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' ‘h? any“) r :IuL-f‘y‘ Determine the Economic Mixture of Portland with Quick setting Cements A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE BY \ 1.! A. .T. Williams Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science June 1932 THESIS COIITEII’“S Introduction General Discussion - Deerless Super Cement - Velo Cement- Incor Cement iject- Required Physical Properties Procedure Fineness- Formal Consistency - Soundness— Time of set - Tension Tests Discussion General Curve discussion— Congression Tests - Comparative Cost of mixing ( Aetna - Vclo and netna — Incor) Curve Discussion 1. Aetna rortland — Incor Cement Discussion - Data - Curves Aetna Portland - reerless Super Discussion - Data - Curves 3. Aetna Portland — Velo Cement Discussion - Data - Curves . Comfression Tests [‘3 O #3 Conclusion. I 43H ‘J r3,“ F919 ‘7‘ (V -\ 1.. V 9-—12 15-20 INTRODUCTION For a good many years, the average contractor and work- man was afraid to use " rapid hardening cement? First, be- cause it requiaed skilled workmen to handle it in order to obtain good results; second, it was too eXpensive for very extensive work. In the year of 1925 the Portland Cement Association preformed the following eXperiment with Lumnite Cement. They found that when 90 percent portland was mixed with 10 percent Lumnite, on 25 percent portland with 75 percent Lumnite, these mixtures had normal setting prOperties. But,when mixed in the propertion of 75 percent portland to 25 percent lumnite, a flash set was obtained which was so rapid that it was practically impossible to mold the Specé mens. *Peerless Super Cement is made by the Peerless Portland Cement Company at Union City, Michigan. It was first made by an English investigator, and it was successfully used in England for a number of years prior to its introduction in- to Canada in the year of 1920. After a thorough investi- *Peerless Portland Cement Company. - Bulleten P3 gation of the additional value of Super Cement, the Peerless Portland Cement Company purchased the right to manufacture this product. Super Cement is effective by the incorporation of a substance known as "catacall" during the manufacturing process. Catacall itself has no more cementing qualities than raw gypsum, which is usually used in the manufacture of portland cement and portion of which is replaced by catacall in making Super Cement. Super Cement is made in the same manner as portland cement; infect, the rotary grinders and other machinery may be used for either port- land or super cement, and both are ground to the same degree of fineness. The strength and impermeability deveIOped in Super Cement concrete is derived from the reactions which occur between the mixing water and the constituents of the clinker. Super Cement hydrates more thoroughly than port- land cement. Consequently, greater strength in bond, ten- sion, and compression can be obtained from Super Cement mortors. The function of catacall is to facilitate these reactions, and thus insure that they will be more complete than is the case in portland cement. *Velo Cement is a highly refined portland cement and contains no chemical additions or mixtures of any kind not found in standard portland cement. Its high quality and rapid hardening are due entirely to the methops by which *Information taken from Missouri Portland Cement Co. 5 it is manufactures. This consists of selecting and com- bining very carefully raw meterials of the best quality so as to obtain absolute uniformity and a minimum amount of impurities. These materials are burnied much longer than the average cement in the kiln and at a temperature of about 2850 degree F. This complete burning develOps a clinker containing about 70 percent tri calcium.silicate. Tri- ealcium silicate is the most active compound obtained in cement clinker and in its final form hydrates very rapidly and completely. This is one of the outstanding reasons why VeloCCement gains strength so rapidly. Another factor of importance is the fineness to which the cement is ground.* Velo Cement is purely a portland cement of high quality and accordingly can be mixed with and standard portland cement satisfactorily. The effect obtained when Velo Cement is mixed with portland cement is an increase in the early strength of the concrete over that which would be obtained by using standard portland cements. The following table is a typical chemical analysis of Vale and average portland cements: Velo Portland GYpsum 2 - 2.25% 1.5 ~- 2% Iron Oxide 1.75 - 2.25% l - 4% Alumina 5.5 — 5.5 % 5 - 9%. Silica 19 -19.5% 19 -25% Lima 67, -68 % so -65% Magnesia .75 - 1.25% l - 5% Minor Constituents O _ 2 % 0 5p _ m ll.‘ Incor Cement is manfactored by the Lone Star Cement Company Indiana, Inc. at Indianapolis, Indiana. Incor is a high early strength cement. 5 The object of this experimental work was to determine an economcial mixture that could actually used in construc- tion work and still receive the desired results. A great many roads and building jobs could be handled more easily and cheaply if it were possible to get a rapid hardening cement that would not cost much. The actual difference in the price of one barrel of portland cement and a barrel of rapid hardening cement is small; but in a large contract where a large number of barrels are used, the cost would be increased considerably. The cements used in this experiment were as follows: Aetna - regular portland Peerless Super - high quality portland— Peerless Super Cement 60. " * C .Ind. Incor - rapid hardening portland, Lone Star beheflt 0 Velo - rapid hardening portland, Missouri Portland Cement Co. Aetna Cement was mixed with each one of the other three in the following propertions:- 95 to 5; 90 to 10; 80 to 20; 65 to 55; 50 to 50; 25 to 75. A complete set of tests, according to the standard specifications and tests for port- land cement, were run on each of the four cements used and also on each one of the eighteen mixtures. *The required Physical PrOperties of Cement are: Fineness: The residue on a standard number 200 sieve shall not exceed 22 percent by weight. Soundness: A pat of neat cement shall remain firm and hard, and show no signs of distortion. cracking, checking or disintegration in the steam test for soundness. *Standard Specifications for Portland Cement - A. S. T. M. Time of Setting: The cement shall not develOp initial set in less than fourty five minutes when the Vicat needle is used or sixty minutes when the Gillmore needle is udes. Final set shall be attained within ten hours. Tensile Strength: The average tensile strength in pounds per square inch of not less than three stan- dard mortar briquets compared of one part of cement and three parts of standard sand, by weight, shall be equal to or higher than the following: Age at Test Storage of Briguets Tensile Strength Days Lbs. per sq. in. 7 1 day in moist air, 6 days in water 275 28 1 day in moist air, 27 days in water 550 The average tensile strength of standard mortar at 28 days shall be higher than the strength for 7 days. Procedure Fineness: A fifty gram sample was taken from each of the tewnty-two sacks and the fineness of each sample was test- ed according to the specifications listed above. (See data sheet page Normal Consistency: A 500 gram sample of one of the mixtures was mixed with a measured quanity of water, and it was tested with the Vicat apparatus to determine if it met the requirements for normal consistency. This eXperimental ‘44. AL.” process was repeated until normal consistency was reached, when the amount of water used was recorded. This was done for each cement and each conbination of cements. Soundness: A pat from the cement paste of normal consistency three inches in diameter, one half inch thick at the center, and tapered to a thin edge, was made on a glass plate. The pat was stored in moist air for twenty four hours. Then it was placed in the steam apparatus for five hours. The soundness test was made to detect distortion, disintegration, checking, cracking, and shrinking of the cement paste. It was found that all the cements met the required Specifications. Time of Set: The time of set of each mixture was de- termined with the Vicat apparatus. ( It is interesting to know that Velo and Incor are often considered "quick setting cements". This is not so, because they have normal prOperty is that they will gain strength more rapidly than standard Portland Cement.after setting takes place.) Tension Tests: Sixteen neat cement and fifteen stand- ard sand briquetts (using Ottawa sand) were made for each of the twenty-two cement mixtures. The briquetts were stored as follows: - one day in moist air. - 2 day in water. 5 day in water. - 7 day in water. - 14 day in water. (\3 IO (\3 N N N) I - 21 day in water. 2 - 28 day in water. At the end of the Specified time each two were subjected to a tensile test according to result for each test was re- corded, and a curve was drawn for each mixture. ( See pages 19 - 52) Discussion In analyzing thee curves, it will be seen that they are very irregular. This condition is due to a peculiar growth formed on the bottom of the briquette as it stood in the water. The growth was yellow in color, and shaped similarly to an icicle, ranging one quarter to three quarters of an inch in length. When it was taken out of the water the growth changed in color from a yellow to a rust. The temperature Of the water in the storage tank changed with the change in temperature of the room. As the water became warmer the growth became more pronounced. The bri- quetts that were tested after this condition occured tested much lower than they should have, and several tests had to be discarded because of this condition. A sample of the storage water was tested with litmus paper. The paper turned slightly blue showing that the water waslightly a kaline. This condition did not prove anything because the average water is naturably slightly alkaline. A series of tests were made so as to detect where the growth originated. Twelve briquettes consisting of four different mixtures were made. 1. Standard Sand - Distilled Water. 2. Standard Sand - Tap Water. 5. Regular Sand - Tap Water. 4. Regular Sand - Distilled Water. These briquettes were divided into three groups each group 10 having one complete set of the four briquettes mentioned above. The first group was cured in distilled water; se- cond, in ordinary tap water; and third, in the original storage tank. These samples were left in these respective curing tanks for a week, and during this time the tempera-- ture of the water in the tank was varied similar to the conditions in the original experiment. The following table will indicate the results obtained in these tests. Elias? ‘3 t e s -—« o.——¢—v—- Distillgd Eater Storagg Tank Tap Water Standard Sand Tapv Water No Growth Growth No Growth Ottowa Sand Distilled Water No Growth Growth No Growth Regular Sand Tap Water No Growth No Growth No Growth “Regular Sand Distilled Water No Growth No Growth No Growth By this process it was very evident that the sedimentation in the bottom of the original storage tank was responsible for the peculiar growth. This condition could be remidied by constructing the tanks so that the water is continuously changing. It would also be advisable to use the same form of temerature control device which will keep the storage tank water within 5 degree C. (5 degree F.) of 21 degree C. (70 degree F.) at all times. Comparative Cost Analysis of the Mixtures By analyzing the neat cement tension curves it is readily seen that as the percentage of Peerless Super, Incor, and Velo Mixed with Aetna Cement is increased, the strength for the ll twenty eight day test is also increased. This shows that it is not necessary to use as much of these cements to make a required strength concrete as it would to make the same strength concrete with Aetna Cement. With this idea in mind the computations on the following pages are made to pompare the cost of the cement used in making a 4000 lbs. concrete when 28 days old with a 7 inch slump. There were four briquettes broken for nearly all of the twenty eight day neat cement tension tests, and the recorded results is the average tensile strength of the four briquettes. The increase in tensile strength for the different mixtures is almost directly proportional as the percentage of Aetna is decreased. So in making the following computations for Incor and Velo it will be necessary to assume for conven- ience that the tensile strength for twenty eight days in- creased proportionally as the percentage of Aetna decreased. Compression Tests There were 6 - 4" x 8" cylinders made with the follow- ing cement mixtures: l. Aetna Portland Cement 2. Velo Cement 5. 50% Velo - 50% Aetna Portland 4. 50% Incor- 50% Aetna Portland 5. 50% Peerless Super - 50% Aetna Portland These cylinders were broken as follows: - 1 day in moist air 2 days in water 2 2 l 5 days in water 1 7 days in water Concrete Design 1 : 2 : 5 mixture Required 28 day.Compressive Strength 4000 lbs. per square inch Slump - 7 inches Water Cement ratio ----- .58 (taken from B. Curre) 15 The following computations compare the cost of Aetna Portland Cement and Veol. Tensile Strength of Aetna at 28 days 710 lbs. per sq.ine Tensile Strength of Velo at 28 days 890 lbs. per sq.in. quuired: 4000 lbs. Concrete - 28 days - 7 inch slump. Volume of Concrete when one barrel of Aetna II >< is uses for 4000 lbs. Concrete in 28 days Amount of Velo necessary to produce X cubic feet of 4000 lbs. Concrete in 28 days 710 lbs. per sq. in. 890 lbs. per sq. in. :. .798 bbls. Cost per barrel - Aetna Portland Cement - $2.50 Cost per barrel - Velo Cement - $5.50 % Aetna in Tensile Strength Cost per Bblss of Cost of ce- Mixture lbs./sq.in. in Barrel of Cement used ment for X c 28 days Mixture for Xcu,ft. cu.ft. of Cement __ Concrete 100 710 $2.50 1.00 $2.50 95 719 $2.55 .99 $2.52 90 728 $2.60 .97 $2.53 80 746 92.70 .95 $2.56 ' 50 800 $5.00 .89 $2.68 25 845 $5.25 .84 $2.72 o 890 $5.50 .798 $2279 14 The following computations compare the cost of Aetna Portland Cement and Incor. Tensile Strength of Aetna at 28 days 710 lbs. per sq.in. Tensile Strength of Incor at 28 days 905 lbs. per sq.in. Required: 4000 lbs. Concrete — 28 days - 7 inch slump. Volume of Concrete when one sack of Aetna is used for 4000 lbs. Concrete in 28 days = X Amount of Incor necessary to produce X cubic feet of 4000 lbs. concretein 28 days 710 lbs.Aper sq. in. : .785 sacks 905 lbs. per sq. in. Cost per barrel - Aetna Portland Cement - m2.50 Cost per barrel - Incor Cement - $5.50 % Aetna in Tensile Strength Cost per Sacks of Cost of ce- Mixture lbs./sq.in. in Barrel of Cement used ment for X 28 days Mixture for Xcu.ft. cu ft. of __, Cement_*_ Concrete 100 710 $2.50 1.00 $2.50 95 719.7 92.55 .99 $2.52 90 729.5 52.60 .98 $2.55 80 749.0 $2.70 .95 $2.56 65 778.2 32.85 .92 $2.60 50 807.5 $5.00 .88 $2.64 25 856.5 $5.25 .85 $2.70 0 905.0 25.50 .785 $2.72 15 Discussion of Cures Aetna Portland - Incor Cement *Explanation of Curves: The tensile strength in pounds per square inch was plotted against the age (days) at test on the abscia. The points were taken from data sheet and plotted on the graph, and a smooth curve was drawn, which struch as many points as pos- silve. Aetn:'Portlapd;e_IBc2r_(ye5t_Cem§nt.Cugvgsl From.the curves it is seen that as the percentage of Aetna Portland Cement is decreased the following conditions are brougth about: 1. The mixtures reach a high strength sooner. 2. The strength afterf28 days are increased. The curves show that very satisfactory results are obtained by mixing the two cements, and if all conditions are favorable, as the percentage of Incor.Cement is increased in the mixture the nearer it comes to being a rapid hardening cement. seine. zoztlasd_-_I2csr_02mant ; 91:20:21}an : sums- 'In spite of the fact that the water in the tank was durty, the results are satisfactory. Ottowa Sand is a standard test- ing sand, and simply used for testes. * General Curve Discussion 16 Table: Fineness - Soundness - Normal Consistency Aetna Portland - Incor Cement Perxentage Aetna in Mixture 100% 96% 90% 80% 65% 50% 25% 0% Fineness 22 21.65 21.55 20.68 19.7 18.7 17.5 15.4 (etc) Initial Set 90 55 80 80 75 60 7O 70 (min) Soundness OK 0K 0K 0K 0K 0K 0K 0K % Water Neat 24.0 27.6 28.1 28.9 29.5 50.4 50.7 51.4 % Water Stand- ard Sand 10.5 10.95 11.22 11.28 11.55 11.52 11.68 11.78 Tensile Strength See Data Sheet Aetna Portland - Incor Compressive Strength See Compression Test Data Aetna Mixture 100% 95% 90% 80% 65% 50% 25% 0% 1 day 445 560 557 400 575 577 555 550 Aetna Portland & Incor Ase (DayS) at Test day 465 472 460 525 542 745 600 700 485 602 655 665 667 685 887 657 550 685 745 605 690 752 770 600 500 710 822 805 742 770 827 885 675 715 800 815 775 800 840 890 710 750 825 850 840 855 850 905 17 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day new mt \ekcbk emVx \N V\ s M N \ - I - . in 9‘.” l. m i _ be! Manx .«rrx _ \KOXUxoVUV “thew“ .IVU . 0m0\\brv "VON.“ Q§M\s\v\\.\ . ntbkxbb kbbtkfil\tu\hkm\ Utk0§\ _ 08“.”. \ U 3 I. \\ 3/ \ \ °§W g If 2: \\\1 .u e\. U stem \ \ U 0 S ht \\Xs.a\ as» \ Sad \\\N)\\\1 , ill.|l\ ll _ 9‘98 u use _ , _ x. a 9e . U )1... - - i 5.35854 85/ Utxfi‘x bmfiktoukuo\ “(2000\‘9; Ukkiw to \tbfkotx ktfiu\0n\ _ . _ .a..< _. _ 19 Aetna Portland - Incor - Ottowa Sand Age (Days) at Test Aetna Mixture 1 day 2 day 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day 100% 92 107 170 162 262 285 505 95% 110 190 255 292 297 500 515 90% 125 187 205 250 500 520 _550 80% 195 200 220 245 255 290 550 65% 197 160 255 285 550 540 550 50% 197 252 240 550 575 425 440 25% 550 510 540 587 400 407 425 0% 285 500 455 447 440 440 442 :..: x ‘ ‘ MA.W\ “ \u "AQXQQWAT [\ "1 \m F t . . .Ukbx ax E ..\.x dexx 0% mud Qtukax wk? onb\\v\ a Ukkbb to \OU .\6£ \tUJLUK .U.\ “E ; these.) T‘ i \ hs\ see. \\0\ UiuQUV mnxwgbh “NU L T%%\\07Q 0&6th Q6m.\a\u.\>\ II) at 0m. fitQVNQ- \QVQN... \QQVKOQ Utxo‘ Gin 0%\ 9 a i r“- (If (If. era/:77) 44,7 52/9471; .92/gay 3 x. i (f 00% r ( Discussion of Curves Aetna Portland 9 Peerless Super Cements Explanation of Curves: See General curves discussion on page. seine Patient-J’s 62123.9. sures genest_<.liest_02msn£)_ By analyzing this curve it is seen that there isin't a very great advantage in mixing Peerless Super Cement with portland ce- ment. It doesn't tend to produce cement with a higher early strength, because Peerless Super itself is not a rapid hardening cement. It does seem to increase the strength as it gets older and produce a higher quality cement. Aetna £°£t1a2<1_-;.P2 62:19.88 sure}: _: Queries} 9.1131728- These curves are very irregular. This is due to the effect of the growth formed on the bottom of the briquettes caused by the settlement in the bottom of the storage tank. Table: l‘ 3 PD Fineness- Soundess - Normal Consistency Aetna Portland - Peerless Super 100% 95% 90% Fineness (%Retained 22 21.9 21.8 200 Mesh Ssive) Initial Set 99 70 60 (min. ) Soundness 0K 0K 0K % Water Neat 24 24.4 24.6 % water Standard Sand 10.5 10.6 Tensile Strength 1:5 Mixture Compression test 80% 65% 50% 25% 0% 21.6 21.2 21.0 20.5 20.0 62 85 70 70 65 0K 0K 0K 0K OK 24.2 24.4 25 25.4 26.2 10.65 10.55 10.6 10.7 10.75 11.0 See Data Sheet Aetna - Peerless Super See Data Sheet Aetna - Peerless Super .a.lflvl‘lk ManN.’v ‘fi’udlnfl‘l as". . .. . .fl i 1.1 . . . . Ii [“3 Cpl Aetna Portland - Peerless Super Age (Days) at Test Aetna Mixture 1 day 2 day 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day 100% 445 465 485 550 500 675 710 95% 450 500 592 690 650 697 710 90% 450 512 545 585 552 727 750 80% 457 575 580 595 650 690 725 65% ~ 460 580 587 600 595 700 750 50% 415 605 595 642 595 745 758 25% 462 575 605 705 565 700 700 0% 480 550 620 660 510 655 715 MPmK m6 \hMUhx WRT \\ h n. W \ N . .J\\s.\ <.\E bxx \anQb‘ Umuua‘tmvukhfivx W\tmn0\a\u\ ”3&3” Q0 bnuekwwnkk \hknv emuq . ..D.\0>\ 03‘ m)- \ 8 h 0 0 \O . Max. stat \CUOX UXOVU V m 4&0st MN .9 0m0\\09 U\O\ M... 205.4 (ext \. \) 7m; nnU\\000\ I \OQU\VKDQ\ Utkm.‘ L (1);, .1 (7,2117 54: 490/ neg 7 ) (,4; 50.9.4 .3 tax/easy 09% Aetna Mixture 100% 95% 65% 50% 25% Aetna Portland - Peerless Super - Ottowa Sand A89 (Days) at Test (‘1') 1 day 2 day 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day 92 115 50 10 67 80 77 107 110 112 90 155 87 102 168 170 157 162 160 142 120 162 162 162 192 165 172 142 1175 155 262 160 197 520 500 115 197 175 285 285 515 275 505 150 220 190 505 500 529 510 500 200 250 225 ()1 coma no wheat was. QV \N w\ k "a N \ 0 i . .0\)\ xx Rx fix 1 URXQ‘ UtUXQWUKm.‘ Bkttflkaxok _ _ _ . _ mxkflv Q0 \vquUs *‘OUKUK ” \ i -13 . x. . _ \a\ a n 1 _ oox u x. 9 ’0 / \ 3 \\ \ x 7 x a .2 SN 9? vs\ 9 v 7 a... \ d a \ J 02. k M 0, metres? _ f _ MKONUthGV VCfiEfiQIflU meQOQ .uaxokha to Ma {ext 1 495%. S: sxe - Km ‘35 en. b\\0.uq I atthkcbs URXUQ 3V e _ J Discussion of Curves Aetna Portland - Velo Cements Explanation of Curves: See General curves discussion on page seine. £03t1a2d_-_V212 iNsai Easestcsrzes)- In comparing the Aetna - Velo curves it is readily seen that they are very similar to the Aetna - Incor curves. From the results obtained in this test it is very evident that satisfactory results are obtained by mising the two cements. Aetna 202t1a2d_-_Vsls :1 Etiorafisns 9113:1622 The ottowa sand tension tests for the Velo mixtures are better than those for Peerless Super and Incor, because the briquettes were cured in fresh water and the growth didn't effect them. Table: Fineness - Soundness - Normal Consistency Aetna Portland - Velo Percentage Aetna Mixture , g 100% 95% 90% 80% 65% 50% 25% 0% Fineness 22 21.9 21.8 21.6 21.5 21.2 20.9 20.7 (%Retained 200 Mesh Seive) Initial Set (min.) 90 85 80 85 75 85 80 75 Soundness 0K 0K 0K 0K 0K 0K OK OK % water Neat 24 27.8 28 29 29.2 50.5 50.8 51.6 fig‘Water 10.5 11.15 11.2 11.5 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.81 Standard Sand Tensile Strength See Data Sheet Aetna ~ Portland- Velo Compress ive Strength See Data Sheet Aetna Portland - Velo Aetna Portland & Veto Age (Days) at Test Aetna Mixture 1 day 2 day 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day 100% 445 465 485 550 500 675 710 95% 515 557 665 575 625 787 855 90% 520 412 480 595 620 745 860 80% 260 587 550 580 685 740 785 65% 550 405 525 650 690 840 780 50% 520 400 545 660 670 820 880 25% 540 447 560 600 645 780 840 0% 545 490 575 690 750 850 890 and at 5&th test QM. \N \\ k m. N \ § mass with *XOVQ\OVUV V2030“ “NU 9936.0 as 9 mm. cantata? Q a: .. 13.4.60. 93. as \ 8 in \ \ § \ § § (you; be 49d :97) y} [tau/5' a/Icuaz A ‘0 \9 Asp \ 52¢me mud. QOUKUK Whtvnquux - ”(0&wa fix new ”‘2sz to Desk NE «at UUKbK .43 e3 Aetna Portland - Velo - Ottowa Sand Age (Days) at Test Aetna Mixture 1 day 2 day 5 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day 100% 92 107 170 162 262 285 505 95% 75 145 195 247 525 550 510 90% 85 195 192 505 550 540 250 80% 97 182 157 255 295 580 420 65% 105 245 290 527 580 410 585 50% 112 185 570 450 410 580 585 25% 157 292 555 587 445 510 465 ON 250 510 412 465 490 485 450 .. ,xih... . in V0.07. V0.1.-. 3.5. :.. x.\ “N \N V\ .me\flxt>\ «\QNUXQVUV Ntmwkkfib :.mihu Ukt\\0rv UXQKIWJ §§%.\Vb\>\ with 9:85 - a}: tsetse. s 3. as. \ \ N M G§\b§\ Wk U\t% U\MQ\ «.th WWKKT\ W\\\~.U to \OUYKSet VKUULUQ .kaum .15 n\.\ .64.? 0 0 V: {qau/ ‘6: 490’ 3‘9 7 / (”Mt/34g aflswal 8 h QQO '1 (>3 Discussion of Curves Compression Tests Explanation of Curves: The dompressive strength in pounds per square inch is plotted on the ordinate, and the age (days) at the test on the abscia. These mixtures were picked at randam to point out the characteris- tics of the mixtures in compression. A seven day test was simply taken to show the rate at which the different cements and cement mixtures gain strength. The concrete in these tests tested higher than it was origin- ally designed to test in 28 days for the following reasons: 1. Because of ideal laboratory conditions. 2. Because the same quanity of cement was used for making all the cylinders. Ar-‘v I. (,1 41..” Velo 50% Velo 1 day 2600 #/sq" 50% Aetna 1825 #/sq" 50% Incor 50% Aetna 2280 #/sq" 50% Peerless Super 2215 #/sq" 50% Aetna Aetna 1480 #/sq" Compersion Test Data Age (days) at Test 2 days 5680 #/sq" 2945 #/sq" 2550 #/sq" 5 days 4150 #/sq" 5890 #/sq" 5410 #/sq" 5750 #/sq" 5600 #/sq" 4 days #/sqn 4275 #/sq" 4500 #/sq" 54 7 days 5800 #/sq" 5500 #/sq" 5400 #/sq" 5600 #/sq" 4550 #/sq" 4g..- I e 0' — p ‘v "- ' n ‘f ...‘f a r v I 4 ' " ‘ v u . ‘ ' I . . _ O -flr.l ‘ :..; ‘ .' .._:,‘:_._‘_.'.-‘ . . 1‘! " :' '. 1".‘TI'Ia‘ts1‘ _,'_ .‘> ‘ I I~.-¢ , 4.. _ l‘ l _ -' 1 J. . . 4,” * - t ,4 ,fl .. o It. A' ; '1; ' frfi~ . h, 1. . 4-4.. ;. v-."‘l_ .' _“‘.‘.I'- .‘-.A:‘~‘ . “. ‘1 L *_ - .. I" -‘n . 21'; 3.1-6. -'...'-‘ v ' I 1,-’r 7).... C empresszon 735 f3 Mei/ya” .5 fa fe Ca//e9e CE Corner: 2‘ Aaéorafory May, 1932 c. i i voouna’per 5 q, InC/7 § Va lo 50 % Vela - 50% Aefna 50% [near- 50 %- Aefna. 50% Flash/"es: Supcr- 50% Aefna. '8 Q 0 is: Ina IMO i t K ‘k (’3 1’ 3 e, ‘2 k S‘ 0 R) 3 4 A70 (days) cf 73156 4 “A a" Cy/Indcr: Conclusion In making these tests it shows that satisfactory results may be obtained in mixing Peerless Super, Incor, or Velo Cement with portland cement, if, the different cements are thoroughly mixed. The Aetna Portland and Peerless Super Cement mixtures have different charaterister than the Velo and Incor mix- tures. Peerless Super Cement not being a rapid hardening cement, as it was stated before, not gain strength as rap- idly. So it wouldn't be economical practical with portland cement and expect a rapid hardening cement. Very satisfactory results are obtained by mixing Incor and Velo Cements with portland cement. The early strength increases as the percentage of Velo and Incor in the mixtures are increased. As the percentage of these cements is in- creased the quanity of cement used in the design of the con- crete is decreased. This makes it necessary to use a little more aggregate in the design, but this condition is offset by the superior grade of concrete and the convenience of having a rapid hardening cement. As to the economy of mixing these rapid hardening cements and portland cements it varies according to the conditions under which it will be used. If the cements have to be mix- ed out on the job before they are placed in the mixer it is not economical, because it would be necessary to have a Special mixer and crew to preperly mix the cement. It would be economical to use these cement mixtures at a centeral FE ___:'. b LI; 2"? 3‘"- 57533 area; 9 .' _ .- II. "-<"w" - 1 ~.""*. A» .- a: -’ ‘ . “J 1 . .-.: z! "I; ,g ‘ . .'.'-.' a a“ . , ‘ .--,‘ A ., _.1 . “"'-".l ‘:-l .r . ’F" , i . '.' . 1‘. 30'. la '::e’--.-’! 5 4' 32% it,“ I , f _. ‘3 (ig‘tfr; f ' ""“' I' 41532. e $.32:- I . — 1 . - V- 4.." : J; 7 1 t p " a 8'. 6“ l“ '9‘ . ) . l 335'- ‘ figs? . O '. r25} 1; r."- In). 0 ¢ 7: Q 5 w-a. 4 I . ’f ;. ,, '3. ’.‘:~- r i‘ '. I i *4- s f- . J". 5 m. u. .. .- t 2 .531"; . N 1 ’ 5;. 11.. 4 .. . 1‘ . ' ' ’ -r {,1 u‘fjj'flgu’gi D f 3. . r v.0! . I“. .‘ . ‘ ‘ - TE?“ .1. ‘ . .. .0 . a . I . I _.\l . _ __ e _. o “ref-3.4 A.’ :7 ...... .1.“ ' I , .- . 3' "'— q r“... q. ,1 - a- .. e. v". , “LN-oi : .- "L L r ‘ ~ .351 .u..”-~ - . Pitt‘s-I74 '. 53‘: - J fen . 2" '3 *5...» '13". e . . .. O .1 w-i‘ ° “71“?“ ‘r-' A. is. .— . _. ".'".“ :‘t‘ '~ .- * “my!" . 7:... ‘g- , randy“. ,rw-t. '4 f e s .‘ ' . . '0 '1" I." ‘ Q] . ‘ ‘ ~' I! "- 5‘58 .. . 'Wor _ . ‘. _. _ ‘ ’ -' .,. III-T‘- 3 mixing plant where the cement can be dumped into bins, and automatically mixed. Where it is necessary to use a rapid hardening cement the most economical and satisfactory re- sults will be obtained by using Incor or Velo Cement alone. The adventages of using these cements alone are as f01lows: 1. It will insure accurate results, because there isin‘t any danger of the cement not being properly mixed; 2. It isin't necessary to have an extra mixer and extra crew; 5. It will illiminate the need of handling two kinds of ce- ments on the job. titan... . i 1'! O a .o. , ’- u :..- ~. ".‘ 1:. Y . . -". ’ 1 It" .0. -: _..-..:. J _ .01.} <- 2‘ . t . 4 ' . -‘_ Al? Mir—1W _{'7’_?z‘:’. ..,. . — -. 1. .. I!" In? “a... f In , .4. ' 1"; f.) ‘ , I’ 1' _ " 4" ' r . b A ‘ Q . .o— A; . an 7- vtgkfliz ,._. ,1. ~. 0' . 3. 1 2 ~. . .. - :,'. t. , - ' H”... A 5:? tr; '-' . F V A“ fiY “in: H: T": l J .I IV 'hf _, L - 1;. g n ' s- . i'- l ‘ .~":£7"__J-§J~3-" . . "" 1 i 'L. . 'M . 3‘ I .3... F‘ ‘ -, ' I“ I .; ‘E‘g . . ‘5' .h ‘ .. ~ FR -.-.. _'\ . . . 3": -:!‘_I:-.: ,‘. ..¢- I"-‘v ' . . ‘5. 357231? . , .135, .. - 4' '4 .‘ 2:. _ I!“ . 0 ~ Lil ‘ .. | k ‘1'" ‘0‘ s-m I" ‘I . ‘ ‘ l e . 1“ v ‘ _ - ’ 3‘ -. . . '. ‘ ' ' o ' - fit - w . ‘ .. t - '0' . ‘ . . 41v -‘ -v e p , . . , . ‘ ._ _ ' n _ ‘ ‘ ~ . a. ‘ -' -‘. a} ’ Vlfjvrt y‘ ' :f t, I 1' .‘ Pf ' 'L _ ,4 .‘L‘ 1. .3 .4 " -. , .,;- . t“ ‘ . -' - A - i r' f . y f a .- ‘9, p .' . . . 1 , i -. -- .’ ‘ . t; 1 ,_ ‘ , .' ’ -, 1“.” _ . . ‘ a. . - . . ‘ A I‘ -" ' 1’ 5 I; . A . - " A . ‘ . .g ' . A A ' A r ' ‘ 2‘. A 4;. ‘4! 1‘ ‘ , '. _ ‘A ‘_ ‘A‘ :2',‘ f -. 249767.. Part/227d ~fncor -0/Zowa Sand __ Nx'c/u'gan 5fafe Co//ege Cf: Came/76‘ Aaéoraz‘ory 1W4}, /¢32 6\ 0 O ‘8" O 70 (/5/"———— ‘ j 111/4411”— t s \\ Ln Q Q N 8 No fee: Per-con} marked on Curve Ensi/e 5293/7; 5547 (£255. £42.59 #755) \\ \\§\\ \ N i) \V\ \\ \\ repkesenfs percen 7‘2298 x43 fna. /oo in m fanfare. 5\\\ a’o /23 7 /4 2/ ’28 A9Q/flfiy5/ 67 5 7.6.5 5 email WW JZTATB WH- cm ”Oi-W» .méfimfl ‘19»1033 . . «v» 4’1: a we... 4: NM u ”of: .- Percern‘ markeof on Curve represenf: percenztaye ’4: r‘na. * 700 in mix far 9. \ E 0% ‘. a! :6 8; YO % ___.____.——-—-—i r MW (\ flips/0 \ 1?. e\° \l . 700 X €74 / / 0/0 11 [do *5 / "3 600 1/ :3 . g , R500 // ”£7062 fart/ana/tfncor Came/72f - /‘//‘c b {940 5! a 2‘: C’O//e7e C. E. Cement laéaral‘ory May, I732 400 35’0- / 2 3 7 14 '21 Age (days) 45‘ 75.: 28 h'ml- ".1 . v‘nssavmu Erma W E. . w: m emu .LWMAJ reef-3 400 “‘9 u S. 0’ 3‘00 5:. Si m 200 t t ‘u 0) .4 \ 2 Ice 1: k 0 : 'f' .9 7'. i if): 1.11314141j.‘ I #136 . ._ 1‘ 931"?" f“; M flea/72a. Port/and — Pee r/e 5.5 621,0 er - 01‘1‘0 Wfl Jano/ Mic/7 [9 an Jfafe Co//E’98 C. E' Came/7 Z.’ Labor afar-y May/93a lye/c: Percenf markea/ on Carve represenfs ,aercdzn‘aye 248an in m [115/re. \ N (n V ’4 ‘ 2/ Age (days) at 7435: 5.411153 7%" 5 manavmu 31MB WW)“ swarm Hows ,Wmfia 'ea WAmjw mug. fl W 3‘ V ' 600 fiefnq Part/and— Peer/€55 5 U er MIC/7170” 5257/: Ca//eye CE Cemen Z‘ Aaéora fog ,\ Nay/938 Q // b .5 / ., 9:700 /___.::_ ‘a 9; “x V; ‘Q Q‘; / ." ‘Q ‘3.3600 /A / a // - t u) S // n 5500 / /r k // Nofe: . Pence/77’ Marked an Curve represen/s perceni‘aye fl: 7974, in mix fare. 4ao ‘ _ 3 7 ' l4 2/ 28 33w 1479 (defy at list “WVMJE’VM’ «Maid sum-«am m WM KW 900 Mic Percenf mar-kc on Curve represents per-cc” I.” MIX/'are. ‘aye 178/774 / a / flr. ( % W Ch 0 0 D .15 ’7/ \\ \ *2; \ \ Ho: 7974 Port/and - [/8 /o Nick/72!? 5Z4 te Ca//eye CE. Cement Laéorat‘ory May, /732 \ é‘ 78175178 Jfrcny 7% (If! imp”- 59v, 1f? 3‘ 0 300 250 I 2 3 7 1’ w ‘ 2’ . e8 ' ' e m _ ”ye [flag/5] 225 7 at Wflaww STATE? um _ . , . _ . N—l’w.m,mmaa .600 Nola: Per-cent marréea’ on Curve rep res ends ,oerc fnz‘a. ye #67970. “\ 5'00 fr» mix lure. aa/o ___________________..r \E‘ 2570 .Q’ 50% \ / '9; 50% k 400 / Q1 Qx / 91225,, 00 / V y *— \' 300 M9...— // i Q E) 200 _ a.“ fle 2.07 a fibrt/and- MP/a - allow jar/70’ \w Mic/7 Ryan 57‘afe (’0 //eye E Cf. Cemeni Ldéoraz/ory 8 100 May, /?32. . Q! is. a - _ 'z/ y ». m- -- » 28* ~ '/ a 3 .7 ,_ I: ,4 flfé {305/5} 0! Test EIMFMJU (TWW STATB W m m 7833 {1M {‘sfizfifi .3 WAT. f - " .. 6 000 sq. Inc/'7 a 0: § a 8 8 voouna’per gig‘iflvng 7% W 3 u 95’ § 0 \ Q Q 0 Conwpre 5351 re .",_LI :5 . -_- v v M ’ 'K “‘- - ”(maxim .V \L «ma-1rd. \ ' wwm Cam/pressmn 78*: 7‘3 McA/yan 5 fa fe Ca//€9<9 CE Came” 2‘ Aaéoraz‘ory May, I732 o // / ' / l o I / r7 / /// /O‘// //o’ I // / /' /° / ' a Va /0 / 50 % Vela - 50% Aefna. - 50% Incor. 50 %Aefna. I - - 50% Peer/es: Super-- 50% Aefna. 3 3 :— It: )‘ha / 2 3 4 7 ”ye (flaysj 47‘ ESE 4 ”X5“ Cy/Indcrs . .3) ‘m“%«a\~xvam’ IA V.- 25' t" ‘- ‘ f "K ‘fi ' 5' . I. ‘I‘ I‘I’l‘ "I w..- - 1 . AH: -- Ivy 6 ..vw .Wflowwa- )0 7/- (av/wfiflmflr w flay/00 0/ vvrfl. 4» my 0., 04700 .IV .0 v0 finial 0/0 WU V AI Wflfl/ ’44,. \vlv“ , . . .-\..§ 0“. I . P llfi‘illllull. I». p: gill MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES O 3 1293 3178 6365