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Introductian

355tTrica1 Account

Part I: The alo~a of filaxed 2nd
Straight Tqilefi LLCQ

Part II: Intrnoding in the Jl*yed

Tailed Jouse

Libliography

Table I

:1hlu II

Fed Eloo& Calls find hemowlohin

of Eleved 9n} itrniiht Tailed

flice Datfirflinefi Qt

tervnls

White Cells rnd Ee'cclobin of

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Figura III Tr%"3nxa 0’ Viewed igiled U133
?15ure IV LiTtriznbian 0? First CTneration

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Introduction

mutations are Lenerally considered to be any inherit-
ed modifications whether lures or small. Formerly the term
was used to desibnate a strikinb variation from the ordinary,
like Oenothera 51583. the Eiant evening primrose which is
stouter than venothera lflflfldelana, the parent tgpe. Frequ-
ent mutations which were readily dietinbuished from the
ancestral type, have appeared. De Vries (1) had fifty
thousand plants in seven generations which descended from
the mutating form, Oenothera lamarcaiana, and about eight
hundred of these were mutations. These were of seven
different types such as O.nannella or the dwarf, O.rubrin-
ervis or the red veined, and 0.1ata with only pistillate
flowers. These chanees.rere caused by a doubling of the
number of chromosomes (4n), by an extra chromosome (Zn-1)
or by a trinloid number (5n). Lately, the tendency has
been to an 13 the word mutation to "real chantes in a Cere"
(2) which may reveal themselves as either slight or strikiht
modifications. Ihe Drosoehila mutations are enamelee of
the latter tJPe. They are not limits; to any part of the
body but occur as channes in eye color, bristle nunber,
wing size and snaps and numerous other inherited variations.
Cytolobical investiLations reveal no chunbe in nuhuer or
arrangement of the ChIOJOSOMQS so the conclusion seems
obvious that the chanées are in the chromosomes themselves.
As to the nature of these ch nées, little is know . It is
believed to be a minute, perhapS chemical. chants.

Hutations have arisen in many different classes of

plants and animals. Of the mammals, the rodent has probably

- .IW v‘onw—w ‘u

 

{‘3

been under core ‘Pfllifint oeserVItion th*n other orders

. 9 a. »| V_..‘ 3 - . ..-“., ‘ . . L ‘ o '. I: . "

because 0. the l.r5s nuisere ~hien may we r x 5% in e ort
° I... v 4- . vr .‘2 \. ' — . ‘1”... "u“‘j 1- ? i‘ ' ' -" \ ‘ ’1’.

tlma . lthOJU &r*3-'tt 9 \ Nina”. 0!." HI: .-l;_,'.L.LuJ. ""37 73.1.3 0051-011

mutations enonC guinea ni¢3, rabbits, rvts .,4 view are
those affectinc cows color, such as non-e¥outi, eruxn,
dilution, non—e tension, white shottiug, an. IASjDLSJo

Other changes have appeared, reducing the ggau;t or hair

and lenbth of ears. lhc waltzinC mouse runs in a circle
durina host or his active moments necause of some inherited
defect in his inner ear. Jtill another chante from normal
is the file ed tail nut tion. 11th the yulgo e of contribut-

ing to the knurledfie of the nature of flexed t iled mice,

thie sepsr has ream Written.

Historical Account

The flexed tail mutation of the mouse was found in
January 1927 by Dr. 5.2. Hunt in his albino stock. In
thipearance it varies from a tail which is stiffened by the
fusing of a few vertebrae to a stiff tail bent into several
anéles in different planes. 'Not only is the tail stiffened
and bent but it may also be shorter than the normal lentth
which is about the same as the lentth of the body. Drawian
of various flexed tails may be found on hate , Figure III.
At birth, the flexed mouse is paler and smaller in size
than a normal new born mouse. fhis stronély subbested an
anemic condition.

There is some question as to the mode of inheritance
of the flexed tail mutation. It breeds true in nearly every
case. Permar and mixter (3; crossed flexed males with flex-
ed females and obtained 552 offsering, 549 of which were
flexed tailef and three were straight tailed. P1 crosses
between flexed and streiéht t iled mice made by hunt and
Permar yielded 452 straight tailed F13 and three flered
tailed F13 which show that flexed is recessive to normal.

But the F generation of Hunt's exuerinent does not give any

2
ordinary Tendelian ratio, for 8L1 were straiiht tailed

and 163 were flexed, making a ratio of 5.04 streieht tailed
to 1.03 flexed tailed. If one rair of factors is concerned,
a back cross of the F1 generation Vith the recessive flexed
tailed animals should Live a l to 1 ratio. aunt, he ever,

found l.ib straibht tailed to 1.00 flexed tailed When he

king‘-

 

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4
crossed F18 back onto flexed (564:445). It is clear, then,
that flexed tail breeds practically true like a recessive char-
acter out the number of factors concerned is yet to be dis-
covered.

The work to be reviewed in thie paper_was done between
June 26, 1329 and June 16, 1950. Part I is concerned with
blood findings of flexed mice and their controls at differ-
ent 8588; Part II reports an attempt to fix different grades

of flexure by inbreeding.

The Blood of Flexed and Straight Tailed Mice

3332333: This investigation was undertaken to ascer-
tain whether the apparently anemic condition of the flexed
mouse at birth is real. A paler skin, especially noticeable
on the tOp of the head, around the thiihs and shoulders,
distinguishes the new born flexed from its normal litter
mates in back crosses or in F: litters. Jice are hairless
at birth so any difference in the color of the blood can
readily be seen. Since anemia in benerel manifests itself
by a smaller number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter
than normal, or by a decrease in the percentage of the oxygen
carrying pigment, hemoglooin, or by a lessened aununt of
both, it was decided to make blood counts and hemoblobin tests
on flexed mice and compare these with results from normal
mice. In order to see whether the flexed mice recover from
this anemia, their blood was compared with straight tailed
mice harboring no factors for flexed tail. If the blood of
flexed mice becomes equal in quality to that of normal mice,
the former have recovered from their defective blood condi-
tion. From these data, the rate of change in quality of the
blood of these three varieties could be calculated.

Previous fork by Other Tnvestigatorg: The cellular

 

 

composition of blood in normal mice has been determined by
several investiuetors. Simonds (4) finds 6,000,000 to
8,000,0JO red cells per cubic millimeter, Coocall (5)

6,0)Q,OJ to 10,0J0,000. Acoordinc to dimonus there are

 

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5333'. IuIInIM

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6000 to 11,000 rhite cells, according to murphy and Sturm

(6) 10,803 to 24,030 shites, while Young (7; tives an average
of 5000 per cu. mm., and Goodall lists 8000 to 10,0J0.
Goodall reports that the hemoglobin content of mouse blood

is 903 that of nornsl human blood. These fitures are in
general consistent with the results obt ined in my investibe-
tion of adult nice, the Coedell's LBJLthUln estimate is
hither by 229 than my findincs in the present work.

There are two types of anemia which may be compared
with the kind found awsociated with flc ed tail. The first,
a type from which there may be recovery, is reported by
Doyle (8) in young pigs deprived of vitamins; the animals
recovered at 6 weeks if they did not die before then. It
was shown that the kind of ration used was not reaponsible
for this anemia. The incidence of anemia, and the death
rate from it were four times as treat in pigs kept inside.
The hemoglobin content we. 356 less then normal in anemic
pigs, but after 97 days the red cell count end henoblobin
percentote of enenics and non-enemies were about the same.

The second type of enenie was found by as Aberle (9)
in homozygous dominant white mice. These were obtained from
matings of parents both heterozybous for the dominant
spotting gene, d, which yielded mice with the Lenetic fornule
ES. The course of the enenie was from the 16th day of
intrs-uterine life until death, which always occurred a
week or ten days utter birth. She finds the cellular con-

tent of the blood at birth to 06 as follows:

cells

Aussie 665,009 red cells, 1192 white cells per cu. mm.

Hormel 4,740,02’ red cells, 5551 white cells per cu. mm.
Hemoglobin

Anenic 135 to 393 of human standard

Herbal 605 to 106% of human standard
Hormel human blood is considered to have 1005 homeglobin.
Host investifiations of hen Elobin in animals are compared
with this as a standard, hence, the hemoglobin percentaées
given in this paper follow this custom.

After presenting the data of the flexed tailed anemic
condition, it will be compared With these varieties found
by other investibators and the findings of investigators on
human anemia. 'Eo attenpt has been made to resort various
enemies artificially produced by blood lettine, parasites
or injected pOiBOHS, as these seem irrelevant to the present
type.

Human anemia is classified with as much difficulty as
that found in animals. Lazarus and Barlow (13)distin¢uish
between enemies in which marked leucocytic changes are
absent and those in rhich marked leucocytic changes are
present. The first type would be called anemia and the
second leechemia by Lea and Yinot (ll). Anemia means a re-
duction in the eryten carrying constituent of the blood,
hemoglobin, usually by loss of cells the some enemies, like
chlorosis, may be due to insufficient kenotlobin formation.
Leuchenia is a blood condition rhere the number of white
blood cells is treatly increased and the proeortions of

lymphocytes to granulocytes altered. If the lymphocytes are

8
increased, sometimes as high as 100,000 to 500,000 per cubic
millimeter, it is lymphocytic leuchemia; the other type is
mreloid leuchemia, in which the granulocgtes are present
in excess. Hither kind of leuehemia may cause the blood
to have a loner nercentege of hemoglobin.

Anemias have been subdivided into primary and secondary
enemies U2). She former are apparently not caused by some
other disease, but exist as a distinct clinical disease
such as pernicious anemia or chlorosis. secondary enemies
follow such conditions as hemorrhaces,_parasitic infections,
chemical poisoning, alnutrition, malaria or tumors. lhis
classification does not indicate the chief pathological
characteristic of the blood and blood forming organs. 30 Lee
and Hinot (LU and Evans (LN distinguish anenias with de—
fective blood formation, e.5., aplastic anemia, and those
with increased blood destruction, like pernicious anenia,
and increased blood loss, either acute or chronic, e.g.
anemia from gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Another useful grouping is that made by use of the color
index 03). The index is obtained by dividing the percent
that the hemoglobin 0’ an animal is of the normal percentate
for that animal by the percent the blood cells are of the
normal amount. If a woman has 355 of the normal hemoglobin
content and 030,000 red cells or lac of the normal numoer
of 4,500,000, her color index is 25 divided by 13 or 1.9.
This was actually true in a case of pernicious anesia of
precnancy (lm. If the color index were less than one it

miéht be a else of chlorosis, an anemia in juuflb girls who

-ave deficient henotlooin. This classification, using the
color index, is the one thich will be used in considerinb
the anemia to be described.

Proceedure: For countinb the blood I used a dill cer-

 

tified pipette when white and red cells were counted toLether
and a Trenner pipette shen white cells only were counted.

A 1} salt solution tinged with a small quantity of Gentian
Violet is satisfactory for countiné both types of cells to-
gather, while use of a 1;; acetic acid solution tinged with
Gentian Violet is better for only White cell counts, as the
red cells are dissolved by the acid and the white cells are
colored nurple. The blood is diluted 200 times by the selt
solution or only 20 times by the acid solution. The first
counts were made With a Levy-Kauser sinLle counting chanber.
Two drops of diluted blood from the animal were observed andf
the everate of the two constituted the count for that in- l
dividual. Tost of the counts cane from a Levy-denser double
counting chamber: both drone could then be observeu at one i
fillinb of the chamber. nemoLlooin was detersined b, use of;
a Sallquist color scale. fhis is accurate eithin 0p. If

a dr0p of blood was darkcr than 40s but lighter than 50s

it was recorded as 455.

The source of blood nae not the same in all cases. At

birth the blood was taken from the severed neck of decapitated

animals, hence, no counts at later dates were ever nude on
animals counted at birth. Sometimes the count at one week
was from the neck, ore often from blood obtained b5 cutting

the femoral vein. From two weeks onward, I usually obtained

g
I
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I

10

the blood from the tip of the teil, cutting off several
millimeters each time a count was made. Occasionally the
blood came from the leg vein if the toil would not bleed.
The flexed and normals were treated the same at one week

and tieresftcr; if the count was nude Tith blood from the
lee vein of one, it was teken from the suns ,luce on the 1
other. If lynph 733 mixed with the olood t Ken at birth,

it obviously diluted that from both flored and struibht nice
to the some entent. It does not seem, however, that this
dilution made any appreciable difference for the chanbe in
quality of blood from birth to one week is not appreciably
greater than the chinbe durine later weeks when the blood
was drawn by e method vhich greatly decreased the chance of
dilution by lynch. The number of red blood cells in the
flexed mice increased 545 the first veek end 325 the second
week. A sliLht decrease is expected as e mouse grows further
toward maturity because they are nearing the maximum number
which is present at maturity. If the incresse continued at
the sane rate from week to week as durinc the Pfirst Week a
mouse r*uld have a hundred million blooi cells in a few months.
3 avoid this the rate decreases renidly.

As already stated, the countinL use done at weexly and
fortnibhtl? intervals, biblfiulfié at birth. 'herever possible,
the same mouse was used throughout the uhole series of counts.
After four weeks the intervals became tso weeks until the
mouse was twelve weeks old, when countinb was discontinued.

Thet is, flared mice end their controls were counted at

birth, at one, two, three nd four veers after birth, and

further fit six, eight, ten and twelve weeks. The adults

11

counted are mainly the parents of those used from birth to
twelve weeks. Four of the flexed exalts (male§18 ahl females
£14, £17, f 8) were not parents of the mice used in the
blood problem, but of those recorded in the inbreeding
OXperiment. These eiults veried, in ”be, from six months of
age to nearly two yeere.

To determine whether flexed mice differ from others,
normal controls vere used. Chess were 0? two kinds. One

was the heterczy cue strai ht mouse. Fleyel x strai.ht
. L L

C.

mice yield stroibht teiled mice which carry flexed. These
Fls were beck-crossed on flexed, givihb both flexed and
straight offspring. $0 the straitit 0ff3prlޢ in the heck-
cross litter; are satisfactory controls for flexed mice.
Usually the count of a flexed was pelred with the count for
a normal litter date at all ages, so that effects of feeding,
temperature, or health of the mother might be the some on
both controls and flexed. Reciprocal crosses were made to
get these litters. Seven hetcrOZJbous straight tailed males(ffl
were meted with 14 flexed females; their onSpring are re-
corded cs crosses 8a, 8b, 93, etc., to 14b. Qne flexed male
1 six heterozyhcus straight fancies gave the results recorded

in crosses 36 e-g.

C“

t

The other ty.e of c ntrol is ’he iormfil mouse carrying

(3')

no flexed factor. Cne homozygous treicht male was meted to
eight strsight fecales in crosses 44 s-h. Their offspring
lived under the same conditions as the flexed and heterozy-
gous straibht younc, hence any differehcos may be attributed
to the abscehcc of the flexed factor or rectors. nearly all

colors of mice were used: albihos, pink aged clock and

12

brown aflcutis. dilute brow 3 "hi dilute hleczs.

iota: Cables I end II on fiuée 46 Live all of the

 

blood oetertihttiOhs ends. Thule I shows the indivir
heooilOCin detnrnihutiohs an; the red cell counts with the
cross {Erwuz“hich the; grass. Lucie II Cormndxhs be idea
elite cell counts. 3 list of houoglouiu gerceht=ce3 hude
at the sues iihu oi the (hits cell counts hhd not listed
in Sable I.

Avorztes ch; prooible errors are “at civeh under each
calugn out in o shociul table, lie; 80 one he; have all the

cvcreLes from all the érouos easily at hand when cosysrine

Eco series of graphs from thee date show the conteht
and the chcnbes in the olood at different aces. Fiéure I
on pabe 67 contains graphs of white cells, LQQOLiOuin and
red cells for each v riety of mouse plotted accoroinc to
avereeee at different ages. But only ectunl values can
be read from this figure. Ihe relative rctes of chcnee
are best shown in Figure II on page 69 which shows the
plotted loberithms o? the actual values. "If relative
rather than absolute variations are of chief concern, the
chert embloyed should be of the semilogsrithmic typo,

sceled logarithuicclly on the v-axis find Writhmeficfilly-On

are ’c‘roue tel 53 nfi~“1 "ort‘c¢l diets cos. '* om used to
111.9 f; I. ‘ : .'lf-‘ ’g 1" .Q: 4 I( .--f-. €' i (a. J 77 n I 3' .,,V§\ ‘; ‘ h n 7. ‘. l l “ , :_1 ‘\ ' n . 3 o q

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.10 3 1" V' V" ‘ b? i na‘ 1 ’3 ‘5;_;; l .1_,f. 2.3303. ' ”111,3.

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1:: 4L thS;e:.::l 0:; tr 8 (1a)). l1: {health .:.o lo 7:r:.t .ALC

xiell'a'

13

charts, we ere able to juice comgirfitive rates of chance:
by the absolute ch”rt the actual differences we; be told.
Comparison bet een the graphs made by the two methoés

shows scant difference in comparative results, to be sure,

yet one may be used as a check on the other.

 

Discussion 3: £333: The flexed ere ehesic at birth.
This is shown by the difference betneen their averages for
red cells and hemoelooin, and the corresponding averages
for the heterozygous and homongous straibhts. Compare
first the difference between the red cell counts for the
flexed and heterozygous straitht mice at birth.- Ihis
difference is 1,560,033 red cells per cubic millimeter
(4,880.0?0 - 3,32..OOO) with a probable error of 151,630.
This fiifferehce is 10.29 times its probable error so there
is a significant fiifferehce between the red cell nuebers
of the two type: of mice at birth. the 03d: fire over
69 billion to 1 that this difference is due to chance.
The flexed are wnehic as conpsrei with the normal heterozy-
gous straitht else. its ease is founfl to he true when the
flexed *re ccmaered tith the hemougccus straights. She
difference between them is 6&0303 * 132303. Lhis differehee
is 4.5 the site of its :roou.le error, so is but as sicLi i-
ceut, statistic.l.5,fls the :irst ciifurence 113. here the

05d, are ale to l stainst bgG sizingvdce DElLC his to clones.

Ike erifloacw free hneoglouin soua’rifion' is even “or

_ . -. - ' - ‘ -‘ 1 . " r ' ~ r'. v I
~cnvincing. .0” ”air 31 CayugLUUln gsr:en? L- 1hr 1 e
. . - a - o ‘ . I ‘ g’ f ., .v‘ . ,‘ I ' " - 4"- 'r ‘ -- ’
ketiwet C,h‘ “tr lyfitfi it 2.rt . ml”»‘ 2e ' e nt be 13?

‘ ‘ 4". 9: .i x r; ~ ' —- — -
the ’;*.e. u in 1: is .l.; 5 .vte. - 1: .iff#'- 3a is

14

22 times its rob ml? error or odds of over 69 billion to
1. Hence the low concentration of henoblooin in the
flexed rouse causes its emetic. inis fact is equally well
demonstrated by differencinb the homozygous straight and
flexed mice at birth. the h6£0¢1001n of the forner exceeds
the latter by 17.5} t .97 or 18 tides the probwole error.
Anemia at birth, then, is ploinly obserVed.

The eremie in "domin nt white" mice is decidedly more
pronounced (14). They show only 663,009 red cells per
cubic millimeter at birth as ccmnered With the 3,;23,030 ’
of flexed mice one 4,710,000 for normal mice resorted by f
De Aberle or 4,880,030 as fOTnd in the ereeent investitfition.
nor do the *lexed mice dis necessarily from their aild
sneaio, for weny here lived beyond 13 weeks even tho fustein-
int five or six losses of Llood when it was counted.

When this anemia is classified accordinw to the color
index, it is found to be one of those vith a color index
less than 1. If We use the svorncos of the heterozytous
stroibht at oirth as the normal condition for a mouse at
birth, we find thet the flexed mouse has 64b of normal
percent hemotlsbin for mice (59.4 flexed percentage at birth
/ 63.7 heterozyhous stroibht gercent to at birth) and dog
of the : rn'l hum er 0" red coils (o,-L0,030/d,on0,000).
The color lLVOX i: hot.,13win in s o? noemfil/. rn‘ cells
ere o” ro‘m“1 or 64/08 = .84. Chis ” at e In: it as fiiegic

i

simiiar to chloroo

15

The white cell content of the flexed sninols' blood
is not one of the ceases for the ens ic appenrnnce. In
the flexed, they are neither so numerous as to constitute
leukemia nor fire they less than 1he number in nermsl mice.
At birth, thn flexed have a "hits cell count of 4,297 her
cubic millimeter, the heterozygous str iLhts hsve 4,129.

The lifferehce of 168 t 512 is not significant since the
probable error exceeds the difference. hetween the flexed
and the homo.yLous straight whose average is c.39o is a
difference of 304 t 505. Absin, no siLnificont difference.
Ihus only red cell and hemotlobin deficiency are responsiule
for anemia in the flexed tuiled house.

The fact must be taken into account that I have lumped
tobether lymphocytes, monocytes and erLuIchtes in maxing
white cell determinations. ghere any hove been worked
chambes in the number of one type of vhite cell, oomeansated
b' changes in the opwosite direction for other Lyons of
White cells, without my detecting it.

Recoverg: At the eni of the first week, the flexed

 

mice have practicslly recovered from their anemia, so for

as the red @9119 are concerned, but the hemoglobin 115s
behind, to catch u. with normal mice at the weeks. The red
cell average for the heterozygous etraithts at 1 week is
5,510,030, for the flexed it is d,125:030, and the \if cr-
ence in $90,003 * 105,0J0. 2413 differnnce is 2.9 times the
size of its prooibls error so it is questionuoly sioniricutt

since the and} are only 16 to l. ihere is a Jere difference

Iran-.1. a “i;

will!lll,-.l..l.l| ,-

of 20.000 between the flexed uLd homozytoue straights whlcl
eutbeeta herlly any distinction at all. Ihe difference
between the hemctlooin *Vlrlgnl at one week 13 etill prODOuuo-
ed. The heterozygous etreitht evened the flexed by 8.89 t
.90 and the homOSTy-LO‘J? eyceed the 71839.3 b 4.6:; ‘ .94 .
The first 13 9.7, and t%e eecond 4.8 the size 0“ the probfible
error. :he Odds are over 750 million to 1 in the ’1ret 0196
end 8L8 to 1 in 'he eeoonl eeie. 5t two weeks the flexed
are equal to thelr_normel controls as me; be seen b’ con-
trustlnL the ‘voretee: flexed 55.85 t .58 ; leteroa;coue
atreibht 55.6; t .73 ; homOZJCOHS etraiahte see i .57 .
The differences botwoen the evnraboe do hOt exceed 2.7
times their robaole errors in any case. eneeia is over.
Lor doee elemie return to the adult flexed mouse.
There is no way of differentiatinb a flerel adult from o
heterozygous straight one by his blood cell count. lhe
flayed equal the heterozycoua etrnichts ane surpass the
homozygoue straights in red cells: they ear a a both in
henotlobin, tho not eibnificontly. (Ihe solor index for
£10 ed asulte is 1.04.) this is plain frog differencint the
averages for red cell counts. The flexed adults have 11,
200,090 red cells per cubic millineter, the heterozdtoue
atreiéht adults 11,050,000 cells. ghe difference 13
150.000 t 510.000. here the orobwble error eyceede +Fe
difference so ihe ev=retee ere cert-inly not diflg_.uc.
Between the averagea for flayed adults and h mozgcous

etrniiht adults there is a difference of 1,513,000 t

17

244,000 red oloou cells per cubic millimeter. :his difference
exenede its grobuole errcr by 6.4 tines. :he once eceinst

the difference being due to chxhce ere .ver 19,c00 to 1.

Hence the flexed adults surpass the homozyhcue streibht'
adults significantly.

Between the avereees for adult hemotlobin percentages.
there are no sitnificent differences. :he flexed edults'
average minus that of the heterozybous straight edhlts
(68.74 - 645) is 4.7; t 1.83 . 2 lie di”ference is 2.5

times it- :robehle error. Since the odds are Orly 9.9 to 1,
I

the averages are not significantly different. who flexed 1

adults' average minus the h mozybeue etrnifihts‘ adult
average (68.75 - 65.85) is 2.93 t 1.e5 ; the difference is
only 1.6 times its probable error. The odds ere only
2.5 to 1 hence the everebes are not sicnificent. It is-
clear then, 1hat flexed mice are not anemic Then they be-
ccme adults.

The recovery .ermllele that in younL gigs ooserved 0;

Doyle ( 8) tho, es tuuld ow eabected, eice rectver nore

swiftly. the olood of each variety of mice is on the same'
level by 14 days, pics by 96 days if they reaover at all.

Congerison 23 blood at Uifferent_§hgg: After two
weeks from birth there is no consgiouous difference in red
cell counts between flexed end heterozyeous straight mice.
Ho difference is more than 3.5 tines the nagnitude of its

probable error. This is evident from Picure l 4%57Where

18

the vertical uistance between the curves for the two variet-
ies is never as are t afte~ two weeks as at birth. She
adults differ by only 150,0J0 * 510,040. Since the pro-
bable error a needs the oifference it leg be considered

that when flexed mice are mature their red blood cell
content is approximately the same no that of their highest
control. It is noticeable that the flexed curve is con-
sisteatly but not sigrificantly hibhcr than that of the
heterozygous normals after the second week.

There is some iniiOGtion that the homozygous striiaht
mice have a significantly lower red ilood count than the {lex-
ed, beginninb at three weeks fr=m birth. Below are the
differences, probsbls errors and number of tine: the
differences enceeded their prob. errors(all in favor of
the flexed) at afie: beyond two weeks:

Differences between flexed and homosytous streichts
Difference

 

Frobable error Odds
3 Weeks 1,570,000 1 350,000 5.48 About 1050 to 1
4 Geeks 1,100.0J0 3 159,000 6.90 About 427,0JJ to 1
6 iecks 640,000 t 204,0JO 5.10 About 26.3 to 1
Adults 1,510,000 8 244,030 6.40 About 19,500 to 1

The graphs show t.st the lowest curve belonbs to the
strfiibhts which do not carry flexed. The two kinds of
straights show a considerable difference only at birth of
873,000 2 159.0)0. :he difference is 5.4 times its pro- '/
b"ble error eni the cede are about 1350 to l atoinst the

difference being due to chance. The lack of sufficient data

19

for the homozyLoufi strvithte at e, e, 19, end 13 weeks
limits the coeeibilitiee for dr Wing reliable conclusions,
but the evifiehce eeéme to inFiCEte clewrlg hot once the
fln 9‘ animals hvvn rccovwrel fron their eneaie their red
cell count in hither than for homoz {one etruiiht nhinuls,
the heterozytoue etrqibhti beinh interne iete.

The white cell condition throughout 11f“ is similar.
The hich ,robeble errors of the averages make fairly large
intervals between averages inconsequential. The largest
gap is from the homozyboue straibht mice at six weeks of age
to the heterozyboue etraibht mice of the same age; it is
3500 but the evarebe for the forner wee deternined by only
four counts, hence the cup nay not have been nearly so
large as it vould have been ‘ad many more counts been taken.
In general one cannot mistintuieh those nice of the same
age by their white cell count.

Likewise, after one week from birth the tyges of mice
investigated could not be fiietintuiehed from each other by 5

their hemoelobin percentage. There is no significant diff-

erence between the vaults of flexed and either type of 2
straight tailed mice. 99 an eteninetion of the table of
differences on page 63 will whow. The same is true of q

differences between the two types of straight tciled mice.
None of the hemotlobin differetces between the t rec ty es
of mice were as tract when the mTce were com,nred after a
Week old fie they vere "hen compared at birth. 30 it may be
concluded that the hemoglooin percentieee of flexed and

atruitht mice ;o not differ significantly after a ween from

birth.

£0

ncreuwe tron ;irth: An insiection of the 10¢

 

 

 

3_
charts (51¢. 2) will convince one th.t there is e Marked
ohanbe in Lhé red cell .verlcee within 3 variety us the “ice
become older. donaiderod matheuetlcdlly, the flexed in-
crease 54s in the First week, 32) in the sec nd, 19y in
the third seek and 26} durinb the fourth week of life. An
increase of only 85 is gained netween an age of one month
and maturity. the climax is at four weeks, from then on
change is slight. The graph indicates the same reeid pro-
gress for the straight mice with the e ce tion of the
homozygous straights between two end three eeehs. An
exelenetion for this exception is lackinfi.

The following table shows the rate of increase in red

blood cells in percent by weeks of the three kinds of mice.

Flexed Hetz. St. 20302. at.
let task 54» 12.93 £7.1e
2nd leek ‘ 32» 29.55 29.4g
3rd Rack 19» 10.99 3.3»
4th Week 26p 25.1g 56.et
4th'ueek - -
to adult ' 8e 16.1g 5.35

note that each kind increases more rapidly dkfinb the iourth
week then durinb the third week. Perhaps this is the result
of the chente in diet for durine the first three weeks

the young are with the mother but she was removed when the
younb were three weeks old so they had to live on grein

instefld of milk after she wee tdken from them.

Hemoglobin behaves eifferontly. rho flexed Show a
re id rise while the straitht mice decline at first then
rise eloriy. xhe rate of increuee* in the :lexed LlOUd
pibment is as follows: lst week, 24} over birth; and week,
so over lat meek; 3rd week, at over ind week; 4th week, a
decrease of .93 over 3rd reek. the adults inc? an increase
of 183 over the he=oLlotin percentage of nice 4 weeks old.
But the heterozygous straitht rice decrease et the rate of
4.7? the first week end 3.83 the eeeond ultho the differ-
evce between the tetuel counte ie not statistic 11y Sltfilfl-
cant. Chen .hc curve eturte ucreri. hetween the 60.73
hnnoglotin at birth uni the 64 at naturity there 13 w :iffer~
ence of 3.35 t 1.5 which ie herily signiffcert. 50 the
heterozytoue mice neither improve nor decline in hemoglooin
sibnificzntly. -his is evidently true for the homozgcoue
mice also, he an inerectiOU of the lob overt chore.

Ihe only statement tho seems obvious from the v its
cell curves is that teere is an increase lfl'LULUef betteen

2‘

birth and maturity but LO scholar rwte of CmWLtQ. lhe
flayed at maturity and at birth differ in celle er cubic
milliheter by 5,705 3 858, (difference 6.6 times its prob ble

error) a Slcnlf.cfiflt difference. Iherc is an increase of

I"The percentages Liven in ihie yar.£r2ph ere not the
absolute inc eecee prom week to week but the qQFOth thot
each week 13 over th*t of the nreceedinc week, e.¢. 24; is the
difference between the henoalohin fiveritee f.r Tie ed mien at

birth fin? 0t on!1 rock divided by the i‘.'i'-'a*~-‘e.1 V1» 9 at birth

49-39.:/b9.4 . ihie shows the rate of ingreise from reek to

N)
(‘3

1525 over the number 9t birth. 2119 heterozygous mice
increasa by 3a?l * 133% cells (diffnrnusa, 5.4 t1 as its
probuulfl error) Ru incrngse of -81J:. firi thz heme ytuus

t

*4

strnibht mice aiffnr n; 7?37 t 7“: from flirt! to 33m
JLQS, a Lfiix 0* 1;:;. harem, there 1% “a 1m voraant shown
in white ceLl vn‘ r03 c¢11 UCLTtS in even Rim! :3 mice but
the fie ed “lonw TKQ“ n :haé lggrcvem“rt if *dn;{10~in per-
cantata.

3r. punt auhgnsts that: come» at La uglc.13 ,vrceutnge

with increasinc number of argLLroc;tcs in 117 ,vflnc Straitht

vi

1

t‘iéed f 1-17113;_L§ 113110

I

has that the strvithas fire Lbrh 11th
‘erythrwcdte; ricLer in hsdutiuuiu Luau inn ..ng;, 9n the
other h«na, the incranse in he¢c¢lo»in g3P09pLfl e in the

C.
44.0..eu -~.L.iJ;'-.L3 g.'r:.1‘::lieliu; Lha inure-1.30 in a:;;b-_ruc;tes
SULLQStS that tha :19 a3 are umrn yith erginrougtas h Vint
the stalk emuuvzeat of henn¢10bin. -ha LianeJ gt birth Fvva
52.4% heaoglozin an; 3,ub0,030 rem cal :. ;»g1t flexed gica
hvve 6b.?é henqtlouin and 11,270,333 red cell? or 7&5 (56.7;/
39.45 - 1) increase in hqmctlohin and LS7‘ itcrn Se in raj neli?
OVfir birth. That 13, whilh thn haxcblobin in ?%H“aa once 1&9
rad onlla increfiéq 3.2 times (74:L37::123.h). Tkn hatarozyceua‘
straights rt birth hive 59.73 hemoglouin fififi 4,»w0,033 re' cvll:
These fiture» incrqnma to 6:3 aha 11,050,337 it via t wtes.

‘ . ‘ a ‘ ' . " . fi‘ ' . ' \ "1 A . N I I. I. -’ x « x-
;nn b«mutlouxn n1J*s «n 1n1”91fi0 of 5.u; (oéJ/D).7o - 1) Fnfi

a 4' .1 s 't . 1' I; -\ "1 r‘\ l, ' '. I - ,-
the red 39;Js 'h 1L-r3143 .L 403 over U

[—1.

’1

(-15
-3

; in other 'eré,

o I ‘ _. . Q ._ _ fl ‘ “ " y‘,‘ -_ *' tpl 1 . = .2 q I ’4
whlle Lna heJcQLV in in "93135 ,uce th? :94 3‘;;5 LL3;Q&39 Nu

(-0-

imea. ;hq humozgt-ha straight 3103 hwve 33.L; fi940¢10 in a:

birth qnd 4,010,343 r31 afilla gar gggie "Elli“?tnr. :Pnn aggitg

‘ '\

the; h¢VJ $5.6. homoblouin 4Lu u,0u0.3¢4 ran a iis. {his
is an 111.31'3'2.;.;G of 1;). in 'Ii53gipi.1;}uil. n; 1411.: in 951 09.111.

.2510 rupio of 1113.0 me- a. L": .oLl 'uiu La 6411...; is l to 2.4 .

A

Ihe £10393 sag « CQLLU of only i .o ".L; tLuJ LUVO incseus-
ea their uxuunt of hanuclabin “01:13 as gnsL as Lueir cell
iuiber. ihe strnibht dice, however, hwve inexoraad their
cell mulber much aura r3 idly tkzu Lhair Le .hioqin percent-
850.

At birth in each kind of mouae the ratio of hauoLIOWin
to red 09119 may b9 taken as 1 to l. The fln'ed as adults
have not dnpnrtad aq far *ron this ratio as hove the strzithta,
for tboy than i“Hm n 1 to 1.93 ratio (174., the percentoée
of hnmoblobin at aault ”gas as compared vith 1J0. at birth,
to 3575, the voraan? of red 3 lie RS coaoflred WiLh 130} at
birth), whila the haterozygoua straight sica hovn ' 1 to
2.14 ratio fin‘ the hemozggous straiéhta 9 1 to 3.39 ratio.
It is evident that tho. increase in hrmoglodn ‘mrcnuts‘lba
parallals the incraase in number of red cells aura closely
in tho Flexed mice than in the straight aicn, hence the flex-
ed mice are born with a cloanr apsroyination to the adult
endovmeut of hanoblouin ann ura the straights. fine auuita
of bath flexed and strnibht 4109 have less hemoglobin per 0811
than do mice at birth. since the cello increase “ore ruyid-
1y thvn fioes tho h HOLthino

The preeeedinc observations are necssa rily Haralleled

by data from indivi'uol nice: one 9193519 fruo each ty~e

will suffice to illuotrita this:

f1 Flared from orosa
?2 Hetz. 3t. from cros
,2 Homo. it. From cross
2
§3* Flavod froo 02W0 9
:2 Eotz. it. from arose
’3 -1 _
32 Iiomo. at. from orosa
3

33 Flared
g2 Eetz. 3t.
32 Homo. 3t.

4

54" Elexad
232 131:.
#2 homo. it.

4-7

Flex-3d
)‘t o

f) I

1-81.12.

now 0. .31..
8
£5 Flaked
f2 EntZo 3t.
52 Homo. 3t.
10
55 Plaxed
2 Hafiz. at.

\I.
tw

HOMO 0 3t 0

stit to d for £1 who

* .u‘u .
”511% Stitt tnfl for 5 who d
"in bsti utod for 14 who 5
Those subatitatad e*e fr

ones whoao 5140“

56!
36f
.4. 51
books
{I
z)

A (.13 (v3

the.
Wifirt

Weeks

Seeks

Seeks

H

Weeks

ed aftnr
ed after
93 after

'. at:-
U]
'uu.

Q?
Q o;
\J
0

in t: L
LT- :33 {)1
u C.“

C-

Foo

‘. (’.

. -, I",
I! [1‘

DUI-J

.55.)
(3.);
6\),0

(3),.
63:1)

()7 )

\JJ 1’

- 5,853,0JO
- :3, 942;), DUI)
- 6,370,000
— 7,?50,0DO
- 6,710,030
- 7.519.000
- “19,000
- 6,33'3, 0J0
- 10,200,0J0
- U,LUJ,0JJ
- v,lC0,0UO
- ll, J40, OJJ
- 3 :UQJ. JUJ
- 9,060,030
- 10,173,000
- 1),640,0JU
- 9.4JJ,OJO
- 1),,O2J
- 10, :0: 0))

tPo lat week.
the érF rook.
the 4th rang.
o crows 29 the

The irroévl title? in tho Lr93:

ha

(‘3
01

wouli firobnbly be

smoothed out if tion had yoruittel 1h} counting o” lfireer

numbers in each CQPG. fi0$ever,

of any component of to? blood magbo
numbers given.
the

;1scussion : ”hot 13

 

positive answer can be Divan.
loss of bloofi b"
flurPOBqul cuttinb when ckbnts £49

have any blood alots

2

Afld if 109

Vt

continue to maintain anenia n3 bIOOJ

“£09k.
A possible canoe 18

tho blood forming orgwna ourint latq

uterine life. We Abnrle founfi

circular einus ‘ni nuvruun13n¢

after lisfin‘illn‘ltlono

tho 15th 5%3 of f2t41 life, but as

proguzinL ergtlrchtos H for saga
in the blool forming orbzns 3;.

ulCOq (yells 'Hmi nogguwlofir: in

n i I‘ ‘ ‘ ,. ' . ,- ; ,. ' .- ' , I ‘A _. _‘ 5..
«ll‘d i J L91 .l‘-.'~.L Lruki $ut1U11 I“ U): ‘ (1 LL,
str lcflt -c2 ggoxn to carry .loaed

. .‘ _. ‘1 v‘ (V ‘ . .’. ... ‘. N m J ‘

cthe (u; L0n33! C2A1u2, UwUH .14 e4 L
. AV 9 .- ,-- ~ 3 . - ,

VIUJ. .5. . ’ 3x LIL-[J 1L! ‘1 Ju ‘L, h 'uS

I baliave

bf 1h? 84 points plotted all

6:91:38 0;

Qartuinig is la not duo

;o
shown at Llrth on

2 of blood had nouvod anemia at tirth,

fiflflv

The bone marrow
Z~‘- U. 3.0 3 L fir?

nfter Ditto.

betfllhb in,uir3 Lhe

1.9 ~ulu

aha annorfil trend
irly wall seam by the

out o wora

made from averages taken from 15 or nor: counts.

tho muon'a? no

30

hemorrhiee, noaldonJAI cuminc or the

us. only rarely

1h? flexed mice.
1t 991101.113

13 taken week after

factor inhibits

ant alrly extra—

blcofl cell: in Lho

1I o - y .1- . . ‘ f. u
.us'nac'5‘no it 1J1” Slth ‘zqg

begins to function at

rroln ourmen 0f
.gomo hare
iéfkpdlaUtiOu
out

‘ L O . - v 9 .'V - » , .-
L11 1 ' l *3 J-‘2{3 ts; 5U U;_' K!

J? .. ' .
1‘31“ 1. 4'." 1‘ 3 1‘5
€5.30 I; 1.1.28 1. 2135.

e' " L q 1 f ‘9’)

.4010 “13.).

U"?

 

 

"i

h.
0‘.

hence, the sugposed bane for an 113 13 race asiva. :erh3,s
the bvine 13 hot Lha s as 33 ch 9 flsxod can} but lin} zed with
it very closely. 3f 415 offiriub frun flamed o“ flexed
crosses, I found thrae :hich 30:3 3 EarauLly struibht
tailed and 3n9313.1 kt Bl days old thay proved to be actual-3><
1y without stiffrm e33 in the tail or Flo"urn of 32y sort.
Here 13 anvuia Without‘aoaatie flovei tail. further, fiunt
fgund 2 mice in his cross J“fi whish ware flnxed tailed but
normally red at birth. “ne shamed 553 he¢cfilo in and )<
“93.030 red calls, tho othér 65$ hmgoulobin Tu} 5,103,300
red calls, both bniné F?! "ran tho bleaei uvurnéwa Ht.hirth
of 33.43 hemoélobin qné 3,; an) 3)) eryt?rcc;tas. inch c3393
sugenet thfit Fleved 1311 uni enath Light be 33 to 310:913
linked c9133 rhicn cronsovqrs'sunetimaw :3 arute. It r3-
mfiin: to be seen wiet 9r fqued tail anj 330313 are 1L9 to
t'r‘h?) 2:":‘13. €3.16, 0? to 010331;, li.’::-.~'3d (43133.3.

0

Lo investigation was 3339 to .133uver

b
or

Ker there 18
any correlation hatree: 39,103 of ileyure 231 S3verit; of
the 330313. All grade} of ilexure 3er9 3383 in outuiniuo
recoras anfi nu strikino corrvlutionu warn uutlufld. 1hia
at be u grofitabl n t0p10 for r933 arch.
#13r1:

A. Ikn.flered t 113d gauge is wnoaic flu mirth.

1;. This {uriaba whally'iflxyagpwwrs 15'1xx;:W> k: of age.

p. Ilarn 13 3 r? in lflQF? an in r93 ,103. 33113 anfi
hqncéloiin purcnrt'tq in 1%? 9 330% 30 an fiarin. Lb] first

V“ ‘ I. g. ' A‘s ‘ o '.. “ E“ 4" vi. 1- " f‘. :1. . ‘ ,
fuur 30013 3’33 awrun. grad tnnn an tn Vidit 1139 {Ha

increase is slight . the straicht t&ile4 mice :how im-
provement in the r91 cell count alone.

D. ;n increase in manner of vhibe calls is cartflin
in each variety, but the rate of chanta follows no Such

regular courte 98 for the erythrocytes.

_ v '.-—.n-

ug.’

 

 

 

Pfi?? II

Inbreadint in Lho Slowed 2.119d gouge

.\‘ v _ o ‘ ‘ n ‘ o ‘ '- A‘ _
uc-O‘e: 9 'laxel L 11 : ~LthJJaSUlJ J§.ie. (ru.ul .
“mi-1*
" ‘ - r . : a- :“ o ‘ .
.L‘. c.$.é.k. It‘ll-1t OJ?1L.LIA 1J'JK.‘ ‘Lf;‘ 1.19 4 ‘L 'fi_§\}__ ‘r5‘ ll»-qr3;1t
‘ H ,\ ‘3 f. -- ~. . v ' ‘ : __. u "I o ‘ ‘ ~. . ' -, ‘ , '1 O ,. ‘o
Cr: M}; o. :13;.J;q g-a oxoLnL .Llflll.+£ tr udfifi ka,‘2 31'. LLn

tho ouryose of fixinc if Possible Loose 41:33“O;CQ‘. If
inbreeginc aoul‘ est oziso oifi {out trua urayoinu t;pos,
than tho-s ould Em BV’idOuGO of I:uIfi°l"OUS formats whim 1;.‘0ui.fj
tho extant find tyge o? floxure. Tho work of inbreeding

horn rejorteJ cavorfi three gwnorutions. Lhe gain 13 first
salacted unoor gr. Hunt's sapwrvision for tho {ricinal
matinca are 8“1183 the first Lonerfition, {hair o¥fopring
ccrvtituta the "aroma goLnrfition, “n: sutinis from soloctad
second Loner“t10n nice hfive yielded a trird tonqraticn. A
few thirfi gonerati;n mice have been selected n3 vqrents, out
hai nroflocnd no 0?“? “iflé at the iota of Tritint, July 19,
1933. The inbreediLé fork 333563093 aux? 25,1229.

Drooeoduro: Soven tyga: of mice were noiooted high

 

di“forefi sufficfantlg from each othqr to be cou=idered seyarutq

0‘:
‘1
.J
1’;
(1}
O
A
G
9-“
JJ
\1 j
I .‘ ‘
(“I
'1
C?
c-‘

I
f— n
H
L 'J
u.
*1
"J
3
y.
0
d
H
a
J
H
g.)
(-O
:3"
J
1'"
,2
p.—
H
P4.
:13

.-

10'55-‘3 L‘ffilif. h'lf UL"? i'ERCtZ-u Ci {1'19 0;;on it 1'3 ”711311" {‘8'-

cognizeu since pk: normal L’il is uo.ut Lha s-ga leoctt as Lao

w
4
1

CD

I

badg. 2&0 tail length 244 bo;, ion in a your to no gosit'.

V

l; corrCLHted. gha ctn?r six Lraueg are 30; rated ad the
axount of booalnb in tho 'ail; Eicura III showa savoral

‘ 01‘ "':' ' ‘,. v.. 44. L ’1‘ o ‘ wolv. " ' ‘.- . -1.‘ . .
(11"1";IL 3 0.? 0513-; 2.7.1.1 1’? L3. 4.1“,133 ;.l1°~.“l.':lrc3 {3:6 0.. LI.“ p-wrfllzts

L
which bred tho sec rs tnnorttion ofls r1“L heroin mentioned.

hull-INK."

 

 

 

L9

Cr no I hrs no, or hJLO’t “a, visible :lc.hre in tho
tail not tun atiffgccs is rad 11; felt by era inL Lhc tnil
bettccn the tvumb and lore finLcr. .Eiw '=an might be
-:19thon fOI'V‘JKJfVQl n;uwc UHIQS‘ tflgw‘t 11"“r9 pal utod
to fiin:-vcr t?c vortcbrfil fiaiuns.

In Grade 11 “re included thoza mica vbcwc I 113 show “MM”
only one alight ”1‘"urc. Slitht flexura in a hnufl of about

3-

300 or 1883 from.thc usual ctreiiht, horizon;vl position.
is with othor ”levurcs it n“? be flayed in w v rtic‘l or
horizontal rluna.

Two or core gliLht flexuros Worn clfisacd vs Ornie Ill.
CH9 a 050cnced fle are, formic; more tram a JJ° HHLLG with
the line the toil woulfi hvve formed had it been extahdcd
straitht gut from the base, is consiccred Bride IV. the
cost eumnon brour 13 Crnua V. more are Lathercd those
oica With a or more pronounced flexurcs in shnir tails.
Grade SI L88 tho pro wrbicl characteristic of tin p15 tail.
3 Spiral loosely or tiahtly coiled. Jo 1t m y t3 called
tho so :‘k-smrcw Mi 1.

Thea; tradna 're usually distlnbuiahwblc mt birth.
fine cvn at loiat 3011 a chart tfiilcd noucc frgn one utth
ncvorfil pro oumccd ”16?ur01. Yet no atifpxéss is nppcrout:
howovnr, by vuvinh tow tu'l Sideways it may ha ?ecn “bother
tho Eco! can bc ”t’vightflfind so tiqt it coon not rco;cnur
whom the orc“1wrc ‘8 raccvei. If thv 2111 of 5 Lowborn

animal can.ot he ’trilthtencfl in thin mfinrnr, 1t 13 rocordod

93 flcxcd.

‘ '_ . A o . ‘ __ u

Tress (reins overlap. lee veriuuiliit I “ utinncuz.
: , _V .- .. -\v . -,- " ‘. .- .. . " T J. 4" ,s . .." '., - .
for eyed 1e 1 ;cuen tin J wiiyv» -i* rot, it ivo; be
TQI”? z‘i:0'T1}e1 12*:5 liflifil _¢ur (Scarka I“ "'"oul.? 2 wwrir ft; Le

V‘ .4

~ " Our; 4. I" 5“ q ‘s. " - “:—..‘~- . ' . . .* r. ‘ - va . ,..~
of tr us .. vf'leq II an I! are llu‘tl‘q one dlnfirlg new r-

x
J
’1
HO
0
.Ad
4
[do
(-0
.3 l
h
( 0-
1
‘1
C
L".
f
(3
.0
L)

able. gns ccgll :ozst pct
breaks, beginiin; ?ith no Visible {lasers Mn; 0 small
gradations arrive at a pronounced corkscrew.

Jethofis of Lreedingz The matinb cages were inseected

 

twice a neck for prebnast f sales. lhesc mere isolated

to!

in segurate cages so the gate of birth might be founl ca
looking at the female each day until the litter was born.
At intervals of three days after birth the litter was :heck-
ed to see when deaths occurred. Khan the goon“ vere £1 to
25 days old the :othcr was reloved from them en: returned to
the breeding cage. The litter was traded enfl recorded
usually when the lother was removed. W View 0" the tail,
sometimes tTo views if the flcxurcs were in oirferant plane.,
was drew uni the es? uni color of each mouse recorded. A
mark was plsced ecr0*s the drwwiug of each tail at the
farthest point from the noiy to 'kich the sti? aces eytcnd-
ed, because it see f0381b19 tkst I Litht suave gently need
to reclassif; tails accorlinfi to the emoont of stiffness
toe; hue. fiefsrwnce lug he .wée to [ithrc I’I vhere the
marks are ehown on the pictures oi the Lwils.

From these ugfsgrisc were chosen mice of tha swme ‘r as
as the parents to breed a new Ccnerution. brothers were

always mated with sisters. several times I have obtained

males like the Pneestor? but

'.“' V ,
:emelee

51

fi‘tfi WitW thQfl,

and vice earns. Jinee Flarei nice frem the éenerel eteek

'. ' '1 , , . o g - 3 .‘ - .. . ‘
8993 t tron? ln33 r¢v191y ih.n eeme nerve] utee, only fine

v

rewlthv o??? rim: “eceed ueswr’ble

. .. . 4 I -' page . , I- ' . ', ' ‘ il‘
ants. Jon iii: re 3:n inner mfitlnc? tPW;

anly (me 3‘3 3.9 of the 1:31; tenors-3.1.1.012,

- . J ‘ ”.. ~.;- ' ... '- ‘ '1
t 1134 villetg, sew eterlle.

yewn<d7the “rgeerwnu fill of

any 0f than $3 41 filJB of ace.

7'

Progress: 3n Qable III

“‘0..- ””h.‘

enfl the offsfirinb c? the first

‘- r2. "
recarued o; Cra.e=. lee fir
V1 1 .‘

lists the ears tv- cranes.

that ¢refle were eereee anon“

Crede I. There were 69 offscrin: from ”ice

6

mile. Seven vere o: Crfide I like

Grade II, eight of Crude III,.Lin'

7'

Cf Grade 7, four in Crlde V

r-i

. - 4 A - ..
are 11x= ts» ,3113. Seawr

cr‘

.2
H
C
H

r“.

)
Q:
C)
I‘ 'J

u
H
H
O
*1
k...
( "‘-
I
KL
g.
o

(3
{D
R:

see elf Ha litter no: {ave mug 315“ of
the other cl

litters

fin} seals]

'33 how the

the variouw

"‘ f

(0

an 3:“ t 1011 [Hr-

sihlfl have

.1. » ‘K ‘ '
.3 t -e 7-: euro w

3*; iirst muted.

3;; for the

fee lee hel one

“ Lied to raise

'fi the parents

‘0’!
;..z
k.
( 4
0
(‘0‘
:3"
u)

n

ntgserina of
€103. notice

_~53les x one V”

, three of
1, thirty-seven

i]. 3;: 0 21111:," 1).}. J

fie II ;/Lrents
tie ad“uée [II
L”.¢oo GCLJG 1V
_Et;~eix clfsgrint

V mice out of

 

 

 

_‘-‘

percentage roun. in any group. Grade VI Fareuts had eleven
corkscrew bffdyrinb or 27.9) of Lao forty lice frum the
CFOSSQ

the gistributions of tha LffSpring have been plotted
in Figure 1V. It will he noticed that parents With the
same grfide of flexure hare offs rind of all tha different
grades. For erqaplc, tho llnq for th3 affaprinfi of Crafie I
parents accnnfls quite rsiulwrly to the mane 0t Crude V.
Thnre ware only raven second bansratign mica Ilka their
parents an} sixty-two unlike thnm. Grade V vnrants produc-
ed ferty-ninn mice of Grfide V anfi forty—cub snren: amone
tka other cruupa.

In Home 09393 the J fapriné tan] to resemble the parents
more after than not. A hiih trade of fie are arcane: with
a high trfl€3 yields nora mice with grououncaa flexure than
with slitht floxara. :hera Bra lore Off3griu¢ of low érvde
when the parents are low Egrams. Conaluerlnc all but the short
tfiiléd group, Crulea lino III may we ullsseu as low flexure
and IV to VI ua hi;h flexure. Iha Laula balow has the
cff34r1nc Lrowed into low trades wax high Crudoa. un3 tho
£3ranut3 the law an; high trades are of tn» total offsgrinb.
It 1? notiand tkfit o? thq bl lor tr as offs ring 55 or 63.7;
c302 frwn "h? 103 Craig ccoaaaj vhlle 1h? lnr Lrade crosses

d t

onlf 45.66 of 1h? total offsprinh. do the c nclusion

(V
a
‘3)

33ams a; Srfiht that a breeder is liable to Let more low
traéa @183 irgfl 10W hruue parents LL13 frUm high grade.

Otherwlse the low grids crosses woull nave yielded only

auuut «by of tue low grade offaprinb ingtoud of 65) as the; did.

33

Graig of fiqrndts I Craig of stfsorln
(ISY'EQZErIYTEnS : T235 Egfiofwtion
: n low . High
I
.......... r----’--“-----'------—.----.'--.F.~---:~CD—~‘----:--..
IQ?! : I z 18 : EJQU : U.) 2 750:3”?
I I ' ' '
Crade : II 3 18 = 41.30 g as a 73.10
- ' ' I": :— PT "' ' rir‘, “" -"" 3'
Crosses I III e 3 - u0.7s . Jo 8 60.0;
I ‘ I
Eligdh : IV : 16 = onLJ_.) .1 {1‘3 . {11.1.9
I I I
Grade : v : 7 = 5.9y ; ?L - 41.10
" ' ' an ‘ f" IT!" - 7' g
crosses : VI n 10 - as.do : oJ - 73.0“
I I —— ' m
t I _ v P
Total ; g 91 : no
I I I
I I 1

Turning our attention to the hibh trsle crosses we find
that so; of the Kigh grade offsyrinu cams frcl hich brace
crosses. Khan we note that from the hibh Lrule crosses cane
54.43 of the total offsorlne we may conclude that the off-
Sprint of hith grvds crosses tend to have pronounced floxur-
as ore often thvn sli;ht flsrures.

Howevar, hich ;rsies of flaxure tfivi to snpnsr more
frequcntly than low arsies whether the nsrsnts “rs hi;h
grads or low firsfis. In Grade I crosscs, thoss 31th vary

5

7 ofrsirin"

; .
y

with tic or

Cv‘

slitht or no flexurc, thcro were
more pronounced flexures and only ssvcn.of the fififie trade
as the parents; 1 era were 19 low crude sad 53 hiLh crude
mice frum Grade I matinee. Grade II crosses yielued In

low trade and 25 high grade offspring. Grads III crosses

(u

5131a 22 low grade and as hibh crass cffsgrlub. Lefcrrnce

to tha lelo on psic 65 will convince ans that fine high

34
grades are breutly in excess of the low trades. 75.73
of all the offsprint of tho six types of crosses fall in
the three highest grades.

Thus for, tho 3 ort isilod variety has Lot been con-
siierad. Crsda I crosses EHVG only onn short tailed out of
69. Grads II, cos nut of 44 and Grade 1V, one out of o6.
Loth Grads V ~arsnts snfi short tailed gsrents yielded
eqoal numbers of short tailed offsorinb, olsvon in each
group of m'tings. 2.2fi of Grade V offspring rero short
tailed. 33.3; of ths offsoring of short t ilsfl parents
more liko thnmsolves. This suggests the possibility that
after 9 number 0? generations short toil, like Ilsxsd toil,
w‘ll broad true. Tho tho 3rd innerfition numhsrs are small,
thsy confirm this osotoion for of £5 prokoty of *hort
toiled parents 12 are short tailed, or 483.

Table III contains a roport on 3rd asasrntion mice
also. following to» plan on pate (EBOf arOLoiot hlch and
low trades totether. tIo followinc tsblo is made:

Offsprini of second Consration Barents

Grade of BerLt : Grads of offegrinfi
I
(and Cenorgtion) : (br1 bonerstion)
-------------------------- %------“r----'-~--7-1---~---~-~--
: 1 Low I hich
--------- +----------------r--~—---~—---—-----~1’“~----~----
WW I I 2 b : 1
I I I
Grades 5 II 3 1 i a
. I I
1 III : I 3
-----an----.L------------‘---.‘-----Q---------~~---*-----------
High : IV : : 4
. . . 1 i
Graces : I i 6 I 44
. . I
: VI 1 _...._._ f __.._..
: : '
Totals : I 12 : 55
I I

rt!“ ' ~

35

Inbreeding in the second tenorstion seems to.ioorease
the tendency for tho low Erudss figd high grsfien to breed
true. Among the 3rd generation 110? wrofiucefl b the first
three paroetnl tr‘des. six ere of low broad, seven of high
grade. Among secdofl fiererotion 3ice Ergo law trode parents,
58 were low Lrefie “oi 11c tifh erode. fitsted in a ratio.
the low grad. parents of the and generwticn gioe have about

one low érnde to tea hath iLIN-ado offstring: tie parents Li

L

J

the third generation, about one low grids no one hith trade.
If future rating sentinoe :4 i.gr0ve ;e tbs Itttir has over
the former. before we“; Lenerationa low “rude nice 1111

have onl" low Lraae eff: rinb.

Goo? re the secong :u; Loire bflhurutiuh descendants of
the high brads crosses. Lhere are as low trWJe rice to
171 hith grade mice from Lion credo gereuts in the second
generation, ee.ze of those are high Lrsoe. efrs:rinb of
hiLh grade secure Loneretion mice were six low grade to
48 hith brnfie; U .8; of these ore high trade. A slitht
improvement is inflicuted. {he small nzmoerc in the brd
Lenerttion 9110? ue to nonelade nothint, out it looks as
though 10w arr es and kith ngdQS of flwxuro mey become fix-
ed es the vaoont o? inbreedinL increases.

Furthermore that hith fie-are tends to luminwte over
low is indicatefl by braedint e berine to Tith wrnfirontly
stroigrt toiled nice which “five «one free flexed ;:rents.

I strfiicht fleonls t iled el.;1 on; live updifginL factors

as 1&99JJJD Which would tflrdfi, 3:“ YugbOogu, 8t0., wzen bred

36

ocnrrexce of itrWiLht Tailed H-3e F -m i exed gsrents:

 

Out of 552 -iee rsi:ei free flexed by flexefl gatints 549 ,,
were tiered toilefi hot 3 Vere straight tetled with go stiff
arena in the tail. fhste three xerit invertiuution. ‘11
were males. fine *ezele hes been oheervofl since the trree
melee rere found. so this cotoropoing o? etr Salt t'il in
flared ratings is not limited to males. 'ele ,IES is from
Groée II yererts, those rith one ell ht Flexere in the toil.
and belcntirg to the first fleneration. gale ”131 3336
from Grade I parents of the first generitiob. Male 5549
is derived from Irreyts of the first Leheroticr aith two or
more eli¢ht fle urea in the twil. Lo utiffnose can be felt
in their tails; from eLl uyyearencea they are normal mice
0236 t that all were unalio at birth cue rare seneidored
then ea strnitht tailed or doubtfully fie 61.

These eroerently straitht tailed mice are genetiowl y V
flexed. Other nice believed to be homozygous streibht Leil-
ed, when encased with flexed have yieldel struLbht tLiled
mice, (egoin With t ree exce-tions out of £55 :ioe raised
by -unt 9nd ”ernnr (l) ). If these three melee are homozy-
gous str'ight toiled they should yieli when evoneed onto
flered only str~ifiht offlorihg. Tut they hive to iflte
had only Ilexed off“ rina. If they were heterozygous etrei¢Vts.
they should have ab at one flared to 1.54 strsiétt of serinb
(Hunt's ratio for a bee cross of F1 str iéht b; flexed) if
meted-to flexed $331193. hut they have hqd on y flexed off-
sering when so meted. gale glz5 I flexed fee lee 5125 and

3 24 yielded 20 off: ring, Ilexed wt birth. ghe only one to

v w Hut...

. luff

37

live 21 diys vaa dafinitqu flexod at thlt ti 9. Tala flfil
x flayei inhale fl;2 3161693 11 goon; thich rare flexed 9t
birth; the four mlivo at ?l'dags wars highly fqunfl. Since
these fi"pfi?3hily str iLht twiled ,ioe hvve “radioed only
flexei offs tint tuen croasod with flexed tho: can o3 oin-
Sidered genetically 'lexad.

Thila thlhaiuc out his Llexod stock slugs on Oct. 12,
1929, pr. hunt f unu five.aiea :gioh an 18d to )8 Straight tail—
64. two 51193 and three fem lea. A sumgur" of nreedinb ex-
periments with thom is BHLEQSthB altho one canaot be 2b-
solutely sure of their parentage. unree ty'ea of crosses
were hado. The first tygo was a mating botvoan u streiaht
'male found in tho tleyed stock cutes and throa atrfiitht
femaleg, also from flexed stock ongea. (Greases 28a.b;c)
which yielfied tan RtPQléht offeoring and l? flfixa: ofFSpring.
Bach f?fl%18 yielfied both flexed find straight offsnring. For
the socond kind of o 093 I took one of the otrfiicht WQIQS
deaoohded from the first tyjo of oyosa (Ono of tho ton straight
offSpring of crosses 253,b,c) and hated him :ith two flexed
females. ootuining Bight floyel offsvrine. Svifiontly the

male has equaticzlly fl??8d, tho hopareptly otriiavt tailed.

5!

Finally. I mated the other straight 2318 found by or. hunt
in the flexed stock oxcos fitn two flaxao fooxles; this
Jiolued 17 fioxad o fspriné. Jiuce straight is dominant the

mole oust have curriei flexed factors or all of his offspring

would have been straibht tiilod.

rorha a we urw running inbo low brace my low crnlo matings
in crosses aca,b,o. :nesa UFbSBej L.iwm a 1:1-7 ratio uf low

\

'1-‘33’u1’9 L... Iii) Sttiffiihui' 1:11.}

rat.

to Lich (if the L 11% Without
be considered fifl 0L low crane}. Chis ruiio v13 approx1muted
58:1 3 for tho o,ohn& t “oration offs rimb of first béuera-
tion 10% Credo 3129. one at least of zonaa a,:ara;tly

straitlt offs rinb frwm tho 1133 f und in flowed stock cages,

f“.
l...‘

W]? (“noting y ?lered for he L v0 all floral offzuring

wlon {fitfld by pronoun ally flexed Femfilos.

Wiaovosion: gho gnaotic exol nation 0* flayed tailed

 

mica is not eviient. The craiation from low to hich debreos
of ”loxore ouggo3t3 a case of multiple chtora which modify
tho decree of flexure. Sr. nunt suibaats tho following
bymoihotis. ie fools that flayed is 3 511439 recessive to
norm;l, but that tho Cabroa of flexure is fiofiifiod b; second-
ary suhgidiur; fuotura. lot E reproaent the ”motor for straight
tail and f bud 3 otor_1or fiaxad tail. ';AJX8d x strulght
(ffxfji Jiolo straight oifavrinc. (Ff) Eioyed L flexed

(if x if) "1313 {lvxed offaqrin¢ (ff). gut several modinuat
fictors oocroazo tho dacreo ox ilexure and fill o: thou must
b? rrosont to produco a marked rooult. Most of the low

erode paroflts are ff AoBbSoLd, therofcro, 51 out of every

2:6 offaorinfi of low grade oarents should h“vn ABCD, or 325.

?hq tabla on noggiflb shows that Where tho curauts are of

low {twig 345 o? tho fiTfSDrimg (55 out o“ 171) are low grade.
High grQle nfirnnts carry a variable number of tho above
dominnnt factorq, but new r ans from each pair. thus some

of the ofTSprin; will be AROD, but not as nwny aq amont the

4' Eds

offsoriac of low Urid: o roots. ff AAZLJJ i or something
Sitilar night nxkq a floral “simll sciatiallly str“itht.
Sigrocfition in thy W? 5933:.tiom 2%“ fornvlly ho recon-

ciled filth the via? thut ano $.ir 3f f‘ctorz i: concerned.
7

{léwoi‘vith 1355 F0

U

K;

Zerrfir'g rfitio is 7.27 struiuht : 1.3.
anim*ls. aunt's rotio is 5.3} straitht : 1.3! flamed Vita
oo4 f? animfils. 30331015 Envirounontfil infiioitora era o'u in;

sun? (@nétiCHIIy flo 9d offs rip“ to ug;0if straight. a normal

“angeliin ratio of o:1 Litht no Glanced to 8:1 (Whioh is Sioiiar
to 9.02:1) by Sbfié agape; inoreuainu the aarlg uort ling of
flexed nice. lho aneuia at birtu an- GUQSLiLULe Sucn an '_ano .
u L d
ioma force 4t Vera lay L9 goofing nice which aro canoticaii,‘
flayed from ’ppehrinc so, a; more the three “files found in

.,

flernd 1 fl? 91 c 08808. let throq out o: rver 5J0 could

onl make Push fieraoon in tho ratio for 1000 “nilwlu.

'1'

.m. ,
Sui 5

I

3L3 nconcy thigh Konpu c;"'f-.f;_.,1‘£.x.-L of floyod 2112113 {rum Hp our-

0 1

1n¢ flexed could vork us fifjicinnily in knnrlnu flawed 3‘ nice
L’.

6

from ho inC their #13 go oh rautnr, cLuo» Vlavad mice in aithn:

~ - _ .~ .' « ..' fl !, . . ._ ..~ - 7 -.- - ‘ . . _ ..'~ 1’ 9 ~ .‘ ‘ .
C133 .i‘l-H’. '.""L.i-”1?.'-. (3.. nv..u."(z;gt.'-~u.3 .f‘ed‘rS-o‘l'V-“ffl. 1'1". Llhzlt t3.bfl,d
.. .1 ' W - .1 ‘. .. .. .. 2-. 5' --L I 3 ,‘l . . . .

a th‘l J”«Ulfl fl&£uflf oi $43.1;nf -char? ¢?vfl tho ?1 x flex-

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floxure Ckh be inurzd for sovarul tenorxciozs Lnon creased
with homozyccus straigfit wise tho 31's might than show
mill Iloxurfi bud thfi 92's all gr 393 of Elairfe Sucn as

are f:un3 at grooqut. If it be possible to ?15 ~1fforent
grvdos of flsxurq by inbroeiinu tho cave for writigle fact-
ora Till have *nothar foot in its fivor. our UAin; thfit

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83111 lethara thczn courinc it to be flayed, {rfin it should
be posriblo to *i? Vilmala h¢"ing that forxu a. it tho sure
tile high €r%fie ‘lnsurea ohouli b1 iixefi, than ororsaa b9-
tann the tWO gr 79* rhovlf yialfl the ifitarnfiiifite offsprint
which dolonstrata multirln factors.
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skylarhtion tlmt *9 kuve ridden a morrg-au-rcuna, arrivinb
at the Opening stutvhont that "LLQPQ i9 :Lflfi question as to
the Caustic nature of the {leged taile; “otgtion." 39 are

sure ti;t it LBMle always breeds true an: 13 Lewiiy girtés

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recesoive; begond hlfi our conclusions are ranchints afLer
truth which is still b you“ our trasg. $5 $9 extend our
ladder o? exceridngiation we may eveitually L?%Co the Sssurod

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kqv~ bills thnn, u" “r61? eét=n L“

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to racxrfl tba a fix'v o? ‘n'th. “fine“
[*turfil V158§111h ; U11 us fi'fl n.

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'in thg inbrn ding apgwrigant «s Livan in (3214 1:1 on p.55
bu.tg of the yang” horn uie vithin Eé guys. 13.6g from
one to thrae c-ya Zrtur birth: 9.6g frun fat? to seven
ouvs: 5.15 from fiigbt to fourtunn days: 5.43 frag fiftoen
to t?efi:y-onq Sara find 2.75 f.cn t*out;-onz to twnpty-eiéht

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”urghy and $turn 1919 in Jr. 4gpar. fed.
V01. 29, n. 1.

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48

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: 2 ‘89}!3 I (1')} 5,563 " 31,} I {1]}; 535137 1 3'“, n (if?!) 50)) :- (3‘11) 5
. 3 Teak : {151 11.3 a..L1 :515; 53.: 3,5,, :11}; 56:0 i 547 :
: 4 ”eeks : (12) 71,5 a 3;; : (1;; 43,» i 1?? : 11;) 353) i 637 :
: 6 asks a f 5: 7731 a 4.6 n ( 6) 52?: J 75$ . i 4) 3333 3 $7) .
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: L Eeeks : (32) ;n.g 3- .L334:l¢;) .1.5 J .3uu :(lfi) 30.0 3 .1?1
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: 8 003-128 1 {1; ) EASE. $1.1.) 1‘13} '11,. -+ ...lli 1‘ 2..) 53.3 g.
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61
TABLE OF DIFFQRJEGES

fig ii.][::r fl (2 E; 1.1}53

fiumber of Zimes
Eif Jarerce between Averé: has Difference 5x-

oneds its Ero-

babla Error

.----—--’--—------------~--------——~----------------—---------I--.

Played and Hate oz 1 us étralght
Hetz 3t (1’ - Flamed (l) bf 1481 - ilbt = 20% 1
$4474 101
Beta 3t (L) - flexed (2 or 6157 - “”55 = I'Ll

1 5'” 1.5
Hetz at (S) - i1n‘w'ej (5} or 6532 - sass - 6:?

. 5‘2 1.5
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t 6}} 5.2
Eebfl Jt (6) - 10: ed (6) or ddxd — 77JJ "

1 9.;
Flexed (o) - n:LZ J: (a) or liLJJ - CYCO 3 gig”

.30 1.8

iEBLZ at ‘1”), "' 91.31011 (LO) 0.." 1.11110 - O‘YJO 3 1;)?

i 1535 1.4
Slexsd (12) - get; 12 t1;) 9: 1:7J3 - 11110 = yd GXQBGQS
900': 1076 uiffereuca
flexed (ad) - hatz it (ad) of 13,330 — vSJD = 403 P5 exceeds
‘ 1120 pifference

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Flsxed (3) ~ F0 33 (B) or 4897 ~ 3395 8 504 drror equals
- 5 5 giffnreboe
H0 St (1) - flawed (1) or 5300 - 4123 508
A t 2.24 ' 2.3
Flex-ed (EI " 1‘50 “313 (4} or fidééfi - QJJUL‘ - in}
* $34 firror we efiri‘
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(3) a: 5:33 - 3&30 :33 ;rror ,yn°n*?
6'33 Difference
(4) or 7435 - 3533 19¢5
.793 2.3
d (ad) or 11,333 ~ 11,030
1.330 1 1115 33 exceeds
Difference

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. number of fimea
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cceds its kro-
b ¢le jrror

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:nterozypoua nyfi Eonozgkcufi struiokt
Beta St (L) - go it (B) or 4133 - aha; = 196
* mod :5 3 xiffereLca
Q0 it {1} - yntz 1t (1) or 500d - 1411 ' “
* $05 1.4
hats gt (L) - 10 at (L) or 0107 - QJJJ
t 6131). 1.7
;t (a) or 6502 - 5503 = 93;
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Hetz it (b) - $0
1.5
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Conpwrison batween Adultd and Raw Born

Flexed (ad) - Flnxed (B) or 19990 — 4127 =

570? d 858 6.6
Hetz 5t (96) - En*1 gt (a) or 9:33 - 4129 =

a l 1 1038 ‘ 5.4
Ho 3t (3‘3 " 30 it 1;} (N: 11000 - lab-L.) ::

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Humber of Tina;

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CGPdQ its ’?0-
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?leval and fieterczyecua JtrQight

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Hetz 3t (5) - ?14-nd (b b) o: (0.7 - 33.4 - Ll.& .95

hetz Qt (l) — -19xea (l ) or 37.9 - 19.3 = 5.; 3 .932 9.7
hetz it (2) — Mlexed (a) or 06.6 - 30.4 = 1.5 3 .95 1.9
Elexed (a) - 44¢: Jt (J) or 94.; - 4?.) = 1.; t .53 1.7
Hetz at (4) - flexed (L) or 01.6 - 07.9 8 3.9 t .92 4.9
{let}: gt ('0’ “..‘153,#.B.L (O) 01' 1)ch " 'J\JO'.3 “ i.) t 1.19

Eetz it (c) - Elaxed (1) or 66.6 - éé.d 3 1.9 3 2.4

riaxed (16) - “at; it (13) or 6J.J - u..o - .7 * 1.96

hetz 5t (1;) - :lexed (12) or 47.. - 07.1 = .4 t 1.6

flexed (ad) - Jet; 43 (aq) or 69.7 - 34.0 = 1.7 3 l.b5 3.5

Elexad 331 gomozjuuus straibht

80 3t (L) - alexed (3) or 55.: - .:.l 3 17.5 3 .9 18
"£0 at (1) "' .m'ui (1) CI' Suofi " "(9.0 = 406 t '94 ... ‘
E0 3t (2) - slayed (a) or 44.9 - .-.a = 4.4 t .51- ;.7
Flezed (b) ' to It {3’ or 5U04 - 0:03 : 604 £1.07 009
ho qt (4) - 313301 (4) or 6).) - 07.9 = h. i .91 4.1
E) 3t (5) }qufla (6) 0r 61-h - C). 6 = 06

Flazed (ad) - .0 at (43) or 66.7 - t).(: = ..9 1.66 |.6

Letaroxsbcus straight 4n; .o..o: geoua Jtraight

4414 gt (L) — .o .t (b) 40.7 - 44.2 = 3.4 t .24 4.0
Ketz at (1) - to at (1) or 57.4 - 4 .4 = 4.: t .44 5.0
50 3t (2) - Intz St (a) or 96.0 - L..C a .2 t .92

Hotz 3t (5) - 0 st (3) or 57.0 ~ 5 .4 = 5 k 1.04 4.8
Hetz 5t (4} - L0 Jt (4) or 51.4 - 83.3 = 1.: t .44 2.1
F0 3t (6) - This Lt (6) er 01.2 - £1.“ = .2

£0 at (ad) - 441. 5t (4i) or 4.3. - 54 = 1.: t 1.25

. _ .f r-

TABLE (rrrwvn:9

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Lumber of :im
\

~1ff._‘r9ffl ‘03 bfmc") A” .v,?")1t

?"ed at Jifferent 4593

flexed (3) or 49. - u9.4 :

FlGXBJ

£13361 2 - {lagea (1) or 59.0 - 49 3
Played 5
315 ed J - flaked (4) or 5b.é - 07.9

or 69.6 - b .9

- Jl???i (1

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)

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flexed u - flayed (4) or ué.b - 40.6
Flared 10) - rlaxed(8) or 65.0 - 64.6
flexed 12) - ”19*nfi 10) or 67.1 - On
Flevad ad) - Hierad(aj) 0r fih.7 - 67.1

Adults and Law born
Flexed (ad) - 91999d (b or 6%.? - L9.4

)
“u at (ad) - go 5t (i) or 65.8 - 54.9
EGTZ it (35) - £452 »t(1)or 64 - $0.7

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fiuman Standard

Percent of

FIGURE I 67

CHARTS SHOWIKG ACTUAL VALUES
0? AV£?XGES OF BLOOD DETJRIINATIOHS

 

 

11 ,,/’
10‘ ’
9‘ ,’
'/
8' / f“- -
./
7‘ ,’ ./ White Cells
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6W,
Birth.l 2 3 '4 6 8 10 12

 

Hem05lobin

 

Birth 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 12

.____ Flexed
_____ Hafiz. Straight

Homoz. Straight

 

 

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Eed Cells

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Homoz. Straight

‘00---- -- ---

0‘:

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1 IIIQL1

FIGURE II 69

RATIO CELEBS OF bLOOD DdTJRJINATIODS

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
 

 

 

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FIGURE III

Grade I. no, or almost no, visible flexure.

Stiffness easily

detected in the tail. All views from ribht side.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grade II. One slibht fleiure in the tail.

All views from right
side.

 

 

 

 

Grade III. Two or more slight flexures in t
from right side.

Cw
7x

I

#15

Grade IV. One pronounced flexure in the tail.

 

M
#20

Lateral

  

he tail. All views

#17

 

 

II 'i‘q'

71

Grade V. Two or more pronounced flexures in the tail.

      
    
 
 

Right Side

 

  

#6
Right Side

Grade VI. Corkscrew tail. Dorsal

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A”
#9
#7
Right Side

/ #10 ’

Rignt Side

#81

   
   

#80

 
 

 

fl

Short-tailed Grade. Tail is less than one half the length
of the body.

A 1 OI‘Sal
#37

Dorsal
#29

 

Numbers of OffSpring

 

FIGURE IV

DISTRIbUTIOh OE EIRST GquRAIIOH OERJERIHG

ACCORDIHG TO GRADE“

 

 

II III IV V VI Short Tailed

Grades of Offspring

.___. High Grade
..... Low Grade
OooooO Short Tailed

Roman numerals on peaks of lines
show grade of parents

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