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VAPIATEONS IN THE CALCIUV M2“ 3.90-8" ~.'
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PRJNIN DIET

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Thesis For Degree W M. 5.
Marjorie Ulson Wilde

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VARIATIONS IN THE CALCIUM NETABCLISN OF
ESE-SCHOOL CHILDREN ON A MEDIUM

PROTEIN DIET

A Thesis submitted to the faculty of
Michigan State College
of agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science

by

Marjorie Olson fiilde

1956

Department of Foods and Nutrition

Division of Home Economics

THESIS

Table of Contents

rage
Introduction 5
Review of Literature 6
Plan of Study 16
General Plan
Description of Children
Preparation and consumption of diet
Collection of urine and feces samples
Chemical fiethod
Discussion of Results 24
Variation in Diet Analysis
Calcium Balances per Day
Average Calcium Balances_per Day
Calcium Balances per Kilogram
Average Calcium Balances per Kilogram
Comparison with a Former Study
Comparison with Studies by Other Investigators
Summary / 48
Acknowledgement 49
Bibliography 50

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II
III

VI
VII
VIII

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XI

XII

Title
Burmary of Calcium Balances per Lilogram
Reported by Ether Investigators.

#1

Composition of Diet as Calculated.

A Comyarison of the Leigkt and aeiglt of

tie Children with the Figures in doodbury's
fables.

Accuracy of the Kethod by analyses of Known
Solutions and ireviously Analyzed Feces
Samples.

Comparison of Calculated and analyzed Values
of Calcium in Food.
Calcium Balances per Day.

Average Calcium Balances per Day.

Calcium Balances per Kilogram of Body Jeight
per Day.

Comparison of Urinary Calcium with Urinary
acidity per Kilogram with Correlations.
Correlations.

Average Calcium Balances per Kilogram of
Body weight per Day.
Kilogram of

Average Calcium Balances per

Body height (Biller).

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VARIATIONS IN Th3 CALCIUM METABOLISM OE
BEE-SCHOOL CHILDREN ON A MEDIUM
LROTEIN DIET

Introduction

 

There has been considerable attention paid to the cal-
cium requirements of pre-school children in recent years.
while children of this age had previously acted as subjects
in some dietary studies, until recently they had served in
few balance studies. Calcium is an important constituent
of the bones, teeth and blood and it is especially needed
by children of pre-school age because of the rapid growth
and bone deveIOpment.

This paper is only a portion of an investigation of
the metabolism of healthy pre-school children. The reasons
for conducting this part of the investigation were; first,
to study the daily variations in the calcium retentions of
four normal pre-school children on a fixed. medium protein
diet; second, to determine the similarity of the reaction
of the four children; third, to determine the actual amount
of calcium stored; and fourth, to determine the relationship
between the results of this study and those of other investi—

gators.

-5-

heview of the Literature

 

Investigators in Germany conducted some of the first
balance studies, however, the results are hardly comparable
to those obtained in this country. The studies as a whole
were poorly controlled, the children were undernourished
and the diets were meagre.

Sherman and hawley (14) reported one of the first bal-
ance studies with normal children as subjects. Their study
included a series of four experiments. In the first series
twelve children from three to thirteen years of age served
as subjects. The purpose of this portion of the study was
to determine the relation of calcium storage to age. The
children received a normal mixed diet, including 750 grams
of milk a day, for a one day preliminary and a nine day test
period. The daily retentions varied from 0.15 to 0.62 gram
increasing with the size and age of the children, while the
retentions per kilogram were fairly uniform averaging 0.01
gram of calcium per day. Table I shows the values for the
children of pre-school age.

The object of the second series was to determine the
amount of milk necessary for Optimum storage. In this series
three children, four, five, and twelve years of age, served
as subjects for eight consecutive experimental periods of

six days each. The authors varied the diet each period by

-7-

systematic changes in the amount of milk used. The amounts
were, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 1000, 750, and 500 grams
respectively. The calcium retentions ranged from 0.008 to
0.014 gram per kilogram of body weight. Although the dif-
ference between the amount of calcium stored on 500, 750,
and 1000 grams of milk was small, the authors stated that
the results seemed to indicate that 1,000 grams of milk per
day gave the Optimum storage.

Sherman and hawley conducted the third and fourth
series to determine if the calcium from vegetables could
be as well utilized as that from milk. The three children
used in series II served as subjects for the third study of
three, nine day periods. For the first and third period,

they received a mixed with 500 grams of milk and in the
second period, they received 500 grams of milk and enough
additional vegetables to double the calcium content of the
diet. Thus they received the same amount of calcium as in
1,000 grams of milk. The results seemed to indicate that
the calcium of vegetables was not as well utilized as that
of milk. The authors did not take into consideration,
however, that the vegetables increased the bulk of the diet
which would have a tendency to hasten the food through the
body and, thus, may have lowered the calcium absorption.
The children in the fourth series were not of pre-school

age.

-5-

In 1927, willard and Blunt (1?) compared the influence
of evaporated and commercially pasteurized milk on the cal-
cium metabolism of four children three, four, eight, and
twelve years of age. The children received 810 grams of
pasteurized milk for one period and evaporated milk contain-
ing an equivalent amount of calcium for the second. A three
day preliminary period preceded the experimental periods of
three days each. The calcium intake for the children of
pre-school age ranged from 0.064 to 0.070 gram and the
retentions from 0.009 to 0.013 gram per kilogram of body
weight. Table I shows that the calcium storage was higher
during the period when the children received evaporated
milk. The authors stated that one of the children was
underweight at the time of the study and that the children's
diets may have been low in calcium previous to the experi-
mental period, therefore, the results can not be justly
compared with studies having more normal conditions.

dang and her associates (15) conducted a calcium
metabolism study on ten normal and fifty undernourished
children from four to thirteen years of age. During a three
day preliminary and a three day experimental period, the
children received a weighed diet containing from 0.061 to
0.062 gram per kilogram of body weight. The retentions
varied from 0.006 to 0.019 gram per kilogram per day.‘ Table

I shows that the individual absorption and retention figures

-9-
varied widely. Jevertheless, the average retentions were
higher than those observed by Sherman and hawley.

In connection with her previous study, hang and her
associates (l6) tabulated the data on eighteen children
according to the intake per kilogram in order to determine
the minimum calcium requirement. The daily calcium intake
varied from 0.019 to 0.082 gram of calcium per kilogram of
body weight and the retentions varied from 0.001 to 0.018
gram. Since a negative balance resulted when the diet con-
tained 0.025 gram of calcium or less per kilogram of body
weight, the authors concluded that for a twenty kilogram
child the minimum calcium requirement was 0.46 gram per
day.

To determine the influence of cereals on the calcium
retention, Burton (3) conducted a study on four normal boys
from three to five years of age. The study consisted of a
three day preliminary period and two test periods five to
six days each. The children received a fixed diet to which
was added either refined wheat or oatmeal. Table I shows
that the average intake on the wheat diet was 0.084 gram
per kilogram and the retention was 0.048 gram while on the
oatmeal diet, the intake was slightly lower, 0.080 gram per
kilogram, and the retention was only 0.059 gram. The children
received ultra violet light treatments during the study which

may have been reaponsible for the higher retentions reported.

-10-

hawks and her associates (7) determined the metabolism
of three normal children of pro—school age. They had a
three day preliminary and a three day collection period for
each protein level of two, three, and four grams. 6n the
2 gram level the average calcium intake was 0.042 gram per
kilogram and the retention 0.009 gram; on the 5 gram level,
the intake was 0.061 and the retention 0.008 gram; and, on
the 4 gram level, the intake was 0.057 and the retention was
0.015 gram er kilogram.

In an unpublished thesis, killer (8) reported a portion
oi a study on two normal pre-school children. During six
days following a L? day period on the same diet, the children
received 0.060 gram of calcium per kilogram and during the
next nine days they received 0.07? gram. ;he children re-

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tained 0.005 and 0.000 gram on the former diet and ooth
stored 0.00: gram on the latter diet.

n a preliminary paper hunscher and others (9} re-
portEd the data on the calcium storage of four children for
elev n to twenty consecutive five day periods. Che children
who were from three to ten gears of age received 1.0 gram

of calcium per day except during rour to eight consecutive

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-11-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE.I
SUMMARY OF CALCIUM BALANCES PER KILOCRAM PER EAY REPORTED RY CTHER IA ESTJDATDRS
.. CH1 CREN RETENTICN
INVESTIGATOR_ AGE ‘fi67"::¥JTAKE TOTAL OUTPUT ”TOTAL PER CEfi?‘*”““‘“ REMARKS
YR 'GM. CM. 2 0M. %
SHERMAN-HAwLEY 3-5 3 0.053 0.042 0.010 19.3 MIXED DIET 750 CM. MILK
(1922) 4-5 2 0.020 0.013 0.008 36.3 FIXED DIET 250 GM._M1LK
4-5 2 0.035 0.023 0.013 35.5 FIXED DIET 500 CM. MILK
SERIES TT 4-5 2 0.048 0.036 0.013 25.8 FIXED DIET 750 CM. MILK
4-5 2 0.063 0.049 0.014 23.2 FIXED DIET 1000 041 MILK
” 4-5 2 0.089 0.076 0.009 15.7 FIXED DIET1500 CM. 41LK
SERIES TTT 4-5 2 0.033 0.026 0.007 21.0 . FIXED DIET 500 GM.,%ILK
.4—5 2 0.051 0.046 0.004 8.7 FIXED DIET 500 CH. AILK 4 YES.
WILLARD-SLUNT 3-4 2 0.070 0.058 0.013 18.5 FIXED DIET, EVAPORATED MILK
(1927) 3-4 2 0.064 0.055 0.009 13.0 FIXED DIET, PASTEURIZED MILK
WANG 5 1 0.061 0.049 0.012 19.0 10-150‘UNDERNEIOHT CHILD
{1928) 4-5 2 0.061 0.042 0.019 31.0 5-109 UNEERwEIDHT CHILD
F 5 I 0.082 0.075 0.006 7.4 VICOROUS NORMAL CHILD
5 2 0.067 0.057 0.010 14.8 NORMAL 1N WEIGHT ONLY CHILD
WANG 5 1 0.019 0.020 0.001 6.3 NORMAL CHILI:
(1930) 5 1 0.082 0.072 0.009 11.3 NORMAL CHILD
4 I 0.041 0.024 0.017 42.2 NORMAL CHILD
4 1 0.049 0.031 0.018 37.3 NORMAL CHILE
BURTON 4 0.084 0.041 0.048 55.0 WHEAT CEREAL,ULTRA VIOLET LIDHT
(1930) 4 0.080 0.045 0.059 46.0 OATHEAL,ULTRA VIOLET LICHT
HAWKS 3 0.042 0.033 0.009 21.4 2 CM. PROTEIN
3 0.061 0.054 0.008 12.9 3 0M. PROTEIN
.«_ 3 0.057 0.042 0.015 26.3 4 00. PROTEIN
‘EALLER 1 0.065 0.060 0.005 7.7 MEDIUM PROTEIN ETET
(1932) 1 0.065 0.062 0.003 5.0 MEDIUM PROTEIN DIET
1 0.077 0.075 0.002 2.6* HICH PROTEIN DIET
I 0.077 0.075 0.002 2.6 HIDH PROTEIN DIET
PORTER-LEVIN 5 I 0.039 0.035 0.004 10.0 PLAIN CEREAL
1 (1933) ’ 5 1 0.039 0.037 0.002 5.0 PLAIN CEREAL
3 1 0.042 0.039 ”0.003 7.0 PLAIN CEREAL
3 I 0.041 0.036 0.005 12.0 PLAIN CEREAL
5 I 0.046 0.028 0.018 39.0 IRRACIATED CEREAL
- 5 T 0.037 0.028 0.009 24.0 IRRADIATED“CEREAL
A 3 I 0.045 0.031 "0.014 31.0 IRRADIATEE CEREAL
;: 3 I 0.042 0.033 0.009 21.0 IRRADIATEC CEREAL
PORTER-LEVIN' 5 I 0.043 0.038 0.005 ,_10.9” CONSECUTIVE DIET
11 (1933) 2% 1 0.064 0.055 0.009 14.9 CONSECUTIVE DIET
1- 0.054 0.047 0.007 13.5 CONSECUTIVE DIET
DANIELS & 11 0.051 “f 0.010 19.6 000 LIVER 01L
CD-WORKERS 10 0.082 0.010 12.2 COD LIVER 01L
11933) 10 0.051 0.008 15.7 COD LIVER DlL-V|OSIERAL
8 4 0.081 0.008 9.8 COD LIVER OIL-VIOSTERAL
3 0.049 0.007 14.3 SUNSHINE
. a 4 0.077 0.008’ 10.4 SUNSHINE
DANIELS & r I 0.072 0.014 19.4
-€0~00RKERSwsv—~A $5~H~05069w~v5 0.014 20.3
(1935) I 0.047 00014 28.1
10* 0.092 0.013 14.1
1 ' 0.054 0.012 22.2
1 0.073 0.012 16.3
1 0-075 0.012 16.0
1 0.051. 0.011 '21.6
I 0-046 0.011 23.9
1 0.081 0.012 14.8
1 0.086 0.010 11.6
I 0.043 0.011 25.6
I 0.087 0.010 11.5
1 0.080 0.009 11.3
5 1 0-054 0.009 16.7
L I 0-054 0.008 14.8
I 0.044 0.007 15.9
5 1 0.044 0.007 15.9
.T 0.044 0.007 15.9
1 0-057 0.007 12.3

 
 

 

 

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was tahen ad liOitEm are 50 for Hatter, riln, and 0 real
which were hegt constant. During the test periods the diet
was constant and the children received from “.027 to 0.046
gram of calcium

ter nilograh yer day. although there was a

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wide variation in retention on both of these diet the

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general trend seemed to indicate that irradiated cereals

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increased calcium storage, since they retained from 0.000

to 0.010 gram when they received irradiated cereals and only
frov0.L04 to 0.005 gran when they received ylain cereals.
(Table I).

Since there were considerahle variations in the re-
tentions in her previous sttiv gortcr—Levin (13) condrcted
a second investieation to deterrine the dail? flUCtuatiCES
in retention over a consecutive period of time. fires

normal children, iron two and one-half to five and one-

' \ 1 . . J.- 1 .0
half years oi ave, served as sucgects ior this Study CA

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twenty successive three day periods. 4 Lieliflinary periOd

of one to three days was considered Sifficient. 4 three
day meal schedule was repeated each period throughout the
twenty periods. The diet contained one gram of calcium
per day for each of the children or irom 0.043 to 0.664
gram per hilogram of body weight. A wide individual vari-
ation from period to period was noted with retentions
ranging from 0.11 to 0.14 gram of calcium per day or from
0.005 to 0.009 gram per kilogram of body weight. The
author concluded that in order to cover the entire range
of variation in retentions, it required from 15 to 21
consecutive days on a constant diet.

To determine the calcium requirements of eight children
from three to five years of age, Daniels and her co-worhers
(4) reported a bilance study comprising forty-six metabo-
lism periods. They divided this investigation into three‘
series. In series I, the children received 000 liver oil,
in series 11, they received cod liver oil and viosterol
and in series 111, they received neither cod liver oil
nor viosterol, since this portion of the study was conducted
in the summer. Eor part of each series the children re-
ceived a pint of milk a day and for the rest of the study
they received a quart of milk. since they stored approxi-
mately the same amount of calcium whether they received a
pint or a quart of milk a day, the authors concluded if
the diet contained adequate amounts of phoSphorus, protein,

fat, and vitamins, a pint of milk a day would furnish enough

-14-
calcium to meet the requirements of normal pre-school
children {Table I). They also stated that the amount of
calcium retained was not primarily related to the amount
of Vitamin D in the diet if the diet contained more than
a pint of milk a day.

Two years later these same investigators (5) reported
a second study to determine the calcium needs of pre-school
children. Twenty children, three to six years old, re-
ceived a mixed diet containing a sufficient amount of Vita-
min D, for a preliminary period of seven days and for two
consecutive test periods of four to five days each. The
authors varied the preportion of the calcium intake obtained
from milk, from 73 to 91 per cent. Table I shows that the
ingested calcium per kilogram varied from 0.042 to 0.092
gram. The retentions ranged from 0.007 to 0.014 gram,
74 per cent of which were 0.010 gram per kilogram of body
weight or less. The authors believed that these results
seemed to show that the amount of calcium required by
normal pre-school children may be lower than has hitherto
been considered necessary. They suggested that the re-
tentions may be related to the physiological condition of
the children as well as to their size.

In all studies of this nature, there are many una-
voidable errors. Early investigators did not recognize
these errors but with further investigation they became

apparent. One of these errors was the short length of the

-15-

preliminary period. It was assumed that children became
adjusted to a diet in from one to three days, but a longer
period now seems advisable. The length of the test period
in the first studies was also short. Since later studies
have shown that there is considerable variation from period
to period, the short test period may have produced inaccur-
ate balances because the period may have been one in which
the retention was either high or low. An average of several
test periods seems advisable to show the metabolic tenden-
cies. There are other errors such as the collection of
feces samples. This source of error is still an important
factor.

The first investigators knew nothing concerning the
relationship between Vitamin D and calcium storage. Burton
(3) reported very high retentions probably due to the ultra
violet light treatments which the children received. :orter-
Levin (11) found that irradiated cereals seemed to increase
calcium storage.

tsually only a few children serve as subjects, since
the amount of work connected with a metabolism study is so
great that only a limited number of children may be used.
An extensive study on a few children may be more valuable
than a short study on many children.

It is difficult to compare the results of one author
with those of another, since the physiological condition

of the children, type of diets used, and previous environ-

~16-

mental conditions, are variables which influence the study.
This paper is given, therefore, to add to the available
information on calcium balances of normal pre-school chil-

dren on a constant normal diet.

Plan of Study

 

General Plan

This study consisted of two parts, a six day prelimi—
nary period and a twenty-four day test period during which
the children received a constant diet containing 3.0 grams
of protein and 92.0 calories per Kilogram of body weight.
Table II shows that the diet was adequate in all respects.

Two girls, J. h. and C. B. both aged three years and
two boys, V. A. four years old and E- 0. four and one-half
years old served as subjects for this study. All of the
children were apparently normal at the time of this experi-
ment. Table III gives a comparison of the children‘s
height and weight with the figures from Woodbury's height-
Weight-Age table (18). The variations of the height of the
children from average values ranged from -4.16 to {5.44
per cent while fluctuations in their weights varied from
-4.00 to +5.71 per cent. These percentages indicate that
all of the children were within the normal range of average
children. The children lived in an apartment in the Home
Economics building. They were under constant supervision

and maintained regular habits as to exercise, sleep,eating

-17-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE II
corrosxriow or DITT AS CALCULATTD*%
Food Weight Calories Protein Calcium
gms. gms. gm.
Milk 800 552 26.40 0°959in
Ralstons 20 72 0.89 0.004
Orange Juice 200 86 0.00 0.001
Beef (raw) 4o 62 8.52 0.005
Eggs 40 59 5.36 0.027
Peaches 150 71 1.05 0.024
Applesauce 150 236 0.30 0.011
Celery 20 4 0.22 0.016
Beans 100 42 0.02 0.000
Tomatoes 100 23 0.01 0.000
Potatoes 80 66 1.76 0.012
Butter 20 154 0.20 0.003
Sugar 20 80 0.00 0.000
Bread 60 172 6.66 0.044
motel i 1679 51.59 1.107

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a:

Dietetics (13).

N
f E.

Figures taken from Rose's Laboratory Handbook

for

C. received the amount of food in table, V. A.

received 0.90 this amount, C. B. received 0.80 this

amount and J. h. received 0.75 this amount.

 

~18-

TABIE III

CKPARISCN OF TLE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OF CHILD“.. W TE TE? FIGURE IN TCCDBCRY'S TABLES
Height Weight
Woodbury‘s woodbury's
Standard Standard
Sub- Ob- TVaria- 0b- Varia-

ject served Standard tion served Standard tion
in. in. )0 leo leo X)
E. be 42088 4.3000 -0029 4:000 3905 1026
V. A. 40.25 42.00 -4.16 37.0 35.00 5.71
Co Bo 58075 38000 1097 5200 52.75 -2029
Jo Ho 57050 36025 504:4: 5000 51025 “4:000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-19-

 

 

 

l Left to right: J. H., V. A., E. C. and C. B.

-20-

and elimination. Eo C. was ill during part of this study
and it is questionable if the results after his illness

are as dependable as those for the others. his results

for periods 4, 5, 9, 10, and 11 were included in the study.

Duplicate food samples were weighed and made into a
composite for future analysis. The food for a period of
three days was simultaneously prepared, weighed into the
container in which it was to be served and preserved in an
ice box until used. The children ate all of the food served
and the dishes were scraped and rinsed with a portion of
their distilled water allotment. .

Feces were collected in three day periods, carmine
being used as a marker. Both the feces and the food samples
were dried on a steam bath and then in an oven at 60 degrees
C. until they were constant in weight. The dried sanples
were ground and seived to insure and even sample.

brine Specimens were collected in twenty-four hour
samples. Triplicate aliquot portions were taken from each
day's sample, combined into three day periods and dried on
a steam bath.

Chemical Nethod: The food, feces, and urine samples
were ashed and made into solution before they were used for
analysis. Duplicate or triplicate portions of each dried
food or feces sample were weighed directly into a platinum
dish and ashed in a muffle furnace at a temperature below

red heat. The ash was taken up in 25 per cent hydrochloric

-21-

acid, dehydrated and then dissolved in redistilled water.

To insure complete solution a few drops of concentrated
hydrochloric acid were added. This solution was filtered
quanitatively into a 100 c.c. volumetric flask, made up to
volume at 26 degrees C. and then stored in an air tight
bottle. The dried urine samples were transferred quani-
tatively to a platinum dish, evaporated to dryness and ashed
in the same manner as the food and feces samples.

Calcium was determined by Lramer and Lowland's method
(10). five c.c. of saturated ammonium oxalate and five
drops of .04 per cent brom cresol purple were added to a
beaher containing an aliquot portion of the ash solution.
The mixture was made alkaline with concentrated ammonium
hydroxide and then acid with 5 normal hydrochloric acid.

It was heated to a temperature just below the boiling point,
cooled and adjusted to a ph of 6.2 by the addition of either
10 per cent ammonium hydroxide or 10 per cent acetic acid.
The next day the precipitate was filtered by suction through
a porous bottomed filter and washed with dilute ammonium
hydroxide. The precipitate was dissolved in hot normal
sulfuric acid with the addition of 5 to 25 drops of concen-
trated sulfuric acid. This solution was transferred Quan-
itatively to the original oeaker and titrated while hot

with LMnOA. twin: to the small amounts of calcium in the
urine, x/lco ZTnCé wss used for titrating instead of n/ao

1Kn04 which was used in the analysis of the food and f :0”.

(I)

L.
(I
(_r\

-53-

The accuracy of the method was checked by analyzing
known solutions of pure calcium salts, feces samples which
had previously been analyzed and feces samples to which
a known amount of a calcium salt had been added. Table IV
shows the results obtained from analysis of these solutions.
For Ca304, all recoveries were 98.6 per cent or higher with
an average of 9H.7 per cent. The recovery of calcium from
the two samples of CaCla was slightly lower, ranging from
97.3 to 96.3 per cent with average recoveries of 97.6 and
97.8 per cent. This lower recovery may have been due to
insufficient drying or to impurities in the sample. The
Ca(Ch)2 solutions gave the nest recoveries, ranging from
98.9 to 99.5 per cent with averages of 99.1 and 99.4 per
cent. The grams of calcium recovered from previously
analyzed feces samples checked the former results within

2 per cent. when a known amount of pure calcium salt was
added to feces samples, there was a recovery of from 96.6
to 99.7 per cent with averages of 99.2 and 99.7 per cent.
The above results indicate that the method was accurate

within 2 per cent.

07
“ad‘

TABLE IV

ACCLP CY 03

---

vu~~r -ivv10371

JL.1~ tul‘

SOLUTIONS 4??

umber of Calcium

etermi- cal-
:1e ations culated
mgs.
2.15

eries Sa

I CaSO 6

T77 YTTLCD

4.77-113??? -

Calcium

Amount
2.122

. L
L

Per Cent

r H?“ s~H“ mm
sivno oA-fiLdo

fiecovered
average
:er Cen

98.5 99.7

 

Discussion of Results

 

Variation in Diet Analysis

The variations of the analyzed food samples and the
calculated amount of calcium in the diet are shown in Table
V and Graph I. It will be noted that the difference between
the mean or the analyzed samples and the mean of the com-
puted calcium was 2.33 per cent. Donelson and others (6)
reported a similar mean difference of 3.5 per cent between
calculated and analyzed values, Bray, hawks and Dye (2) a
difference of 4.9 per cent and Bassett and co-workers (1)
found that the variations for a high and a low calcium diet
were -9.7 and -32.6 per cent. In this study the difference
from period to period between the observed and computed
calcium ranged from 0.064 to 6.73 per cent. Donelson and
co-workers found a variation of from 0.0 to 22.0 per cent
and Bray and others found a difference between analyzed and
computed values of different diets, ranging from -45.7 to
(27.3 per cent. Therefore, it appears that the percentage
variation between the computed and the anayzed values in
this study was no greater than that observed by other in-
vestigators. Graph I shows that the variation between
duplicate samples, collected on the same day and designated
as A and B, was in some cases almost as large as the dif-
ference between the observed and calculated values. In
some cases the duplicate samples checked almost exactly and

in one case the variation was as large as 4.24 per cent.

-25-
The difference between a and B samples and their mean ana-
lyzed value was as high as 5.17 per cent which was greater
than any observed variations between a and B samples on the
same day. The variation in the calcium content of the food
is possibly due to unavoidable errors in the preparation and
analysis of the food as well as to the variation in its
composition. Although every effort was made to have a homo-
genous sample and duplicate samples for analysis were weighed
under identical conditions and at the same time that the
food for the children was weighed, there were still varia-
tions. Thus the calcium content of the food the children
received may have varied as much as the analyzed samples.

Calcium Balances per Day: The variations in the amounts
of calcium consumed from period to period by each child were
in prOportion to those discussed above. Since the calcium
ingested was based on the child's weight, the amount of cal-
cium consumed by each child differed greatly, ranging from
0.724 to 0.780 gram for J. H. and from 1.033 to 1.099 grams
for E. C. (Table VI). Because of this variation, the utili-
zation of the total calcium can most readily be compared in
terms of per cent of the intake, therefore, the percentage
figures are also included.

That a small and fairly constant amount of calcium was
excreted in the urine is shown in Table VI and Graph II. It
will be noted that the daily variation for J. H. was the

greatest, ranging from 0.026 to 0.044 gram per day, while

CCIE‘AEZI SCN

ca

32313

V

711589 03 CALCILN IN 9000”%

CALCULATTD 433 AEJIYTTD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calcium analyzed fer Cent Variation Between
1 Ca . ‘Xean Knalyzed
Calcium Sam len_*maverage and av. 3&3 Value
Per- cal- “of 5&8 analyzed Sam- and ngple
iod culated A B Sample Value ples a ) B
gm. gm. gm. gm. , % p k
4 0.775 0.779 0.757 0.768 0.64 2.82 5.18 0.26
5 0.775 30.775 0.748 0.752, 2.72 0.95 0.00 0.95
6 0.775 $0.726 0.725 0.726 6.08 0.14 5.84 5.97
7 0.775 $0.795 0.765 0.778 0.54 5.78 5.05 1.06
8 0.775 $0.779 0.748 0.764 1.16 5.98 5.18 0.95
9 0.775 $0.779 0.746 0.760 1.29~ 4.24 5.18 1.19
g +
10 0.775 :0.781 0.755 0.767 0.78 5.59 5.44 0.26
11 0.775 0.726 0.716 0.721 6.75 1.58 5.84 5.17
Mean 0,775 i r 0.755 2.55
)i:

‘1‘!-
v

CONPARISON OF

Grams.

047$.

that- \

mink
mflwk
OJVfi-
“735-
O. 7;,5'...
0JU§~

y

Beriods

n

The figures in this Table are for J.

G‘7.APH I

H.

Calculated values are taken from Rose's tables (13).

CALCULATED AND ANALYZED VALUES FOR FOOD

Calculated

 

- Calcium'

--- ‘

A Sample

__.._3 Sample

 

‘"

-g7-
that of C. B. was the smallest, ranging from 0.016 to 0.025
gram. The per cent of the intake excreted was lowest in
all cases.for E. C. (0.5 to 1.85) and highest for J. h.
(5.5 to 6.1;).

The amount of calcium excreted in the feces was much
greater than that in the urine, ranging from 0.592 to 0.968
gram per day, and in some cases was in pr0portion to the
intake. This is clearly demonstrated by the comparisons
in Graph II. The variation from period to period in terms
of percentage of intake show that the fluctuation for V. a.
was greatest, ranging from 76.5 to 94.9 per cent, and that
of J. h. the least, ranging from 78.5 to 87.7 per cent.

The daily variation was greater for E. C. than for C. B.

The fluctuations in the total output were largely due
to the variations in the fecal calcium, since the urinary
calcium was small and fairly constant. The total excretion
varied from 0.627 to 0.981 gram per day being greater for
the larger children. The per cent of the intake excreted
ranged from 73.7 to 97.0 per cent but was not always in
proportion to size (Table VI).

A large variation in the absorption from period to
period was noticed for each child, ranging from 0.050 to
0.249 gram per day. The per cent of the intake absorbed
varied from 5.1 to 28.3 per cent (Table VI). The fluctua-
tion was greatest for V, a. and least for J. B. Graph II

shows that the amount of calcium excreted in the urine was

 

 

TABLE V]

”I.“

CALCIUM BALANCES Pt? EAY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tn;§UTPUT F ARSSQPTILP __ “~;*_jg.
URINE FECAL TOTAL ‘
.SUBJECT ,iNTAKE TTOTAL 2.1QTAKE 10T4L 1014L
, , 0M. . 0M. . 90 GM. 00.

4 E.C. 1.099 ‘0.005 0.9 0.921 0.9.3

5 -1.07o '0.007 0.7 0.643 0.1?2 .1_,,“__
9 .1.091 10.010 0.9 ’0.E79 0.429
10 ,1,098 i0.020 ‘ 1.1 _0.877 0.1,7
11 ;1.055 g0.013 1.3 0.908 0. 1
4 v.4 i0.990 $0.020 , 2.1 0.940 3 9C?
5 20.909 $0.020 2.7 0.787 3.513
6 90.955 50.050 .744 0.77:
9 ;0.982 g0.055 ' 3.6 .844 0.679
10 10.988. 20.034 3.4 .653 0.894
g 11 {0.950 £0.029 3.1 .711 0.740
4 0.0 10.680 20.018 2.0 .021 0.04,
5 ,0.861 €0.010 1.9 0.071 71., 0.057
5 '0.891 {0.018 2.1 0.097 79.1 0.3 5
7 ‘0.891 20.022 2.5 ‘.07E 79.4 0.094
8 0.875 Q0.025 2.0 0.720 82.3 0.742
9 0.873 10.024 2.7 0.70a 20.8 0 729
10 .0.879 30.029 2.8 0.711 80.9 0.739
11 ‘0.827 j0.023 _ 2.8 0.b93 62.8 0.710
4 J.H : 0.770 L0.033 _fl4;§_”¢0.§21 80.6 0.694
5 1 0.7s4 0.035 * 4.7 0.992 78.9 0.027
6 f 0.728 .0.020 5.5 .028 80.3 0.094
7 f 0.780 $0.055 4.5 0.646 82.8 0.081
8 ~ 0.700 =0.032 4.2 0.072 87.7 0.704
9 1 0.765 0.041 5.4 0.071 8‘ 0.712
10 ' 0.709 .0.034 4.5 0.804 0.056
211 ‘ 0.724 :0.044 6.1 0.304 52 4 0.048

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.
._.
_.
m.
1_.

_
_.
W.
_..
--_.

 

Retention

[:14- W Absorption

II

? r
911

otal Intake

m Urinary excre tion

’33:“!
=71
1(3I1

ntire column
ecal excret

T4"
'3
l‘

.4

 

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" 0"...0‘. '. I ""l‘|.ou..
c:.I 0". .'..'. .3... ‘U ..‘..::‘0.' ...'.D ..
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I. O O O . O
I"~'o'..-"'.‘ 3'.‘
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.Heou'o” ‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

,1..S

43»—
A/oo.
/. 000 ~

7 8 9 10 ll

6

4 5

9 10 ll

".

9 10 ll

a

10 ll

.1

5

‘

p

(14
oubJect

Eerie

-00-

small, since practically all of the absorbed calcium was
retained. The daily retentions for E. C. and V. a. varied
from 0.052 to 0.224 gram and from 0.050 to 0.190 gram re-
spectively. The retentions for J. h. and C. 8. whose fecal
outputs were the most constant, ranged from 0.055 to 0.151
and from 0.111 to 0.251 gram per day reSpectively. It will
be noted that all retentions were positive. Cn the basis
of the per cent of the intake retained these values for all
children ranged from 5.0 to 26.5. It will be noted that the
daily percentage fluctuations were greatest for V. a. and
least for J. 3.

average Calcium per day: While the above figures show
that there were large period by period variations in calcium
balance, the average values would indicate the general trend
of the calcium metabolism. The average intakes according
to size were 1.079, 0.966, 0.865 and 0.757 grams per day
(Table VII). ‘It will be noted that although the amounts
were small, there was a considerable difference in the
urinary calcium excreted by different children. The largest
child excreted the least, 0.011 gram per day or 1.0 per cent
and the smallest child the most, 0.055 gram or 4.6 per cent.
This was not inversely proportionate to size, however, since
V. a. excreted 0.029 gram per day while 0. 3. excreted only
0.021 gram. It is interesting to note that although the
average amounts of fecal calcium excreted ranged from 0.650

to 0.898 gram per day, the percentage of the intahe excreted

 

AVEFAGT CALCIUM

-31...

073

279 017

 

Subject

In-

take

Output

Retention

Absorption

 

Per
Cent

Feces

Per
Cent

Total
Output

Per
Cent

Per
Cent

Total

Per
Cent

 

0.

gm.

1.079

1.0

gm.

0.898

85.2

m)
5

0.909

84.2

B

O

2
0.181

 

A.

V.

0.966

0.029

5.0

0.809

85.7

0.858

86.7

0.127

15.5

0.156

16.5

 

B.

C.

0.865

0.021

2.4

0.685

78.8

0.704

81.4

0.161

18.6

0.182

21.1

 

H.

J.

0.757

0.055

4.6

0.650

85.2

0.665

87.8

0.092

12.2

0.127

16.8

 

Av.

0.917

 

 

0.024

 

2.8

0.755

 

 

82.2

0.779

 

 

85.0

0.158

 

 

15.0

0.168

 

17.7

 

 

 

-53 _

was exceedingly constant. It was 85 per cent for all of
the children with the exception of 0. B. for whom it was
78.6 per cent of the intake, Since the per cent of the
fecal calcium was practically constant for three of the
children, the variation in the total output was largely

due to that of the urinary calcium. These percentages were
less constant than the fecal output and varied from 81.4

to 87.8 per cent of the intane. Table VII shows that the
amount of calcium absorbed ranged from 0.127 to 0.182 gram
per day. All of the children absorbed about 16 per cent

of the intake with the exception of 3. 5. who absorbed more
due to the lower per cent of calcium excreted in the feces.
The amount of calcium stored varied from 0.092 to 0.170

Tram her day and the amount retained was in trorortion to
L l . . _

Cr

he size of the child except for V. a. who stored less than
either E. C. or 0. 3. The children retained from 12.2 to
18.6 per cent of the intake with an average of 15 fer cent.
Calcium jalances per hilogram; when the results are
compared on the basis of body weight, the intane range for
all of the children was from 6.055 to 0.061 gram ler hilo-
em. Although the values for each child varied from.yeriod

4' - =' ‘ '- L..- x-v“ '~-—-r1'- -. W, n" x- +‘..-. L-‘f"! 2. '1‘.
to jBIlOd in the same general manner as 0L6 total calClom,

(.1 1).: 3 1:») 1 N .1 ‘1 )_ J.L : ’ ‘1 4v.) Lil L 11.4 v- vr’fl ‘1”! \J -1 {.1 .3] ‘32 t
comet; t YWDT;L of Ktjl.rf calcium 3;; is no 2320 ”43 t1:
" a V ’ $ ‘1’? l ’ \ r '1 “‘ .14 1' 1d of ' 'v -
.._.. .J A l k .4 1. O ., ._ .4 - -31 _\ | .4 - J O
‘n -0 A ‘o' o :. .1: :. 1 3,) o-.. .2- ' - Co \3 ~74

.23. ‘i-A - ( 134 1 :3 vi 4.4;. I O : u :11.) b.) (u: it JV K) 4.7 I. 1. fl -1 .L/Z-AY. f?

acidity had some relationship to Lie amount on 3.;oitm ple-
__ r1. r ‘” '1 I) 1‘ W" '1 ’1 4‘ "W 2 Ti ‘3 "1" VIC; '7 3‘ r; I: ‘2 r- ’1 ~7 ‘ V " ' C‘ H‘- ‘ L “1 "1 “ 2 ~ ‘ 1"
AJVIJ 4.1.1 1.0 LRJ».L'.¢L’ bl;€¢{/.L\J.LL’ .AU u\.LA..D\J Jkltluét-‘ld Us, 0.11.51; ~41.)

‘— '

A r'w ‘4' '~ 1 ‘* :1 1. 1 if ' .\ ~ 1‘ 1 ' 4" 9' 4‘ 1. '4 “ “ 1". '1 i "" I -
these 741368 (liole In). a,_ TCfiUlg thele 41s no a_rrecl-
' — '.r x : -\ - ~' ' . ‘ ""1 I“ ‘ +1. 1‘ ' ' — : , /~ 7 4"9 ..' .._
aole lelatlonshl; lCLJUUJ them, slhoe in only 010 cases J38

’\ r:
‘L O I!

()1

LJ
*1
5.
DJ

the correlation as high as 0.5 (0.5 for V. a.
for I. 0.).

Table «III and era h III shun that the amount of cal-
the children raga
ram per hiIOgram and that the daily
variations were nigiest for V. a. and lowest for C. B. and
J. h. This fluctuation was not much greater than was the
variation in the intake, except in the case of v. a. Rever-
theless, the values did not always vary in the same manner.
The fluctuations in the fecal output were probably due, to
some extent, to unavoidable errors in the collection of
samples and other uncontrollable conditions. Some of these

may be variations in th

(0

conditions in the intestinal tract,
such as constipation which may hold the food in the intesti-
nal tract for an abnormal period of time and thus increase

calcium absorption. Cn the other hand, diarrhea may hasten

the food through the tract so rapidly that there may not be

 

-54..

TABLE V111

 

CALCIUM BALANCES PER KILOCRAM OF BDEY NEICUT PER DAY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OUTPUT fl
WEIGHT INTAKE URINE FECES TOTAL fiRETENTION ABSORPTION
KG GM GM CM GM l GM CU '""
4 18.4; 0.060 0.000 0.050 0.05( 0.009 0.010
5 18.42 0.058 0.000 0.046 0.046 0.012 0.013
9 18.28 0.060 0.001 0.048 0.049 0.011 0.012
10 18.28 0.060 0.001 0.048 0.049 0.011 0.012
II 18.28 0.057 0.001 0.055 0.054 0 005 ' 0.004
4 16.90 0.059 0 001 0.056 0.057 0.002 0.005
5 16.97 0.057 0.002 0.046 0.048 0.009 0.011
6 17.05 0.055 0.002 0.044 0.045 0.009 0.011
9 17.12 0.057 0.002 0.049 0.051 0.006 0.008
10 17.08 0.058 0.002 0.049 0.051 0.007 0.009
11 17.05 0.055 0.002 0.042 0.045 0.011 0.015
4 14.47 0.061 0.001 0.044 0.045 0.016 0.017
5 14.55 0.059 0.001 0.046' 0.047 0.012 0.015
6 14.55 0.057 0.001 0.045 0.046 0.011 0.012
7 14.55 0.061 0.002 0.046 0.048 0.014 0.015
8 14.66 0.060 0.002 0.049 0.051 0.009 0.011
9 14.66 0.060 0.002 0.048 0.050 0.010 0 011
10 14.62 0.060 0.002 0.049 0.050 0 010 0.011
11 14.62 0.057 0.002 0.047 0.049 0.008 0.009
4 15.56 0.057 0.002 0.046 0.048 0.009 0.011
5 15.60 0.055 0.005 0.044 0.046 0.009 0.012
6 15.64 0.055 0.002 0.046 0.048 0.005 0 007
7 15.64 0.057 0.005 0.047 0.050 0.007 0.010
8 15.64 0.056 0.002 0.049 0.052 0.005 0.007
9 15.64 0.056 0.005 0.049 0.052 0.004 0.007
10 15.64 0.056 0.002 0.044 0.047 0.010 0.012
11 15.67 0.055 0.005 .044 0.047 0.006 0.009

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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-55-

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time for sufficient absorftion. The acid condition of the
intestinal tract may also affect the amount of calcium ab-
sorbed.

Table VIII and Grarh III show that the total amount of
calcium excreted for all of the children varied from 0.045
to 0.057 gram per kilogram of body weight. The variation
between the highest and lowest amounts excreted per child
was 0.008 gram for E. C., 0.014 for E. A., and 0.006 for
C. B. and J. h. This was, of course, in direct preportion
to the fecal output,since the amount of calcium excreted in
the urine was so small.

The amount of calcium absorbed ranged from 0.005 to
0.017 gram per kilogram of body weight. The greatest varia-
tion in absorption noted for any of the children was for
V. a., ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 gram, and the least was
for J. h., varying from 0.007 to 0.012 gram. The fluctua-
tion in the amount of calcium absorbed is illustrated in
Graph III

Since there was such a small amount of urinary calcium,
the retention varied in direct preportion to the absorption
as shown in Graph III. It will be noted that the fluctua-
tions varied from period to period, ranging from 0.002 to
0.016 gram per kilogram of body weight. The variation was
greatest for V. A. and least for J. 3. Graph IV shows dis-
tinctly the daily amount of calcium per kilOgram retained

by the three children. It also gives the mean for all of

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-59-

the children which is 0.009 with a probable error of1;0.002
gram. Since there are so many unavoidable variations and
since the values are so small, the figures are in reality
quite constant for each child and even for all of the chil-
dren.

The relationships between these data per kilogram may
be better interpreted by means of statistical treatment.
(Table X). The correlation between the intake and fecal
output was only 0.55 showing that there was practically
no relationship between them. There was, likewise, no defi-
nite relationship between the calcium intake and the reten-
tion as is shown by a correlation of 0.43. It must be con-
sidered, however, that there were only 22 cases and that
individual errors were great. If there had been a larger
volume of data or if the range in intake had been greater,
the correlations might have been higher. 0n the other hand,
a direct relationship was shown between the fecal and total
outputs by a correlation of 0.95. There was, also, a def-
inite correlation of 0.90 between the absorption and reten-
tion.

Average Calcium Balances per Kilogram: The average
calcium balances per kilogram for each child give a more
complete picture of the metabolic tendencies (Table XI).
The average intake was practically the same for each Child,
ranging from 0.056 to 0.059 gram per day with an average

for all of the children of 0.058 gram. The average urinary

 

 

 

 

 

In 31:“. X
CCRRELATICNS*
Fecal Cutput Retention
Intake 0.35 0.43
Total Output 0.95
Absorption 0.90

 

 

 

Figures for

 

E. C. not included.

 

-41-
calcium ranged from 0.001 to 0.003 gram per kilogram, that
of E. C. being the least and that of J. h. the most. 0. B.
and V. A. excreted the same quanity of urinary calcium (0.002
gram). As has been noted before, the urinary calcium excre-
tion was very small in proportion to the fecal output which
was practically the same for all of the children, ranging
from 0.046 to 0.049 gram per kilogram of body weight. The
fact that the average amount of fecal calcium was practically
the same for all of the children may indicate that a long
continuous period removes differences and eradicates the
errors. The average total output was 0.049 gram per kilo-
gram of body weight for all of the children, with the ex-
ception of E. C. whose average total output was 0.050 gram.
Table XI shows that V. A. and J. E. absorbed the least
calcium (0.009 gram per kilogram) and C. B. the most (0.012
gram). The average calcium retentions were also lowest for
J. h. and highest for C. B. ranging from 0.007 to 0.011
gram per kilogram. The retentions for E. C. and V. A. were
0.009 and 0.t08 gram per kilogram reapectively. The dif-
ference between the highest and lowest amounts absorbed and
retained were certainly values which might be within experi-
mental error. Considering the variations which occurred,
it is interesting to note that these values for calcium
were so constant for all of the children.
when the calcium balances are compared as a whole, it

will be noted that the intakes for E. C. and C. B. were

AVERAG?

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C A L C IUM BA LA 3.-

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k

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Output
Sub-

Weight ject Intake Urine Feces Total Absorption Retention
kg. gm. gm. gm. gm. gm. gm.
18.34 E. C. 0.059 0.001 0.049 0.050 0.010 0.009
17.03 V. A. 0.057 0.002 0.048 0.049 0.009 0.008
14.59 C. B. 0.059 0.002 0.047 0.049 0.012 0.011
13.63 J. H. 0.056 0.003 0.046 0.049 0.009 0.007
15.90 Av. 0.058 0.002 0.048 0.049 0.010 0.009

 

 

 

-4

C33

highest and that their retentions and absorptions were
slightly higher than those of the other two children. Both
the intake and retention were lowest for J. H. From these
results it appears that there might be some relationship
between the calcium intake and retention. The amount of
urinary and fecal calcium may have an inverse relationship,
since the child with the greatest fecal output had the small-
est urinary excretion and vice versa. There also may be

some relationship between age and utilization because 3. C.,
the oldest child, absorbed as much or more calcium than the
smaller children and excreted a smaller amount in the urine.
The youngest child absorbed practically the same amount of
calcium but excreted a larger amount in the urine. The
urinary calcium decreased as the age of the child increased.
Although there was a variation in the amounts of both urinary
and fecal calcium, the total calcium output was practically
the same for all of the children. There are too few cases

to draw any definite conclusions.

Comparison with a former Study: A previous metabo-
lism study was conducted under practically the same condi-
tions. Two children D. A. and w. W., both four and one-half
years of age, served as subjects for the investigation.
Table XII shows the average results obtained per kilogram
of body weight. when the results of the two studies are
compared, it will be noted that the intake for D. A- and

W. W. was somewhat higher (0.065 gram) than that in this

-44-

study. The urinary calcium was higher for D. A. (0

gram) than that noted for any of the children in this study
while that for J. a. was practically the same (“.002 gram
per kilogram}. The amount of calcium excreted in the feces
was greater for D. A. and 3. w. than for the four children
in this study, probably due to the higher intake. The
absorption for 3° A. was 0.010 gram which was within the
range of that noted in this study while J. do only absorbed
0.005 gram. The average retentions for D: A. and w. a: were
0.005 and 0.003 gram per kilogram respectively, both of

which were less than those observed in this study (0.009 to

0.01: gram).

Comparison u'th studies of Cther Investigators; A
comparison of this study with those of other investigators.
is difficult because the studies varied in so many respects.
In some cases the intakes were much higher than in this
study, in others the source of Vitamin D, the length of the
period or the condition of the children were limiting factors.
Taking the fact that there are many variables into considera-

'V

tion, a comparison may oe made oetueen this study and others
in which the intake was 0.0581t0.005 gram per kilogram of
body weight and in which the children were practically the
same age (Table AIII).

Sherman and Lawley (14) rerorted tio cases in one of

f)

:1

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and in the other the intake was 0.th3 war and the output

-45-

TABLE XII

A‘.”?IE.-V}E CAICILI.’ BJXIATC ‘3 PE- ICILOC?U CF BODY 2":"CI’TIZTX

 

Output Absorption Retention

 

Bub- :er Ber

 

'ect Intake Lrine Feces Total Total Cent Total Cent
H gm. gm. gm. gm. (gm. gm.
D. A. 0.065 0.005 6.055 0.060 0.010 15.6 0.005 8.4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N. W. O. 066 0.602 0.060 0.062 0.005 7.2 0.003 4.6
Av. .065 0.0L4 0.058 0.061 0.008 11.4 0.004 6.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

*Figures from hiller‘s Thesis (8).

CALCIUM BALANCE STUDIES BY CTETR INYESTIGA

’2! m7 ‘12r
n- I 111 .1...

TABLE XIII

AXE FROM 0.053 T0

0.065

TCRS

GRAN 333 KILOGFAH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Children hetention
Total
Investigator Age No. Intake Output Total fer Cent
yrs. gm. gm. gm.
Sherman- 5-5 5 0.055 0.012 0.010 19.5
Bawley 4-5 2 0.005 0.049 0.014 25.2
Wang (l6) 5 1 0.061 0.049 0.012 19.0
4-5 2 0.061 0.042 0.019 51.0
Hawks 4-5 5 0.061 0.054 0.008 15.1
4-5 5 0.057 0.042 0.015 26.5
Torter-Levin ;-5§ 5 0.054 0.047 0.007 12.9
Daniels (5) 4e 1 0.054 0.012 22.2
5 1 0.054 0.009 16.7
5 ' 1 0.054 0.008 14.8
4 1 0.057 0.007 12.5

 

 

 

i f;
-/'—l —

'—

f‘ f. .‘ 4"

c.cev 2graft“. 363 gilograr. The retentions were 0.010 and 0.014
gran res*ectively. In this study the intihe was 0.056 gram
with an output of 0.049 gram and a retention oi 0.060 “ran.
”an: and others (15) reported two cases in which the intake
was 0.061 gram *cr hilojram. In one the output was 0.049
gram while in the other it was 0.04; gran fer Lilo ram. The
retentions Were 0.013 and 0.019 gram reapectively both of
which were slightly higher than the average found in this
study. hawks and eo-woruers (7) found that the calcium
storage for intakes of 0.061 and 0.057 gram was 0.000 and
0.015 gram per hilogram reSpectively. In all of these cases
the retentions varied somewhat from those observed in this
study. Nevertheless, the amount of calcium stored was within
the range of this study.

It seemed worth while to compare this study with others
which were continued for longer periods of time. rorter-
Levin (12) found an output of 0.047 gram and a retention of
0.007 gram when the intane was 0.054 gram per kilogram of
body weight. In the report which Daniels and others (5)
give, ther were three cases when the intaue was 0.054 gram
and one case when it was 0.057 gram per Kilogram. The reten-
tions were 0.012, 0.009, 0.008 and 0.007 gram per Kilogram
respectively. They also reported that calcium retentions
between 0.007 and 0.009 gram per hiloaram seemed to be normal
for well developed children of pre-school age regardless of

the intaue. The results of this study confirm the work of

~42; -

others and it appears that these normal pre-school children

“‘3

retained approximately 0.009 5

am per Lilogram when the in-

,-

was within the range of o.

Q

be to 0.059 gram per hilogram of

body weight.

r‘-

b' umma 1° '2’

1. This study presents the calcium metabolism values of
four normal children who received a constant medium protein
diet for twenty-four consecutive days following a six day
preliminary period.

2. The plan of this study was so arranged that the chil-
dren received approximately the same amount of calcium per
kilogram of body weight per day.

5. Although the diets were supposed to be identical, there
was as much as 5.17 per cent variation between the chemical
analysis of these samples. Thus the calcium intake per day
for each child varied somewhat.

4. Since the amount of calcium excreted in the urine was
very small and constant and since the quanity of calcium
excreted from period to period in the feces was large and
irregular in amount, the variations in the absorption and
retention were largely influenced by the fluctuations in the
intake and fecal output.

5. The percentage of calcium intake excreted in the feces

was very constant for all of the children, ranging from 78.8

-49-
to 85.7. On this same basis, the average retentions ranged
from 12.2 to 18.8 per cent.

6. The calcium intake and output per kilogram of body
weight were fairly constant from period to period and the
retention ranged from 0.002 to 0.016 gram per kilogram for
all of the children.

7. The average values for the calcium intake and output
per kilogram were practically the same for all of the chil-
dren. The intake varied from 0.056 to 0.059 gram and the
largest intakes were accompanied by the largest retentions
which ranged from 0.007 to 0.011 gram. The average calcium
storage per kilogram of body weight was 0.009 gram.

8. The retentions reported in this study were within the
same general range as those reported by other investigators

in which the calcium intake was 0.058 0.005 gram.

Acknowledgement

 

This study was conducted under the direction of Dr.

Jean Hawks. I wish, in some measure, to express my appreci-
ation for her assistance and helpful criticisms throughout
the entire investigation. Appreciation is also due to Dr.
Marie Dye for her suggestions and criticisms during this

Study.

Bibliography

 

Bassett, S. H. and B. E. Van Alstine. Mineral exchanges
of man. J. Nutrition, 9, 175-189. 1935.

Bray, M. M., J. E. Hawks and M. Dye. Food consumption
of pre-school children. J. Am. Diet. Assn.
10, 309-316. 1934.

Burton, H. B. The influence of cereals upon the reten-
tion of calcium and phoSphorus in children and
adults. J. Biol. Chem. 85, 405. 1950.

Daniels, A. L., M. K. Hutton, E. Knott, G. Everson and
0. Whipo. Relation of milk ingestion to calcium
metabolism in children. Bro. Soc. Exp. Biol. and
Med. 30, 1062. 1933.

Daniels, A. Lo, M. K. Hutton, E. Knott, G. E. Wright and
M. Forman. Calcium and phOSphorus needs of pre-
school children. J. Nutrition, 10, 373. 1935.

Donelson, E., B. Rims, H. A. Hunscher, C. F. Shukers,
and I. G. Macie. Simple methods for metabolism
balance studies and their interpretation.
J. Home Economics, 23, 267-272. 1931.

Hawks, J. E., i. Dye, M. M. Bray, M. J. Nunn and R.
Klooster-rotts. Metabolsim studies of pre-school
children. I An evaluation of balance study tech-

nique. Unpublished Paper, Michigan State College.

-51-

8 Hiller V. E. Variations in the calcium metabolism of
pre-school children. Unpublished Thesis,
Michigan State College. 1932.

9 Eunscher, E. 4., E. Cope, a. Noll and I.G. hacio.
Calcium and phOSphorus storage in growing
children. J. Biol. Chem., 100, iv. 1933.

10 Kramer and howland. The quanitative estimation of
calcium, magnesium, phOSphate and carbonate
in the bone. J° Biol. Chem., 68, 711. 1926.

11 Eorter-Levin, T. Calcium and phoSphorus metabolism of
normal pre-school children. I. On diets con-
taining plain and irradiated cereals. J. Am.
Diet. Assn., 8, 482. 1933.

12 Calcium and phosphorus metabolism of
pro-school children. 11. Successive balance
studies showing the range of variation in cal-
cium and phosphorus storage. J. Am. Diet. Assn.,
9, 22. 1933.

13 lose, H. S. laboratory handbook for Dietetics, The
Nacmillan Co. 1932.

14 Sherman, h. C. and E. anley. Calcium and phoSphorus
metabolism in childhood. J. Biol. Chem., 53,
375. 1922.

15 Wang, C. C., M. Kaucher and M. Frank. Metabolism of
undernourished children. Am. Jour. Dis. Child.,

35, 856. 1928.

17

18

~52-
dang, C. C., R. Kern and M. Kaucher. Kinimum re-
quirements of calcium and phosphorus in children.
km. Jour. Dis. Child., 39, 768. 1930.
Willard, Ac C.and K. Blunt. Comparison of evaporated
milk with pasteurized milk as a source of
calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. J. Biol. Chem.,

75, 251. 1927.

fioodbury, R. M. weight-height-age tables for infancy

and early childhood. oupplement to issue of
mother and child. July. 923. nmericxn Child

health association.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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