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ON THE VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE
CHANDLER
IN THE CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS
IN POULTRY AND RABBITS
Thesis for the Degree of M. 5-

Ernest Steven Weisner
1928

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ON THE VALVE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) IN THE

CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN POULTRY AND RABBITS

ON THE VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) IN THE

CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN POULTRY AND RABBITS

THESIS

Submitted to the Faculty of the Michigan State College
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Easter of Science

by

Ernest Steven Weisner

H

July 1928

THESIS

 

Table of Contents

 

Page:
Introduction ' l
Etiology l

. O O o k 0 9

Life history of cocc1dna Of the genus Elmeria 2
Plate of the life history of the genus Eimeria 4
Nature of the disease coccidiosis 5
The significance of coccidiosis 8
Exnorinental data 9
sources of infection 9
Limiting the continuonq sources of infection 11
Graphs illustrating results of experiments 13-18
Feeding colloidal iodine (Chandler) in excess of
the normal iodine requirements in order to assist
the animal in conbatting the toxins resulting from
the infection 19-23
Tables illustrating results of experiment 20—21
Conclusion 25
Acknowledgment 24

ON THE VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) IN THE

CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS It POULTRY AND RABBITS
Introduction

Coccidiosis of poultry and rabbits is a serious
disease, resulting in a high percent of mortality,
especially in chicks from three to ten weeks of age (1)
and in rabbits at weaning age of about eight weeks (2).
It is caused by a protozoan parasite of the order Coccid-
iida which invades the lining of the digestive tract and
the gall ducts of the liver, and is cosmOpolitan in dis-
tribution.

The coccidia of poultry are described as a single

species, Eimeria avium. There are, however, probably

 

 

three or four races if not distinct species, at least two
of which are pathogenic. One of these is parasitic in the
caeca and is particularly pathogenic to young chicks,
another and smaller race or species is parasitic in the
small intestine, especially in the duodenum and is partic-
ularly pathogenic to birds of about the broiler age to
adults and causes symptoms simulating those described for
"range paralysis". Likewise in the case of coccidia of
rabbits, only one species, Eimeria stiedee, is described.
(1) Charles, T. R. and Knandal, H. C. - Rearing Chicks in

' Confinement, Bul. 218,

Pennsylvania Exp. Sta.

(2) Meek, M W. - Extracts from Bul. 496, U.S.D.A., Am. Poul.
Advocate, Jan. 1920, p. 128.

There are, however, at least two races if not distinct
species, one producing a larae oocyst (2r.2 x 21.6 microns)
and a smaller (12 x 12 microns) one.

The coccidia belong to the class Sporozoa and in
common with other sporozoa there are three distinct cycles
or divisions to the life history, the schizort or ‘33011”1
cycle, the gametont or sexual cycle and the sporont cycle.

The sporont cycle, the result of sexual reproduction,
is apparently the most important division from the stand-
point of control since the products of this cycle afford the
means of transfer from host to host. These products are
called oocysts and are excreted with the drOppings from the
infected animals in large numbers. The freshly voided
obcysts as seen under the microsc0pe show a rounding off of
the cytOplasm with a clear hyaline appearance to the rest
of the cyst. In this stage the odcysts are non-infective,
they must undergo a period of incubation before becoming
infective. The length of the incubation period is generally
three to four days but may vary, depending on conditiOns
present. The factors influencing the time of incubation are
the degree of moisture present, the temperature and the
extent of aeration, the presence of available oxygen being
a necessary condition to insure incubation. The incubation
period is therefore directly proportional to the amount of
putrefactive material present which uses up oxygen. The

odcysts when fully incubated contain four sporocysts each

containina two sporozoites and is the infective stage.
When taken into the body of the aninal the sporozoites

are liberated and enter the epithelial cells of the

lining of the intestine and develop at the expense of

the cells aivinfi rise to numerous small ciaer-shaped
bodies known as merozoites. The liberation of the mero-
zoites completes the schizont cycle. The liberated mero-
zoites enter other neiahborinq cells and repeat the cycle.

The EStxual or schizont cycle takes place beginning
with the establishment of the sporozoites in the cells
lininq the intestine. How long this cycle may COntinue
and how often the develOpment of merozoites may result is
not definitely known. The completion of each schizont
cycle may be very rapid however. Young chicks fed incu-
bated odcysts have died within twenty-four hours with
acute coccidiosis and newly formed obcysts recovered from
the intestines.

Eventually the ganetont or sexual cycle occurs. In
this cycle there develop the male elements within certain
cells and the female elements within other epithelial
cells. The female element is egg-shaded and constitutes
the oocyst. When fertilized by the union of the male
element with the nucleus of the odcyst the odcysts are
freed from the epithelial cells and are discharged with

the dropoinas (5).

(5) After Brumpt.

LIHCSQHJL'IJUOwP

 

 

 

Life History'of the Genus Eimeria (3).

Sporozoite

Epithelial cell (Showinu
" " young
H H

parasite)
Showing schizont
terozoite develOpment
Eerozoites '
Liberated merozoites

Facro and microeametocytes
H H II

After Brumpt.

H171

I-4
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Kacro and_microqametocytes
Iacrogamete
Fertilized macrogamete
Odcyst

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ll
Sporoblasts
Sporocysts
Sporozoite developnent
Lature sporozoites

The degree of infestation is d rectly preportional

to the number of oocysts ingested by the animal. Each

/

oocyst carries but eight bodies capable.of directly

.1.

settine up a parasitic condition and being somewhat

&

limited in regard to locomotion the area parasitized by
one incubated odcyst is very minute. The area of infect-
ion resulting from the ineestion of one oocyst being about
the size of a small pin head.

The only manner in which this disease may be contracted
is by ingestion of incubated oocysts; the principle source
being food or water contaminated with material carrying the
oocysts. Flies and earthworms may also harbor oocysts and
be eaten by fowls. Some investigators claim to have infected
chicks with coccidiosis from egg shells imrediately following
hatching and while very probable my experiments in this regard
did not meet with success.

A chick suffering from coccidiosis may show little or
no symptoms of disease, death resultinm from no apparent
cause. In the majority of cases there is evidence of blood
in the drOppines which may vary from a slimht tinge to that
of clear blood. The chick appears listless, studip and
sleepy. However, the appetite often renains wood to the
last. The wings may droop and appear partly spread and in
the latter stafies the bird bodnm>s paralvzed. In tte chronic
type, found in birds from the broiler are to adults, die

symptoms are even more obscure. Oftei Hie disease is not

diaenosed or susgected as the cause of the slow deafli
that accompanies fiiis type of aicdidiosis. In this type
of parasitic infestation die main.symptoms are fliose
simulating "raiee paralysis". There may be a general
unthriftiness accompanied with diarrhea, paleness of conb

and wattles. The appetite may become ravenous (4).

Upon autopsy of die young diick the caeca or blind
pouches are usiellv enlareed Wifii thidkaied walls, Often
discolored. Areas of necrotic tissue are evident associé
ated with distinct inflammatory changes. Evidence of‘the
parasite may be found in but one or both of the caeca. The
caecal contents may be reddiSh ir1colxn°snrl firm in con—
sistencr, the lining being swollen and spotted siowing small
hemorrhages. These may be found in some cases on due outer
wall of the intestine anterior to the caeca. In the liver
the lesions are seen as round yellowidi circumscribed areas
resembling small.specks. A mount fran these areas or from
the contents of the caeca under the microecope shows numerous
Oocysts of the parasite.

In older birds the caeca are seldom involved, die area
attacked being the duodenum. In heavy infestations distinct
inflammatory changes are seen in the lining of this area
accompanied by a thid<ening of the wall. The inflammatory
(4) Graham, Robert and Tunnicliff, E. A. - Coccidiosis of

Poultry, Cir. Bul.
No. 288, U. of 111.

chaiges are not 3 ecific in diagnosing die disease but
aicroscopic mounts made from the contents of the intestine
will Show larae numbers of the causative agent (4).

Coccidiosis in rabbits is similar in its mode of
attack. Young rabbits may diow no evidence of being dis-
eased and die suddenly. VAaain a younq rabbit may appear
unthrifty, havimz a ruffled coat, its eyes may appear qlassy, it
may “fiyg 9 ;jouiyfint epdomen diving die animal a pot-bellied
appearmice. The apietite is usually ravenous, often the dis-
ease is accompanicd by a diarrhea, death follows finally,
occassionally with convulsions (2).

At autopsy rabbits dying fnna coccidiosis diow necrotic
areas in the wall of the digestive tract that are surrounied
by inflammed areas. The liver slows the sane characteristics
as found in birds (2).

Lightly infected rabbits are gmierally stunted in growth
and are slow in reaching maturity (2).

coccidiosis is a decidedly economic disease of both
poultry and rabbits. It is a con on acquicncc,in heavily
infected flocks, to lOse from twenty-five to fifty percent of
all birds, in exceptiaially heavy outbreaks losing die Maole
number (4). Likewise in rabbits kept under insanitary con-
(4) Graham, Robert and Tunnicliff, E. A. - Cocciiiosis of

Poultry, Cir. Bul.
No. 289, U. of Ill.

A
N

v
5-4
Cl
0

"k, N. ‘No "' EXtPflCtS 11117 M Ell-11. 496, UOSIDOAO, Alfie Poul.
Advocate, Jan. 1920, p. 128.

ditions as hidi as seven out of nine young rabbits are
lost.

Cocoidiosis in its ravages is aided materially by
poor sanitation. Poorly drained nine and filthy quarters
favor the growth of the parasite. In rainy weather, owing
to the p-esence of moisture and warmdi, the develOpment of
the parasite in its incubatino period is hastened bringing
about a more complete or extensive infestation (4). An
absorbent litter used on the floor of the quarters will tend
to shorten the time necessary for incubatidi. Excessive
organic matter present may be a factor inhibiting the growth
durina this period. The products of decay tend to retard
the development within the oocvst.

Owing to the locatioi of the parasite beinq imbedded as
it is in the mucosa and sometimes the submucosa of the
intestine,there is little or nothing that can be done in
regard to medicinal treanzmit at least by oral administration.
Hence the limiting of the infestation must depenC largely on
sanitary measures and die periodic destruction of the oocysts
in the animals' quarters. Colloidal iodine (Chandler), how-
ever, appears to be the only agent Whidl accomplishes the
destruction of the oocysts. Jence in the experiments here
reported colloidal iodine (Chandler) was used for this purpose.
(4) Graham, Robert and Tunnicliff, E. A. - Coccidiosis of

Poultry, Cir. Bul.
No. 298, U. of Ill.

Erporimental Data

The purpose of the following experiments is to

determine the sources of infection.

Experiment No. 1.

Thirty chicks were fed fragmented ejfi shell taren
from various trays in a large hatchery for four weeks but

failed to develon coccidiosis. Care was exerCised to pick

egg shells that were smeared with feces.

Experiment ho. 2.

s tcrecollected.

l4.

Feces from a bird diowinq coccidios
Zine'mnr allowed to remain staidine over night eXposed to
air at room temperature and then smeared on several eggs.
The eqas were kept at room temperature for twenty-four hours
and then placed in an incubator at lOSOF. After several
days in the incubator the eags were removed and.placed in a
moist chamber to avoid further drying. The fecal naterial
was scraped from the ease and fed to a group of chiCks.
These chid<s did not develop cocciliosis.

Another portion of the fecal material used above was
placed in a moist chamber and allowed to remain at rOOm
temperature for forty-eieht hours to incubate the ooeVsts.
Eggs were then smeared with this material and placed in the
incubator. After several days three newly hatChed chicks
were fed this material but failed to become infested with

coccidiosis.

_ 10 -

Some of the material used in the previous section of
this experiment was taken from the moist chamber after forty-
eight hours and placed in 2% potassium dichrorate solution
for twenty—four hours. Eggs were then smeared and as soon as
the material was dried on the egss they were placed in the
incubator. After beina in the incubator five days the frag-
mented shells of these efiis were fee to newly hatched chicks.

The chicks did not develOp coccidiosis.
Experiment No. 3.

Eleven birds, three weeks of age, that had coccidiosis
were placed indoors in a screen bottom case. The odcysts
soon disappeared from the droppings. An attempt was made to
'determine if, by lowering the vitality of the birds, the
odcysts would again appear in the drOppines. The changing
of the feed of these birds to inoimplete or poorly balanced
rations did not cause a return of the oocysts. A virulent

culture of j‘kilmonella {gt-filoiizn was obtained

w

twenty-four hou
and fed to the birds. Some of the birds were iriected with

0.5 cc of this culture but there was no showing of odcysts.
Cultures of Tact riun a: rtus were fed to the birds with like
results. As a last resort cultures of Botulinus in brain
media were Dive‘n the birds in their feed but the odcysts did
not return. The birds were then removed to a poultry house
and continued under ordinary conditiers. Beina eLpOSOd to

the natural sources of infection the odeysts soon appearee in

the droppinas.

_ 11 _

H)

Limitine the Cont inuous Sources 0 fection

The odcysts of this paras site are very resists ant to
tie seneral clas ses of disinfectants but are easily do—
stroyed with various dilutions of colloidal iodine
(Chandler) (5). prerimental data show that even high
dilutions of colloidal iodine (Chandler) solutions de—
stroys washed specimens of the vets of coccidia. The
strencth as dete W ine d with washrd odcvsts obtained from
scrapings of the intestines of birds being less than 100
parts of the iodine in one million parts of water. How-
ever, for the treatment of surfaces for the destruction of
the odcysts the streneth of the preparation should be
sufficient to overcome the action of the iodine with the
organic hatter present ant still have sufficient free iodine
left to destroy the odcvsts. This strength was deterrined
to be about two-tenths percent in the case of worm eges and
larva and found practical in the case of cocci dis 1 odcvsts (5).

iavins.uanxsdata at hand it was thouvct atlvisable to con-

diet a sefl' es of experiments for the purpose of collecting

o:ivr> (Chtuuilerfl ;for inie

[.40

field data on the value of colloidal
destruction of odorsts on the floors of broader houses and in
rabbit hutches and_for limiting the source of dintinuous
infection and observe the results in View of decreasing the
demree of infestatidn alreadr'presont.

(5) Chandler, Dr. W. L. - Iodine on the Poultrv Farm. Reprinted

from Poultry Science, V01. VI, HO. 1.
Oct. - Kov., 1926.

_ 12 -

In the followinI'I: eziporitmnts the rabth hut ches and
the breeder houses used were first mechanically cleaned and

then treated with a dilute solutifli of colloidal iooine

' ' f o 9
(Chandler) carrring 0-4fl In for the first cleanins, care
beins exercised to chorouthv cover tie entire surface.

t.

0 O O 0 ‘ I -
For succeSSive cleanints a solution carryinq 0.2p was used.

1

The reason for the double strOAfiti boins lSuQ in the first

treatment is to have suffiCient free iOt

1
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ins presen; after

19 reaction of the iodine with the alkaline materials rerain—

.;

int from previous a ications of lime. After the first

cleanina this alkaline material is neutralized and the weaker
strenfith of iodine can be used for subsecuont treatnents.

The procedure carried out in these eXDerimcnts was to
remove the aninals from their*cnunflxyes and plrce them.in as
cleajizi caqe or Inhi as too Inflatises coujfi gnxivice. line litter
ard droppinss were then scraped frOI the quarters as thoroughly
as mechanical cleaning could remove ttem. After tais Operation
the quarters tar—ere scrubbel using; lot $1.,- ter and a stiff brush or

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EXGGI‘I turn I: No . 2

Graph
Showing Reyllt of quitary
Measures on 00001610313 in

1500 Chicks 5 Weeks Old.

 

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Graph
Showing Results of Sanitary
Measurss on Coocidfiosis in

150 Chicks 5 Weeks Old

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Gr ph
Showing Results of Sanitary
Measures on Coeoidiosis in

350 Chicks 5 Weeks Old

/ a... ' '3' ’ 1?
Day: fallout/n, frcofmcnf

Experirent No. 5

Graph
Showing Results of Sanitary

s in

LJO

deasures on COoeidios
200 Chicks

Average Age 5 Weeks

   
  
  
 
 

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Feeding Colloidal Iodine (Chandler) in Excess of the Birds
Ijorrnal Iodine Requirerents in Order to Assist the Animal

T"r

_. “_‘.‘ J_ ’.- _O __ Iq‘ 1' v ._ _I ' . >‘ 1_ _O ‘1 A? .... _‘_ . 1‘ r J- _0 IA‘
:11 Ctnioatnlin»; die THO;LUIe Liasulunirgi fiCflI tie; Iniiscuinui.

The location of the sdzizont cycle of the parasite in

LJ

Hie mucosa and suimnuxmzi of the intestine vaurers the parasite

a

. " " '. " W ' ."“. C 1!“ .I "‘ ~/. . ~ 1- »‘ -. F. . '- "x .': 1 ~73 f‘N
hardily Jl4JJIVlffllS bk) ate 51o,iauI oi no} it lLLlS. Chan -ol

[-10

I easrnwas Pfilst, 'theavafoiwe, Chngenr asijha frcm: sanidxiticni armi

,

iflre dGQtPWCthYICTP'HTP oocvsts, (n1 increasiruzifina‘vitality of

an") ‘0‘ rls thrcnivqu care and frEQITTLTI‘S"). It also aggmsars plf'obable

I

fronIifiM: following expeifijmntt that the ikxxihr; of dulloidel

iodine (Chandler) in excess of the normal iodine requirement
may be of value in aidine U19 bird to overCOne the actiai of
the toxins arising as the result of the intestinal parasitism.

fl
"1
I

Ho

08

(a
H.

A floca of forth birds heavily in?ested with cocci s

was divijed into two groups of twenty birds eaCh. Each group
was placed in colony houses in which no attempts were made to
disinfect. Both groups of birds received a like ration except
that the birds in group one received an average of five rilli-
prams of iodine in the form of powdered colloidal iodine
(Chandler) daily. This procedure was continued for a period
of approximately two months after which the birds were weighed
and tne exoerinent discontinued. The results of this experi-

_ .- .\ .-. .1. ‘._. A- «ova _ I“.
mont, as fiiVen in tne acco pniying tables, at least suggest

an experiment on a nudi larger scale.

Pen No. l - Twenty

Troatnent:

Powdered Iodine
Liquid Iodine Dec.

0
I

011 ff? €351
].Eit}1

b

i

rds

daily-0.005 gm.

oer bird

 

 

m \
3

.50

.00

O

:0

.eifihtfat 0375 Th Loss in
boninning Weight at neifiht wei ht
Bird No. of test end of test in lbs. in lbs. Rowarhs
r0 5.50# 5.50# .00 0.00
79 5.00 5.00 .0C1 0 CO
78 5.75 4.50 .75 0.00
77 5.25 5.50 .25 0.00
76 4.00 4.00 .00 0 00
75 2.5 5.00 .50 0 CC
74 5.00 4.25 .25 0 00
75 ” F
7? 5.50 5
71 2.75
70 2.75
59 2.50
69 5.25
67 3.50

66
65
64

o
- 0
0

.00

N”

E- '1)? 01 C10 C23 ‘
O
0
0

00 .K5

62 9.75

61 5.50
Total 55:55?
Average 5.16

I

.50
.50

Or“
.‘.,fi

1:) .00
5.25
.00
.50

(3
.‘l'

.00
'l r')
1) 0‘?
2.75

5.25

35?.

C51 ()1 C)! :35-

i' i/t\

/
13
V. IL"

5.54

/f

Averaee gain oer bird - 0.58#
5? roundworms,

Worms Dec. 12th -

Total egms

in 60 davs - 250

00H000l—4000(D00

\ J

0005300

.00
.00

50
50

.00

I
O

50
50
P5
CO
00

.oo
.10
5706'
0.90

\
1' .

00

0.25

O.

00

(i) 0 OC’

0.
O.
O.
O.
O.
0.
O.

0

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

(‘0—

)-
o L’; I.)

C 0 OK;
0.25

no tajmnwsn s

Loulting

Pen

Treatment:

NO.

- 21

9

.‘1

Controls

- Twenty birds

Liquid Iodine Dec. 12th

 

Bird beqinning end of

 

No. of test test in lbs.
60 5.25# 4.00% 0.75
59 5.50 4.00 0.50
50 5.50 4.00 0.50
57 5.00 5.00 0.00
56 3.25 5.25 0.00
55 2.75 5.00 0.25
54 4.00 4.2 0.25
55 5.00 2.00 0.00
52 5.25 4.00 0.75
51 5.00 5.00 0.00
50 4.00 4.00 0.00
40 2.75 5.00 0.2
42 4.25 5.50 0.00
47 2.50
46 5.50 4.00 0.50
45 4.25 4.?5 0.00
44 5.00 5.25 0.25
45 5.00 2.00 0.00
42 5.00 2.00 0.00
41 2.75 2.50 0.00

Totaifie.sog 65.00# 4.00

Ave. 5.92 5.53 0.45

 

‘fleidht at Weisht at Gain in Loss in
weiqht weieht

in lbs. Remarks

 

Averase loss per bird - 0.51%
Worms Dec. 12th - 95 roundworms, no tapeworms
Total ages in 60 days - 104

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
O .75

0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.25

4.00
0.80

Evidence Coccidiosis
Chronic Roupe

Evidence Coccidiosis

Evidence Coccidiosis
Died of Coccidiosis

"Range paralysis"
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis

Such an experiment as squested by the results of the
previous experiment is now under way.

Four groups of young chicks, 156 birds in each group,
were secured and put in four breeder houses. The birds in
house No. 1 will be reared in confinement siwilar to those
grown by Charles and Knandal at Pennsylvania. They will not
have access to the ground and the house itself is screened
against flies. Before placing the birds in the house all the
appliances, as water fountains, feed heppers and the like,

were thoroumhly ionized using a solution of colloidal iodine

(Chandler) carrying 0.4% I Being kept from the ground and

2° .
screened from flies the chances of becoming parasitized are
reduced to a minimum. The floor of the run is provided with
a half inch mesh screen to allow the drOppinss to fall through.
The birds in house NO. 2 will be grown as chicks under
averaee conditions having access to the ground and no effort
being fade to protect them from becoming infected with internal
parasites. The ration, however, includes 20% more powdered
buttermilk than that fed the birds in house No. l. Powdered
colloidal iodine (Chandler) will be added to this ration daily,
providing approximately 0.005 m4444grmns of iodine fOr eadi

bird.

The living conditions of the birds in house No. 5 will be

}_.'0

Inilfr to those found_i111umise Ho. 2. Eduazration fed.this

S

I

group of birds is identical to the ration fed in house No. 2
with the exception of powdered colloidal iodine (Chandler).
House NO. 4

1e control group. The ration fed these

- .. " .. - .... .3 L I : . ‘ "T
,3 1s LAW} same as iVaiax) those ir1liouse no. 1..

 

 

The ration fed in houses Nos. l and 4., and used as a
base for the ration used in houses Nos. ‘2 and 5, is lmown
as the Ohio Ration and consists of: (<30 poxmds finely grmnd
corn; 20 pounds middlin‘as; 10 pounds pmdered buttermilk;

pounds meatscrap; 4 pounds homxmeal md 1 pound salt.

Ch

The birds wil l. be carr": cd under these conditions until

a year followinc; the beginning: of product": on .

Conclusions .

l. The inqesti on of i.nc1-1bated oo'cysts is tr C only means

whereby QLnin‘als can become parasitized with coccidia.

RD

. The degree of infestation is directly preportional to

the number of incubated obeysts ingested by the animal.

3. The principle sources of infestaticn are through con-
taminated food and water.

4;. The limiti no; of the infection depends largely on sani-
tary measires and preventing; die ingestim of o'ocysts
by the periodic destructim of the obey sts in the
animals' quarters.

5. .Tisghly dilute solutions of colloidal iodine (Chandler)
easily destroy the infestive stage of thi s parasite.

6.. The. decree of infestatim can be reduced materially
by strict sanitary measures and the use of solutions
of colloidal iodine (Chandler).

7. The feeding of colloidal iodine (Chandler) in excess

of the animals' nominal iodine requirement aids the ani-

mal in combaitinr; the toxins resulting; from the infection.

-24 -

Acknowledgment
The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness
to Dr. W. L. Chandler of the Veterinary Division, under
whose direction this work was carried on, for his

suggestions and cooperation, to Professor C. G. Card,

03

J. L. Boyd and J. M. Moore of the Poultry Division .nd
to other members of the Dirision of Bacteriology for
their kindly suggestions and assi

mental work.

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