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"Hum {:09 {Jim Dag?“ 35 M. Sc

MECEEGAN STATE {EE‘EEE’ERSITY
ice A. Boiiert
2367'

THESIS

LIBRARY

Michigan State.
University

 

THE COMPARATIVE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE
ARTERIA CKREBRI MEDIA IN THE

GREEN MONKEY (Cercooithecus aethiops)

 

AND OLIVE BABOON (Papio anubis)

 

Joe A. Boller:

A WHIESIS

Submitted :0
Mi ch 196111 State U21 iversitg'
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Ana:omy

1967

/'~<l/ I/Lfi/ :5 V
7/56/22 2

AC KN OWLEDG EMEN’I‘S

 

The author wishes to express his sincere apprecia-
tion to Dr. Daris R. Swindler for his continued guidance
and interest as chief advisor on this project.

Special thanks are extended to Drs. M. Lois Calhoun
and Thomas N. Jenkins, for their suggestions and guidance
and to Dr. William Heusner for his help with the statisti-
cal analysis presented. Special thanks are also extended
to the rest of the faculty of the Department of Anatomy
for their suggestions during the preparation of this manu-
script.

The author would like to acknowledge the assistance
of Mr. Charles Wood in the preparation of the illustrations,
Mr. Duane Haines for photographic aid, Mr. Carl Oehling and
Mr. Leroy Gerchman for technical suggestions in the prepara-
tion of the anatomical materials, and Miss Bobbi English for
secretarial services.

Finally, the greatest appreciation is extended to
my wife, Bonnie, for her untiring assistance in typing and
preparing the manuscript.and for her continuous encourage-

ment throughout the course of this study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

ACKNONLLDGEMLNTS . . . . . .

REVIEW

OF

LITERATURE . . . .

MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . .

RESULTS

Source and Species

of Specimens . .

Gross Anatomical Techniques . . . .
Nomenclature . . . .

St

A.

R.

R.

atistics . . . . .

cerebri media . .

General description

Specific variations

aethiops . . . .
Specific variations

striati . . . . .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .
Specific variations

orbitales . . . .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .
Specific variatioas

‘rJ.

CerCOpithecus

 

 

 

 

Papio anubis
Cercopithecus
Papio ahubis
Cercopithecus

 

Papio anubis

 

[.4.

Page

ii

u u

\OKD

10

10

IO

11
11

ll

11

ll
l2

13

13

Table of Contents (cont.)

R. frontales . . . .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .

Specific variations
R. temporales . . . .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .

Specific variation.
R. parietales . . . .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .

Specific variations
A. sulcus centralis .

General description
Specific variations

aethiops . . . .

Specific variations

DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON . .

Cercopithecus

 

Papio anubis

 

Cercopithecus

 

Papio anubi

S

 

Cercopithecus

 

Papio anubi

S

 

Cercopitkecus

 

Papi o anubi

S

 

Ecologic and Taxomic Comparison . .

Statistical Comparison

Anatomic Comparison with Man . . .

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . .

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . .

iv

Page

17

17

17
18

19

19

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48

INTRODUCT ION

 

This study was undertaken for the purpose of de—

t h
(—1.
:34
(T)
DJ

termining the specific gross anatomical nature 02
cerebri media in two species of nonhuman primates:

Cercopithecus aethiOps and Papio anubis. A comparison of

 

 

this artery as it is foun in these animals and in humans

will be made and a statistical analysis or the variations

in the branching patterns in Cercopithecus a thiOps and

 

Egfllg.anfibis will be presented.

rhe purpose and usefulness of the knowledge gained
is threefold. First, becaase of the absence of literature
:oncerning the anatomy of cerebral arteries in these animals
and the paucity of literature on other nonhuman primates, it
is alt gether fitting to ascribe a purpose of pure research
to this project.

Second, the information gathercd will provide
specific anatomical data for use in eXperimental medicine
and research. An increasing number of nonhuman primates

are being used each year in medical research. For example,

studies concerning atherosclerosis in baboons and monkejs

have been reported by McGill et a1. (1965). They con—
cluded that these animals are excellent subjects for

studies in this area because of their similaritv to man

.4.

DJ
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L) 1
n
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anatomically and physiologically. Browne gt
ported other work on cerebral circulation in monkeys.
Measurements of cerebral blood flow in monkeys have been
recorded by Dumke and Schmidt (1943). Gurdjian_et 31.
(1950) carried out a study on revascularization of the
brain in monkeys. These studies, to mention a few, demon—
srrate part of the role of nonhuman primates in current
medical research. Much of the normal anatomical data
necessary for studies of this type has not yet been com—
piled. It is hoped that this study will provide some use—
ful information along these lines.

Third, the data accumulated in this study will add
to the wealth of information n cessary for the classifica—
tion of these primates. With regard to classification,
anatomy has always been the mainstay of phylogenetic identi—
fication. Even though the solitary nature of its position
is being challenged by contemporary views of species with
respect to a revision of their classifications, anatomy
will remain a keystone in this area. Buettner—Janusch

(1963) points out that contemporary classification should

take into account work involving karyology, biochemical
genetics, immuno—genetics, neurology, and behavior as well
as anatomy. It is to the last item that this study has

been aimed.

RSV I if»; OF L ITITRAL‘URE

 

A searca of the literature failed to reveal an; re—
ports on the anatom; of the a- cerebri media of the Green

monkey {Cercopithecus aethiops) or Olive baboon (Papio

 

anubis). This stud; was undertaken to fill the void in this
area.

Studies of th anatomy of cerebral arteries of some
Other nonhuman primates ha“e been conducted; however, sta—
tistical analyses were not performed. Campbell and Forster
{1944) reported 0g the a.cerebri anterior of the Macaca

mulatta. heinstein and Hedges (1909) studies the intra-

cranial vasculature of the Nacaca mulatta and Kassell and

 

Langfitt (1965) described tie variations in the circulus
arteriosns of the same species. ‘he cerebral arteries of

Nacaca_cyclopsis were studies by Sakuma {1961).

 

 

Ciiutu-w and Sherrirgton (1902), Shellshear {1930),
Findze (1930), and Clidden and DeCaris (1936) reported on
the cerebral arteries of the chimpanzee. The cerebral
arteries of the orangutan were studied by Grunbaum and
Sherrington (1902) and Shellshear (192‘) and cerebral

4

(j!

arteries of Ateles, Lagothrix and Erioides were reported

 

on by Decerisy (1950). Gillilan (1964) studied the
cerebral arteries to the primate diencephalon and basal
ganglia.

Rothman (1903) observed the a. cerebri anterior of
gibbons, chimp nzees, gorillas, orangutan and man. Watts
(1933) described the a. cerebri anterior and circulus
arteriosus in a large number of primates including species
of the Family Pongidae, H3lobatidae, Cerc0pithecidae and
Cebidae.

Several studies have been conducted to record the
effects of ligation of cerebral blood vessels in nonhuman
primates. Watts (1934) reported on the ligation of the a.
cerebri anterior in monkeys. A. carotis interna ligations
were studied by Gardner (1933) and Chusid et a1. (1955).

Other functional studies on cerebral circulation

in nonhuman primates have been conducted in several fields.

I?
{3"
(.4
(‘1'
(D
(D
(T-
QJ
H

’1963) studied the in vitro isolation of the

 

mor‘I—{ey brain and “(Shite et a1. (1964) examined the viability
of isolated monkey brains utilizing a mechanical extra—
corporeal circulation. Fox et 31. (1960) reported on a

dilution technique for measuring cerebral blood flow in

monkeys and Dumke and Schmidt (1943) recorded quantitative

0“

measurements of cerebral blood flow in the macacque monkey.
Gurdjian et a1. (1950) studied revascularization of rhesus
monkey brains and cerebral arterial shunts in monkeys were

studied by Browne 3; l. (1955).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Source and Species of Specimens

 

The material was obtained from Dr. Daris R. Svindler.
Department of Anatomy. Michigan State University. and consis—

ted of ten Green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) brains and

 

ten blive baboon (Papio anubis) brains. The a. cerebri media

 

1

was di‘~hcted from each hemisphere making a total of twenty
arteries from each species. Sex differences were not tabu—

lated because the sample was composed of seven females and

 

only three males of Cerc0pithecus aethiops and eight females

and two males of Papio anubis. In the small proportion of

 

males studied no major sex differences were noted in the

branching pattern or distribution of the a. cerebri media.

Gross Anatomical Techniques

 

. . . 1 .
The Olive baboons were anesthetised with Sernylat and
killed by bleeding and embalmed with a standard tmbalming

fluid by a technician. Following the embalmirg, later-1

 

1 . . . .
' Pagke DaVlS & Company. DetrOit, Michigan.

03

injections of the a-tf’ii

in the a. femoralis and y. femoralis respecti if

r

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in a ten percent fo Hill. SOluCiO .

The dissectio": wt : pe fo.mir wit

 

1 two all": Of

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4 Carl Ze134s131;0”mli: :1.=%xst1:g sflopa tnrvarzuagiifl-
cations of ten. sixtetn, @.f twe 'y-fiyc po “:4. The

\

‘ - ' a ' f'. rv ,1 ,~ -. - ' »' ‘ . ,— “ . . 1 ,‘ - v " ‘ - o I t ‘1‘ .- /
t 1.3etiea w.tcrlc: 30.3 WWLpr “kteinallx nith a 0.03;

1

solution of methyle e blue by men s of a pipette after

tin: arimflinoiitmi encemfliali twii‘oecn immioytti iitorcmna of

1- . ‘ " “ I \' ~ . an . ’ ,.. \‘ - ‘ -"~‘ ‘ . \ ’ ~ 'v ’ .‘.. I‘ “\ - — - P..'
the Dial : in Le. pe.te t fO-mill_ icm0=cg Liv M£LL\1CHC

1

blue from tpe arteries aid recessitatet reapplication at

each work period.

C(1r1_ Zt:ises, (flae;fli tuxe‘i. EN tart&_exfi;eiwj, Gt:rn£1n;r.

')

Personal Communication: Mr. B. L. Go chman
(1966)

Nomenclature

 

The ggri and sulci nomenclature specific to non—
human primates is from Connolly (1950). All Other nomen—
clature used is from Nomina Anatomica (1961) except for

, 4
the term a. sulcus centralis.

 

f“

go compare the freduencies of specific branching
patterns of the a. cerebri media in the two species a Z

test of preportions and the Fisher exact probability

/
-

tes:
,_

. 1 #1” L D
were applied to ens data.

 

Personal Communication: Dr. B. A. Ring (1966).

Personal Communication: Dr. W. W. Heusner (1966).

R 178 ULTS

The branches of the a. cerebri media are divided
into two categories: Rami corticales contain the follow—
ing branches, r. orbitales, r. frontales, r. temporales,
r. parietales and a. sulcus centralis and Rami centrales

is composed of r. striati.

A. Cerebri Media

 

General description. This artery appeared as a

 

direct continuation of the a. carotis interna. It origi—
nated as a single trunk and in no case did it arise as two
trunks. The artery was of equal size on both sides. It
coursed laterally from its point of origin at the bifura—
tion of the a. carotis interna (just lateral to the chiasma
Opticum) across the orbital surface of the lobus frontalis,
anterior to the polus temporalis. After reaching the lat—
eral edge of the orbital surface of the lobus frontalis

the artery coursed across the surface of the insula within

10

11

the sulcus lateralis. The branches of this artery either
arose before or after its entrance into the sulcus lateralis
and extended across the surface of the cortex to their re-
spective sulci and areas of distribution.

Specific Variations; Cercopithecus aethiops (Fig-

 

 

ure 5). No Specific variations from the above description
were found.

Specific variations: Papio anubis (Figure 6). No

 

 

specific variations from the above description were found.

 

General descripti n. This is a short trunk which

 

arose lateral to the origin of the a. cerebri media. The
trunk passed anteriorly on the ornital surface of the lobus
frontalis and turned medially to cross the tractus olfac-
torius. It divided into several branches which passed deep
into the brain medial to the tractus olfactorius in the
substantia perforata anterior. Smaller accessory branches
arose separately from the a. cerebri media and accompanied
the main trunk.

Specific variation: Cerc0pithecus aethiops (Fig—

 

 

ure 5). In two hemispheres (10%), one right and one left,

12

thisartery originated from the common orbital-frontal trunk
(to be discussed below). Both of these were unilateral.

In two hemispheres (10%). both left, it arose from r.
orbitales, In two hemispheres (10%), right, the trunk
arose separately from the a. cerebri media and received an
accessory branch from the orbital-frontal trunk. In six-
teen hemispheres (80i), nine right and seven left, the
artery originated as a separate unit from the a. cerebri
media. In seven animals this was bilateral and in two, it
was unilateral.

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 6). In

 

 

three hemispheres (15%), one right and two left, this

artery arose from the common orbital—frontal trunk. 'In eacn
case it was unilateral. This artery arose from r. orbitales
in eleven hemiSpheres (55?), five right and six left. In
three animals this was bilateral and in five it was uni-
lateral. In six hemispheres (30%), four right and two left,

it arose separately from the a. cerebri media. In one

animal this was bilateral and in four it was unilateral.

13

R. Orbitales

 

General description. This artery arose from a com-

 

mon trunk with r. frontales or separately from the a.
cerebri media. This trunk originated medial, lateral or at
the same level as the first trunk of r. temporales. In those
cases where the common trunk was located medial to r. tem—
porales, its origin was medial to the entrance of the a.
cerebri media to the sulcus lateralis. In all other cases
it arose within the sulcus lateralis. The common trunk
coursed anteriorly on the orbital surface of the lobus fron-
talis, lateral to the tractus olfactorius and r. striati.

It then divided into its terminal divisions, r. orbitales
and r. frontales. R. orbitales continued toward the polus
frontalis lateral to the sulcus orbitalis. Branches were
sent medially to this sulcus. R. orbitales curved around
the anterior one—third of the sulcus rectus. Here it
divided into anterior and posterior branches which pro-
ceeded in their respective directions within the sulcus.

Specific variation: Cercopithecus aethiops (Fig—

 

 

ure 5). In eighteen hemispheres (90%), ten right and eight
left, the origin of r. orbitales was common to r. frontales.
In eight animals this was bilateral and in two it was uni-

lateral. In two hemispheres (10%), both left, r. frontales

and r. orbitales arose separately from the a. cerebri media.
The common trunk originated from the same level as r. tem-
porales in eight hemispheres (40%), three right and five
left. In two animals this was bilateral and in four it

was unilateral. The common trunk arose medial to r. tem—
porales in five hemispheres (25%), two right and three left.
This was bilateral in two animals and unilateral in one.

The common trunk arose lateral to r. temporales in six
hemispheres (3 ‘36), five right and one left. In one animal
this was bilateral and in four it was unilateral. In one
hemisphere (5%), left, the trbital-frontal trunk was common
to r. temporales. In nine hemispheres (45%), four right and
five left, a branch from r. orbitales also passed to the
posterior end of the sulcus rectus and supplied the cortex
inferior to this sulcus as well as the area anterior to the
sulcus parecentralis inferior and inferior to the sulcus
frontalis superior. In one animal this was bilateral and

in seven it was unilateral. In those cases which did not
exhibit such a branch the area was supplied by r. frontales.
In nine hemispheres (45%), five right and four left, a branch
arose from r. orbitales, approximately midway in its anterior
projection on the orbital surface of the lobus frontalis,

passed over the most anterior portion of the polus frontalis

15

and continued to the anterior end of the sulcus rectus.
After entering the sulcus rectus it anastomosed with the
other branches of r. orbitales within the sulcus rectus.
In three animals this was bilateral and in three it was
unilateral.

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 6). In

 

 

seven hemispheres (35%), three right and four left, the
origin of r. orbitales was common to r. frontales. In all
animals it was unilateral. This artery arose as a single
trunk from the a. cerebri media in eleven hemispheres (55%),
six right and five left. ‘It was bilateral in four animals
and unilateral in four. In two hemispheres (10%), one right
and one left, two separate arteries arose from the a. cerebri
media. Both were unilateral. R. orbitales arose from the
same level as r. temporales in three hemiSpheres (15%), one
right and two left. In one animal it was bilateral and in
one it was unilateral. R. orbitales arose medial to r.
temporales in thirteen hemispheres (65%), eight right and
five left. In four animals it was bilateral and in five

it was unilateral. This trunk originated lateral to r.
temporales in four hemispheres (20%), one right and three
left. All were unilateral. In seven hemispheres (35%),

three right and four left, a branch of r. orbitales passed

16

to the posterior end of the sulcus rectus and supplied the
cortex inferior to this sulcus as well as the area anterior
to the sulcus praecentralis inferior and inferior to the
sulcus frontalis superior. This branch was bilateral in

one animal and unilateral in five. In those hemispheres
which did not exhibit such a branch the area was supplied

by r. frontales. In twenty hemispheres (100%) a branch was
given off from r. orbitales approximately midway in its
anterior projection on the orbital surface of the lobus
frontalis which ran medially to the sulcus orbitalis. Within
this sulcus the branch turned anteriorly to run to the polus
frontalis. From this point it curved superiorly t the anterior
end of the sulcus rectus which it entered and anastomosed
with other branches of r. orbitales within the sulcus. In
two hemiSpheres (10%), one right and one left, r. orbitales
was composed of two separate arteries arising from a. cere—
bri media. In both cases these were unilateral. The medial
artery followed the sulcus orbitalis to the polus frontalis
and the lateral artery passed to the posterior end of the

sulcus rectus as described above.

17

R. Frontales

 

General description. As was stated above, this

 

artery arose from a common trunk with r. orbitales or sep—
arately from the a. cerebri media. From its origin this ar-
tery passed over the lateral edge of the lobus frontalis to
the inferior end of the sulcus praecentralis inferior which

it entered. The artery continued dorsally to the horizontal
ramus of this sulcus giving off branches which emerged from
the sulcus praecentralis inferior and passed on the surface of
the cortex posteriorly to supply the gyrus praecentralis.
After passing to the above mentioned horizontal ramus, the
artery extended rostrally a short distance within this ramus.

Specific variation: Cerc0pithecus aethiops (Fig-

 

 

ure 5). This artery had a common origin with r. orbitales

in eighteen hemispheres (90$), ten right and eight left. In
eight animals this was bilateral and in two it was unilateral.
In two hemispheres (10%), one right and one left. The artery
arose separately from r. orbitales directly off of the a.
cerebri media. In both animals it was unilateral. In twelve
hemispheres (60%), seven right and five left, a branch from r.

frontales arose proximal to its entrance into the sulcus prae-

centralis inferior and passed anterosuperiorly to the posterior

18

end of the sulcus rectus. fter entering the sulcus, it
anastomosed with branches from r. orbitalis. This was bi—
lateral in two animals and unilateral in eight. The a. sul—
cus centralis took origin from r. frontales in five hemi—
spheres (25%), two right and three left. In one animal this
was bilateral and in three it was unilateral. In three hemi-
Spheres (15%), two right and one left, a branch of r. frontales
passed across the gyrus praecentralis to the sulcus centralis
and supplemented the blood supply to this area from the a.
sulcus centralis. These arteries were unilateral.

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 6). This

 

 

artery shared a common origin with r. orbitales in seven
hemispheres (35%), three right and four left. In one animal
it was bilateral and in fire it was unilateral. In twelve
hemiSpheres (60%), six right and six left, r. frontales arose
separately from the a. cerebri media. This was bilateral in
three animals and unilateral in six. In one hemisphere (5%),
right, r. frontales arose from a common trunk with r. tem—
porales. A branch of r. frontales passing to the posterior
end of the sulcus rectus was found in five hemispheres (25%),
three right and two left. All were unilateral. A branch to
the sulcus centralis was observed in one right hemiSphere

(5%). The a. sulcus centralis originated from r. frontales

19

in three hemispheres (15%), one right and two left. All
were unilateral. In thirteen hemispheres (65%), nine right
and four left, a branch arising from r. frbntales crossed
the gyrus praecentralis superiorly to the posterior exten—
sion of the horizontal remus of the sulcus praecentralis in—
ferior before it entered the sulcus praecentralis inferior.
In four animals this was bilateral and in five it was uni-
lateral. In one hemisphere (5%), left, r. frontales gave

rise to an artery to the sulcus intraparietalis.

R. Temporales

 

General description. This was a system of one to

 

four trunks which originated from the a. cerebri media within
the sulcus lateralis. Each trun“ divided into one, two, or
three branches which emerged from the sulcus lateralis and
passed over the gyrus temporalis superior and entered the
sulcus temporalis superior. After passing deep within this
sulcus, the arteries anastomosed with each other and sent
branches out of the sulcus which passed over the gyrus tem-
poralis inferior. In all cases two or three arteries arose

separately from the a. cerebri media just medial to its

entrance into the sulcus lateralis. These arteries passed
to the polus temporalis and its inferior surface.

~_.

Specific variation: Cercopithecus aethiops (Fig—

 

 

ure 3). In two hemispheres (10?), left, one trunk was
found. In eleven hemispheres (55%), nine right and two
left, two trunks were observed. In two animals this was
bilateral and in seven it was unilateral. Three trunrs
composed this system in five hemispheres (25 ), one right
and four left. This was unilateral in all cases. There

runks in two hemispheres (10“), left. The total

('1'

were four
number of branches which arose from the trunks in the sulcps

lateralis and passed over the gyrus temporalis superior to

r, $—

the sulcus temporalis superior varied from three to eig.t.

C

Three branches were observed in one hemisphere ;if), right.

In nine hemispheres (45%), two right and seven left, four

branches were found. This was bilateral in one animal nd
unilateral in seven. In six hemispheres (301), four right
and two left, five branches were observed. In one animal
this was bilateral and in four it was unilateral. Six

branches crossed this oyrus in two hemispheres (10?), one

right and one left. Both were unilateral. Eight branches

.2

were observed in one hemisphere (57), right.

 

 

21

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 4). R.

 

 

temporales was found to originate from one trunk in four
hemispheres (20%), one right and three left. All were uni—
lateral. In twelxe hemispheres (6C%), eight right and four
left, two trunks arose from the a. cerebri media. This was
bilateral in two animals and unilateral in eight. In three
hemiSpheres (15%). left, three trunk were observed. Four
truiks arose from the a. cerebri media in one hemisphere
(5?), rioht. The total number of branches which arose from
the trunks of r. temporales and crossed the gyrus temporalis
superior to the sulcus temporalis superior varied from two
to six. In one hemisphere (5 ), left, two branches were
found, In ten hemispheres {SO ), six right and fodr left
three branches were observed. This was bilateral in three
animals and unilateral in four. Four branches crossed this
area in four hemispheres (20 ), two right and two left. All
were unilateral. Five branches were found in three hemi~
spheres (15%), left, and two hemispheres (10%), right, had

six arteries.

R. Parietales

 

General description. This artery was a direct con—

 

tinuation of the a. cerebri media. It passed as one or two
major trunks posterosuperiorly in the sulcus lateralis on
the surface of the insula. These trunks passed from the
sulcus lateralis to the sulcus temporalis superior at their
junction or approximation and continued 'n a superior dir—
ection. Several branches from these trunks emerged from
the sulcus lateralis and sulcus temporalis superior and
passed anteriorly on the surface of the cortex to the sul—
cus intraparietalis. Other branches passed posteriorly to
the sulcus lunatus. Upon entering the sulci intraparietalis
and lunatus these arteries passed deep and g nerally Split
into two branches Which ran superiorly and inferiorly within
the sulci. After giving off the branches to the above
named sulci r. parietales continued as a small artery
superiorly in the sulcus temporalis superior and was dis-
tributed to the area inferior to the junction of the sulci
intraparietalis and lunatus. This artery continued into
the fissura parieto-occipitalis.

Specific variation: Cerc0pithecus aethious (Fig-

 

ure 3). In seven hemiSpheres (35%), six right and one left,

23

a single trunk was found. In one animal this was bilateral
and in five it was unilateral. Two trunks were observed

in thirteen hemiSpheres (65%), four right and nine left.
This was bilateral in four animals and unilateral in five.
One branch to the sulcus intraparietalis was found in six
hemispheres (30%), four right and two left. All were uni-
lateral. One branch to the sulcus lunatus was observed in
ten hemispheres (50%), five right and five left. In one
animal this was bilateral and in eight it was unilateral.
The sulcus intraparietalis received two branches in eleven
hemispheres (55%), six right and five left. In two animals
this was bilateral and in seven it was unilateral. The sul—
cus lunatus received two branches in eight hemispheres (40%),
five right and three left. This was bilateral in one animal
and unilateral in six. Three branches to the sulcus intra-
parietalis were observed in three hemispheres (15%), left,
and three branches to the sulcus lunatus were observed in
two hemispheres (10%), left. A branch from r. parietalis
passed to the gyrus postcentralis in eleven hemispheres
(55%), five right and six left. This was bilateral in two
animals and unilateral in seven.

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 4). In

 

 

eleven hemispheres (552), six right and five left, this

artery arose as a single trunk from the a. cerebri media.

In three animals it was bilateral and in five it was uni-
lateral. Two trunks were found in nine hemispheres (45%),
four right and five left. These were bilateral in two
animals and unilateral in five. The branches to the sulcus
intraparietalis varied from one to four. In one hemisphere
(5%), left, one artery to the sulcus intraparietalis was
observed. Two arteries to this sulcus were found in six
hemispheres,one right and five left. In one animal this

was bilateral and in four it was unilateral. The sulcus
intrapietalis received three branches in ten hemispheres,
seven right and three left. This was bilateral in two
animals and unilateral in six. Four branches passed to this
sulcus in two hemispheres, one right and one left. Both
were unilateral. The branches to the sulcus lunatus varied
from one to five. In one hemisphere (5%), left, one branch
was observed. Two branches passed to this sulcus in nine
hemispheres, three right and six left. All were unilateral.
In seven hemispheres (35%), five right and two left, the sul-
cus lunatus received three branches. In one animal this

was bilateral and in five it was unilateral. Four branches
passed to this sulcus in one hemiSphere (5%), left. Five

branches were observed in two hemispheres (103), right.

25

A branch of r. parietales passed to the gyrus postcentralis
in eight hemispheres (40%), three right and five left. In

one animal this was bilateral and in six it was unilateral.

A. Sulcus Centralis

 

General description. This artery usually arose from

 

the a. cerebri media and emerged from tte sulcus lateralis
posteroinferior to the sulcus centralis and passed on the
surface of the gyrus postcentralis to the su cus centralis
which it entered at or near its inferior end. Occasionally
the a. sulcus centralis arose from the common orbital—frontal
trunk, in which case it traveled within the sulcus lateralis
until the level of the sulcus centralis was reached. After
entering the sulcus centralis the artery passed deep and con—
tinued toward the superior end of the sulcus giving off
branches which emerged from the sulcus and ran anteriorly on
the surface of the gyrus praecentralis and posteriorly on gyrus
postcentralis. Branches to the gyrus praecentralis and gyrus
postcentralis arose from the a. sulcus centralis before it

entered the sulcus lateralis.

S ecific variation: Cerco ithecus aethio s (Fig—
P P _

 

 

ure 3). Five hemispheres (25%), two right and three left,

26

were noted in which this artery arose from the common trunk

of r. orbitales and r. frontales. This was bilateral in one
animal and unilateral in three. In twelve hemiSpheres (60%),
six right and six left, the sulcus centralis received one main
trunk from the a. cerebri media. In four animals this was bi-
lateral and in four animals this was unilateral. Two separate
arteries from the a. cerebri media were found in two hemi-
spheres (10%), one right and one left. Both were unilateral.
In one hemisphere (5%), right, no artery to this sulcus was
noted. The gyrus postcentralis received branches from r.
parietales in nine hemispheres (45%), five right and four left.
In two animals this was bilateral and in four it was unilateral.
The gyrus postcentralis received a branch from the common
orbital—frontal trunk in three hemispheres (15%), two right
and one left. In one animal this was bilateral and in two it
was unilateral. Branches arising from the a. sulcus centralis
before it entered the sulcus centralis passed to the gyrus
postcentralis in four hemispheres (20%), three right and one
left. This was bilateral in one animal and unilateral in one.
The gyrus praecentralis received branches from r. frontales in
thirteen hemispheres (65%), six right and seven left. In five
animals this was bilateral and in three it was unilateral.

Branches arising from the a. sulcus centralis and passing to

the gyrus praecentralis were noted in six hemispheres (30%),
three right and three left. In one animal this was bilateral
and in four it was unilateral. In five hemispheres (25%).
three right and two left, the a. sulcus centralis sent a
branch to the sulcus intraparietalis. All were unilateral.

Specific variation: Papio anubis (Figure 4). Three

 

 

hemispheres (15%), one right and two left, were found in which
the a. sulcus centralis arose from a common trunk with r. fron-
tales. All were unilateral. The a. sulcus centralis arose as
a single trunk from the a. cerebri media in fifteen hemi-
spheres (75%), seven right and eight left. This was bilateral
in six animals and unilateral in three. In two hemispheres
(10%), right, two trunks arose from the a. cerebri media to
supply the sulcus centralis. The gyrus postcentralis received
branches from r. parietalis in eight hemiSpheres (40%), three
right and five left. In one animal this was bilateral and in
six it was unilateral. Branches to this gyrus arose directly
from the a. sulcus centralis before its entrance into the in—
ferior end of the sulcus centralis in seven hemispheres (35%),
two right and five left. All were unilateral. The gyrus
praecentralis received branches from r. frontales in twelve

hemispheres (60%), nine right and four left. This was bi-

lateral in four animals and unilateral in four. Branches

28

from the a. sulcus centralis before its entrance into the in-
ferior end of the sulcus centralis passed to the gyrus prae-
centralis in seven hemiSpheres (35%), three right and four
left. All were unilateral. Branches to the sulcus intra-
parietalis from the a. sulcus centralis occurred in five hemi—
spheres (25%), one right and four left. In one animal this

was bilateral and in three it was unilateral.

DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON

 

Ecologic and Taxonomic Comparison

 

CerCOpithecus aethiops is an omnivorous, diurnal and

 

arboreal monkey (Buettner—Janusch, 1966). The range of this
monkey is wide. ”It is to be found in savanna regions through—
out Africa, from Senegal to EthiOpia, and from Sudan to the

tip of South Africa.” (Tappen, 1960)

Papio anubis is similar to Cercopithecus aethiops in

 

 

that it is also omnivorous and diurnal yet it is greatly
dissimilar in the extent of its range and type of locomotor

behavior. As Opposed to arboreal, Papio anubis is a ter—

 

restrial animal and is found in a much more limited area than

Cercopithecus aethiops.

 

This form is found in the Kenya highlands, in
many parts of Uganda, in the eastern and north—
ern parts of Belgian Congo including much of

the forest on the right side of the Congo River,
and ir all probability across the savanna region
north of the forest belt to the western extrem—
ity of the continent. (Tappen, 1960)

Both of these species belong to the suborder Anthro-
poidea and superfamily Cercopithecoides. According to

Tappen (1960), Sanderson groups this superfamil; into

se"eral divisions including Cynopithecoids and Cercopithecoids.

finder the title anopithecaids Sanderson includes the folloW—

in: subdi“isions: Pap}? and Maggrillusj Cergpceb s, Macac ,

 

 

a 1 Ixrenpithec.s. finder ‘ e heading CerCCpthE‘JlOS 1“e in—
cljdes Allenopithecns, Zr thricebus and Cercopithec's.

 

Tappen (1960) stated it is evident that Cercopithecus

 

and its related genera Allehopifhecu§_and Frvthrogebus exhibit

 

‘

a greater differentiation trian any other monke; group in Africa,

q

an; :?at n3 asiatic genus appears closel; related to Cercopiihe—

 

 

 

 

cus. The tremendous differentiation of the genus Cercopi‘he as

the work of Chiarelli (1966). In his

(I)

horld monxe s, he found ;na: th :enus has ;ne

widest ran e of chromosome ntmbers, from 54 to I? for ‘he dif—

, x.

ferent species scudied. All of the other genera in" vding

A»

Maxaca, Papio, Cerco:ebus and Colob s eagh have nonsta:t num—

 

 

bers 4;, 4?, 47, and 44 respectively. Based on the above,

befnre thane u; a:* other fl: he” fro p L:w represenieu.
In CODLIBB; to these sgxuestiins an"tt CerCTpixhecfi“
Tappen 1960) stated:

The relati e povert; of bath C“nopithegniis and
Colcbidae in Africa, Wnihg foxtra;

.1

. ,. . , _ ._. .- .
witn the varie;“ or CercopitneSCLas in A rica

'1
U)
,5:
(J
rt
\ I
d!

J
H

31

but also with considerable differentiation among
asiatic representatives of the first two groups,
suggests that they invaded Africa after primary
evolution elsewhere.

The statistical evidence to be presented below also

supplements th knowledge concerning the differences in Cer-

COpithecus aethiops and Papio anubis.

 

 

Statistical Comparison

 

A comparison of the variations in the branching pat—

terns of the a. cerebri media in CerCOpithecus aethiops and

 

Papio anubis is summarized in Table I. A Z test.1as applied

 

to the data to determine if there was a statistically signifi—
cant difference in the prOportions of the frequencies of
Specific variations in the branching pattern of the a. cerebri
media in these two Species. The test was based on the assump-
tions that the sample was composed of random, independent bi—
nomial pOpulations and that the product of n P, n P, le and

1 2

n2Q was equal to or greater than five, where nl and n? re—

‘—0

presented the total number of arteries disected from each
species, P represented the pooled estimate of pi and Q equaled
one minus P. The results of this test are listed in Table I.

The null hypothesis was rejected for Z levels equal to or

32

exceed ng 1.96 with a confidence level of 95%. Eleven sig—

1

nifican: variations were found between the two species based

The Z test co 1d not be applied to all of the data

because an, an, n10, and an were no: alwags ea al to or

I

greater than fire. In these cases the Fisher exac+ probability
test was pplied. Zhis test determined whether two groups dif—

fered in the proportion wit; w icn thev fell into two classifi—

(T

(‘1

cations, in this case he presence or absence wi specific

H)

.1
V

tra“chin¢ patterns o t‘e a. cerebri media -n the two species
(Siegel, 1956). Again in alpha level of 0.05 was used and
'is were accepted as sixnificant. Under

these conditions three mare significant differences between

Cercopi hecus aethiOps and Eapio anubis were noted.

 

 

A total of fourteen apparent species differences were

J

round using these two statistical tests. Five characteristir

(
U)

are noted for Cerc0pithecus aethiops and iin for ngio anubis.

 

 

The significant differences are marked aith asteris

I. Single asterisks mark those variations w?ich appeared

characteristic of Cercgpithec s aethiqp§_and dagble asterisks

 

1

mar} tge significant characteristics of Paal: an bis.

33

Anatomic Comparison with Man

The anatomt and angicgraphy of the a. cerebri media

in man has been studied by nany investigators. A brief re—

xiew of several of these studies will be presented in order

“c ccmpare this vessel in Pom: sapiens with Cercopithec s

u— \

 

 

aggrinps and Papio a vbis.

Kaplan and Ford <l966) described three major divi—
sions of the artery distal to the origin of striate arteries.
One division supplied the rcstral half of the lateral snr—
face of the lobus frontalis. A second di ision irrigated
the area of the sulcus centralis. The third division supplied
the lateral urface of the lobus parietalis, lateral surface
of the lobus occipitalis, and the lobus temporalis. The first
and second divisions are also known as the anterior and posterior
candelabra arteries. They also described smaller branches from
the a. cerebri media to the orbital surface of the lobus
frontalis and polus temporalis.

Greitz and Lindgren (1961) called Kaplan and Ford's
first two divisions the ascending frontal arteries, anterior
and posterior. The third division was classified as three
separate arteries; the posterior temporal, angular, and

posterior parietal, aassinq to the cortical areas indicated

by their names.

34

Klosovskii (1963) reviewed and studied this artery.
He stated:

The regional distribution of branches varied con-
siderably according to their mode of division,
which may be scattered, dichotomic, branching
into major trunks, or fan shaped (B. G. Shapiro,
1938; M. D. Gal'perin and L. Goldstein, 1938;

S. S. Bryusova, 1938; B. K. Hindze, 1947, and
others). On the other hand, the area supplied

by the branches of the middle cerebral artery

is more or less constant. (p. 10)

Moniz preferred to call this artery the “groupe
Sylvianne” because of the variability of the branching pat—
terns (Pendergrass 3; al., 1956).

Ring (1962) made a detailed anatomic and angiographic
study of the a. cerebri media in man. He reported on four
major branches exclusive of r. striati; ascending frontal,
posterior parietal, angular, and posterior temporal. The
ascending frontal branches emerged from the sulcus laterales
to supply the lateral aspect of the lobus frontalis. In 44%
of 50 dissections this artery originated as one trunk. In
38% two trunks were described, anterior and posterior. Lima
(1950) divided this branch into three divisions; orbitofrontal,
inferior frontal, and prerolandic. The posterior parietal
branch emerged from the sulcus lateralis to supply the lateral

aspect of the lobus parietalis. In 52% of the cases studied

by Ring it shared a common origin with the angular branch.

In 30% it arose separately from the a. cerebri media as a
single vessel and in 6% it arose by two separate arteries.
The angular branch passed directly posterosuperiorly in the
sulcus lateralis to supply the gyrus angularis which formed
the posterior boundry of the sulcus lateralis. The artery
passed as the most direct continuation of the a. cerebri media.
The posterior temporal branch emerged from the rostral end
of the sulcus lateralis to supply the lateral aspect of the
lobus temporalis. In 60% of the dissections it arose as a
single artery. In 26%, two separate trunks were noted.
Several specific comparisons in the branching patterns
of the a. cerebri media can be made based on Ring's work on
man and on this study of two species of nonhuman primates.
The angular artery in man is comparable to r. parietales

branches to the sulcus lunatus in Cercopithecus aethiOps and

 

Papio anubis. R. frontales and r. orbitales are described

 

as having common origins in man, 44%, and Cercopithecus

 

aethiops, 90%. Papio anubis usually exhibited separate

 

origins for these two arteries, 60%“ R. temporales is re-
presented by two trunks in man in 26% of the hemispheres; in

/

CerCOpithecus aethiops, 55%; and in Papio anubis, 60%. This

 

 

system arose from one trunk in man in 60% of the hemispheres:

in CercOpithecus aethiops, 10%; and in Papio anubis, 20%. In

 

 

general it can be said that all three species have similar
branching patterns of the a. cerebri media with specific
variations which may be species characteristic in Cerc0pi-

thecus aethiOps and Papio anubis.

 

 

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table I.--Comparison of Specific variations of the a. cerebri media in right and left hemi-
Spheres of Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio anubis. (ten specimens each)
Cercopithecus aethiops ‘ P3210 anubis
Fisher
Specific Variations m * 2 Test Test
‘Otal Right Left To-a1 Right Left
Occurrence Occurrence
e % t 8 8 % 8 8
R. striati
1. Origin from
orbital-frontal 2 10 1 1 3 15 1 2 0.3290
2. Origin from
a. cerebri media 16 80 9 7 6 30 4 2 3.18'
3. Origin from
r. orbitales 2 10 0 2 11 35 S 6 3.06**
4. Accessory from
orbital-frontal 2 10 2 O 0 0 0 0 0.2436
R. orbitales
1. Trunk common to
r. frontales 18 90 10 8 7 35 3 4 3.60.
2. Origin from
a. cerebri media 2 10 0 2 11 55 6 S 3.06**
3. Trunk medial to
r. temporales S 25 2 3 13 65 8 5 2.81"
4. Trunk lateral to
r. temporales 6 30 S 1 4 20 1 3 1.47
S. Trunk at level of
temporales 8 40 3 S 3 15 1 2 1.77
6. Trunk common to
r. temporales 1 S O 1 0 O 0 0
7. Branch to post.
a. rectus 9 4S 4 5 7 35 3 4 0.64
8. Branch to a.
orbitales 9 45 5 4 20 100 10 10 3.92"
R. frontales
1. Trunk common to
r. orbitales - - - - - - - -
2. Origin from
a. cerebri media 2 10 O 2 12 6O 6 6 3.28“I
3. Trunk common to
r. temporales O O O 0 1 5 1 0
4. No branch to
post I. rectus 7 35 3 4 9 $5 4 S 0.64
5. One branch to
post. a. rectus 3 15 2 1 4 20 2 2
6. Two branches to
post. a. rectus 8 40 4 4 1 S 1 0 0.0092.

 

 

 

 

Table 1.

(cent.

38

 

 

Cercgpithecus aethiops

Papio anubis

 

 

 

 

 

 

S _f, V , t. 7 Teqt Fisher
peCi ic aria ions , _ . - t
Total Right Left FOLal Right Left Tes
Occurrence Occurrence
# V. t a a g a e
R. frontales (cont.)
7. One branch to
s. centralis 3 15 2 1 1 5 l 0
8. Origin of a. s.
centralis S 25 2 3 3 15 1 2 0.2297
9. One branch to g.
praecentralis 2 10 1 1 13 65 9 4 3.60**
10. One branch to s.
intraparietalis 0 O O 0 1 5 O 1
R. temporales
1. Origin from
one trunk 2 10 O 2 4 20 1 3 0.2398
2. Origin from
two trunks 11 55 9 2 12 60 8 4 0.32
3. Origin from
three trunks 5 25 1 4 3 15 0 3 0.2297
4. Origin from
four trunks 2 10 O 2 1 S 1 0
5. Two branches to
s. temporalis sup. 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1
6. Three branches to
s. temporalis sup. 1 0 1 O 10 SO 6 4 3.19**
7. Four branches to
s. temporalis sup. 9 4s 2 7 4 2O 2 2 1.70
8. Five branches to
s. temporalis sup. 6 30 4 2 3 15 0 3 0.1616
9. Six branches to
s. temporalis sup. 2 10 1 1 2 10 2 O
10. Eight branches to
s. temporalis sup. 1 5 1 0 0 O 0 0
R. parietales
1. Origin from
one trunk 7 35 6 1 11 55 6 5 1.27
2. Origin from
two trunks 13 65 4 9 9 45 4 5 1.27
3. One branch to
s. intraparietalis 6 3O 4 2 1 5 O 1 0.0415*
4. Two branches to
s. intraparietalis 11 55 6 5 6 30 1 5 1.60
5. Three branches to
s. intraparietalis 3 15 O 3 10 5O 7 3 2.38"

 

Table I. (cont.)

39

 

 

Cercgpithecus aethiOps

Papio anubis

 

 

 

** Statistically significant

 

 

 

for Papio anubis

 

 

Specific Variations 2 Test Fisher
TOtal Right Left TOtal Right Left ”at
Occurrence Occurrence
# % # # # % # #
R. temporales (cont.)
6. Four branches to
s. intraparietalis 0 O 0 2 10 1 1
7. One branch to
s. lunatus 10 50 5 l 5 0 1 3.19*
8. Two branches to
s. lunatus 8 40 5 9 45 3 6 0.32
9. Three branches to
s. lunatus 2 10 0 7 35 5 2 0.0538**
'10. Four branches to
s. lunatus 0 0 0 1 5 0 l
11. Five branches to
s. lunatus 0 0 0 3 15 3 0
12. One branch to
g. postcentralis ll 55 5 8 40 3 5
A. sulcus centralis
1. Origin from
r. frontales 5 25 2 3 15 1 2 0.2297
2. One trunk from
a. cerebri media 12 6O 6 15 75 7 8 1.00
3. Two trunks from
a. cerebri media 2 10 1 2 10 2 0
4. Nc a. sulcus
centralis 1 5 l 0 0 0 O
5. One branch to
g. postcentralis 5 25 4 7 35 2 5
6. One branch to
g. precentralis 6 30 3 7 35 3 4
7. One branch to
s. intraparietalis 5 25 3 5 25 1 4
* Statistically significant for Cercqpithecus aethiops

SUMMARY

Gross anatomic studies of the a. cerebri media in ten

CerCOpithecus aethiOps and ten Papio anubis brains were made.

 

 

Six major divisions of this artery are described and compared
in the two species. They include: r. striati, arising close
to the origin of the a. cerebri media and passing across the
tractus olfactorius to the substantia perforata anterior: r.
orbitales, passing anteriorly on the orbital surface of the
lobus frontalis to the polus frontalis; r. frontales, emerging
from the sulcus lateralis and passing to the anteriolateral
aspect of the lobus frontalis; r. temporales, emerging from the
sulcus lateralis and passing to the gyrus temporalis superior:
r. parietales, emerging from the sulcus lateralis and passing
to the lateral aSpect of the lobus parietalis: and the a. sul—
cus centralis, emerging from the sulcus lateralis and entering
the sulcus ceu ralis.

A statistical comparison of the branching patterns of
the a. cerebri media is presented which indicates five possible

Species characteristics for Cercopithecus aethiops and nine for

 

Papio anubis.

 

40

41

A comparison of the a. cerebri media in these two
species of monkeys and man is made and in general they are

similar with individual variations.

  
 
      
    

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. I

FISSURAL PATTERN”
' of Camp/thecus oath/ops

 

43

s. rectus

ramus horizontolis of praecentralis inf.
s. frontalis sup.

5. praecentralis sup.
s. centralis
s. intraparietalis
f. parieto-occipitalis

K.

I’M

l cm.

 

s. lunatus
s. occipitalis inf.
s. temporalis msdius
s.temporalis sup.
. s. lateralis
s. praecentralis inf.

fig-2 FISSURAL PATTERN
of Pap/'0 anubis

44

I arteria sulcus centralis
r. parietales

 

 

I cm.

 

 

  
   

r. temporales
arteria cerebri media
r. frontales
r. orbitales

 

fig3 ARTERIAL PATTERN
of ARTERIA CEREBRI MEDIA

of Cercopirhe cus aethiops

45

arteria sulcus centralis
r. parietales

 

 

r. temporales
‘ arteria cerebri media
r. frontales
r. orbitales

fig4 ARTERIAL PATTERN
of ARTERIA CEREBRI MEDIA
of Papio anubis

46

s. orbitalis
arteria carotis interna
s. olfactorius
tractus olfactorius
arteria cerebri anterior
chiasma opticum

 

 

arteria cerebri media
r. frontales
r. orbitales
r. striati

figs INFERIOR VIEW
of Cercopifhecus aethiops

 

LITERATURE CITED

 

Browne, K. M., W. A. Warner, and A. E. Walker, 1955. Cerebral
arterial shunt in monkey. J. Neurosurg.,12:634—642.

Buettner—Janusch, J., 1963. Evolutionary and Genetic Biology
of Primates. Vol. I. Academic Press, New York.

Buettner-Janusch, J., 1966. Origins of Man. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York.

Campbell, J. B., and F. M. Forster, 1944. The anterior cere-
bral artery in the macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta).
J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 99:229—242

 

Chiarelli, B., 1966. Caryology and taxonomy of the cathar—
rhine monkeys, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 24:155—170.

Chusid, J. G., L. M. Kopeloff, and M. KOpeloff, 1955. Effects
of unilateral and bilateral occlusion of carotid ar—
teries in monkeys. Proc. Soc. EXper. Biol. and Med.,
89:534-536.

Connolly, C. J., 1950. External Morphology of the Primate
Brain. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

Decerisy, J. L., 1950. Les arteres a du bulv et de la pro—
tuberance chez certains sinces du Nouveau Monde.

Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat. (Paris), 22:431-437.

Dumke, P. R., and C. F. Schmidt, 1943. Quantitative measure—
ments of blood flow in macacque monkeys. Am. J.
Physiol., 138:421—431.

Fox, I. J., D. Donald, R. J. White, P. Stanger, and E. H. Wood,
1960. Bilateral distribution of indicattr in cerebral
circulation of monkeys after injection into an internal
carotid artery. J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 56:815.

48

49

Gardner, M. D., 1935. Carotid ligation in monkeys. Proc.
Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 32:1034—1036.

Gerchman, B. L., 1966. Personal Communication. Anatomy De-
partment, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Gillilan, L. A., 1964. Arterial and venous blood supply to
the primate diencephalon and adjacent basal ganglia.
Anat. Rec., 148:285.

Glidden, E. M., and C. F. DeGaris, 1936. Arteries of the
chimpanzee. Amer. J. Anat. 58:501—527.

Greitz, T., and E. Lindgren, 1961. Cerebral Angiography.
In: Abrams: Angiography. Vol. I. Little, Brown
and Co., Boston.

Gresham, G. A., A. N. Howard, J. McQueen, and D. E. Bowyer,
1965. Atherosclerosis in primates (baboons and
monkeys). Br. J. Exper. Path., 46:94-103.

Grunbaum, A. S. F., and C. S. Sherrington, 1902. Note on the
arterial supply of the brain in anthropoid apes.
Brain, 19:165—194.

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