4.09 7.51 5.21 4.09 E COL-L E13 M‘CHiGAN STATE MN ., bfii ...... ..... ..... MN .wurgwogxgi Sea 03 m: ok .a; a, .3 t .. 2. .2 . 2,131}: _ a... 9: -.-~\.-..-,.Ea.,e.. .-.; x. T u 1h. 4..., m- '1‘ .1.\\ . w $55.35 .2. 3333... 305.5 bad 5.12.. «Auoqvetuu e6 #:1581884 €35.23 6 SE: Umtgmt 15:33:43 use Dub .32: 45331: «”35 mmhriniot .3 $33K at 3:85. £386 1 In it}: .1‘ t-'{\([ ..tt D”! ott’tutl’ttfr1t 1 ItIIUUIB1Dt‘1.‘I:I,tI‘1 «1|-II1O1IIIKII'VI1iYOVb' 3? 1. 1| u . v. 1. .10.. '11 111..1 11“O.'x . DOD! .1'I... 11)|}1‘0 t w.- *.HDk-M‘o-~“ll.»~-' _\\...._A.. *Mym.‘ t .A L _L nil unluo £935 Rouuseox‘ tum 960 23k BS 03 5.42 339: «6:8 $23.23, 18 2:3 inf 9:2on EEG hu 3‘ mu 3 a 2 2 2 1Q i , a Q t .3 s a k 4 1m. 4. n. u 4 0.4 7” mm. 5 y ..., m 84$ . w 111\\\\ \\11\1 \r‘? \1\.\ 11111111114. . llll||1111 \11311\\a3\\\ , . .\- -1 1 K— 111111411: . 44111111111111“ ) .. -1\1\-\ . _ Mme. 3: he: «chavrtdreao 1-111111 W . . at _ 111111 «firOQrfido.wm a, \1\.\ > . w _,1.111|I.|..11|1||1111|111|11111\.11|\\ .‘MCWGK ; 1W 1 .040 .3233 E 21523 m Sufi ES firs _ £8,348 . uB #23: we 95 E 43.2: e 5.; 3.39: 33333:». . _____ 5 ,‘11‘1’ ml ue. The oieak in the curve at a pH of 4 in this particular case is due to the high concentration of phosphorous solution used. lustin (2) found that in titratihfi Solutions of CaH4C£h)2 with alkali similar Er3aks in the curves were produced which varied with the concentration 01 ph03 phorouss Ml-ti on used. The higher tic concehtiat10n 01 the phosphorous solution used,the lower on the pi scale was the trcak in the curve. Table 9 {L316 1__fs. 13 5.118 14- she-:1r the pH value of Term Liz-1e muck treated xith Kol and with HCl and in eac case treated with phosphorous solutions of different concchor;3 ens with anC Vith- out s beeglcnt ”as hing with 400 cc of water. The KCl treatment left the soil much more a kaline than it was ”efore treatment, while the HCl treatment reade it more acid. The treatment with Phosphorous solu ion inm 3a sed the acidity in each case, but, as pointed out before,the increase in acidity cried with the difference between th acidity of the phosphor01 solution and he soil. The inc: ease in acidity due to the phosphor- ous treat;m ht was entirely removed by washing in the case of the soil treated with HCl as shown in fig. 14. This we true also of doodworth muck treated with phosphorous solution. as shown in fig. 8. me increase in acidity due to the phosphorous treatment of tiic muck already treated ;ith KCl ”as not 13R 1ove d by washing. This is in accord with the results obtained with all mucks of hidh pH value used in this work. (1] (O 0 Table 9. - The pH value of Town Line muck Treated with KCl and with HCl and sudsequently Treated in Each Gas with Phosphorous Solutions of Different Con- centrations with and without Subsequent Hashing with 400 cc water. *Phosphorous Treated wit KCl Treated with HG Treatment CTiQI' Treatedi Treated* Origi¥ Treatedi Treated nal with and 1a with and Phos. jashed Enos. Iashed 7.03 6.09 6.05 5.64 5.52 3.72 4.70 4.92 5.35 5.67 ‘.7' 4.31 5.09 3.55 (‘1 P 3 .6 m “>- O H \O ()1 O O ,p. o O 01 ()3 a *Phosphorous treatment sh wn in table 5. 08\ 40. .83; 3&0335. .35 use Em and Q3 3“. 93 8m. 8m “S .Q st (0‘ \wkcs 3333: s. 333 sofas Es $.25 «leases 5.1538: 3.3.3. 33% use Ck SSS Baum: 5:8 25 85: UB 3333 Saga? 3 Eu Wunfuo . ...; Q ‘- QfiQ 41. .wabd .3. mg 30.8? 3E use “as QR Ru. 33 8» sea .3 \ sf , 1 egg}: . 1 1!} 1 83.851 [If 1 ..scEwes 2.13333. «305?: has its «nudestuo it: 13:81: mtzmssmmgw CI 5.3) beget 1G: E “E J 53.x Vs ”ME? to. N833“. cacao 42. Every sample of much treated with phos:horous solution throughout this work was made distinctly more acid and only-in a fei cases was tgds acidity removed by leaching. It must be remembered that these results are not comparable with those ob- -' .‘ . . (1‘ .4 I a J‘QH" . \fi‘l , J<-: '-.~—~.'-q. 1- \fX ~' ~f‘.-i .1 J— - .1 . dined 1n a.riculto1al wract1ce and these 11cts do not necess r— C." ily dispute the statements of investigators who say that appli- cations of acid pho s19 hate do not make soil sour, for the rate of plica tion 01 :hosph011ous in this work is far in exces s 01 any ever used in agricultural practice. The only cases in which in- vestigators report any considerable degree of increased acidity due to acid phosphate treatment is in case of an unusually large application. SULLARY l. Phosphorous fixation studies were made on two very acid muchs and two more nearly neutral by treating them with solutions of CaHé(P04)2 of Qiflel"el-b eonc 111tr tiors. .1 .13. A, -.. - .1 A. J- .- .- .1- -9 .- / ,. ,. .04. .. These stud1es Here repeated on one 01 the latter a1ter to treatins one sample With 101 and one with H01, 3. Phosphorous fixation studies were made on the two very acid muchs ey treat in: them with phOSphorous solutions of uniform concentration after they had been treated :1 th v; rying amounts of calcium oxide. 4. Thosphorous fixation str dies were made on the two very acid muchs after as much distilled water ad ee en added as ghey veuld hold unfree. 45. 5. pH dete 1 inations were made on 1, all of the mucks untreated, 2 those treated with HCl, 5 those treated with KCl, 4 those treated with varyingc C“antities of CaO, and 5 on all .9 4-1 . u -ru-.- .1___. ... .1. -.-.1. 0.1. @118 muons alter treatment 1111.. ed 1 4 .31.. A P04 )2 xvii th 8.1161. "xvi t hout subseguent leaching Uith 400 cc 0: water. COKCLUSION 1. Very acid mucks show an indication of negative iixation of phosphorous when treated with a highly concentrated solution of Cai g(?04) . This phenomenon is due to the fact that the mucls ‘.““L - a ° ' 1 w ,, n 1, rw 5‘s 1 v -- n f '1‘ 1. 7 w" '5‘.“ ° cannot 11x as much phosphorous iron a canccxdrateu solution as —~ the water that is rendered unfree and seme of this phosphorous is lib3rated to concentrate the remaining salution. 2. Huchs with a relatively high pi value no not she! any indications of edative fixation 01 phosphorous regardless of the conce;tration of the solution with which they are treated. 3 ‘ J J- This is, no doubt, due b0 the fact tgat Jhe phoSphorous reacts “1‘ chem sally 'i tn the line to form an insoluble compound. (-a a. ”hen high lime muchs are ‘reated with acid their abil- ity to fix phOSphorous from “:1 tion is co: side rably lessened. 4. “hen mucks that show an indica ion of so-called nega- q 4-. er . 1fr'i . ~-—'1. . .. ‘ -.v J - ., ‘, ‘- t1ve fixation e.:1e t1 eat ed with as much hater as tney can ren~ .1- the rhosi horous fixation results Jill be positive A der unfree (”I regardless 01 the conce11t ration of phosphorous solution with riich they are treated. 5. Large applications of phosphorous such as were used in this work increase the acidity of soils considerably, the O r, (I) (‘1 ‘J F J change in pH Value being troportional t fl 0;. ‘5110 the pH value of a unre‘mufiltfigt of 6. It is appa puld be I \hircd F I'LL: 0911 a that 0; solution used. ‘ rw ' ‘ r Jr- ' qr v n 1-‘_ ° . " ' 'wr bell Jngu lS usurly qlflgllne ”111 04a on“ Jigh a low pH leue. a . 4- ~' A.“ 4- wv A 1 ' a. . - .--; a Y'f‘v-‘H : n. *enu .135u eficequJfigLf luioe V .mu‘-o o J- ‘5, ' (a VA- 0 ;o r LOVG 44. 7—11"?! 't if" . Lil-(44 U , . -, ,-- 1 1158 when (33) A G; V (7) ) Ci) ( (9) IJLIOJAAlFY on' non o7101uol sol; CW stituents. U.S. 353;. of ”gr., iul. 1123. Austin, 2.2. 1925. son isotors offee tin ' it; Splu1illt’ of thou-no“oos in soils. Thesis at Lichigun itute Coll“; 3313.0, "3.12 hilt" --sitinuui, 3.1... 19.25. Contribution to the gucs’mi n consernin; The metfiod of est: sting tLo adsorptia» eniucitX o:& the coxfiit’Cn of unsuturstion of soils. 5m, .‘ . ~ . ,.-1— ’7" - ~.- "3 f. 4- "‘1 - ...J- r" . .51.- .. v . (.L.L1%L- d7- ilvuL‘. all, IN...) ‘J o L\.U 1-1.1“. (4.33.1.9 o I...:.._‘ u o _ LIL U o (ink) {4.11.0.1 ) ...“. hr: '. ‘2“..4. .— + - ft”..- 0.2, "- ._ “ fir? #- uJQJ. .CL‘ bUlfip‘uCU 1n “..-;Jo ”Viv. -.va'fu, V. LL), .L-O. 7. vw _ . ”‘1 ~-~ .1 1." rm 4—, .. *1 -_ r.“ ..~ mt». -. -..-t '* ft" - «. x“ JJewl. , ...‘ o All 0 null. DuLJ. U '3" , ..t ol'uo l; 1U . .L4-U L1“... _._ (21‘..le 8-- .1. 1-231.: [J J. .r- .. 3 L: —'. . .- _ m, ' " 1 . ,- 15-... A -1-.. ... : ...l...uU..sL)o :4. J1... val‘o .14-...‘9. Doug. BLLl. 100. B;r‘r)~-’?I’O‘.‘T-"Oz‘\(w “.017 r; 11.;3 g)” ‘rts of” "31m iwlnctixfe 011 1?"?- V“'U \J-VVLJ, .10!) . ...»... 0 ..c- MSW .-v--b..) 4. 4..-»; l x... .. I..- ‘J.' _.—J... .J..‘- .‘.-.1.1 ,1 '13 L119; -J j :-‘ U C, .1... 1A; U :10 L; . -11-. , ..,_ ..L 0 ,. ‘t ,- , ._ _.. .'_. lree slter 1n sells 0V L ans 0. . ws 7... ._ \ -, ‘1. f‘ '7'. ‘ JO ‘lu-li- o .t‘._v,.L1 o .4. L: o U o (a , \1“) Q U . --.- 4. ‘;.\ o; ’7 7' M‘. . -- J--~' h“ n -. ° . ' Lu.- ‘1 J.) LII-4.1” ’US S , L . U . l‘t’ lvw' . .L-L J.) ’xJ £00 '.I; 011 U..- I...) _’ 113 111 'J;.\‘ .. ..L e 1C1- - . - .n ‘ " L~.. ... ..+_- -. n. .- -, ... J‘ .1-.. 4. : 4 as 1nlluonceu my Una long Conu-nuou use 0. -u-t.llstr ..- ~ '3 - ‘ , n--. a TN... ’7 C -131-llCC-lSo iLoio lL'ljo “‘“1’. DLtJ-o .iJL.l. 109. Cs me1 on, F.K. uni Sell, J.h. 1905. The minCral 001s titu- ’-.J [—1. ents of t1e o 1 solution. U.S. Lent. of Agr. Bureau of U) U) k H. l...) U) U :4 12.. O Q 7 . 1907. The action of water and aqueous solutions upon so oil phosphutes. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Bureau of Soils, Bul. 41. Coe, D.G. 1923. "Ammo phos" Its effect uoon seed germina- tion and plant growth. I.J. Adv. Exp. Sta. Bul. 375. (10) Conner, S.D. 1916. Kcid soils emu the efflect of acid phoe- nhute and oLl er Tertilizere ugon them. Jour. Inn. and Eng. Chem. V. 8, pp. 35-12. (11) Center, K.K. 1924. The role of the electro-n tive ion ‘1 in the relation betw en soil and 61:: ctl'ol"tes. Trznscc- 7- fl . z T.‘ pm"! ".._ . 7: OP" r' n - x, n . (11) cunnins, K.K. unu Kellej, H.P. lace. The iormuLion 01 so- dium carbonate in soils. Cal. ”ta. Tech. rater L3. 0. 3' 2:", 3 7-1 '1 . 4 -_ I?! (r r) “F “)r ~,-. '- ' “a 11¢ 1' ' I" 4' ‘11 " ‘L ' r' .Lu--br, “on. -Nxo ..'a..ub e-t.Cl-Lll,-dee 111 1C L~ulu11 DO u(-SOfpulJn. 1. _ .x ‘ ‘f‘xvv a C fl R 118 .' Q. .LLCLJ’ DOC. V. 5.10, UL". 0.199. (14) F she Lr, K.K. 924. Base e101 ion e in 1elotion to Lne swel- o ‘ r. "g ’, : q a * ‘ L' g _n _'I ’ '7: w : r ' Q lin. 01 Sell COllOlC T1an uc tion oi one lure Ky uOCo C") (15 )*C edroiz, K.K. 1912. Colloidul chouiztrv as related to soil science. I. Colloidal suIstunces in the 2311 solution. For- ‘ltion of sodium eurhonate in the soil. “lKuli soils and saline soils. Zhurnal Cpitnci Agronomii (Jour. Exp. Agron) (I)? V. 15, p“ r/f‘ 00 0U (16) Gedroiz, K.K. 1914. Colloioel chemistry as relu ted to soil .L'! \ science. II. Rapidity of reaction exehun3e in Lac soil. The .41.? colloidal condition of Lne soil LuLur*tLu 31th various buses. The indicator method of le'e .1n1r* the oolloifia .1. U content of he soil. Zhurnel Cgitnoi ngronomii (Jour. Exp. A3ron.) V. 15, pp. 181. (17}*G0drOiz, K.K. 1915. The action of electrolytes on clay sueo: ns ion. Communication 84 -:om the Bureau of 43ricu1- ture and Soil Science of tile Scientific Committee of the Kain Department of Land Organigation and l ricu tural, Petrograd. (18)* (19)* (so)* (21)* A [‘0 D3 * (23)* (24-) 47. Ccdroiz, K.K. 1916. The absorbing capacity of the soil ‘ -D ... and the zeolitic oases o the soil. Zhur. Opit. A3ron. V. 17, pp. 472. 1 Gedroiz, K.K. 1918. Contribution to the method of \eter- mining zeolitic bases in the sail. Zuhr. Opit. Agron. V. 19, pp. 226. Gedrois, K.K. 1918-1919. Contribution to our knowledge of the absorbtive capacity of soils. 1. Rupidity of ab- sorption, volumn of absorption, and encr3J of absorption and replacement. Juhr. Opit. K3ron. V. 19 - SO. Cedroiz, K.K. 1922. On the atsorptive power of soils. KCitorial committee of the Teople's Commissariot of K3riculture, retrograd. Gedroiz, K.K. 192/. Seils unsaturated with bases. A method of deter ining in soils the hydr03en nresent in an absorbed coniition. Sail re uirement of lime a a H ieutralizing agent. Suhr. Opit. “Qron. V. 22, pm. 0. \ Gedroiz, K.K. 1:25. The absorbent soil complex and the absorbed soil cations as a basis for the genetic classi- fication of soils. Kossov Agri. 23p. ta., 1 ricultural Division, Taper Ko. 38, Leningrod. Gordon, K.E. 1923. Gels and the theory of adsorption. Science, V. 58, Ho. 1511, pp. 495-497. Hardin, G.H. and Zirban, K.K. 1924. Adsorption effect of filtering materials on sugar solution. Indus. and Engin. Chem. V. 16, No. 11, pp. 1175-1177. Harper, H.J. 1925. K study of the secondary effects of hill fertilization. Iowa Sta. Res. Bul. Ho. 87. (27) (£39) A U! r?» V (36) Harrison, K.K. 1d Dos, S. 1921. The retention of soluble phosphates in ca carious and non calcarious soils. Indus. Dept. K3r. Hen. Chem. 3e1jes 5: 195-286. (Ahst ract) Exp. Sta. Record kl 121. Kissing, 3.J. 1924. Base exchange in soils. Transactions of the Taradav Socie “y. V. 20, pp. 551. Kissink, D.J. 1923. Kethod o; eoL1“a+1naosozoed cases in the soil and t1e ixporthc of tgese oases in soil econ- 0m1. Sail 301. V. 15, pp. 269-276. Kelley, 1.3. and Cun.ins, 4.3. 1922. Alkali investiyations. Cal. Exp. Sta. Report, pp. :0 - 55. Kelley, U.P. anL flOlub, 3.3. 1923. The rexmo al of sodium |_ ca1oonat from stils. Cal. njr. 31p. Sta. Tech. Paper To. 1. Kelley, a.P. and pro n, 3.1. ljflé. Keglacahle bases in soils. fi oLn m3 1 y L - R {42.10 goat. 4-5011. 18.28.}: lu. ..l ,. Some moisture rela— ‘0 KcCool, K.K. and Jeidenann, K.G. 92 tionships of soils. 3:11 Sci. V. 23, KO. 5. Killer, 3.J. 1924. Adsorption by acLiv ted su3ar Charcoal. I. roof of hydrolytic ad801ption. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. V. 46, pp. 1150-1158. - h More , 3.3. 1918. 3ffect 01 fertilisation on H-ion co1cen- tration of soils. Jour. Ind. and 313. Chfm m. V. 10, pp. 125- 126. Pa3e, K.J. and Xillians, d. 1924. Studies on base exchante in RoLhamx ted soils. Tray sections of the Taraday Society, V. 20, pp. 575. Parker, 3.G. 1915. Selective am) orption by soils. Jour. ufiro 30:. V. 1, p3. 1790 (38) Patten, E. . and Gallagher, 3.3. 1908. Absorption of vapors "‘LL D C {'3 C) ("I U) 3’ c4 (0 O [—1 o I...) O) O C! . U) C U (7.) —et. of A;r., Bureau of Soils, Bul. 51. (39) Pattei, 3.3. and flaggarwan, J.H. 1908. Absorption by soils. U.S. Dept. of A;r., Br eau of Soils. Bul. 52. (4:0) "1;. res cott, J. A. 19 lo. The phenomenon of adsorption and its relation to soils. Jour. Apr. Sci. V. 8, he. 1, pp. 111- 150. (41) Ramasu roma.ian, T.S. 19L1. n preliminary not e on the stney of the fixation of amnonia in South Indian Soils. A;r. Jour. India., V. 19, Io. 6, pp. 579-589. (12 Rohinson, .'.O. 1922. The ansorption of water cy soil col- loiCs. Jonr. Ihvs. Chem. V. 26, pp. 647-655. ‘0 r7 ‘ . fl 7" :1 ‘ . . ‘ v.) (j a? l‘~ - "3‘ ‘ I“ "‘ ' 2‘ ’ . (Lo) Boeinson, and. and LilliaLs, a. 92 . Jase Lxcqanue in re- ,., .1. - .L .1th . _, 1 -n, ."J - ,, -- ,1. 1- " - .1- : “A .. , n .13-. lauion Lo Lne piooth 0. soil 101L1Ly. 11a1L1cL1onL 01 the .21.“ -.r I“ q :‘~ 9' .1" a ,—; . J‘ , .2 (T "I —'~. '- 1". fl a A‘LL._]L;LCLLL°T, 1.3le Liar. 'fo (’4‘), ;‘__.o ULL). (4+4) Schreiner, C1. and 3211 33°, 3.16. The a‘.:sorption of phos phates . .- 4- , - 1— - L 'f\ 4- .0 ' '1 . .- n .1 - 1 .L aha poLass1um Ly soils. U.S. neuL. oi ”dr., LurLau o1 soils. '5 ‘atuie, J.Z. 917. Injlucnee 01 A ..fx 0! V U) l J 7 V F) :3‘ ...: ,1) ('T‘ H U 6.4 0 C4 0 q 2 ...: r \ (I, m liners and sJil amendments on Soil acidity. Cour. Am. Soc. FT]. 25"25. (do) Spuina;, 3.3. 9:2. StaCi es on active Eases anC exc acid in mineral scils. A . “n- 71..-,“ - n, ._ L41“ 114-1). Q 9.1“... 1.--;Ullo ._ l". b01182 Tech. 3nl. 1o. 37 (47) Th0111.pson,I.S. 1250. Cn the absorption power of soil. Jonr. 10"al “Jr. Sec., V. 11, pp. 68. 5Ch (48) Way, J.T. 1850. On the power of soils to ab so1rb me11 re. (1,011.11. Rodr ca]. 1141‘. SOC o , V0 1.1, pp. 5125-371’9 Q (49) Way, J.T. 1852 . On the power of soils to absorb manure. Jour. Royal 1Qr. 800., V. 15, pp. 125. a: J The oriQinal ar*icles were not reviewed by she writer. The urito1, however, reviewed a res1me of this work by rage, H.J. .— _o 1-1 1 TK J11 4-, t) _,. _nr~_1_ , *1- "1 ,, ‘ ”.31 ° 01 .111: 5.0111313) bed 11x._:e1in 1on1: 11-11. .sion, 1113.01e11,-..nuland, .11ich ‘. 1-1 is publisned in Ute Transactions 01 the Second eomnis sion of fi1e inter11euional society of soil science oy D.J. Hissink, Groingen. Holland. Th work was trazlslated 1ron the Russian -.. P. lb"? D...‘ o S 011. ”1,..Jii‘37 $.11. 417' i 4 l ' I 1 I r. 19% 1‘3. 111%; a '1 {59. ‘l‘.‘.“ w ill {1:1 (in) .... ... O1. .. ._ _. 1.1...,.s.¢..?1¥. ... 1.. , 5 a... ._ Q. )1... 1" ..II A’. I"), T I. 1.3. .... J .. .. .. . . ..... 1 ~ no. t ...1 1.. . . _ . . 5. .1151 .. . a.r4...1......_u;. .1 .1. 11-. 1 ..-/1» . .... .. .. _ . ,1 'r. L. E. . . .1. i . , . . . . ..u , . .. ... . T .. ... . 4} in IL" , ..w. p 1 a... ... 1" Pd " J . m4 4] H 14 .t ‘ «5.91.3.6 ) ..v‘ 3,; J Put,- ,o,. I; 30“. .l .. s y g I ...! :4... .4. v . A t (4‘1