THE INFLUENCE 0F FLGOR SPACE ON 5.66 PRODUCTION ANS FERTELETY OF BELTSWLLE $MALL WHSYE AND BEQAD BREASTED BRGNZE TLERKEY BREEQER HfiNS Them for flu Degree of M. 5. MICHEGAN SMTE UNIVERSITY John Henry Wolfe-rd £959 THESII ‘ LIBRARY Michigan Stave ‘ University THE INFLUENCE OF FLOOR SPACE ON EGG PRODUCTION AND FERTILITY OF BEUTSVILLE SMALL WHITE AND BROAD BREASTED BRONZE TURKEY BREEDER HENS Thesis for the Degree of Master of Sciente Michigan State University Jchn Henry Wolfcrd THE INFLUENCE OF FLOOR SPACE 0N EGG PRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 0F BELTSVILLE SMALL WHITE AND BROAD BREASTED BRONZE TURKEY BREEDER KENS by John Henry Wolford An Abstract Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Poultry Science 19539 Approved: %0 H MW” 1 John R. Welford ABSTRACT Housing more turkey breeder hens per given area of floor space is of economic importance to producers of hatching eggs because of high labor and building costs. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of floor space per bird on egg production and fertility of turkey breeder hens. Ninety Beltsville Small White turkey breeder hens were placed in four pens at the rate of 2.56, 2.67, 5.07 and 3.56 square feet of floor space per bird. Eighty Broad Breasted Bronze turkey breeder hens were placed in five pens at the rate of 2.27, 2.88, 5.80, 6.59 and 7.91 square feet per bird. The amount of floor space allowed per bird is less than the usual recommended rate of 12 - 15 square feet per bird, Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys, and 8.5 - 12 square feet per bird, Beltsville Small White turkeys. Egg production per hen decreased slightly as floor space per bird decreased in both varieties. The Beltsville Small White hens produced 56.9, 50.7, A6.A and h7.9 eggs per hen respectively when they were housed at &.56, 5.07, 2.67 and 2.56 square feet of floor space. The number of eggs produced per hen was h2.2, 56.6, 4b.9, h8.9 and 50.0 when the Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys were housed at 7.91, 6.89, 5.80, 2.88 and 2.27 square feet of floor space per bird. Fertility was substantially decreased in both the Beltsville Small White and the Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys as floor space per bird decreased. The percentage of fertile eggs produced by the Belts- ville Small White turkeys was 69.6, 82.1, 70.2 and 59.7 percent respectively where the birds were housed at 3.56, 5.07, 2.67 and 2.56 2 John H. Wolford square feet of floor space per bird while the Broad Breasted Bronze hens produced A7.2, 58.7, 75.8, 72.5 and 14.2 percent fertile eggs when they were housed at 7.91, 6.59, 5.80, 2.88 and 2.27 square feet of floor space per bird. Liveability, in this study, did not appear to be influenced by the amount of floor space allowed each bird. Egg production and fertility may possibly have been affected by factors other than floor space. Feed and water space may have influenced egg production while virility of males, number of females per male and interference during mating of other birds within a pen may have affected fertility. THE INFLUENCE OF FLOOR SPACE ON EGG PRODUCTION AND FERTILITY OF BELTSVILLE SMALL WHITE AND BROAD BREASTED BRONZE TURKEY BREEDER HENS by John Henry Wolford A Thesis Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Poultry Science 1959 /- _, . I l V ' b (Ii/7 1' J (L ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is sincerely grateful to Dr. Theo H. Coleman, Associate Professor of Poultry Science, MiCdlgEh State University, for his guidance and leadership during the experimental work and for his unceasing assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Acknowledgement is also due Dr. Howard C. Zindel, Head of the Poultry Science Department, for his cooperation and provision of facilities to carry out this study; Dr. Robert K. Ringer, Assistant Professor of Poultry Science, for his critical review of this menu- script; and Dr. Charles H. Kraft, Associate Professor of Statistics, for his help in the preparation and interpretation of the statistical analysis. II. III. IV. V. TABLE IntrOdUCtion o o o o 0 Review of Literature . Objectives . . . . . . Experimental Procedure A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Results. . . OF CONTENTS Selection of turkeys. Floor Space . . . . Feed and Water. . Egg3¢oooooo Lighting. 0 e o 0 Number of Males . Economics . . . . Statistical Analysis. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O A. Beltsville Small White Turkeys. B. 1. 2. 50 4. 5e 60 Eggs produced and set. Fertile eggs . Poults . . . . Mortality. . . Feed 0 e o o 0 Graphic. . . . O O O O O O O O O O O Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. Eggs produced and set. Fertile eggs . Poults . . . . Mortality. o 0 Feed 0 o o o 0 Graphic. . . . O O O O 0 ii 0 O O O O O O O O O O O Page \fl \0 rd ‘4 \fi \fl 1o 10 1o 12 12 12 15 15 16 17 18 19 19 22 23 25 21+ Page C. Economics 0 o e o o c e e e e o e o o o o o e o e o 26 1. Beitsville Small White Turkeys . . . . . . . . . 26 2. Bread Breasted Bronze Turkeys. . . . . . . . . . 28 D. Statistical Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 B. General Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 VI. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 VII. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hi VIII. Bibliography 0 o o o e o e e o o o o o o o o o o o e o 0 b5 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Sketch of Michigan State University breeder pens . . . . 6 2 Turkey breeder ration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Summary of the number of birds per pen, square feet of floor space per pen and per bird, amount of feeding and watering space per bird, and number of hens per DGSt o s o e e o e o e e e e o e o e e o o o o e e o e o 11 . {2‘ Influence of floor space per bird on percent production and on number eggs set per pen, hen and square foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) . . . . 15 5 Influence of floor space per bird on fertility and number of fertile eggs produced per pen, hen and square foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) . . . . 1b 6 Influence of floor space per bird on percent hatch of total eggs produced and on the number of poults produced.per pen, hen and square foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) o o o o e e o o o O o o o e e e o o 15 7 Mortality (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) . . . . . . . 16 8 Influence of floor space per bird on the amount of feed required per bird and per dozen eggs (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) o e o o o e o o o e e e e o e o o e 17 9 Comparative results of number of eggs set per hen and per square foot, number of fertile eggs per hen and per square foot, number poults per hen and square foot, percent production, percent fertile eggs, percent hatch of total eggs and percent mortality as influenced by the amount of floor space per bird (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) e e e e o o e o o o e o e s o o o o 18 10 Influence of floor space per bird on percent production and on number eggs set per pen, hen and square foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2O 11 Influence of floor space per bird on fertility and number of fertile eggs produced per pen, hen and square foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys). . . . . . . 21 iv Table 14 15 16 17 18 19 influence of floor space per bird on percent hatch of total eggs produced and on the number of poults produced per pen, hen and square foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) e e o o e o o e o o e o e o o . e o 0 Mortality (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) . . . . . . Influence of floor space per ird on the amount of feed required per bird and per dozen eggs (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys). o o o o e e o o o o e o e 0 Comparative results of number of eggs set per hen and per square foot, number of fertile eggs per hen and per square foot, number poults per hen and square foot, percent production, percent fertile eggs, per- cent hatch of total eggs and percent mortality as influenced by the amount of floor space per bird Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) . . . . . . . . . . . Gross income and income per pen, hen and square foot over feed cost as influenced by the amount of floor space per bird (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) . . . Gross income and income per pen, hen and square foot over feed cost as influenced by the amount of floor space per bird (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys). . . . Statistical analysis of the number of eggs set per hen for Beltsville Small White Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) o o o e o o e o o e o o e e o o 0 Statistical analysis of the fertile eggs produced per hen for Beltsville Small White Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical analysis of the number of eggs set per hen for Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) o o e e e e e o o o e o o e o o 0 Statistical analysis of the fertile eggs produced per hen for Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) e o o o e e e o e o e o e e o o 9 Statistical analysis of the total eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen by the Analysis of Variance method (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) . Page 22 25 2A 25 55 INTRODUCTION Increased building and labor costs during the last few years have resulted in the confinement of more poultry per given area of floor space. Decreasing the amount of floor space per bird is the most obvious way to decrease housing costs per bird but this can lead to hazardous and disastrous troubles. Disease, ventilation and produc- tion loss are just a few of the many additional problems with which poultrymen may become plagued. The main objective of the present study was to determine the influence of floor space on egg production and fertility of turkey breeder hens. REVIEW OF LITERATURE There is a decided lack of information on the amount of floor space required per bird for turkey breeder hens. Most of the available information appears to come from opinions of educators, producers and researchers. According to an outline by Crushman and suggestions by Marsden _(Turkey World, 1947 through 1951 and 1955), Broad Breasted Bronze turkey breeder hens require eight square feet of floor space per hen where outside yards are prOVided; but, if confined, the requirement is tWelve and one-half square feet of floor space per hen. The lighter varieties, such as the Beltsville Small White turkeys, require twenty percent less space per bird than is required by the heavy varieties. Twelve square feet of floor space per hen for the small type turkey and fifteen square feet per hen for the large type turkey was recommended by Marsden and Martin (1949) provided thirty to fifty per- cent of this area is sun porch. Wirthmore Feeds (195k) recommends that large type turkey breeder hens be housed at the rate of eight square feet of floor space per bird and the small type hens at six square feet of floor space per bird. Each breeder hen should be allowed eight to ten square feet of _..:-|"..'-‘ ,;- Iv: pa" «_ ~4. --~' I“ floor space ac:o:u,n to winter anc Fudk (195C . FM 1 Where breeding pens with outside yards are used, eight square feet of floor space for each large type turkey breeder hen should be provided according to suggestions by Marsden (Turkey World, 1956 and 1957). At the same time, fifteen square feet of floor space per bird was recomp mended where complete confinement is practiced. The recommendations for small type turkey breeders was twenty percent less floor space than that recommended for large type breeders. Marsden (1952) recommended fifteen square feet of floor space for each large type bird or twelve square feet for each small type bird. He also stated that one-third to one-half of the total floor space should consist of a sun porch. 1. 2. 5. OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of the amount of floor space per turkey breeder hen on egg production and fertility in both Beltsville Small White and Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys. To ascertain the effect of floor space on viability and livability. To determine some of the economic consequences of decreasing the amount of floor space per breeder hen below that usually recommended (12-15 square feet per hen for Broad Breasted Bronze and 9.5 - 12 square feet per hen for Beltsville Small White) 0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCE URE Selection of Turkeys: The turkey breeder hens and toms utilized in this study were obtained from the Michigan State University breeding flock. The ninety Beltsville Small White turkey breeder hens used were selected at random and divided into four unequal groups containing 50, 25, 20 and 15 birds, respectively. Each group was then randomly placed in one of four pens. Eighty Broad Breasted Bronze turkey breeder hens used were selected at random and divided into five groups as follows: 9, 9, 15, £0 and 27 birds. Each group was then randomly placed in one of five pens. Table 1 shows the location of each pen used in this experiment. floor Space: (Table 5) In the pens containing Beltsville Small White turkeys, the amount of floor space allowed per bird after subtracting the space required for feeders, waterers and nests was 2.56 square feet in pen 2 (52 birds), 2.67 square feet in pen 5 (27 birds), 5.07 square feet in pen h (22 birds), and h.56 square feet in pen 5 (17 birds). In the I T1 pens contathirg .rewd Br~usted Bronze turkeys, each bird was allowed 2.27 square feet in pan 12 (22 birds), 2.88 square feet in pen 11 (17 birds), 5.80 square feet in pen 18 (10 birds), 6.59 square feet in pen 9 (10 birds), and 7.91 square feet in pen 2O (51 birds). All pens were provided with roosts which were raised approxi- mately two feet above the floor. In pens 2, 5, h and 5, the roosts covered approximately 55 percent of the available floor space. N S W Table 1 Sketch of Michigan State University Breeder Pens Pen 1 §, Pen 2 Pen 5 Pen 4 Pen 5 c I‘ 50 F. 25 F. 20 F. 15 F. 1‘} 10" a 5.11" 5'14" 531" . 501" Aisle Pen 19 _ é’ Pen 6 f‘ 12'0“ ‘0 12'0” “_ a“ :4 : Pen 18 9 F. r Pen 7 ‘3? f 1 M. BBB W “‘ Pen 17 1" (Pen 8 I? ‘3 \o e [p “‘ 3 Pen 16 .f g on 9 9 F. :4 ‘r '73 1 M. BBB \o .: :2 ‘v 3 Pen 15 9‘ Pen 10 9‘ k.“\ m Pen 14 93 Pen 11 15 F. g) “ 2 M. BBB m Pen 15 i? Pen 12 20 F. §b “‘ 2 M. BBB \n Pen 20 27 F. Pen 21 A M. BBB : 9' an F‘ 42'0“ 10'6" __ This sketch is not drawn to scale. number of males and females in each pen. The legend is as follows:’ 1. BSW 20 BBB I 5. M - Males h. F - Females The sketch shows the Beltsville Small White turkeys Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys Approximately 55 percent of the available floor space in pens 11, 12, and 18, 50 percent of the available floor space in pen 9, and 20 per- cent of the available floor space in pen 20 was covered by roosting area. Feed and_hate:: During the entire experimental period a turkey breeder ration (Table 2) formulated by the Poultry Nutrition Section, Michigan State university, was fed to all pens. Regardless of the number or variety of birds in a pen, the total amount of feed and water space (Table 5) was held constant from pen to pen. Pen 2 with 52 birds had 0.7 inches of water space and 1.5 inches of feeding space per bird; pen 5 with 27 birds had 0.85 inches of water space and 1.8 inches of feeding space per bird; pens h and 12 with 22 birds each had 1.05 inches of water space and 2.2 inches of feeding space per bird; pens 5 and 11 with 17 birds each had 1.55 inches of water space and 2.8 inches of feeding space per bird; pens 9 and 18 with 10 birds each had 2.5 inches of water space and 4.8 inches of feeding space per bird; and pen 20 with 51 birds had .74 inches of water space and 1.6 inches of feeding space per bird. Electric heating units were placed in the water pans to prevent ice formation and to provide warm water. Eggs: Trapnests were used in all pens. The individual nest in each pen measured 26 inches long, 15 inches wide and 2h inches deep. In the (I) Table 2 Turkey Breeder Ration Ingredient Pounds or Grams/Ton Ground Yellow Corn 999 Ground Heavy Oats 200 Soybean oil meal, solv. #4 percent 200 Wheat Branl 100 Wheat Standard Middlings 100 Alfalfa meal, dehy. 17 percent 100 Fish meal 80 Meat and Bone scraps 50 percent ”0 Dried yeast 40 Dried Whey 50 Ground Limestone 60 Dicalcium phosphate 50 Salt, iodized 1O Manganese sulfate 70 percent 0.5 Dry vitamin A 5000/gm. 5 Dry vitamin D5 15OC/gm. 9 Cholineohloride 2 Vitamin 812 Supplement 6 mg./lb. 1.2 N.F. 180 1 Vitamin E supplement 20,000/1b. 0.8 B.H.T. (Butylated hydroxy toluene) 0.25 Niacin 20 grams Riboflavin ' 2 grams ‘~O pens containing Beltsville Small White turkeys (Table 5), pen 2 had 1 nest per 7.5 breeder hens, pen 5 had 1 nest per 6.5 breeder hens, pen h had 1 nest per 5 breeder hens and pen 5 had 1 nest per 5.8 breeder hens. In the pens containing Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys, pens 9 and 18 had 1 nest per 2.5 breeder hens, pen 11 had 1 nest per 5 breeder hens, pen 12 had 1 nest per A breeder hens, and pen 20 had 1 nest per 6.8 breeder hens. Eggs were gathered 5 to 6 times daily. Each egg was marked with hen number, pen number and date. The egg was recorded on a monthly trap nest record sheet located in each pen. Settings were made at two-week intervals with the eggs being kept in the basement of the Michigan State University Poultry Plant egg processing room prior to being placed in the incubator. All poults were pedigree hatched. At the end of 24 days of incubation, all eggs were candled to determine fertility. The in- fertiles were discarded and the fertile eggs were transferred to a hatcher. Lighting: At the time toms were placed in the breeding pens with hens, January 26, 1959, lights were turned on in these pens. Beginning January 2, 1959, toms used in this study were subjected to a 14-hour light day. A 1L1hour light day was maintained throughout the experi- mental period (February 16, 1959, through June 7, 1959).. Each pen hai cne fifty-watt bulb located approximately 6 feet from the floor. Win- dows located in pens 2, &, 6, 11, 1h, 18 and 20 allowed the birds in these pens some natural light. 10 Number of Males (Table 5): Two males per pen were placed in each pen of Beltsville Small White turkeys. In the Broad Breasted Bronze pens, pens 11 and 12 had 2 males each, pens 9 and 18 had 1 male each, and pen 20 had 4 males. Economics: Certain information in addition to egg production and fertility data was necessary so that an economic comparison of results from dif- ferent pens could be made, consequently records were kept of feed con- sumed in each pan from March 16, 1959, through June 7, 1959. The average cost of the breeder mesh was $95.50 per ton. A questionnaire forwarded to several hatchery operators located in the State of Michigan gave the following information about the prices they paid for fertile turkey eggs and prices received for turkey poults. A. Eggs 1. Broad Breasted Bronze 57.5¢ per fertile egg 2. Beltsville Small White 27.0¢ per fertile egg B. Pcults (day-old) 1. Broad Breasted Bronze 74.0¢ per poult 2. Beltsville Small White 55.0¢ per poult Statistical Analysis: The egg production and fertility data were statistically analyzed using Linear Regression and Analysis of variance (Dixon and Massey, 1957). Table 5 Summary of the Number of Birds Per Pen, Square Feet of Floor Space Per Pen and Per Bird, Amount of Feeding and Watering Space Per Bird, and Number of Hens Per Nest fi‘ Sq.Ft. of Sq.Ft. of Hens/Toms Floor Space Floor Space Feeding Water Hens/ Pen Housed Per Pen Per Bird Space Space Nest. 2 50 / 2 75.4 2.36 1.5 .70 7.5 5 25 / 2 72.2 2.67 1.8 .85 6.5 b 20 / 2 67.5 5.07 2.2 1.05 5.0 5 15 / 2 7h.1 n.56 2.8 1.55 5.8 12 20 / 2 49.9 2.27 2.2 1.05 h.0 11 15 / 2 49.9 2.88 2.8 1.55 5.0 13 9 / 1 58.0 5.90 h.8 2.50 2.5 9 9 / 1 65.9 6.,9 4.8 2.50 2.5 20 27 / A 2&5.1 7.91 1.6 .7A 6.8 12 RESULTS A. With Beltsville Small White Turkeys Eggs_produced an? set (Table A) As the total amount of floor space in each pen was approximately the same, the total number of eggs set from each pen increased as the number of hens per pen was increased, thus resulting in more eggs per square foot of floor space. The 15 hens in pen 5 laid 855 eggs; the 20 hens in pen h laid 1,015 eggs; the 25 hens in pen 5 laid 1,161 eggs; and the 50 hens in pen 2 laid 1,h56 eggs. Thus this is 56.9 eggs set per hen at the highest amount of floor space per bird (b.56 sq. ft.) and 37.9 eggs set per hen at the lowest amount of floor space per bird (2.56 sq. ft.). The 2 intermediate groups were 50.7 and h6.4 eggs respectively for pen A (5.07 sq. ft. of floor space per bird) and pen 5 (2.67 sq. ft. of floor space per bird). Therefore, the general tendency was for the number of eggs per hen to decrease as floor space per hen decreased; however, as the number of square feet per hen de- creased the number of eggs set per pen increased. This increase was from 11.5 eggs per square foot in pen 5 (4.56 sq. ft. of floor space per bird), to 15.0 eggs per square foot in pen 4 (5.07 square feet of floor space per bird), to 16.1 eggs per square foot in pen 5 (2.67 sq. ft. of floor space per bird), to 19.0 eggs per square foot in pen 2 (2.56 sq. ft. of floor space per bird). Based on total hens housed, percent production showed a general improvement as floor space per hen increased. The hens in pen 5, housed at 4.56 square feet of floor Table 3 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Percent Production And on Number Eggs Set Per Pen, Hen and Square Foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Eggs Set Percent* Pen Housed per Bird Total Per Hen Per Sq.Ft. Production 2 50 / 2 2.56 1456 b7.9 19.0 A2.7 5 25 / 2 2.67 1161 b6.h 16.1 h1.5 A 20 / 2 5.07 1015 50.7 15.0 h5.2 5 15 / 2 h.56 855 56.9 11.5 50.8 *Based on number of hens housed space per hen, produced at the rate of 50.8 percent. This was 5.6 per-. cent higher than the production in pen h where birds were housed at 5.07 square feet of floor space per hen; 9.5 percent higher than the production in pen 5 where birds were housed at 2.67 square feet of floor space per hen; and 8.1 percent higher than the production in pen 2 where the birds were housed at 2.56 square feet of floor space per hen. Fegtile eggs CTableg5) Number of fertile eggs produced per pen was not consistent. 0f the eggs produced in pen h, 852 out of 1,015 eggs (82.1 percent) were fertile. Fertility was lowest in the eggs from pen 2. Five hundred seventy (570) of the 1,h56 eggs (59.7 percent) from this pen were fertile. Figures for pen 5 were 815 fertile eggs out of a total of 1,161 eggs (70.2 percent). There werp 594 fertile eggs out of 855 eggs (69.6 percent) produced by the hens in pen 5. In general, the number / of fertile eggs per hen increased as the number of square feet per bird Table 5 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Fertility and Number of Fertile Eggs Produced Per Pen, Ben and Square Foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) Percent Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. ‘_ Fertile Eggs Fertile Pen Housed Per Bird Total Per Hen Per Sq. Ft. Eggs 2 50 / 2 2.56 570 19.0 8.1 59.7 5 25 / 2 2.67 815 52.6 26.5 70.2 h 20 / 2 5.07 852 h1.6 26.8 82.1 5 15 / 2 n.56 59h 59.6 9.1 69.6 increased. The number of fertile eggs per hen was 19 for pen 2 where the birds were housed at 2.56 square feet of floor space per bird; 52.6 for pen 5 where the birds were housed at 2.67 square feet of floor space per bird; 41.6 for pen 4 where the birds were housed at 5.07 square feet of floor space per bird; and 59.6 for pen 5 where the birds were housed at 8.56 square feet of floor space per bird. The two pens in which the greatest number of fertile eggs were produced per square foot of floor space were pens A (5.07 square feet of floor space per bird) and 5 (2.67 square feet of floor space per bird) with 26.8 and 26.5 fertile eggs per square foot of floor space. The two pens which produced the lowest number of fertile eggs per square foot of floor space were pens 5 (h.56 square feet of floor space per bird) and 2 (2.56 square feet of floor space per bird) with 9.1 and 8.1 fertile eggs per square foot of floor space. 15 Pcults (Table 6): The total number of poults produced per pen was highest in pen A (628 poults) and lowest in pen 2 (#06 poults). Pens 5 and 5 were intermediate with 586 and 490 poults. In general, more poults were produced per hen as floor space per bird was increased. Where birds were allowed 2.56 square feet of floor space, 15.5 poults per hen were produced; where birds were allowed 2.67 square feet of floor space, 25.4 poults per hen were produced; where birds were allowed 5.07 square feet of floor space, 51.4 poults per hen were produced; and where birds were allowed 5.56 square feet of floor space, 52.7 poults per hen were prc321:3. Eras? r, poults produced per square foot of floor space did not follow this same order. Pen h was high with 9.5 poults per square foot being produced and pen 2 was low with 5.h poults per square foot being produced.1 From pens 5 and 5, 8.1 and 6.6 poults were produced respectively per square foot of floor space. Table 6 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Percent Hatch of Total Eggs Produced and On The Number of Faults Produced Per Pen, Hen and Square Foot (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) Viw w ‘— T —_ —_m A Percent Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. ___> Poults * Hatch of Pen Housed Per Bird Total Per Hen Per Sq.Ft. Total Eggs 2 ,3 / 2 2.56 A06 15.5 5.h 28.5 5 25 / 2 2.67 586 25.h 8.1 50.5 4 20 / 2 5.07 628 51.h 9.5 62.0 5 15 / 2 4.56 490 52.7 6.6 57.h Mortality (Table 7): The over-all mortality of the Beltsville Small White turkey breeders in this study was low. Actual mortality was only three hens; however, four hens were removed because of a Four plus reaction to the Salmonella Pullorum Tube Test and were considered as having died. Ad- ditional laboratory tests proved these reactor birds to be free from pullorum disease. Two birds were removed from pan 2; one bird was re- moved from pen 5; and one bird was removed from pen 5 because of the positive reaction 10 days after the experiment began. The mortality loss was 6.7 percent in pen 2 (2.56 square feet of floor space per bird); 8.0 percent in pen 5 (2.67 square feet of floor space per bird), 10 percent in pen 4 (5.07 square feet of floor space per bird) and 6.7 per- cent in pen 5 (4.56 square feet of floor space per bird). Table 7 Mortality (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) V L ' Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Total Percent Average Pen Housed Per Bird Hens Lost Mortality Hens 2 5o / 2 2.56 2 6.7 28.2* 5 25 / 2 2.67 2 8.0 25.2 b 20 / 2 5.07 2 10.0 18.8 5 15 / 2 A.56 1 6.7 1h.1 I*Based on number of hen days Feed (Table 8;: Regardless of the number of birds in each pen, the feeding space per pen was held constant (#8 inches in each pen). Feed consumed per bird was 25.0 pounds in pen 2 where birds were housed at 2.56 square feet of floor space per hen (47.6 percent production), 25.6 pounds in pen 5 where birds were housed at h.56 square feet of floor space per hen (55.6 percent production), 25.8 pounds in pen 5 where birds were housed at 2.67 square feet of floor space per hen (47.6 percent produc- tion) and 26.2 pounds in pen h where birds were housed at 5.07 square’ feet of floor space per hen (h7.9 percent production). The feed re- quired to produce a dozen eggs was 7.8 pounds for pen 5, 8.0 pounds for pen 2, 8.h pounds for pen 5 and 8.6 pounds for pen h. Table 8 Influence of Floor Space For Bird on the Amount of Feed Required Per Bird and Per Dozen Eggs (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) Feed (lbs.) Average Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Per Per Dozen Percent No. Henz Dozen Pen Housed Per Bird Bird Eggs Production3 in Pens Eggs 2 50 / 2 2.56 25.0 8.0 h7.6 28 9h.2 5 25 / 2 2.67 25.8 8.h 47.6 25 76.7 A 20 / 2 5.07 26.2 8.6 h7.9 19.6 65.8 5 15 / 2 n.56 25.6 7.8 55.6 14 52.5 _ 4* ~——_.__ 1The feed records were kept only for the last 8h days of the 112-day experiment. 2Feed per bird based on average number of hens and toms in each pen. 5Based on number of hen days. Average number of hens based on hen days. 18 Graphic (TableAQ): A graphic view of the results with Beltsville Small White tur- keys is presented in Table 9 to give an over-all picture. Table 9 Comparative Results of Number of Eggs Set Per Hen and Per Square Foot, Number of Fertile Eggs Per Hen and Per Square Foot, Number Poults Per Hen and Square Foot, Percent Production, Percent Fertile Eggs, Percent Hatch of Total Eggs and Percent Mortality as Influenced by the Amount of loor Space Per Bird (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) 50‘1 504 Number of ’40-: Eggs 50d 2124 th Cu F‘ j l 1* 2.56 ‘2.67 5.07 4.56 Square Feet of Floor Space Per Turkey Legend Number Eggs Set Per Hen-v —xr —- 40—46-— Number Eggs Set Per Sq. Ft. .. _______ Number Fertile Eggs Per Hen -i-x-X-X- Number Fertile Eggs Per Sq. Ft.- - -- Number Poults Per Hen Number Poults Per Sq. Ft. —°-o-°-¢_ 19 Table 9 - Continued h / / / :y 1‘ I / ., —r* r l 7 2.56 2.67 5.07 8.56 Square Feet of Floor Space Per Turkey Legend Percent Production Percent Fertile Eggs —X—X—X—-X—|(- Percent Hatch of Total Eggs- - - Percent Mortality _._n..u.._.,.- B. With Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys ngsgproduced and set (Table 10): The total number of eggs set per given area of floor space in- creased as the num er of hens housed in this area increased. The twenty hens in pen 12 (2.3? square feet of floor space per bird) produced 999 eggs; the fifteen hens in pen 11 (2.88 square feet of floor space per bird) produced 754 eggs; the nine hens in pen 9 (6.59 square feet of ;.ccr space per bird) produced 509 eggs; the nine hens in pen 18 (5.80 o; v! I (.‘J O o e a I f‘ . square feet of f.ocr space per bird} produced bCa eggs; and the 27 hens l"\ in pen 20 7.91 square feet of locr space per bird) produced 1,158 eggs. Thus this is 56.6 eggs set per hen (50.5 percent production) in pen 9, 50.0 eggs set per hen (54.6 percent production) in pen 12, b8.9 eggs set per hen (85.7 percent production) in pan 11, Ah.9 eggs set per hen (#0.1 percent production) in pen 18 and 112.2 eggs set per hen (57.6 percent production) in pen 20. The number of eggs set per square foot increased as the square feet of floor space per bird decreased. This increase was from 4.6 eggs (pen 20) to 7.0 eggs (pen 18); to 8.6 eggs (pen 9) to 15.0 eggs (pen 11), to 20.0 eggs (pen 12). Table 10 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Percent Production And on Number Eggs Set Per Pen, Hen and Square Foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) vv' Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. .;_, Eggs Set <___ Percent"I Pen Housed Per Bird Total Per Hen Per Sq.Ft. Production 12 20 / 2 2.27 990 50.0 20.0 Ah.6 11 15 / 2 2.88 75h 48.9 15.0 45.7 18 9 / 1 5.80 hon 4h.9 7.0 h0.1 9 9 / 1 6.59 509 56.6 8. 50.5 20 27 / A 7.91 1158 h2.2 A.6 57.6 *Based on number of hens housed Fertile eggs (Table 11): The total number of fertile eggs produced per pen was not con- sistent. Of the eggs produced in pen 18, 298 out of 50h eggs (75.8 21 Table 11 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Fertility and Number of Fertile Eggs Produced Per Pen, Hen and Square Foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) ~— I I _I I ;-_ . Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Fertile Eggs Pen Housed Per Bird Total Per Hen Per Sq.Ft. ‘_Percent 12 2o / 2 2.27 111.2 7.1 5.1 121.2 11 15 / 2 2.88 552 5.5 12.5 72.5 18 9 / 1 5.80 298 55.1 5.7 75.8 9 9 / 1 6.59 299 55.2 1.5 58.7 20 27 / 1+ 7.91 55-7 19.9 2.5 1+7.2 percent) were fertile. Fertility was lowest in the eggs from pen 12. Only 182 of the 999 eggs (7.1 percent) from this pen were fertile. Figures from pen 11 were 552 fertile eggs out of a total of 758 eggs (72.5 percent). The hens in pens 9 and 20 were intermediate in that those in pen 9 produced 299 fertile eggs out of a total of 509 eggs (58.7 percent) while those in pen 20 produced 557 fertile eggs out of a total of 1,158 eggs (87.2 percent). The hens in pens 11, 9 and 18 produced 55.5, 55.2 and 55.1 fertile eggs per hen, respectively, while those in pens 20 and 12 were much lower with 19.9 and 7.1 fertile eggs per hen. The two pens having the least number of fertile eggs produced per square foot were pens 2C (7.91 square feet of floor space per bird) and pen 12 (2.27 square feet of floor space per bird) with 2.5 and 5.1 fertile eggs per square foot. Pen 11 (2.88 square feet of floor space per bird) was high with 12.5 fertile eggs per square foot. Pens 9 (6.59 square feet of floor space per bird) and 18 (5.80 square feet of floor Space per bird) were intermediate with h.5 and 5.7 fertile eggs per square foot. Poults (Table 12): The total number of poults produced per pen was highest in pen 11 (506 poults) and lowest in pen 12 (72 poults). Pens 20, 9 and 18 were in between with 508, 181 and 180 poults. Where birds were housed at 2.88 square feet of floor space, 27.1 poults per hen were produced; where birds were housed at 6.59 square feet of floor space, 20.1 poults per hen were produced; where birds were housed at 5.80 square feet of floor space, 20.0 poults per hen were produced; where birds were housed at 7.91 square feet of floor space, 11.4 poults per hen were produced; and where birds were housed at 2.27 square feet of floor space, 5.6 poults per hen were produced. The number of poults produced per square foot was highest in pen 11 (8.5 poults) while pens 12 (1.4 poults) and 20 (1.3 poults) were lowest. Pens 9 (2.7 poults) and 18 (3.1) were intermediate. Table 12 Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on Percent Hatch of Total Eggs Produced and on the Number of Poults Produced Per Pen, Hen and Square Foot (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) Percent Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Poults Hatch of Pen Housed Per Bird Tota Per Hen Per Sq.Ft. Total Eggs 12 20 / 2 2.27 72 5.6 1.h 7.2 11 15 / 2 2.88 A06 27.1 8.5 55.5 18 9 / 1 5.80 180 20.0 5.1 Ah.6 9 9 / 1 6.59 181 20.1 2.7 55.6 20 27 / 4 7.91 508 11.4 1.5 27.1 Mortality (Table 1;): Mortality in the Broad Breasted Bronze turkey pens was excep- tionally low. Only 2 hens were lost during the experimental period. This loss (7.h percent) occurred in pen 20 which had the greatest amount of floor space (7.91 square feet) per bird. Table 13 Mgr-‘1‘, 1‘ .' (Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys) Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Total Percent Average Pen Housed Per Bird Hens Lost Mortality Hens* 12 20 / 2 2.77 0 0 20 11 1f / 2 2.88 O O 15 18 9 / 1 5.80 0 0 9 9 9 / 1 6.59 o 0 9 2O 2? / b 7.91 2 ?.h 25.5 ‘-———— A.- *Based on number of hen days. Feed (Table 1b): Regardless of the number of birds in each pen, feeding space per pen was held constant (#8 inches per pen). Feed consumed per bird was h1.h pounds for those housed at 2.27 square feet of floor space (b7.3 percent production), b1.6 pounds for those housed at 5.8 square feet of floor space (42.9 percent production), b1.6 pounds for those housed at 7.91 square feet of floor space (b5.6 percent production), 47.1 pounds for those housed at 2.88 quare feet of floor space (47.5 percent 2h production) and 5b.} pounds for those housed at 6.59 square feet of floor space (53.1 percent production). Table 1h Influence of Floor Space Per Bird on the Amount of Feed 73 Required .er Bird and Per Dozen Eggs (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys)l _ # t ‘ Average Hens/Toms Sq. Ft. Percent No. Hefis Dozen Feed (lbs.) Pen Housed Per Bird Per Birdz Per Doz.Eggs Production In Pen Eggs 12 20 / 2 2.27 h1.h 13.8 47.5 20 66.2 11 15 / 2 2.88 b7.1 16.9 h;.5 15 h7.h 18 9 / 1 5.80 h1.6 15.h L3,? 9 27.1 9 9 / 1 6.59 5A.5 14.8 "3.1 9 56.6 20 27 / a 7.91 b1.6 15.1 ~5.5 25.5 81.5 1The feed records were kept only for the last 84 days of the 112 day experiment. (Feed per bird is based on average number of hens and toms in each pen. 5Based on number of hen days. #Average number of hens based on hen days. Graphic (Table 15): is presented in Table 15. A graphic view of the results with Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys Table 15 Comparative Results of Number of Eggs Set Per Han and Per Square Foot, Number of Fertile Eggs Per Hen and Per Square Foot, Number Poults Per Hen and Square Foot, Percent Production, Percent Fertile Eggs, Percent Hatch of Total Eggs and Percent Mortality as Influenced by the Amount of Floor Space Per Bird (Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys) (.75 J- A z. / \ /__-1 I. \ \— ~ // \ _ _ __ __ _ - __/ \ \ [c_ Number a—x_,_x_x_x_x_x -X of :C—J *{ X\* E? 3 “- ig“ ‘« 3g 21“.. i/r ‘ - ‘~' “ — s x\ I ; 1 —'— 1 ' A I 20 27 2.88 5080 6.59 7091 Square Feet of Floor Space Per Turkey Legend Number Eggs Set Per Hen --------- Number Eggs Set Per Square Foot—O—O—O—O— Number Fertile Eggs Per Hen—x-x-K- X-x—X- Number Fertile Eggs Per Sq. Ft. Number Poults Per Hen_--_. . — .—.—.—..— Number Poults Per Square Foot—.‘._.x._.x._' Table 15 - Continued Percent 80! _ _.._ —- — —- - ——\ 7d ,— \ I \ \ L‘ "II I \ lhx\ \\\ \IL K‘X x \- 11'34-1 7 fl \X\ I I‘- X\ :‘4 [I X‘X\*\ 1’ x%¥‘ \- 20« I; ’4 101 (J, 0-. 44/" ' o 1 I 1 2.27 2.88 5.80 6.59 7.91 Square Feet of Floor Space Per Turkey Legend Percent Production__ .2-_~_ Percent Fertile Eggs..._ _. _.._ __._ Percent Hatch of Total Eggs_1_x_x-q_ Percent Mortality__.._.._.._.u_.__u_. C. Economics Beltsville Small White TurkeysgLTablg 16): Average prices figured from the questionnaire sent to four Michigan hatcherymen (see Experimental Procedure) were used as a basis in computing gross income from fertile eggs in each pen. Gross income was highest ($150.95) from pen h where birds were housed at 5.07 square feet of floor space per bird. From pen 5, where birds were housed at h.§6 square feet of floor space per bird, gross income was lowest (870.45 . Comparable figures for pen 5, where birds were housed at 2.67 square feet of floor space per bird, and for pen 2, where birds .mmo oaauuom you sow co women ascend nachos. .man on» 53 seems poem on» noonaocHn .cou you om.mma Mo pmoo poem e co oommmm .onmu .n was» escape» .mnma .oH soumz weapon on» how can some :a mac: mo genes: owmpo>m on» :0 women can mopswwu seesaw on.o ma.N mm.ue me.ou m.oo moN on.“ no.0H cue om.s N \ as m mm.“ em.n mo.ao~ no.0ms n.es mm: an.“ «N.oN mom so.m N \o.mu a oN.H sn.m no.0w so.ouu m.mo Nme om.n mo.mN new so.N N \ MN m no.0w mn.Hw ww.m:w 0H.mww c.5m mom mm.Hw wm.emw owe om.m N \ mm m .HWWHWMMWWWImmewcaIICmm pom osoocw accused noncsz mmwm you new $Wm ‘wcmwom XHflHwauncH msoe\wcmm :mm amoe nomw hobo mEoeCH enmouo mmmm maapcom Npmou nook pooh cos you fiewmpo>< CV“ com Assesses onus: Hamsm oaausmuammv spam ems ocean sooam we assess one am voocoschH mm umoo pooh Lo>o 900m mLmfiom use new .coa you osocCH tam meoocH mmouo oa manna 28 were housed at 2.56 square feet of floor space per bird, were 8116.64 and $85.16. In order to figure income over feed cost, an average of $95.50 per ton was charged for the feed consumed (see Experimental Procedure). On this basis, feed cost amounted to $26.27 for pen L, $19.07 for pen 5, 829.99 for pen 5, and 8§#.88 for pen 2 leaving an income over feed cost of $104.68 for pen A, $41.59 for pen 5, $86.65 for pen 5, and 8A8.28 for pen 2. Income per hen over feed cost was $5.54 in pen 4 (5.07 square feet of floor space per bird), 85.77 in pen 5 (2.67 square feet of floor space per bird), $2.95 in pen 5 (b.56 square feet of floor space per bird) and $1.75 in pen 2 (2.56 square feet of floor space per bird). When income was computed on the basis of income over feed cost per square foot of floor space, the two lowest pens were pen 5 ($0.56 per square foot) and pen 2 ($0.64 per square foot). Income per square foot was highest from pen 4 (81.55 per square foot) while pen 5 had an income of 81.20 per square foot of floor space. Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys (Table 17): The average prices used in computing gross income from fertile eggs were obtained from the questionnaire (see Experimental Procedure) sent to four Michigan hatcherymen. Gross income was highest ($115.25) from pen 20 where birds were allowed 7.91 square feet of floor space per bird. From pen 12, Where birds were allowed 2.27 square feet of floor space per bird, gross income was lowest ($26.25). Comparable figures for pen 11, where birds were allowed 2.88 square feet of floor space per bird, for pen 18, where birds were allowed 5.80 square feet .oopsmam o>aummoc cumoaocd nc:9m«m pea coaccmn .wmo eddoaou Lea em.mm co comma osccca mocha: .osoa on» 55 :owmo coon on» nocsaoCHm .cou Lou om.mmw ho umco meow a co nonmmm .anaa .a was» smashes mmwd .0" cokmx coauwa on» Low COQ some ca mac: no Lmfissc ommom>m on» no woman can QOLSMdu amaze « m~.o m«.w om.mm w~.m«« 0.0m mom mw.m mm.um mum“ am.w 3 \m mm om 3.0 nN.m poemN wmtew 0.3 m3 $.N mmfim new mud n \ m m N®.o mm.m em.we mm.@© o.mm mu“ mm.m fl:.mu we: om.m « \ m m« «e.« me.: m«.nw mm.eofl momm mom m:.m ow. m com mm.m N \ m“ a“ g mNdNe Q: on NiN Rafi. Sm Rd N \ 0N Nu JMdem com com emu com1amm ecceCH Awmwnnom Lopssz mccm Lem own mmm. weapon Mwaowbacm 1W509\m9mwwqwmm alalmwou vowwswmwo mECcCH enooao \wmmw mflwwnoMl Namou vcmw. nook mm” WNW Hmmmnobq III! ,t 3.1%”. 3!-1‘ I‘- I‘Ill ' Ll ll 1' "HI ‘1“, ' ll Amazoym omummmam noonmv onwm Lea modem Locam mo accos< mm» mm ococcsHMCH mm unoo comm Lm>o poem mLmSUm com com .com pom osoecH com cacoCH mmoao ha mfifimb of floor space per bird and for pen 9, where birds were allowed 6.59 square feet of floor space per bird, were $10#.35, 366.75 and 35#.58 respectively. A base figure of ”95.50 per ton (see Experimental Procedure) was used to compute feed cost. This cost amounted to $57.20 for pen 11, 857.29 for pen 20, $19.41 for pen 18, $25.52 for pen 9, and 3&2.52 for pen 12, leaving an income over feed cost of 367.15 for pen 11, $55.96 for pen 20, $h7.5h for pen 18, 829.06 for pen 9, and a loss of 816.07 for pen 12. Income per hen over feed cost was 35.26 in pen 18 (5.80 square feet of floor space per bird), 8h.h8 in pen 11 (2.88 square feet of floor space per bird), 85.25 in pen 9 (6.59 square feet of floor space per bird), $2.19 in pan 20 (7.91 square feet of floor space per bird) and a loss of $0.80 per hen in pen 12 (2.27 square feet of floor space per bird). The lowest pen, when income was computed on the basis of income over feed cost per square foot of floor space, was pen 12 (loss of 80.52 per square foot). Income per square foot was highest from pen 11 ($1.h1 per square foot) while pens 18, 9 and 20 had an income of 80.82, 80.hh, and 80.25 respectively per square foot of floor space. D. Statistical Analysis The number of floor eggs laid by the hens in each pen made the use of a statistical analysis somewhat difficult. The Beltsville Small White hens laid 22.4 percent floor eggs in pan 2.(2.§6 square feet of floor space per bird), 20.1 percent floor eggs in pen 5 (2.67 square feet of floor space per bird), 18.1 percent floor eggs in pen 5 (h.§6 51 square feet of floor space per bird), and 15.b percent floor eggs in pen A (5.07 square feet of floor space per bird). The Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys produced a higher percentage of floor eggs than did the Beltsrille Small White turkeys. The hens in pen 20 (7.91 square feet of floor space per bird) laid 91.h percent floor eggs; the hens in pen 9 (6.59 square feet of floor space per bird) laid 60.9 percent floor eggs; the hens in pen 18 (5.80 square feet of floor space per bird) laid 51.2 percent floor eggs; the hens in pen 12 (2.27 square feet of floor space per bird) laid 57,5 percent floor eggs; and the hens in pan 11 (2.88 square feet of floor space per bird) laid 55.1 percent floor eggs. A statistical analysis, using Linear Regression, was made of the number of eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen. This analysis was made under the assumption that when a line is fitted to the mean of the number of eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen, there is linear regression. The hypothesis, floor space in- fluence is equal to zero, was tested. The hypothesis tested, therefore, was whether the number of eggs laid and set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen depended on the amount of floor space per bird under the assumption that either there was no dependence or that, if there was dependence, the dependence was linear. The analysis, Beltsville Small White turkeys, shown in Tables 18 and 19, clearly indicate that "a" influence of floor space is not equal to zero when the number of eggs set per hen or the fertile eggs produced per bird was analyzed but it should be remembered that this analysis assumes a linear dependence between floor space and number of Table 18 Statistical analysis of the number of eggs set per hen for Beltsville Small White Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) A. The estimates, a - b.98 and b : §#.97, were obtained for the equa- tion, y a a2 4 b where y equal number of eggs set per hen and Z equal the amount of floor space per bird. The following graph shows the estimated mean of eggs set per hen and the actual number obtained in the experiment. Y 50" 55- 50- 45- ' o I f .1 Z 2.55 2.67 5.07 4.56 Legend 1. Broken Line Equal Actual Mean 2. Solid Line EQual Estimated Mean B. The F-test for a x O is: Source of Variance Sum of Squares ELK; Mean Square F Value Total 1515.0h 89 Regression 209.26 88 2.58 Error 1105.78 1 1165.75 A54.61‘ 1Significant at F 40.01 eggs per hen and between floor space and fertile eggs produced per hen. Further, the largest estimate for "a" was an additional 4.98 eggs set per hen and 9.52 fertile eggs produced per hen for an increase of one square foot of floor space per hen for a 112 day experimental period. 55 Table 19 Statistical analysis of the fertile eggs produced per hen for Beltsville Small White Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) A. The estimates a x 9.52 and b a $.28, were obtained for the equation, y a a2 4 b where y equal number of fertile eggs produced per hen and Z equal the amount of floor space per bird. The following graph shows the estimated mean of fertile eggs produced per hen and the actual number obtained in the experiment. l . T" *"~ ‘ "- '---—g-— 2.36 2.67 3-07 4.36 Legend 1. Broken Line Equal Actual Mean 2. Solid Line Equal Estimated Mean E. The F—test for a n O is: Source of Variance Sum of Squares QLE; Mean Square F Value Total 77h5.70 89 Regression 5825.53 83 A5.§5 Error 5921.12 1 5921.12 90.22‘ 1Significant at P<0.01 An analysis {Tables 20 and 21) of the number of eggs set per hen I! from the Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys also indicates that "a influence or floor space was no? equal to Vere. The estimates for "a" was an ad» ditional 0.97 fertile eggs produced per hen and a negative 1.05 eggs set per hen for an increase of one square foot of floor space per hen for a 112 day experimental period. In the preceding analysis, the total number of eggs laid and set for each bird was not available because of the large number of floor eggs. An estimate of the variability between hens was made of the num- ber of eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen by the Belts- ville Small White turkeys without assuming linearity. This analysis was made disregarding the number of floor eggs laid in each pen; there- fore, a measure of variability between hens was possible although in a limited way. Since the number of eggs set per hen varied from zero to 85 for the 112 day ezperimental period, the value of b.98 eggs increase per unit of floor space is small by comparison. This indicates that individual hens and possibly other management practices determine pro- duction per bird much more than does floor space. However, this type ‘ef analysis confirmed the results obtained in the preceding analysis of fertile eggs produced per hen and maybe indicates the need for fewer hens per male. The analysis in Table 22 shows the test of variability between hens in pens and bears out the statements made about the number of eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen in the Beltsville Small White turkey pens. Table 20 Statistical analysis of the number of eggs set per hen for Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) A. The estimates, a s -1.05 and b a 52.65, were obtained for the equation, y a a2 + b where y equal number of eggs set per hen and Z equal the amount of floor space per bird. The following graph shows the estimated mean of eggs set per hen and the ac- tual number obtained in the experiment. Y 9 a v 2.27 2.88 5.80 6.59 7.91 Legend 1. Broken Line Equal Actual Mean 2. Solid Line Equal Estimated Mean B. The F-test for a a O is: Source of Variance §um of Squares E;£: Mean §3uare P Value Total 1716.5 79 Regression 1118.h8 78 1h.§§ Error 597.67 1 597.67 h1.711 15ignif‘icant at P (0.01 \N 0\ Table 21 Statistical analysis of the fertile eggs produced per hen for Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Breeder Hens (Linear Regression) A. The estimates, a a 0.97 and b . 17.60, were obtained for the equa- tion, y a a2 9 b where y equal number of fertile eggs produced per hen and Z equal the amount of floor space per bird. The following graph shows the estimated mean of fertile eggs produced per hen and the actual number obtained in the experiment. I 204 \x 151 I 10- I 0.. (Q 2.27 2.88 5.80 6.59 7.91 Legend 1. Broken Line Equal Actual Mean 2. Solid Line Equal Estimated Mean B. The F-test for a a O is: Source of Variance Sum of Square 2:2; Mean Square F Value Total 9524.07 79 Regression 908A.67 78 116.h7 Error h59.h0 7 1 h59.40 5.771 1Net significant at P<0.05 57 Table 22 Statistical analysis of the total eggs set per hen and fertile eggs produced per hen by the Analysis of Variance method (Beltsville Small White Turkeys) A. Total eggs set per hen Source of Variance Sum of Squares D.F. Mean Sguare P Value Total 57.510-0 89 Between 1,500.9 5 h55.65 .6671 Error 55,909.1 ‘ 86 650.10 B. Fertile eggs produced per hen Source of Variance Sum of Squares D.F. Mean Square F Value Total 57,522.82 89 Between 6,558.52 5 2112.8“ 5.8h52 Error 51,08h.50 86 561.hh tNot significant at P