FATALISM AND MODERNIZATION IN comm

Thesis for the Degree of M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Elssy Bonilla do Ramos

1966

 

LIBRA I" "' “

Michigan State
University

   
   
   

'3 H35";

 

 

 

 

 

 

IVEERISMJNHDRIKI$NIZATB$T
IN COLOMBIA.

By

Elssy Bonilla de Balms

ALTHESIS

Submitted to
Pfidzigan State University
in partial fulfillnmt of the reqtdmxrents
for the degree of

MASTER OFXARTS

Departnent of Communication

1965

ABSTRACT
FATAIISM AND MODERJIZATIW IN COLOMBIA
by Elssy Bonilla de Rams

Fatalism has been considered as a central factor in the explana-
tion of the failmes of social dwnge program in mm areas
oftheworld. Therehesbeen little researdxmtherealinfluenoe of
fatalism an the process of mdernization. The present study will
attenpt to discern the relationships between fatalism and sane selected
miables of modernization.

The factors that increase the imlividual' s motivatim for
nodemization and change may give rise to higher levels of fatalism if
cimmstances are not favorable for the satisfaction of aroused wmts
andneeds. Itisthethesisoffiiepresentstudythatthe greaterthe
level of some nodemizatim variables sudm as literacy, empathy and
mass media exposure (that in the present study are midered antmdents
of mdernization as well as of fatalism), the greater the level of fata-
lism, whm the individual does not perceive himself to be in cmtrol
of his future.

‘Ihe present study used fatalism as a dependent variable indexed
by a fatalism scale of ten items. Negative relaticnships were pre-
dicted between fatalism and enpathy, mass nedia exposure, fmctional
literacy, irmvetiveress, edmatimal aspiratims, oocupatimal aSpi-
rations, achievement mtivaticn and formal participatim. A positive
relatimship was predicted between fatalism and dognetism.

Elssy Bonilla de Ramos

ReSpmdents were from three peasant cosmmities near Bogota the
capital of Colombia. One hundred and thirty-six respondents from the
three canmmities were interviewed. The interview schedule was admin-
istered by stuients of sociology at the National University of Bogota.
'Ihe data were analyzed using product went correlations.

Six of the nine hypotheses were confined. The six significant
correlations were those of the relatiomhips between fatalism and
empathy, mes media exposure, functional literacy, educatimal aspire-
tions and dogmatimn.

To control for fatalism in the relationship betmen antecedent
‘and corsequent variables, partial correlatim analysis was done in
order to take out the effect of fatalism in these relationships. From
this analysis it would appear that fataliszn does not intervene the
relationship of antecedents with ccnseqmnts , except for the case of
all the three antecedents when related to dogmtism.

A series of multiple correlations were computed in which the
artecedents mass media exposure , empathy and fmctional literacy were
utilized as predictors of fatalism. From this analysis would appear
that the antewdents were poor predictors of fatalism.

AQQIOWUCDGIENI‘S

Many maple have provided ermrragenent and assistance in the
development and coupleticn of this study. To all these peeple the
authoress extends her deepest gratitude.

Special adamledgnent is extended to Dr. tvorott M. Rogers,
the authoress's thesis advisor, for his guidance in this study and
far his mmgemsnt and help all through her graduate work. She
also wishes to express sincere appreciatim to Dr. Randall Harrism
and Dr. Janos Hundley, who served or her H.A. guidance oomnittee.

Gratitude is also expressed to Progrmn Interemericmo de
Informién Popular and Midligan State University, the Sponsors of
the reseamh project that ambled the present researd: to be
erecuted.

Appreciation is also extended to Robert 1‘. Keith, and J. David
Stmfield for their germ and able assistance and advice in the
analysis and interpretatim of data. Mrs. Ruth Langenbadxer's co-
qweration in typing it deserves an expression of getitude. Lastly,
the wthoress would like to extend special thanks to her husband,
Edumdo, fcr his support and understanding throughout her- graduate
wait.

TABLE OF (DhTEi‘JTS

I-II ST or TABI-ES O O O O O I O 0 O O O O O O O

HST 0F mm 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O

mgr or. memws O O O 0 O O O O O O O O I

Chapter
I

II

III

DHWDUCII a: o a o o o o o o o 0 o o 0

Background and Nature of the Study
Objectives of the Study

RAI‘IQWNIDhYPOITESES. . . . . . . . .

A Theoretic Rationale
Modernization and Social mange
Aspects of Patalism
Value Orientatim and Its Pelatim
to Fatalism
Paradigm of Fatalism and Modemizatim
Antecedents of Patalism
Calseqtents of Fatalism
Watimss
Educatimal Aspiratims and
Occupational Aspirations
Achievemmt Motivation
Dogmatism
Formal Participation
Hypotheses

m 10mImY O O O O O O O O I O C O 0

The Sample and the Study Setting

Data Collectim

The Interview Schedule

Pro-Test

Operationalization of Variables
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
Control Variables

Statistical Analysis

iii

Page

(nun-JP Etfio<

“010"

15
19
19

20
20
21
21
22

2H

216
214
25
25
26
26
27

33

Chapter Page

Iv EJDIFJ$ O O O O O C O O O O O O O O 35
Controlling on Status and Age 39

Controlling on Status 39

Controlling on Age as

Patalism as an Intervem’ng Variable 50

Predicting, Patalism 59

Predicting the Cmsequent Variables 60

V 3mm AND C(X‘ICUJSIONS . . . . . . . . . 61+
Smmary 6H

Findings and Interpretation 66

Conclusions 72

Putme Research 73
Implicatims for Action 76

APPBIDIX O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O I 0 7’3
mum” O O O O l O O O C O O O O O O O 80

iv

Table
1 .

2.

3.

u.

5.

LIST OF TABLES

Principal axis solutim—factor loading
forfatalismitems. . . . . . . . . .

Varimax rotatimufactor loading for
fatalism item 0 O O O O O C O I O .

Quartimax rotatimmfactor loading for
fatalism item a o o o o o o o o o 0

Matrix of intercom lations of the dependent ,
independent and control variables. . . . .

Zero order ccrrelation and first order partial
correlation (controlling an age and status)
of the dependent and the independent variables

Zero order correlations and first order partial
correlations (controlling, on fatalism) of
antecedent variables with consequents . . .

literacy, enoathy and mass media exposure as
pmdiCtm Of fatalism o o o o o o o o

Predicting immvativeness . . . . . . . .
Predicting educational aspiration . . . . .
Predicting ocmrpatimal aspiratim . . . . .
Predicting achievement activation . . . . .
Predicting cbgmatism. . . . . . . . . .
Predicting formal participation . . . . . .

28

28

29

36

ul

5].

59
60
61
61
62
63

63

LIST OF FIGUIES

Figures Page

1. Paradigm of the role of fatalism in the
uodemizationprocess. . . . . . . . . . ll;

2. Paradigm of the possible developnnnt
0f fdtaliSln o o o o o o o o o o o o o 75

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page
TEE SW5 0 O O C O O O O C O O I O 78
Patalism Scale Items 79

CfiAPI‘ER I
INTRODLETIm
Backgrouwd and Nature of the Study

Theprooasaofnodemimimincltmadmguintmmnof
todmloy,oduoatim,healthmdsocialorgmizatiminguml,mt
aromanavuyiupatmuy, whenefsmatutmarmpeople
WMfaotharombjeottodwxga.

mwividmlislocatedinaomplaxsystuolmmd
eliqms,bothm1mdinforml,andmxyofthabeliefamnlm
mpemmholdsarotloseheldbyatlnrainthesegruxpemouqms.
Mdmgesooarinflreseveryiuportantmbeliofuwmdflnr
finmtinmutdxmgaortlndevimtindividualnmtaeekum
Wm.

Sdrm(1968,p.52)midendthatmyoftrnmmin
alutalltruditinulaoeietiasaroiniudcaltomdemiutim. Mme
Mmmtbereligimbeliefsabmrtman'aimbilitytoinflm.
W,inflnpmcassofnoderrdzation,mdxinvolmmgothr
thingtlnaqutimofanewstylooflifmitiaalmtimsiblo
toamidmfmrtatimwithmmrm. 'meqmstimillmtooon-
mom.

Amdarnltylooflifemoessitatesariseinpersoralaspira-
flamtutmilmasedlawlofaspimtimainanatimisnotwim
dmger. Lem (1958,p.|16)maintainedthatmss ndia,literacyand
W,uwelluotmrfaabora,mbammodtostiwlate

1

2
Whynmmmm1otspmm.buteutmm
Wmmmrmmmmmaw. mm,
mhmwwmmthmfinypcudmymmm
fianupmlywummmmmmmmlop.

mmmmammwmm
mwmdmmmmmmm
m.m~mmummapmiumiummmm.
mwmmmammumumammw
arms-inbuilt.
Wmmmmmammm
mmmfluMatukhWbymiwappmd-tiau
ammmmmummqmm nit-My,“
mammmmmmdmorm.
Hfataliuhahmdattitwoitmtob-pmibhfwmtom-
wwwuumituamagahutm. Intro
mummmmamm-mmmmmmm
mmmuanmmmu-immm. Ha
mamwmmummnmwmm
mwhmmitivolyorimtodtamommuim.
mm.mymmmmmmmm
ottlnrolooftatlnnmtobofm. mmmammu
ulyudttnmptfxufluummpologicalpomtdvm,ufloh
www.mmmmmmmmnpmo:
fatalillmindividnlbduvior.
mmm,mmmmmm,rmmim

1Madimsimoffldnmrimlomdngpdmiplu,mflill, P.

WCM), ,AS gWW,“
Moo. My.

 

3

little attention in sociologoal or anthropological studies . Sariola
(1985, p. 7) outsider-atlas infltmxoe o! fatalismon violence and des—
pdrinauumlminmtioqtda,colonbia,buthadidmtoonsider
moinflmoffatalianspedficallymoocialdmga. Paatudiod
flupoaaibintyofmplyingnmdnim'stwoaystmmdaloffatalimin
two Oolodzian with»; one commit)! relatively isolated and tho
otheraligatlymadvmdmitssocioeomaniodmmisticsmd
mudbyamwithflnimuetrialcityoffladenin.

Swiohfmflfimmmtsnminflnmisomdma
buliawdthatfiuirmlfarodepandedmfacmrsesaurtiallymida
“raunchmflmtlupomafthemitydfllmmady
“stoma-bum». nawinofGod,forcxanple,wasfeltto
Mammmflnlifeoffimmisolatedpeasmts. Serials
mludadtlutafatalistiedissatisfactimiapnmlentinisolated
mlminOolonbia.

mmmuunwinmenpttodatummmmhor
fotaliniaintbprooesaofmdamizatimmhouitisrolatedto
Mfumeofmdemisatimumsmdiaem,mmtiaullitm

“empathy.

ijectimoftrnsmdy

l. Tod-alopamptualdafinitimoffmlim.

2. mapuitianliuthomptoffatalism,dsvo10pinga
mummitmdtodetermimthemliabilitym
ultidimaiaulityofthasoale.

3. Todwlmaparodignofmdemizatim,tomdioatalm
“Woffatdimnianmodtofixamot
mnimion.

H.

5.

7.

Q
Todeteminatlnmlatimshipsbetmtatalismarutm

selected anteoaanta offatalismmmdernizatimswx

arms-tiara literacy, enpathymdmsamdiaexposm.
Todatmufixarelatimsrdpsoffatalismtofinuhotod
meqmsoffatalimsudraa domination, imovativemu.
Waspiratim,aotdnenentmtivatim,mdfornl
participatim.
ToWflnextarttomiohnssmdhupo-m.m
manWm-m
rommmmmwmo:
unionization. handing fatalin, predictmindiceaof
mdemiutlm.

om II
RATIW AND W
A Theoretic Raticnale

misdaaptorilorgmizedlmrsevenmintnadings: (Doom
midemtimaabwtmdernizatimmm; (”Melamine
(”fibulatimfldpabcmtatalisnmmorimatimsyetem;
(”panda-offatalinmdmduniutim; (Moan-Wm“
totaling (6) am mutants of fataliam; and (7) hypotheses.

Wmmm
Whfinwfixoforgmizodsciminitau-
pausiminpmotiofltomfiomutoduoloy. mutedintar'

offluiruivimnl.fi1iainwlmtuosmpa:(l)m-ivingatmw
(aoimtifio)umloormpts.md(2) ommtingtlnsooonoeptsirmo
aotimwintonatarialfonwvagm, 1962, p. 86). Mtwotornnm
Wotapdntintim,butflmotioanyapuldng,finflm
umpires-datum. Itisattlufintatepflutfatalimhu
rumor-input. 1‘1""aotullthaloa1ctpt'offiupeoplnin
mummrmmoMmae-m.
Apodomphdfinisaitutimmnmmdbymu9fl.p.n)
inanudyoffiumltmlfacminvolwdinmhighmofin-
Mihmantyinaonnu‘ImofOolabia. Slam-attire
Wmmmmmmmwmm
Mm. mmmmhfiartdiea,trnparmaaay,'lt

mahiadutinymttomw.”

6
Hifltuspocttotlnrolooftheindivimnlinthoprooassof
mum, mum. p. 78) michndttntoifinr indiddmla
mmmmmmmmmmm
Mop. unwimtitutimofpolitioal, commode, oultml behavior
mtodmgoincmpatibhws,fimthodm-ltboprovi&d
bythpuoaulityutrixmidamindividul'a behavior.

Hwbism (1963, p. 130) claimed:
finpmyossofanatimdepmtintmdfmtm
the progress of its maple. thou it develops their spirit

whmnpotartialitios,itcmmtdevaloz>muu—-

ntarially , Woolly, politically or gammy. 1h-

basicproblemcfnostoftmmdamemlwadcomtriosilwt
amydnatmlmmmtthemvolwtd
fluirlnmnremoes. Hexaoatheirfirottaskutbato

Mldupthirhmoapital. Taputitinmhuntm,

Mmiwingtlnomoatim,akilhmmpdulmss,

mmmmwmmoam-mm

maxim.

Kantian-kimmdhopomlmsa: inmm,ulutthey
m,MflDyomdo,mfiuat-titudasfluyholdtanrdnatimldo-
WhMmtm-ommminwhidathmhmuzgo
befonthnatimmm.

8dr.(m6§,p.n)mimdflutt}nmbmm¢hmn-
mWamd-aldmuimmmtflupopuutimm
mmamw,mupedn1ymenmm
dwmwwnm,mdflnpmvieimofmhdge,m
willhofavu‘blotodaw.

Mmmdfl‘mmumdmmamfityz
(nmwmawmwmumm
mdmnflhwmmmnm.nd(2)finuhmdm
www.mdmmmmmmwnm

(Pom. 1988.1).9). mdemummm

7
”Whammhmdflnmnflmm
mmmmmmwremmtm. Itiainthil
Itepdnrofmlbmasmoldastabliahdmlminthalodalayatu.
figuoagmttlnhmoomtimofmvalm. 'Dulmguperienoaof
mindimpadtymaltortheirlimmdflnmptmoftmirfm
MMMtumtomtuutmnupoaitimofpwmm-
vidulomtrol.

Aspectsoff'ataliam

Fataliauhasboenmidlrodabarriertodmpindwelopim
We. mmmdwr (1951:, pp. 161-168)me
u”admoctoristicofpeumtaooiatiaa,muallyatomdn¢fmaml
luscofabilitytooontroloths. meautlmocrrmstthoMuiom
atdtuduofwtidsnmdoffortwithnm—Hostmulmofawm,
passivity.peaaid.an,aoceptm,plimoyandmim.‘ Aooorttlngto
thiaomsidarotim,fata1iammbodefimduthindividul's self-
permiwdladcdabilitytooontroltmfutmo. Noplobolievothct
mdthoirlifompmordaimdmdtlntlittloombamto
alter-than.

Rogers (1965. p. 25) considered fatalim as ”a passive view of
the mid. iglyin; the feeling that m individual's efforts can not
W his futuo." m- (1961, p. 52) ma fatalinu an

mmammmmmam. Hanaid:

. ..fl|ohoftlupoaslrt'smningapafl1ymdmn
multnfrmfinpmwlmtattittflaflntitdoesnotreally

latterwhatisdomtornlpaperom,ifhiatimMnmto
din. ufeinamso,hdnaparm-nyoftlnuuar-
privilegodpeoplesoftlnuorldbecmsetluymaw
mmimofduflxthmmdo. Ifnoaniatobo
blandorudatmaoapegoatforillmasmddeath,uiltho
“mmmutdu‘ftiap‘atlyhmd.fataliu
probablysdllbom."

8

Foster (1962, pp. 57-59) considered that in mnindmtrial
Iodetiuaverylwdemeofmsteryovernatmuflsodalomditima
huboenadiieved. Worfloodislcdoedupmaavisitatimfrm
Godswavilspiritsdmmoanpropitiatcbutnotomtrol. Patna].
tomoflmdtmmuflnmpmmctiwtedmlogiesmyomflemafmr
toabmsubsistanoyliving. Medicalandoocialaervioeamladdng
“peopledieyomg. Wardroimmtmsitismtsmpming
that peeplo have few illmims abort the possibility of inproving their
lot. Afatalisticoutlodz,thassmptimtlwtmhappauiatln
undaodorADah,istlnbestadjmmntthaindividmlcan-ah
to an apparently hopeless situation. ‘

fitm(1957,p.318)dmoctsrizodtlnroligialbeliofsofufler~
anlapodmttriuaboingofdmbtfulutilityinpmddngmdunin-
mumm. Ham.”flnwifimbmm¢zidityoflslu.
fluafiwm‘ldlyqimiaofflmflumticinofflinduimufl
mmmmdmiudmwmummm—
WWW,M,WWhthtopmvide
www.mnyupimim,wmmnm

Omnidednganfioudiffmrtupoctsdfatdimflidoffm
m(DS5,pp.7-mmdammdtMudiu:-iauo£fmlismx
(1) Wm, (2)c1tm1an1m(3)projoctmgat1m
l. W

a. Wall: demmmwmd
thitnditimalmltuo.
I). W: stwatmlhnefnotdativedfmlfiu

Wtunaimbutamingtmmipuhtimofmrydwufain
mmMmemmm. legion

9
Nympflativo.eAmnberoftmtmditiaulsocictyiemt
fetalistieinregardtohismgical solutions. Heboliovestheywill
proammults,altimghlumyverywellboliewthatthoooim-
minted-claimofduxgoagentsmuealosa.

2. Situational
WMmananmmmmmumfm
Wt.mmllyofmecormioratm.fldsistmoauinmidt
flutflividwluflentandshowpoormdpmoarimhiedtuatimis
“Momneedofimovamnt,mtatthemtinhomlim
hwfubeinfromthumtlutvdllpemithisw. See-n's
(1959, pp. 783-791) dasoriptim of power-loan alimatimiaveryelouto
mintypooffatalim. Homideredflnmtimofaliuntimasit
Winthkhnimvlmoftham'aomdidminaoapitflin
society. Tim-muslimatothommmmgatiwm
motdeaisimmapropiatedbyfiumlingamm.
Whmidemdthnathoamtmoyorpmbabmtyholdby
mmmmmmmmmmm
dtbuwtomofninfmnu. mmmiarodaliuution
mapplioablatothexpootmduthathevotodoidthtlnindividml'a
mdinflmmrsodo—pditimlumts,politiml¢ystom.hh
Ww,wmiaulafiahm
WCWMW.W.m2fl)om-idlmdm
CM'mdfistmdmllwdwaWMOnau-intim
dwiddiange. Amwatofoolloctiwmmisalminfa‘ingm
individnlsatthtrmsitoryperioduelefiwthoirmdmd
mmmmemmmmmw Mm
WWWWoffmliemthatdflumuw

10
minio- being captive «alien, extra-systematic mumlation and
regulation.

Scion (1965, p. Zlinamadyoffatalimmgcoloubim
MWMviolmcamdmoldespairinmmymofLatin
mmmmumtmmmm.urmm
Wflalaaorda, 1962. p. 216). Swiola omeltndedthatfatalim.
m.appomdtocoirnidefifl1apauinistiowtlookmgmding
propose. ummamm. mm
malaithamptimcfmasa rationlbeing,capabloof
napaxdingtctlnomdxomnminmindividmllyadaptativemr,
Wmhioindividuloapacitytcplm,toa¢uinistorhisaffain,
autoimmhiowuktecmiqm. Effortatomdmadmgeinthis
Wmmmfinmtaskcfaddingmfulmitmto
“Melitta-utimmmdividnlalnadypoams. no
MMMmcfalargersocietymidihilinbutmt
altogether-patch Mofactcmldbeomeidendinfincasaofa
rapiddmgeinaucboroflccalpopmatimmflnotlnrseotorsm
dewfinmsflnnammthmmgofiduflfl-
catimdthtbmmdusuanyuithfludmgodmcaimtadm.
Inmulthiltypocffltaliuinfludewlopingcomtriuiaptobably
cladymolltadvdthrwoldisplacmrttodtianmdmow
diacrimtatimmultingho-trnloasofvillagetmditiau,umll
uflnmdtomdutdcomoocupatiaumdtooyaetoinanmfaudliar
m
I. Projwtflcgativisn

Projectnogutiviuhdofimdaaapaflwmdduvelopwnprojocta
budmpuvioudmpprojoctfailms. 'miaisaproductoftm

ll
agoofdavalomtrutlm-thmboingapmmofflntroditiaml
mltmocrofdifflwlt condition. Mamsultisacmuqtmof
Wmmthmcfuflmlfwm. Toavcidthia
www.mheadocfnewdevelopmtpmjectsnntwuy
mmmmeeymmwmwimmdawmppmm
tutu-tittytlunooaofttnmitiu.

mumm,mmmmmm
Warmmmnymmmm.

Vale-Orimtatimmdltslhlatimtofatalim
mwdrmmnmnmmwmtwms.
mmwmummmmmmdrm 'mu
midi-trammcimsim.'

museumuear, p.1)definodtlnirvalmcrim-
mmmmdmmmmmmmrum
problem.

vmmmmmmmwmyw

(Madam) principles, resulting fro-the W1
Wdflruunlyticamdiaflnmfidnblodmrteof

'thaovaluativa process: unmgmitiw, flueffoctiveand
tindinetivoM,finiohgiva¢d-rmddiroctimtc
mmflmdngmofhmmmtbmgmum
mummmdmmmm.
WWII-aboutmiudduafin'ndimiaul
WI M.putandfutm. Infizincuoatotaliaticoodnty
uWuuMMW. ‘nuypqlittloattcution
mmmwmmmmummmummm
W10. Planingfortlnfutuoismtthlirwoflih. In
unmamuwamwenmmmw

muwmmmraramm.

12

The secmd approach derives from the idea that can nest have a
pceitiminrelatim tctlnnatmothisenvirumt. Inthiscase.
membeinmsteryovernatm,inhamonywithnatmowinwbju-
action to nature. In a fatalistic condition men is in smjugatim to
new.

Mmesdminaunmmmmtorim
timwayoflcddngattharolatimalfipbetweenmmtim.andthe
other, lookingat fataliamas asubjugatim to nature. mthenaelves
interrelated. macstgmomlomceptis.permms,butdarivedby
loddngatflnmn-mtmwiamtim. 'Dnhayanindivhtalispn-
disposedtoroacttcwardtin-criematimmnbadm'iwdbyloddngat
lowheinfaotroaatsinrelatimtcfiumtmmim. For
mmmmmmammimdminawbjugm
mm,itiapoasiblstowfi1athoisafstalilticpminter-
oftim—aimtctim.

Paradimcffatalisznarudbbdomizatim

Porflnpmposuottlziastxfly,adescriptivomlysisoc£fatal-
mummam. mmwwmmmmm
WurmH-nummmmnammrmm
Momhmiduodnmmfiumcfmfim. This
kindcfnlatimcmb-ndetttwolnvela:
l. mumbhmifimflutcmfmwmm
Worm urinatl'nprmsactmduniutimpaoplom
Whmtmtbmtmyhaw,mdmtimtmymw
mummfimfloypouiblyget. misladccfaquilibrim
Wasphutianmthomiofaotimofaspintiauomloadto

13

WMWMaIMficatdm.

Smhadispocidmmtuuademmtmthmofm
m;mmwmmmmwmmwm
dWmfinMM'ufmmiW-ntm
mamas. 'Buqmotimtoboukodrmil,"wmtfwtmmlikoly
«mmag‘odwmfnflmfl W'amlofmdun-
izldmpmvidosnbaicfwappnoaddngmmm 301181:st
We! Wm; (1) 11termy.(2)mxim. (nu-arm
puddpttim.md(l) empathy (Lama, 1958, p. 3:6). Sincafmlistic
mum-mmmmlymmgoinmwmm
(o.¢.,hmmmpatimdlytmmtim),thlpmbabmtyof
nmmmmmwmmmmmmn
mm. mmmmmuumu,upmcmw
dflnmandiawmmdfwtdmingmdag‘oofw-
puuivudomtrolofmo'somlife,mldzintoaythattmdagmoof
Imam Ithmnflamhthuflnpmtpmdip
«mammalian. “deum.
W“mndhcminuem.flumlofhtanmu1ndo-
«cu-(mfigu‘l).
2. Wmmmuotminfinmomdemvmbm
manna. amt-mummnmgmmmnu-
WmmW-umtmmmmm
mm Mmtoflogm’ (ms,p.an)moum~mm1u
“mmdmm.dxmcqmmm”umx
Mm,c¢mdm1upimdm,mmupimdm,
www.m«mmm. maim-
mdeWMa-flumdml

.....................................

can as: 333.38....»
3%

 

 

 

 

15
nw.enpatmmmandiawm.mhwloftatd~
hut-W Bummumlaoffaulimmw.flmfin
mammim,m1aflaspircdm,omupatianl
W,Wmivatimmdfmlputidpadmmin-
mod. muwIOIdomtimhcbmned.

Pianlhampmmmimofbamthnmptulanalyniamd
mwammmm. mmmwn-
Wmmmntytommpa. mmm.
dmmhoddmimnbmmwmhminw
maulfldmthmmtommdinfm. Wfinpun-
mammmmummitnwmumm

mmmumdtbmeqmsmbadtompmdingma
mmm.

Wofratalin
mummmumqunn-mm

11m,mmylndmndinm.

' uwmmmwmmummss, p. 5) as
mMjutflumu-labintytomadMMu. Ann-tinge!
mmmnwmbyumsoommzmwm:

Amnnummmm uindthocucrtm
WNWMW tomgayinan
Muddtiuinmida 111mb mquindfwoffoo-
duh-Maintainer“ “mama”
mum, writingmdariflmticmit
mmnumwmmmmmw
hisamandtlumity'n dowlopuntmdforactiw
inflnnfoofhisomntxy.
Inqumitatiwmn,flnstmdudofatuhmnt
hWflWnyhoth-dmflnmd
nuflng,wxit1ngmdudthnfioadficwdafieram

MdmofMacWodmm.

16

www.mmangmmasmotunw-dafimd
11m mum, is mainly mused with Miami litemcy.
Rogammfiomg (1965.1). 1) definedfinctimallitmcyas‘mze
ahflitytomadmdwrits adequately forcanyingmtflmfmwtims of
mindividul'smhinhismlientaocialsystem.” Fwflmfim
bflnitim inpliea that: (1)11temcyisapmoessmd(2)fmctiam1
11mm in diffemt for different roles.

. W13 dafimdbylemr (1958,13. 50)as"t}ncapacity to
mmlfintmcfinrfollm's poaitim." heath: peydwlogical
poultofviewupafliyiamabmwtommelyinfwflnfeeunga
“mfmaofmmmflnbashoffimimtmm'amful-
Ingnmdactivainngimtimeffmts.

mmmdmhmuuam
dumb. W(1988.p.5h)1ndicatesfimmha
mummwammiummmm
mammfimm. www.mfimympm
tinipminpubncdfdn.hfaaflitaudbyfiumsndhdfidxdn-
mumm"mmmumm"mmmnmm
mamamdmmgMflnymm. Sompwplc
mmmmmm.mmaflm
“Ilium.

Mmdiamminpemulmofmdmbywddz
Wad/wnnitmymsageamtrmmddinctlytom.
hdhumiduredbywmuSGMp.2h).hanbmting
humeitcmmmbomdnofdistmmdbolnimm
anophfrmtnditiamleodctytoflu”moochty.”

MCW.p.wWMw1mdwd-lm

l1
mumidemdmaverybmadbasisinordertomdcipate
secondary effectsand the resistances. It is may to know the
mltmdflumtenmmmmdflmpmmcflifemme
WMmkafifm. “madam-germ
tampoophmombeinga'mdmmmgahfldshflnpuflmrt
Mon.

m(1963.pp. 327-356)m1damdfixatmdnnfiuttcnhm
Maul behavior syncs. It in a "style of life" whose conga-nut:
mWwinthoumflmmcffldmfunflmmgmmyd
mismtmmcflidmhmdadnginmmotm.
MWmeflnmmmwafly
mmmuutyotmummmm. Wham
mammummmmmmyamm
muwumWMmmmmuwu-nm
WW. MWtflmhfluWMhMI
mammummwummmudm
w,mummw.mmmmmindmm
mmappmimlyinflnmitimldumim. unworth-
m:munm.moqmmosmmmum
“mummnrmamunu.

”(1950. p. W)de1o¢dmhntm.upodflly
humamm,mammmmmm~
Monmntyofflupopumim. Ithduswuaabmtyuhmh
mmmmmmWMamm. mm
tomlmhofapatw,mmidwedmimtm-
”quiche: litemcy. 1'13:th "misinglituucyhatwdto
MummmM-slndhw'm

18

m'with widarooamcpu'tioipatimaflpondcal patidpatim."
mwmmmpouumpmmmmymwt
«unannofnmmfinlmloffnmm

Wtommmmmmamoffmnm
wumwmmmumdumammorim.
Atfinmtin,m,ithpossiblothatifhniacxpoaedtodtu-
“Mmtmmdistia,tooalimforhh,hcmyminw
humid-118th. mfinaflurharu,uamcymdmamdiau-
”mmmdwmmampdmdduofflumld. I:
ithpmiblcmspodcotlodmdficpomtofviu,mchaviuom
(wm.m'ammmormormnmm
“W. Hifihismtaluwldmwwnuomnb
mammmmowmmmmmmwm
Madam. hmldhnvthmthflmmmbom-
mmdmbyau'cancffat. Wimfldsmmptofhm
mummm.mnnm.mumunmmyota
mmmmum..W'-mdtmu
W.

nmammatmmum.m
mmmehmw-Wmma-
WWI-vulottm Amemhdmo-xbw
mmmmtm Mthohuloffimotm
w.umamw. dentdfoutdtho
sun-.mnn-apaauunummmnmmmm.
nwwmmmmmmammmm.mum
nmmmmmmuwmmm
m.mummummmmyhuwm.w

19
hum can work as negative minfm that will teach the individ-
ulmmamgatiwviwofdmga. Inmrwords, failmsmin-
{mutualistictttitudm Withflfiaapprmdminmindndutcmbo
Wmfinmaqmsofademase inthe level of fatalism?

Comeqwrtaoffatalim
Th- uleoted Wu m the followmg variables:

WW3
Wmulsfirndememwhidzmimividmlhnla-
dwlymnnmmdngmmmwmmmdhhml
man” (Ram, 1962, p. 19). Miami”! (1959, p. 91) reported a fatal-
Womdwmmagahnfiuwpdmofmuflwofm
mumfmymmhm. mmflnpwphmqmstimed
abattfinpouibmtyoflimltingthdrfmios,flnynidmistmly
thnbaflzflumingofflnddmmnmdthamofptwidingfor
flaminfiuhmdsofdaitiu. Ifflmgodamadfimtoliw.
thaywauldbobcmmdpmidedfa',hrtifflnydiedfmmmmtim
ornidamu,flmmompnduthnd. Mommiuntotdom
rhkothmthingm,sixmmybcli¢v-Mmlywpu~
Wimmimmmmumwdmflwhmhad
WWswiflaadopflngmldou. Mindivldnlmo
mhmthgfwutmumtlminflnfutm.mdthismer
mmumummdwmmmmm
thingl. Maintallstichdividulvdmaladcoffuumwicmaflm.
finaitdlflimltmdoddemadoptsomthlngm.

20

Wkpfifimmwmm”

Maulmpimdmmmpmalaspmmmafiem
byfinlewloffxtalim Wmimfimmmdmlupi-
MummudufiumofeMthxandmkldem
Wbyparmrtsforfiulrdfilm. mlyufia'pemlnholmd
museummmntactwifimflnmidewwldofoppoztufitla,can
mymmottmmmmmmnmmmu
dthamodmim. Asflnputmiswcsodmmmdha'dhm
fluabllitymmad,mmmmfiutmnomeamlhiafutm‘m
fimmme‘mwmdthwtham.
mmquuamgrm-Mormmumm. m:
thispointhccmnanzothatforhinitistooute.bm1thmt
toolatofwhindzildmntoboaoedmtod. Asflnlevnloffatalism
dam,flnlmnlofodwatiaulmdocwpatlanlupimflmincmase.

Winds-flax
www.mmmmnuasa, p. 1).:13'13»
memmee-Wm.m
Mmmummnamwam‘mmmm
mummammwummmm
dflupolwcdlmolwd." mumm(196~.p.17)w
flu“mmd-pifldal.alndtdwmuflmmd
.mamwumwmmm»
mmmmwmwmm.wby
mum-dorm: lad." W¢1361.p.18)
mmwmudmh”mduintodomnmtuo
mahforfludmdnodnlmmlfimwmutigmmmmdnm

21
inner ruling of maul Wham." Loci-mg at this propositim
inmway, ltlaposslblomsayflxataaindividmllewlscf
fatalimdemaso because dasdentiflc mdamtmdingofflwmrld,
his hula of £311.0th mtlvatlm image .

noggin
Magnum-d: (1960, p. 61), "Asymlsdefimdtobo

almodwomtimtofluthtthQ‘haMgh-ngnituhdm-
joctimofnlldiaboliofmystm,mdlaohfimofbeliefs,nhm
mmmaagmarmnmmmummmmn
mtu,uulittlo dflfmudfiim wlfldnflndisbolinfsym.“
W(1965,p.8)miduedfintflnmicallyflnmbmtic
punch ha a ”1&1wa WW bullet-diablld system with
thonbllitytoholntc.ormlloff,anh¢llnfmwa®uym
flu-Oman. mmmwmmmmwmwm
mem.pmm1yummmm
Wapz‘surtlylnldomtmlbollaf.
nithmmmmrnmmmmm
mmmwm,m1tumumukmum
mpmtmmmw." 'mohighnrfholonlor
mmmfiufmhmfhimlntmm
bolhfoystonotamcn. m,utlnpommbomlesofatalistic.
imammdauliudmtmdingofhhpemuloapwity,1th
Wmmmwmwmmmc.

realm
mmmmMMnWmu
magnum-mummmmmmmm

 

22
inhisoocialsym mmamimmofflfisfact
cmhmlymdinum'lwwds (196“, pp. 50-51):

Mitimal society is mnopm‘ticlpmtuit deploys peopla by
kinshipintocamnfitiea isolatedfmeammamtxmu
Qatar; . . .mdemaocietyispaxticipantinflwtithm-
time by 'cmsmsm'uindivichals making personal decision
mpubliciasuea mtmofienmaxgxwithoflmerin-

dividmlstheydomthwtomkopoasibhastablecm

fmmimflfi‘mmflfi? 1"
Hypotheses
mmmmmucmummmm,
flufollovinggmcmlhypofinsumdudvad:

WWhIz mgfatalismgarieainvemeyfl
mamm-

thmlflypothuiallz mgtmmmmygg
mam-

eaumnypauuisxn: wgtmmmu
mmgarfism-

WW3“: mgmmmmmmy
mmammnm

WWW EmgfiWaspimde
Wzggmgtmnm

Gumlflypotlmiou: magmaflaulagphgtimm
mmmgmrm

Manama-VII: mgéddamgmdvafimm
lewflmgmmm.

WHWVIII: MQWWMaQ
@2222:me

 

 

 

 

23

Geneva Hypotmsia IX: 9223?. 95 form]. pmicipatlm varies
inversely with 93m 31: fatalism.

 

mm
monomer

msmummmm

Dantorflnmuudymmofflummw
untithd,”APioldWmfix-Rolod09hdmumlnflu
WMWhMWWJMm
hegminOcW,1963. Mamdumlvllhgu,m
mvadthtmdifimum,OauoEsqulnu,mdme
withnlntiwlymdunm,hnblovnjo. AWMtym
m,mMal,midxhadnlativalymdemmu-. “Batman
mmmmsoMMdm.mmW
«mm-wmwm. Allflmcmniflosm
wmwm,dflafmmmfll
dudfu-moteepdppabymingintminfmm. Higher
lmhoflimncy.adopflmof1mdm,andmomtacttypified

tin-WWI.

mom-cum
Mmmmmmmmotmmuby
map-mum. “fit-Wmdm-byatm
mmrmmewMWd-mmu. In
ondnofflufiuua-ldflu,uidlardsugxflufingmflwdsm
utilised.

2N

25

mmmdemmmMmfwuflm
WWW. nufiNtwmofandeoambdm
finflmmfifiuinmdertogathersodmtricdatatofacflluto
findwiaofopinimhadminflnmfityasmnutomao—
dummmmlmmfinpowmtpopuhfim. manta»
vlwsdbdulnmdevelopedaftaraperiodoffieldobsuwtimsm
dbamiauwifimlmyinfmts. mummmmtmrm
(£1963. hamdwaw of interviewingmcoupleteddwingme
mthofSeprtanber, 1965. Atotalof 136 intervimmtofthe 160
Mmeolbctodmthaflmtphaseofthcmsem,moollected
infllissmldpart.

WWW

MWMmmpmdfwmpn-uflbefonfin
WMMfa-m hhihaminpmtimdtmlnmb
dundndflnmdwxged,flnmllobjeatimrmflndesmially
finm,mpttorfluduwlopm1tmdnfln&-nofflnwmof
WWWW,WMm.my,
mutations, www.mwmwmm
WW, fwgumlapplicudminpemmfiu.

Pvt-Test
mm~tutmduninfiojmi,acmmdtyamm1noazpo-
ddmmdloafimmflufilmmfitiu. 'Duprimzyobjectiwof
finpm-testwastoseolftholntawiewsdndulnwouldwrkmderfield
candida-u; Cmbimdwitha fawdeletima mad. before the pro-test, the
ammdmmmdafollmingfintflptoaojaoé,wem
domdoufficiéxt firth. final for“ 01th: interview schedule.

26
Weanitemmcmdmfidxdidmtmmtely
mfinmptwhichflwypwpmtedtomm.mdmitm
Wfiummfmmhhmpmmhmflwmts
dudngfium-testmalsoelimimrted.

OpemlanlizatimofVariables

WV“):

m-jwcriterimmiablooffinmimflgadmls
fauna. Pmnnmdafimdpreviinyaoapudedfln
wrldiwlyingfinfuelifigfiutmindim'uoflmmm
Mam. Inmtonmthiocamptam-imlcal-(soo
Wflmawlopedmlchmiotodafflu-mingmm
wrmmatmmmwwmmm
(19“, pp. 167-172): cm, situational and project mgativiu.
'Rnfmlianooalowas nubjccbedtofinfollwingmlym:
1. Reliability

Rnliahflitylatlndegmctodfiehascahwilloaulstanflypm-
mmmnmmmmmmmmnw-
mum. mmmmtestmnmntymunpmmm
mmfiflm. Wifixthllmflnd,finitulnaaoalem
«mimmwmmmmmmmmm-
mince-wad. Ithmdfiutfixinmdtumwisflmm
ammmmmmmmamwrm
than. mimmmmmhmumllydetudmdbyselecdng
fincddmnbomdltmgflnmnmbmditmmflmsmdfmfin
mm. W,oimooadmoffiwstbocaluhnvomlyan-le
umifim.finmlgimlmh.alamomfficlentdmliabmty

27
mults. A mode: is made by the me of the uxiified Spam—arm
medal formula. “min fmnfln was demloped to estimate the dame
of reliability 3 scale mld display if it had not been divided in MM.
When subjected to the Spam-Bram carnation form, the
split—half named yioldod a coefficient of reliability of 0.516.

2. Mddimslaulity
unoftlnobjoctimoffinamdymmaulyufinwaloto
dammmthchypaflnallofflmmdimmmidamdby
xliehoff mmurgwasmmble. The 8W dimimwas
Wdth item 2,3,7,8a1d9;tlnsittatiauldimmimuaa
“Nuifllitemsmfi(ml\ppendixfl.
movichrmcleaflylmmateafimmofflnflmdi-
m‘mp't of fatal!“ (set Table 1, Table 2, mmblo 3
respectlwly). These tables indicate that all the item mm the
maintain! (2,3,1,8md9) loadedmrymmmracta- 1.
Item h and 10 that m designed to mm the aituaticml dimnaim
loadodvazyhigflymfactorll. Itemlmalsomtendedmfldedgmd
tomflnsitmfimaldimwimmmandmdmmlmdimm
wolfinfimfmu. Itexua,asameasm~e ofpmject mgativiam,
landodhld'xlymttutMMIachw. Itemsmldxmlloodasigndto
mpmjactmgativimwhlhloadingfairlyrmavflymrmm,
alsolouhdthohigtflymfactorl,vflfichistosay1tismam
mmm-mllufinpmjectnegativlsmdimnsim. v

IndependerrtVariablu
Mammlbua-gmimdmflngflmtflngmmmm
wmmmmmmmmmmmmmpmmmwm

28
m orgasmic-sound.

Tabla 1. Mel axis solutimnfactor loading fm' fatalism item

 

 

Factors
Imam. l 2 9
1 .5571 .9059 -.2803
2 .6335 .2080 .0587
' .GSHQ "00525 .2757
‘ -.08“8 o7u09 02702
‘ .6172 .0999 -05030
8 -.1395 .1957 .7927
7 .732“ “01763 .2189
I .7161 -.2527 .1975
9 .9900 .2387 .0859
10 “alun7 .5981 “.2202
Waffium
uncommon;
thefachor ‘
28.129 13.16% 12.999

 

Tabla 2. Vain: me loading for fatallsa items

 

 

recto“

Iteulno. _4_ 1 2 3 h?
1 0&708 03920 -.3088 .592“
2 .6317 .1699 ‘01“16 .9980
3 07033 “01051 .093“ .5077
h .0599 .7298 .3157 .6292
5 .9272 .0955 -.6719 .6929
B .1379 .1997 .8030 .6862
1 07‘93 “.2287 -.0§02 .615“
‘ 0,215 ”.3026 -00585 06156
9 .9599 .2091 -.0519 .2579

10 ~.1539 .8181 “01333 0“271

olthnwm-
lmoaoxphimdby
annota-

26.¥ll 13.209 1h.11\

 

mmmmtmmmmmmmorrwm
iaflmuW-ampoflaaizedmflmd.

29
Tabla 3. Wmim—fmloadhu forfatalimitom

 

 

rm
In. no. 1 2 a 1:2
1 .5262 .3886 -0338“ 05“2~
2 .5959 aluss -.0586 .6980
3 06900 -.1§03 .1089 .5077
'5 .0577 .7050 . 3590 .6292
5 .“973 01076 ‘06197 .5029
6 .0612 .1000 .6195 .6862
7 .7392 —.2617 .0229 .6151!
‘ 6710‘ “03332 -00020 .8156
9 .9712 .1899 .0055 .2579
10 «1292 .6310 --.1163 .9271
Proportion of tho var- ‘ ~ ‘
1am explained
flu rm 27.189 13.259 19.909

mmumtmmlmmmmpzdrm

“MW-«WNW

WWhI

WWI: mgrmmmmqum

mammgm.

 

Enable-1W1: Wmmmmlxfl
{mm-m.
WHWMWMWMW.

memeMMWaflmm
(inSpnlm),"'n:-Immhlamupidlylnamotnspoot.'
mmammmmmmmmmmm
Mmmuommof‘mmanlnmfl

 

Mmammummmyww
mmmma.mm(1ssu).mapwpmdnm
MWofflnIntm-lommtyothydnlognt,m,md
hndbmuodmafilllyinmioufmfithmumpam
inquRim,rhtloo. W,Cnllcmdlmin.

mummian

WWII: mgmfmmfigflzfl
mesm- ‘

WWII: Wmmmyfl
mm'

Myamddthafiwitmmadyamle.fiutpuh
dtudflupomtoputhimoltinfinmludamm,an
Wm.adilmctofficnl,flumtlauldnlstarofoduoh
mummmammn. .

 

WWIII

WWIII: mammmw
mamas-«mum.

wwm: Wammzfl
a$mm~

mmwmmu‘dbymhflexdmwifi:
W,W.m,mmflt¢m. WWW
mumdmmmmmmamu
wmwmwmk,oto..mmlbhndhrtoawudh
wirdubymdntypoofnmmoanod'atmm”
(MW,1951).

 

 

WWI?

WWW: mgmuwmmz
flmgmrm

W W01. IV: Immiwms mo; 51 1mm}!
fifmm.

Wmmhflaedbyooupflimaliflofmly-

 

31
Widmamdaskingfinmspaflultlhwmofthesohem
dopbdmdwim. finnMiwfimachndoptsfimumfloaa,
«mumminflumvflhge,isnmmof
WWW“. Inthisoueltmmm‘dbyasmhflioaflm
monetitofinofadopfimofoimmfmpnctiouUufilim,
“dumminnotloidometod.

WW7

NW9: gagamggmm
mguwmggtmm

WalW-V: Aopimtimggoanatimmm
myflfmlimm.

Waspimlmmuumdbyumfinmpmdmtfln
mumdeMWMomwdmm.

 

WW9!

WWW: momma
Mydmmgfm

Mama: WMwmm
Wxfifmm.

WWm-Mbyaakingfiumm
“mammmmommmm. Tho
Wmoododinlur-oimofmfiuulpmtige.

 

wwiam

WWW: mgmwmtmtimlmm
mgflmgrm

mwm: mevmtwdntimooomvm‘y

 

32
£315.43th mtivzrtim was mama with sentence oamletion
it“. Anmlooftlmeitm is: "thaspirutimin
1516.. . ." Odgimllytlnsoalehadluitm,butsonnoft}mm
Waiterananlysiaforlntemlomaistmcy. Eigdztitennwem
Winfianimotfinnoale.

GammlHypotl'asisVIII

Gammlflypotlmls vm: mgwmmmlz
zifleflgaamfam

Wflypofimeia VIII: mmflmygg
fatalimsooms.

negation: was wand with an attitudixul scale of 10 items.

 

'13:. item we selected fruatbo short-Joule!“ scale (20 item
wmiaflmedby'l‘mldahlandmn. mm-fmmmwlopod
mmwiztmlfmitumimmwwmbyamgitm
dthflnWtitem—to—Malsmmladm. Influselootionof
finitmmoffmmalaomdetoMVuitmfrmthedfifexm
Wefdogmdeas: belief-disbeliefdimsim,cenml-
WW,ufltin-pempectiwm1m.

WWI)!

me mammmm
Mflmgmfm

WWW: MMMmmm
Wzflfatflimm.

Wpufloiptdmwasmdbyfiumiwpazticlpatimof
mmmmmdfifmtmmofmmltysmhu
finmdw,fluuflcm,mdtholooalboud.

 

33
Control Variables
momuOlVWMmdemthepmrt
aulyslsmagomdatam. Mmimmdedinordermdeterm
11' the hmdapancmt variables war! related to fatalisn regardless of age

 

orttatm. Itmsmpeotedmofflnnttmoffiumptof
mommwmwmmmwm
hhfiepmdantvuhblu.

mummmummabmmmt
«www.mmwmmpoimormm
mmtputoftmlnumtoffinmm. Bryn-mm
Imammmmmmflumdm.

Agnwauhotodmoithmmdflutuagolmwa
mmammmmmu-mw.mny
omemtm,lm. mmwmmm
ijmwmflnmlmlmdmpmjwt
fail“. “www.11mmdumdthmjoot
foiluuhpcnsibh.

Statumfluodmoamlvariabhulmdbmmmmuy
mnummmtmmmmammmormm
mddepdvatiat. minfutmhmflnindivianltobomfiom
dhilonpadtytodatmhilfum. Mapposltotoolimuouldm
plaminindividulsvdthhighmtmfinfultmirfutmlalnflmdr
mmmmmdmfluttmyhamtmpmrmmytomm
mmawwtlwyliko.

WWE
Alldatanlnvmttothlypodmes on wound to how "intoml"
qmlltiumdmthmmablotopmmtmuflmaulyaia.

0

oh

Data. for all the hypotheses were analyzed using; zero order
product mwd correlations of: (1) antecedents and fatalismt, (2)
cmseqmrrte and fatalism; and (3) antecedents and amneqmnts.

The: second step was to outputs first order partial correlations
bemm antecedent. and wmeqmnta paddling out the effects of
fatalim. It was the comparison of the zero order correlations of the
arteoadmtamdmeqwrtsvuiabloawifixtrnputialoouulnimsof
Mmmwfimoxplioatesthointaming mains of
Indian.

'fluthixdldniofmalysilwaatoomtmlfwagoandstmin
Wprotmmtaoedemmdfatalim, mdoamquartsmd
fatalitn.

mfmuepintmmalyaisxdllbothoomputationofa
aezduotmltiplo Winninwhiohmsmdiam, apathy
mwntmwfllboutilizedaspmdicmoffatalism.
Sindlarly, selected mute: of mdemizatim, inoludhg fatalisn.
willbcmedinoonbinatimtopmdiottlnindiouofmdanfiutim.

GiAPI'ER IV
FINDINGS

mammarwinpmsmtmofflugmmlmd
WWmtedincupmnmdm. Eachdfimhmu
vaiablesmtesmdfartheirmmcimdfiptofludepmdent
urinbhflatann).

mammal

WWI: wgfauunflmwmelxfl
mgmmmmem.

WWI: Fatalmmminmlywith
WWW. Dumamrmhtimcrabhwbw
mtmmumyiB-JOMMhmfimmJOB
qudndfwsigdfimatfluompcrmlowl. nuhyportrnsisis

mated.

WWBII

WWII: mgrmwmqgfl
mgmo

WWII: fatalimmmymywifim
mm. hmmmfimmmtmmm
h-.21~,dficbhmflmfin.206nquimdfwdaflimatthe
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37
Gamml 1W3 III
Germ). WW8 III: EEZE 9}: fatalism varies inmell

with Cam 9; {3133 media «55mm.

 

 

minded]. Iiypoti'.esis III: Fatalism scores vag inverselx with

 

mass gradia exposure scam. The. zero crazier comlatim between fata-

 

lism and was miia exposm is -.21II, amid} is more than the .296 m-
quimd for significance at the one per cant Laval. The hypothesis is
supptrted.

General Wash IV

General Hypothesis IV: 31:3}: 9i ixmovativeness 33111628 inversely
with deg“ gf__ fatalism.

Emma Hypothesis IV: Imovatimas ms m inverselx
wit}; fatalism games. The zero order mhfim hem fatalian and
Wm 18 ~.027. Quick: is 1233 than tho .1“? required for sig-
nificance at the five per cent level. The hypofimesis is not supported.

 

 

Wjiygathesis 1

General Hypotbsis V: m 93: edtmtiongl gpim'tion varies
inverselx with ?& gt: (Malian.

Emir-1031mm V: Edmatiaulaspimimmmgn:
3338er with educatimal fatalism {09:351. The um order mlatim
batman mama and «313th for emanatim is -.179. which is man
than the .1“? remixed for significanm at the five per cent level.

The hypotluaia is supported.

General Wain VI

WW VI: mgmpational aspiratims varixss
inversely with dame 93 fatalism.

38
WWBIS VI: Oompaflaulaspintimamam
inmalyuith fatalimw. Mmmrmufimbctmn
anmfiaspirutimomeis-.I22,Mhhssthmfln
.1“? mquimd for simificmoa at the five par amt level. Thu hy—

pofinsiu it not supported.

 

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39
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'43
correlation between fatalism scores and educational aspiraticm scores
controlling in social status is -.059 (not sigmificamtly different from
zero), which is significantly lower at the five per cent level than the
zero order cormlation batman fatalism scores and educatiaml aspira—
tion scores . This reduction EhCWS that social status does intervene in

the relatimsl‘ip between fatalism and cduoatimalaSpiratim.

6 . Gcneral Hypothe sis VI

 

General hygmthcsis VI: gages cf_ occgisational aSpir-ations vamies

 

inversely with 51953913 of fatalism.

m... w-

 

 

Empirical hypcu'c sis VI: Occugat icnal asguiration seems vari

 

 

inverselx with fatalism scores. The zero onior‘ correlation between

 

fatalism scores and occupational asyiration scores is ~.l22 (not signif-
icantly different from zero), shcwing that fatalism account for 1.5 per
cent of the variance in occupaticnal aspiratim. The first order partial
correlation between fatalism scores and occugatimal aspimtim scores
mung on social status is -.005 (not significantly different frm
zero), wl'xich is not significantly layer at the five per cent level than
the zero order correlation between fatalism scores and occupational aspi-
ration sooms . This lack of dmange slows that social status does not
fitterwne in the relationship between fatalism and occupational aspiration

scores.

7. General Hypothesis VII

 

Gmcral Hypothesis VII: Desme of achievement activation varies

”—32%...

 

inwrsely yiflx 93:33.3 9;. fatalisjg.

 

Emirical kiygotl'xesis VII: Achicwmnt mtivation scams veil: in—

 

“ amely with {atalism scams. The zero order correlation between fataliszn

.u— .C- -. -. . v ~o-p..-—--. —‘ .m- -—-—---

MS

with fatalism scores. The zero orricr correlatim better-en fatalism

 

scores and formal 1micipatim scores is .096 (not significmtly dif-
ferent frm zero). sharing, that fatalism accomt for .9 per cent of the
variance in forml pm'ticipatim. The first order partial correlatim
between fatalism scores md formal participatim scores controlling on
social status is .163 (not significantly different from zero), which is
significantly greater at the five per cent level than the zero order
correlation between fatalism scores and {cruel participatim scores.
This increment shows that fatalism does intervene in the relationship
between fatalism and formal puticipaticn.

In the present study, social status works as an intervening vari-
able in the relationship between the dependent variable fatalism and the
independent variables fmctional literacy, enpathy, mass media exposure,
ixmvativeness, educational aspiration, and formal participatim. Social
status does not intervene the mlatimship between the dependent variable
fatalism and the independent variables dogmatism and occupational
aspiration.

Controlling m Age
1. General was I

 

General Hypothesis I: 223% 9i fatalism varies inverselx with

 

degree 9i fmxctimg: literacy.

 

Expirical Hypothesis 1: Fatalism scores 33 inversely with

 

Maul literacy scores. The zero order correlatim between fatalism

 

scores and functiaral literacy scores is «3014 (significant at the me
per cent lucl), arming that fatalism account for 9.2 per cent of the
variation in functional literacy. The first order correlation between

M6
fatalism scores and fwrctimal literacy scores controlling an 6:238 is
-.273 (significant at the one per cent level), which is not simificantly
laser at the five per cent level than the zero onier correlation bet-Ben
fatalism scores and fimctimal literacy scores. This lack of change
shows that age does not intervme in the rslatimship between fatalism

and funotimal literacy .

 

2. @nerel E-iypothesis II
General Hypothesis II: Degree 93: fatalism varies inversely with

wear” 9!. seats:-
Empirical Hypothesis II: Fatalisg scores vary inversely with

 

 

m of. m. The zero order correlatim between fatalism scores
and empathy scores is «2115 (significant at the one per cent level)
showing that fatalism account for h.6 per cent of variance in curathy.
The first order partial correlation betweon fatalism scores and expathy
scores controlling on age is «.190 (significmt at the one per cent
level). which is not sigrificantly lcwer at the five per cent level than
the zero order correlation between fatalism scores md ewathy scores.
This lack of change shows that age does not intervene the relatimhip
between fatalism and emathy.

3. General Hypothesis III

 

Gexnrel Hypothesis III: Dame of: fatalism varies inversely with

@322 93 sass media exposure.

 

Ethical Hypothesis III: Fatalism scores vary inversely with

 

mass usdia emure scores. The mm m correlation between fatalism
scores and sass media exposm scores is ~.306 (sigxificmt at the one

per cent level), slow that fatalism account for SA per cent of the

M7
variance in mass media exposure. 'Ihe first order partial correlation
between fatslism3cmes mdnass nediaexpcem scores ccntmllingcn
age is —.283 (significant at the one per cent level), which is not sig-
nificantly We the five per cent level than the zero order comm.
ticn batman fetelism scores and mass media exposure scares. This lack
cfdmgeslmthetegedoesmtinteminthereletimshipbetmen
fatelism and mess nedia exposure.

k. General Phrpothesis IV

 

Geneml Hypothesis IV: m 31:. innovativeness varies inversely
with cages 9_f_ fatalism.
Enpirical Hypothesis IV: Irmcvativeness scores very inversely

 

with {etelism scges. The zero order correlaticn between fetalism scores

 

and imamtiwmese scores is -.027 (not sigxificantly different from
zero), shadixlgthatfatalisnaccmmtfordpercentcfthemimcein
im'mtiveness. The first cider partial coneletim between fatalism
scores and innovativeness scores putialling on age is -.001 which is
notsigmificmtlylcwerattmfive percentlevelthanthezemceder
cormletim between fatalism scores and immtivenese scene. This
lackcfdungeshwsfiutagedoesmtinterveneintherelatimshipbe-
tween fatalism and ixmvetiveness.

5. Gemrel Hymthesis V

 

General Hypothesis V: Degree 91 educatimal iasgiretion varies

 

inversely with degree 9_t_‘_ fatelism.

 

Bnpirical Hypothesis V: Educatimal aspiration scores vary

 

inversely with fetalism scores. The zero order correlation between

 

fetalism scores and educatimel aspiration scores is -.l79 (Significant

 

Q8
atthe five percent level), showingthat fatalismaoommt for 3.2 per
mtoftlnvarimoeinechneticxmlaspimtim. ‘Ihefirst orderpartiel
oot'z‘elatim between fatalism scores and edtmtimal aspiration scores
controlling on age is -.1'+9 (not significmtly different from zero).
Missignificarrtlymateretthefiveperoent Jevelthanthezem
order oozmlaticn between fatalism scores aid educational aspiration

BODIES o

6. General HyR-othesis VI

 

General Hypothesis VI: Degree 93: occupational aspiratim varies

 

inverseii with degee 95" fatalism.

 

Enpirioal Hypothesis VI: Ocaxgatimal gsipirationw scores qu _i_n_-

 

verselx with fatalism 300293. The zero order oomletim between fate-

 

118m zoom: and oompational aspiradm scores is -.l22 (not significantly
diffemt from zero), showing that fatalimn aooamt for 1.5 per cent of
the varimoe in oocupatimal e8piretim. The first order partial cor-
relation between fatelism scores md mm}. asphatim scores om-
tmlJing on age is --.133 (not sigzificmtly different from zero). which

is sigxifioantly greater at the five per cent level than the zero order
oomlatim between fataliem scores and wartime]. aspinatim scams.
Ihisinaemmtshacsthatagedoesmtixmeminthemmimship
between fatalism and oocxpatioml aspimtim.

7. Gamma]. Hypothesis VII

 

Gmmeml Hypothesis VII: Degree 95 adfievexmnt ggtivetim varies

 

inverselx with degree of; fatalism.

 

Empirical Hypothesis VII: Achievement notivatiog soorgg ya

 

invemell with fatalism scores. The zero order correlation between

 

 

 

 

   

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.

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1+9
fatalism scores and adxiement motivation scores is -.191 (sigzfificant
at the five per cent lovel), showing that fatalism account for 3.2 per
cent of the variance in adxievement rotivatim. The first order partial
oorrelatim between fatalisn scores and achiemnt notivatim scores
cmtrolling on age is -.163 (not significantly different from zero),
which is not significartly lower- at the five per cent level than the
zero order correlation between fatalism scores and admievemt activation
scores. 'mielaokofdlmgesrmsthatagedoesmtintemintm
relationship between fetalism md adzievawrt mtivatim.

8. General Hypofilesis VIII

 

General Hypothesis VIII: Degree of dogmaticm var Lee directly with

>-.-.-Qu .fi-o‘.‘ ‘m

 

$333: 9;: fatalism. The zero order correlations heme-:11 fetalism scores
and domatism scores is .1422 (significant at the me per- cent level),
showing that fatalism accolmt for 17.3 per cent of the variance on fata—
lism. The first order- partial correlation between fatalism scores and
dogwtism scores partialling on age is $29 (significant at the one per
cent level) , which is not significantly higher at the five per cent
level man the zero order correlation between fatalism scores and doma-
tism scores. This lack of drange ohms ti'xat age does not intervene in

the relationship between fatalism and domatism.

9. General Hypothesis IX

 

General Hypothesis IX: Degree _o_r: formal Exticigetim varies

 

 

infirsely with game 9.: fatalism.

 

 

Empirical Hypothesis IX: Fomal participation scores vary _i_r_1_-

versell with fatalism scores. The zero outer correlation between fatalism

 

scores and formal participation scores is .096 (not significantly

53

different from zero) , shocing that fatalism accomt for .9 per cont of
the variance in fennel pafiioipaticn. Toe first order partial correla-
tion between fatalism scores aJid forts-11 {articipatim acres controlling
on age is .11“ (not sigiificantly different from zero), which is signif-
icantly greater at the one per cent level than the zero order correlation
between fatalism scores and formal participation scoms . This incz'cnmt
shows that age does into-mus in the relationship between fatalism and
formal participatim.

In the present study. age does not intervene in the relatimships
between the dependent variable of fatalism and the independent variables
of ixmovativenesa , occupational aspirations , adlievenmt mtivatim and
cognatisn. Agedoesinterveneintlnrelttimshipbetweenthedependent
variable of fatalisn and the independent variables of educatimal aspi-
mtim and formal participation.

Fatalism as an Intem-ening Variable

The follming section of the present chapter will report the
results of the statistical analysis c'mue in order to detect the fmctim
of fatalism as an intervening variable betaaen antecedents and crmsequents
Table 6) .

l. The zero Omar ormlatim between fmctional literacy scores
and hmvativeness scores is .207 (significmt at the one per cent lavel),
showing that literacy account for u.2 per cent of the variance in inno-
vativeness. The first under partial correlatim between literacy scores
and immatimss scores controlling on fatalism is .208 (significmt
at the an per cent level), which is not sigxificantly greater at the
five per cent level than the zero order ocnelatim between literacy and

51

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52
mmvativemss. This lack of change shaves that fatalian does not inter-
vene in the relatimship between the antecedent variable of fmctimal
literacy and the ocnsequent variable of mamas.

2. The zero wder oozmlatim between literacy some: and edu-
cational aspiration scores is .273 (significant at the one per cent
level). timing that literacy accounts for 7.15 per cent of the variance
in edmatimal aspiration. 'me first order partial conniatim between
literacy names and educational aspiration oms controlling an fatalism
is .2315 (significant at the five per cent level), mich is not significant-
ly lowerattm fivepercwtlevolthanflnzemadarmhfimbt-
them National literacy scores and edwatinml aspiratim ems.
minhdcofdmmgasmmatfataliamdoeanotifitminthomla-
timshipbetweentmmteoedmwtmiabluoffmtiaulntamcymdthe
meqmt variable educational aspiration.

8. Mmmmmmbemfmcdanllitmm
and Win21 aspirant-1m mm is .177 (significant at thn five per
cent lowl), ahadngflut fmctimal literacyaecmlm mad pore-m:
offlzevariminocwpatiaulaspimim. flufimtouderpar'tial
melatim batman nautical literacy scams and Wide). aspira-
tion scores is .137 (not significmtly diffemflt from zero), which in
not sigzificmtlylmurattm fingrwrthwltlmflmmorder
correlation between literacy scams and compatiaul aspiration scores.
misladcddmgamflutfatalimdoesmtintminthomla-
dauhipbotmflnmmmiableoffmctimallimmdthe
cmseqmm: variabla of oompntimal aspixutim.

It. The mwdwmnlatim between Maximal literacy scams
mdadfiemrtmtiwtimmis .272 (aigxificmtatfisémeper

53
cent level). showing that literacy accounts for 7.5 per cent of the
varimoe in achievement activation. The first crdcr partial correlatim
between functional literacy scores and sdwievcmnt notivsticn scores
controlling on fatalism is .230 (not sigmificmtly different from zero),
which is not significantly lower at the five per cent level than the
zero order correlation betvnen literacy and achievement mtivation. This
lack of orange shame that fetalism does not intervene in the relatimship
tanner: the mtecedent variable of functimal literacy and the conseqmnt
variable of schism motivatim.

5. 'me zero order cormlatim batman fmcticrml literacy scores
and dogmatic!!! scores is «0130 (not sigflicsntly different from zero).
MM fmctimsllitemcyexphbuthc .lfipcrcsntcffiuvarim
indogmtism. The firatordcrpartial correlatimbctwunfmcdmal
literacy scams and dogmatic: scores controlling an fatalism is -.196
(sigmifiomtatfiwfiwparcmtlml),midrislignificmtlygmater
stths five percent lavclthanths zercordsrcornl-timbetween
fmctimal literacy and dogmrtism. This incrennnt show that fatalism
doesintminthenlltimshipbetweentmmtecsdmtvariablacf
fmctimal literacy and the cmseqmt variable of domtim.

6. The zero Grier correlation betwam functional literacy scores
md formal participatim soon: is -.018 (not sigmifimntly different
harem). shavingthatfunctimal literacyacocurts for 3.” percent
of the variancn in formal participation. Tm first order- correlation
batman functimnl literacy scams and mm participaticn scores con-
trolling m fatalism in .290 (mificmt at tin can per cent level),
michissignifiomtlygreaterattmanpercmt levelthanthezero
order correlatim between functional literacy ms and formal partial-

5'4
paticn scores. Tnis incmmnt shows that fatalism docs interwar: in
the mlatiaahip between the antecedent variable funct ions-1 literacy
and me was: 1W‘t vac-isms cf fcmal participation.

7. The zero order correlation hat-Joan engathy scams and imm-
vativcmss scores is .268 (sigsificant at the me per cent leml),
mowing first sacs-thy accounts for 7. 2 per- cent of the maxim in ima—
vativenem . tine first order partial correlation hatn’em cwathy scores
and immovatiwzmss scores (zoom. 1111;); on fataliszn is .303 (sigdficant
at the one per cam level) which is not sigxificantly greater at the
five per cent level than the zero order correlation between wfly
scores and immativensss scores. lhis lack of dmgs shows that fata-
lism does not intcmzs in the relationship between the antecedent vari-
able of swath); md the cmseqrmt variable of inmovativeness .

8. The zero order correlatim betwem apathy scores and edu-
cational aspiratim scores is Al? (simificant at the one per cent
level), sharing that empathy accounts fir 17.3 per cent of the variance
in eémfimal aspiretim. 'lhs first order pmtial correlation between
empathy scores and edmsticnal aspiration scores controlling on fatalism
is .33u, (sigificant at the me per cent level), such is not signifi-
cantly lower at the five per cent level than the zero order correlation
between enpathy scores and sducatimal aspiration scams. This lack of
charge shows that fatalism does not intervem in the mlaticnship between
the mrtecedent lee of empathy and the consequent variab le of educa-
tional aspiratim.

9. The zero order correlation hem apathy scores and comma-
ticnal aspiratim scores is .288, (significant at the (no per cont level),

shading that empathy accomts for 7.2 per cent of the variatim in

 

55

momma. mfimtacerputialmlatimbem

worthy scores and communal aspimtim scams controlling in fata-
lisnis.251(aimificmtattlumpercantlewlhmmmtoig-
nifioantlylwattrufluperoenthwlthmtmzemomarmh-
timbetmmenpafizyccomamdcocupatiaulaspimtimsm. this

ladtcfchangemmatfatalismdoesmtintmintmnhtim»
ship between the antocndent variable of eugwthy and the conseqmnt var-i-
ablocfooupatiaulaspimtim.

10. flammadarmhtimbetmanwdymmdmvc-
mt activation Boom. in .279 (significant at the an percent level).
mummtsfwhspcrantcfthomin
thtivctim. mrmmmmmmmm
apathy soon: and adiamnt motivatim scores cmtmlling on fatalism
is .259 (sigfiIicmt It the mo per cent level), uhidl is not signifi-
mntlylmrattmflwmcmtmlthanthumadermlnim
batmanwthymmdacifimtmtiwtimm. misladcof
Melanomtatmmdoumtinwmmnutimshipbo-
Mflnmtomdmmtmiabhcfumatmmmmmtm'iableof
adminmrtfliwtim.

11. Mmmmmmmummymmmn-
dumb-.13“ (notciznificmtlydiffemtfmnwo).ming
fiatmflxymsfcrldpermtcffinvmindomfim.
mrmmwmmmmmmw
scone mulling on fatalimin «0% (not significantly diffemnt
frmum).whid\iouimificmtlylowaratfinfiwporcentlew1flm
flammmrmmimbommmmddogmfimsm.
MWMMfatalismdooaintemmthmhtimahip

55
between the antecedent variable of apathy and the ccnsequant variable
of dogmdsm.

12. Tm zero order mlatim between empathy scores and formal
patticipatim scone is .136 (not significantly diffemnt from zero),
ahadngthatmathyaccomtsfcrldpercmtcftMMancain
fcrml putioipatim. The first order partial “relation between empathy
scams and formal pm'ticipatim scores controlling on fatalism is .353
(significmt at the one per cent lovel), which is not aimificantly
Watflnfiwpermlewlflmfimmmflermlatimbe-
tween apathy zooms and farm]. participatim scams. This 123* of
damge since that fatalism does not interwne in the mktimahip be-
tween the antecedent variable of My md the consequont variable
of formal participation.

13. The zero order emulation between mass media expcsm'e
scores and :lmovatimss scores is .320 (sigmiticant of tho one per
cont level), sin-ring that mass mdia ”poem acommta for 10.2 per
cont of the mom in inmvatimss. The first order partial correla-
tion between mass media cxpcsm scores and imovativomss scores con.
trolling on fatalism is .331 (aimificant at the an par cant level).
which is not sigdficmtly greater at the five per cent level than the
zero order comlntim between nass media exposum scams and imovative-
mess seems. this lack of dmge shows that fataliam does not intemne
in the routimship between tho antecedent variable of mass media ox—
posm and the meqmnt variable of imnvatimss.

1a. The zero coder cozmlatim between mass media egosnme scores
and cccupatiml aspixatim ms is $19 (sigmificant at the one per
cent Laval). showing that mass media 03mm mats for 19.6 per cent

57
of the varimco in educattional wpiration. Re first Drier partial cor-
relstimbetwemmsmdiaexposm emsmdedmeticnelaspimtim
Goons controlling an fataliem is .391 (aigmificmt at the one per cent
level), which is not aigzificmtly lover at the five per cent level than
the zero order cmlatim between use media eiqrcsura scores and educa-
tiaul aspiration scores. This lack of duanga shows that fatelism dms
not intervene in the mlatimehip between the antecedent variable of
mass India exposure and the cawequent variable of admaticnal aspire-
tim.

15. The zero carrier cmmlzrtim between mesa mdia axpoeum
scores and compationel acpiratim scams is .306 (significant at the
capermnt lovel), WWW mdiaexpcem‘e amounts for 9J5
per cent of the vexiactim in occupatiaul aspiratim. Tna first order
partialcon‘elatimbetwaenmeamdiaeaqmm ecorasmdoccnnwatiaul
aspiration ems cmtmlling on fetaliem is .zsu (significant at the
one per cent level), mien in not simifiwrtly lower at the five per
cent level them the 2m cadet correlatim betwam ms media expoema
m and 00::th aspiration Beam. Me: lack of dmige shows
flmtfatalisndmsnotinmminttanhdmehipbetmenthamte-
cadmt varinblo of use media anmme and the maqmnt variésla of
occupational wpimtim.

16. flammcerwnelatimbetmmmassnediaexpcsm
some: and achievemem: motivation some in .316 (simifiomt art the
one per cent level), ska-3mg that mass media expoexme accounts for 9.9
per cent of the variance on aduevmnt mtivation. The first order
partial mutim between mass media exposure scone and achievemzt
mtivatim ems controlling m fatalism is .277 (eigxificamt at the

 

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58
ampercaxutlavnl),whidaiamtaiguifiomtly1matthefivuper
cmtlewlttmflnzemordercomlatimbatwaanmesmdiaexpoem
scoreemdadmievenentmtivatimeoome. 'mieladcofchangeehms
that fataliem does not intervene in the mlaticnahip between the ante-
cadentvariableofmeenediaeaqaoamamdflnoumaqmntvariableof
adliawmntmtivatim.

l7. mmmroomlatimbetweenmeuediaexpcom
some: md dogmetism scores is -.177 (sigxificmtly different from
zero), showing that mass media exposure explains 3.1 per cant of the
variancoindogmatism. mfiretomerpartialootnlatimbetwemmese
mdiacmmecomsanddogmtismecomcmtmllingmfataliemie
.056 (not cigxifioantly ditfcrurt fro- m). which in sigmificmtly
lauratttxaornparcantlaveltlmttnzercordercomlatimbetween
mendiaewcemsooraeanddogmatienlcoms. 'mieramctimehowe
that fataliem does intoxm in the relaticnehip batman the antecedent
vuiabhofnaesmdiaawoemmdfiuamsaqmntvm‘iablccfdogmtiam.

18. 'mozaroordarmrrelatimbttwammaeamdiaucpoem
ems-dim participation ameis.003 (not significantly dif-
ferentfrcnzem). flufira‘tcrderpartialcomlatimbetweanmsa
mdiaaaqacammandfomalpartidpatimecomcmtmllingm
fatalienie .oau (not significantly different frenzero), whichienot
aimificantlygreaterattlnfiwpercantlevelttmfixazemorder
cornlatim between mass media exposure scores and tonal participatim
scores. Mladcofdmgeemttutfatalismdoeemtintervmein
finnlatimehipbamaenthcmtecodent variablaofneee media-mum
mdtlnmcqumrtvmiabhcfformalparticipatim.

Aooordingtothmltarapartedinflusaectimoftmdiapter,
fatalisn only interwes in the relatiomhip between three antecedent

59
variables: empathy, fimcticnal literacy m mass media exposure, in
their relaticnshipe with the cmeequent variable of dognatism.

Predicting Fatalism

Having noted ccneistmtly significant zero cedar melatime
between the antecechnt variables and fatalism, an attempt to predict
fataliendth the mtecedente is in order. Hora Specifically, the
question is "that variable or combined variables accent for mat of the
variation in fataliem‘!" The predictor variables are the antecedent
variables. Table 7 shows the pmpcrticn of variame acccmted for by
each of the antecedent variables.

Table 7. Literacy, empathy and mass media expoetme as predictors of

 

 

fatalism
Pegzeeeim

Variables «efficient Beta might Significance level
Hue ndia

.mm ‘0133 -0206 .01!
W "’ o 07“ ‘3 0 30 o 15
hmtimal

11m ’0537 “0210 002

Thebeetpndictorof fatalisminthic casein flnctimel
literacy, and then mass media exposure. Michal literacy and empathy
mhmly mutedwithm mother. Inorderto predict fetaliem,
itwillbemceeeuytcmelitemcyandnesemdiacxpoemwifixoflnr
variables. T1108. m1» omld be level of oducatim, aim of farm,
WW. (rampant-mu, dogmtism, fimtretim, alimtim,
etc.

60
hedicting the Conseqmnt Varieties

Nine variables incluiim fetelism, were used in order to predict
the mequmt variables: imovstivemss, educational aspiratim, oc-
ctmtimal aspiretim, admievement mtivatim, domtism md formal
participation. The predictors were: fatalism, krmledgeability, cosmo-
politeness, cultsct with extension agent, level of satisfaction, size
of farm, level of living, years of edmetim of head of Imusehcld, and
farm efficacy. Table 8 shove the effectiveness of the predictors to
predict iJmovetiveness. The sultiple conelatim is .129. According
to Table 8, size of farm and literacy are the best predictors of inno-
vativeness. Fatalisn is not a predictor of iJmcvetivenese with these
data.

T able 8. Predicting immovartivcness

 

 

Regression

Variables coefficient Beta "sign: Sigxificancs level
Fatalism .178 .120 .21
nucledgeability .866 .111 .32
Oommpolitencss -.028 -.052 .62
Cmtact with

extentimist .2911 .132 .12
Level of

sstisfactim -.911 --.217 .18
Size of farm .1u2 .216 .03
Level of living .10“ .021 .83
Years of educa-

tim of head

of houselnld .1710 .038 .72
Efficacy 1.21 .31‘: .05

 

Table 9 shows the effectiveness of fatalism and other variables
to predict 0W aspiration.
The multiple oorrelatim is A0. According to Table 9, Jonaledge-

51
ability and yeam of educatim of lead of mus-amid am the only sig-
nificant predictors of educaticmal agitation. Fatalism is not a pr—
dictcr of educational aspiration.

Table 9. Predicting edmatiaial aspiration

._._h_

 

 

{hat-assign

Variables coefficimt Beta might Significmca level
FataliBm .037 .093 .25
mmledgaabmty . 6 3n . 350 . on
(30811013011th3 .000 .090 .29
Contact with

extentimist —.025 —.0'49 .09
bvel of

satisfactim .136 . lb 1 . 30
Size of fan .015 .108 .19
Laval of living .191 .116 .21
Years of educa~

ticn of head

of homehold .188 .178 .05
Efficacy -.089 -.096 .106

Table 10 . Predicting occupational aspiration

 

 

Regressim

Variables coefficient Beta weight Simificrm lawl
Fatalism -.002 -.008 .89
Knowledgeability .060 .051 .66
Gcsmpolitms .005 .079 .09
(intact with

axtartiadst .006 .017 .83
Level of

satisfaction .090 .069 .68
Size of farm .009 .091 .38
Laval of living .06“ .089 .08
Years of educa-

tion of head

of hcmchold .109 .163 .16
Effioaq .001 .001 .90

Tab]. 10 show tho effectiveness of fatalism and other variables
to pndict outpatiaul education.

82
The sultiplc correlation is . 07.3 . .‘1woztlir.; to Table 10 none
of the selected 'e'cu‘icbles predict c-cccg‘atiouil aspiration “t a level
significantly affiilfll'lt from zero.
Table 11 shows tbs mic of fatalism and other variables in pre-

dicting achievexrsmt notivatim.

Table 11. Predicting achicmmt motivation

 

W

 

Femasicn

Variables coefficient Beta might Simificmca level
fatalinm «009 -.097 .32
hmledgeability . 5014 . 199 . 09
CosmolitemSS .019 .132 .20
Outtact with

eXtmtj-alist “ o 016 "' c 0 21 0 79
Level of

BatiSfm -01“ -.102 .5”
Size of farm ~.009 «0'41 .69
uvel of living .393 .206 .08
Years of educa~

tion of head

of household -.102 -.066 .51;
Efficacy «003 -.033 .82

The wltiplo cornlction is .119. According to Table 11 none
of the selected variables pndict admicvcnnnt wtivatim at a level
significmtly difth frun m.

Table 12 shows the role of fatalism and other variables to
predict dogmatism. The multiple correlation is .260. Table 12 arms
that fatalism, size of farm and farm efficacy are predictors of dogm-
tism at a level significantly different from zero.

Tabh 13 show the efficacy of fertilizers amd other variables to
predict formal participation.

The multiple comlation in .258. According to Table 13, none
of the selected variables predict fatalism at a level sigtificantly

63
Table 12. Predicting dogmatiam

 

 

Regressim

Vuiables coefficient Beta weight Significanoa level
Fatalism .220 .089 .00
thgeability -.202 .103 .55
Oosmpolitenesa . 017 . 095 . 32
Gmtmt with

cartentioniat .030 .080 .68
law-.1 of

mafmm ”a 2'05 .150 o 35
Size Of run -0009 0091 069
level of living .085 .103 .02
Years of echo:-

tion of head

of household -.l28 .097 .50
Efficacy .083 .1“! .00

 

different from 2610.

Table 13. Pmdicting fomal participation

 

 

Regression

Variables coefficient Beta weight Significant level
Pauli-8m .Ouz -0125 037
mmgeabmty “0302 .090 028
Cosmopolitmess .000 .000 .95
Ouatact with

.xtmtimist .095 .136 .12
Laval of

satisfactim .125 .090 .58
Size of farm -.01|0 -.066 .52
lav-1 of living .162 .104 .37
Years of edwa-

tim of head

of landlold -.096 -.066 .55
Efficacy .068 .056 .72

 

CHAPTER V
SUI‘MARY AND CCNQJBIONS

Stmnar'y

Mpuposeofthepmsentsmdywastodetemimthemleof
fatalisnin the process of mdamization. Patalianwas mptualizod
asatruaodimnsiaulmpt,flndiwuiaubeing(1)wpemm,
(2) situatimalandu) project mgniviammdwudefimdufln
individmlselfpmivedladcofabilitytoomtmlhinfm. The
aarphdmwfwthpmmntstxflyconsietedoflufmuinfim
diffamt Colonbim quantities. San Rafael and Pmblo Viajo exhibited
mudamdmteriaticsmmfisqmmtnditml
Mica. Alikerttypescalammedtomasmfatalism,
the dependmt var-lama. Zero-coder, tint-ads)? and nultiph outcla-
timmmedtoteatflnnmemjormmm.

moobjectivo of tin-present thesis m:

1. To develop amptual definitimof radian.

2. Toopmtiauliuflwmptotfatalism,davalopinga
mummitmtodotemfinthonliabflitym
mltidimmiaalityofmsealc.

3. Todewlopapaudigmofmmiutim,toimiautew
finanptfatalismismtothepmaof
mdemimim.

en

65

It. To determim the mlatimships between fatalism and the
selected antecedents of fatalism and mdemizatim such
as fmctiaul literacy, e :y aid mass mdia exposure.

5 . To detemdxn the relationships of fataliem md the selected
conseqwnces of fatelism such an Winn, innovatimness,
edmatimal aspiration, addevemmt wtivertion, md {m1
participation.

6. To determine the extent to mich mass media ammo, empathy
and fmctimal literacy predict fatalism.

7. To determim: the extent to which selected coxmlates of
maximum, including fatalism, predict the indices of
mdemization.

There were nine gememl hypotheses in the {recent thesis. The
dependent variable in each hypothesis was fatalism and tho im‘opendcnt
variables we fmctional literacy, empathy, mass media awesome, inno-
vativenees, educational espimtims, occupational aspirations, was.»
sent mtivatim. dognatism and formal participatim. In cdditim fate-
lion wan postulated to be an intervening variable between the antecedents
fmctimallitemcy, Maidnassmdiaemm‘mdthe comeqmnts—
iJmovctiwmss , educational aspimtims , occupatimal aspimtions , echiwc-
nant mtivatim. dogmatic!!! and formal participatim. Multiple comlatim
mulyeeamcan‘iedouttodeterminetheextenttowhichfmctimal
literacy, «patty md ms mdie exposure mediated fatalism and to
determine the extent to much selected correlates of modemizatim, in-
clulim fatalisxn. pmdictedtlnindioeaofmdanxizatim.

66

Findings and Interpmtatim

Six of the nine general hypotheses were swported. The major

findings are listed as follow:

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VIII.

The general hypothesis that fatalism is inversely rela-
ted to the degree of literacy was supported.

The general hypothesis that fetelism is inversely rela-
ted to the degree of apathy was supported.

The general hypothesis that fetelisxn is hmrsely rele—
tedtotl'xedegneofmsamdiaexposm'ewassmported.

The game). hypothesis that fatalisin is inversely rela-
tedtotrademeofismetimssmmtewpotted.
hmmhypatlnsisthatfetalismwae inverselymla-
tedtomedemeorocoupstiaulespiretianmsuppomcd.
'fingmemllnrpathesieflutfetelisnieinwmlymle-
tedtothedemeofocwpetiaulespimtimswesnot
supported.
‘Bnmmlhypoflneietrutfetalienmimmelymle-
tedtoflndegxuofedfiemntmtiuflmwm supported.
Ihegenenlhypothesietlutfatalisnisdirectlymhted
totlndegneetdogutisnmsuppated.
nugenerellwpoflmesiethatfetelimisinmlymle—
tedtotl‘ndegmeoffmmlpatioipetimwasmtswported.

Perl-Iypdtheeesl, 11,111, V,VIIa)dVIII,thefindingeegzeed
uifittiupxedicmdpoeition, i.e.. mainzmorthrmlntionsm
aimifiomtly differs-rt 1mm. ‘Ihe zero order correlations for
Hypotheses IV, VI and IX were not significantly different frun zero.

67

However, all these correlations mm in the predicted direction.

lhe failure to establish the expected releticnship in Hypotheses
IV, VI and IX might be (he to the following reesms: (l) the present
thesilweeexploreroocyinnatmmdfimweslittlepastreseardmto
guide its design; (2) the variables were poor predictors, the percent-
agesoffluvardmeaqalaimdmgenmllymylm.

Trufindingsofell‘tmninehypomeseswfllbeexplainedin
m detail. The fella-ring interpretetims em based mainly on the
texture of the dependem: and the independent variables and on the
results of the statistical analysis.

General Hypothesis 1: Degwreg 9i fetelism varies inversely with

 

Ewggfmctianllitm.

Enpirical Hypothesis I was supported. Fatalism is inversely
reletedtoliterecy. Generally speaking, literacy wasmirportant
determrt in the individual. levels of fatalism. chticnal literacy
unskinemgivetheindividmltmmilitytomtiaulizeeboutthe
utmofhimelfmdhisamcepecitiestommagehislife.

What eartmlling the relationship of fatalisn and functional
litencymetm,itwesfamdtlutsocielststmdoeseffectthis

 

W111). This finding suggests that the effect of fatelism on
Maniliterecyieminimalmdthattlnstrengthofthezomorder
melatimiseftnzdmofststm. Wevidenoeoffliisisoon-
sidendbythemletimbetmenstatmmdfinctiaullitemcyham.
Mambollingthemlationshipoffxtelismandliterecym
sge,itmsfamdtlmtegedoesmteffectthisnlationship.

68

Gammlflypothesis II

Germlflypothesisllz mgfmflsmvaries inversglywith
m£M°

Espirioal Hypothesis II was supported. («laterally speaking,
W was an imtnnt determinant of the individual lava]. of fatalism.
Emsthymygiwflmoindividmltmwilitytoa‘ganiumdoumlhis
Mommtohispemptimofathwihdividmlsandtohisper-
septimofhowtheymypmivnhim.

manomtroningthemlatimshipod'fatalismmdlitmoym
status, it was fom'xd that social status does affect this relationship.

 

 

This finding suggests that tho effects of fatalism on empdhy are
ldnimlandtlutthestnngthoffluuromdoroommimisafmc-
tim of status. Further proof of this is evidenced by the correlation
between status and swathy (.595).

Inthisoaseasintl‘nfollovingoases, trnfacttmtstatus
affects the relatimship between tho dependent and independant variables
reflects tho existanos of inportant oocio—cnfltxml—eomomic factom in
the process of mdorniutim. Sim fatalism and statm, the latter a
summits momma of sooio—mltml-ooonosdo factors, am highly doom-
lnted (-.32) we mld expect stems to haw omsiderabls effect on the
hypothesized relationships.

Age does not affect the rslaticnship between empathy and
functional litemcy.

Guml Wis III
Banzai Hypotrasis III: 99.532. 9!; fatalism vsrigg inversely with
m 95 ms: media exposun.

69

Enpirical Hypothesis III was supported. Mass media exposure was
an inpatmt deternfimrt of the individnl level of fatalism. Mass
mediaemmcangivotmindividualthoabflitytolmowhmomer
individuals live and how they 301w tho kind of problem whidm daily
confxmttlm. Thistmdarstandingfidllpendtflmindiviamltome
different alternatives in the mgmizatim of his life. Status does
affect the mlationship between fatalisn and mass Mil eaquosm. Tnis
finding suggeststruttha effects offmlimmmssmdinmm
mdrfimalmdtruttmstrmagthofthemordermhtimiaa
Mien of status. Wr proof of this is evichnacd by the correla-
ticn between state and mass media exposure (.557).

Age docs mt affect this mla‘da'ship.

Gamma]. Hypothesis IV

 

Genital Hypothesis IV: PEEK! 95 imativeness varies inversely

 

with degree 95 fataliam.

 

Enpirionl Hypothesis IV was not supported. Fataliam is not a.
predictor of the individual lewl of innovatimsa. It may be other
factwa smdmasmxmofflncounmity, Weapacfiy, needofthe
im'mtim which will pndict the individual levels of innovatimss.
Mmmauggeattlutlooialpmsamsmflnrthanindividtml
Matimmmimtmdimofimmtimssinthe
ample studied.

Statm (has not affect the mlatimship between fatalism and
immtimesa.

Ago do“ not affect this relationship.

 

 

70
General thrpothssis V

 

Gamml Hypothesis V: Dams“ _o_f' educational agitation-1 varies

 

inversely with degree of. fatalism.

 

Espirioal Hypothesis V was awpor'tsd. Patslism is a predictor
of emoatimal aspiratim for children. The higher the lsval of fats-
lies, the lower the lsvol of educational aspirations. Educational aspi-
rations for ons’s dmildren pmsunably reflect in the respondent a modem
outlook. Such an attituds mflsots to some extent. a feeling that the
individual has some control over his behavior and over future conditims.
the fact that he realizes his diildmn my achieve such a state suggests
thatifhsmminMrpofltimheooulddolflwise. 'meomtrol
variable status does affect the mlationship between fatalism and educa—
tional aspiration. This finding suggests that both fatalism and stats
affect educational aSpiratim.

fixismmsfinttheindivichul'ssooialpositioninhisoosmity
can lesson the effect of fatalism upon the level of educational aspira-
tion. Age too intervenes in this rolaticmship. When these two variables
immintmmlationshipitismmmstatoiffilishypothesisis
true or not unless a more complex [ultimate analysis is used to detect
the mlltialship betwesn the omoepts.

Germ'al Mamie VI
(immoral Hypothuis VI: 2&ng aspiration mics
invarialy with M of. fatalism.

 

 

Enpir'ioal Hypothesis VI was not supported. Fatalism in this case
is not a predictor of the iniividual's dasimd level of oompatiaml
prestige forhis diildmn. Again ithouldappearflmt factors otherthan

 

71
fatslism pm dict levels of commotioml aspirations . idhen omtmlling
on status it was found that status class not affect the relationship be-
tween 1?; ism and oooupaticxml aspiration. Ago does not affect this
relationship either. Faybe occqrcrtimal aspiration will be hitter pre-
dicted by norm of the ommxity ami other social system variables .
Since the three oonmlities of the i zsent stuiy am agrioaltusl oom-
annuities, it miglt be that the merit)! levels of ooowatim sepimdms

is for agriculthal writ only.

GermlflypothesisVII

WWW: mgadfiemntmtiMVar-ies
Mfiflfimfm

Minion Hypothesis VII was supported. Addovomnt activation
infimisoaseisaprsdiotoroffattalisn. Adiiovomntmtivatimistm
intutozstatnadinlifswmdminpliesmtflupommbeliovesm
hassomomtroloverhishxtmlife. Inflxisoasestatmoffeotsme
Wald]? between fatalism and achievement activation. This finding
mggeststhatttneffsctsofrdtalimonadiiovsmmivatimmmin-
mlmmtflnmmdmmmmmimisahmotim
cram. erotsssiaemmbymmmmbe-

 

tween status and addevemmt activation (.283).
This mans that fatalismwillbs better predictedmsn social
stmiswedasapmdictor. Agecbesnotaffectthemlatimship.

General Hypothesis VIII
Sunni Hypothesis VIII: m 21: dogmatism varies inversely
with 93%. 95 fatalism.

72

Widen]. Hypothesis VIII was supported. Dogmatism in general
isaserygoodpmdictoroffatalism; finbestpmdiotorinfiepmsent
study. This mlatimship is not influenced by either- ags or status.
102041313 the individual'e level of dogmtism it is possible to predict
the iniivicmal's level of fatalisn. The individual who oamot establish
aoleardifforentatimbetweenhisbelisfanddisbelief systemis not
capable of a national and clear amnlysis of his capacities as an in-
dividml toplmandoontmlhis future.

General Hypothesis IX
General Hypothesis IX: Rem 9_i_'_ fomal participatim varies
inversely with degree 9_i_'_ fatalism.

 

Enpirioal Hypothesis IX was not supported. Formal participatim
ismtaprediotoroffatalism. Inthiscaseetatusdoesmtaffecttm
mlatimship between fatalism and form). participation but age does affect
therelatimship. Agsomndbeinthiscasoabetter predictor of formal
participatim. Wmagmmlobsomtioninflmmmity,an
ewlmationforthimfividual'aladcofformlpartieipatimwuldbe
thefolloving: (Dtheindividual'sladcoftimto participate; (2)
thtinofthemetingugenemllyatnightdmenpeoplemtimdand
mfertorsst.

mtlnothu‘handitiapossiblotoomsiderrogardlessoftm
indivimal level of fatalisn, that the inhabitants of the three ocummi-
tiesludalavtmdenoytooo-nicatemdtopartioipateinommizatias
Mmmfmfimmmmdmmaiingfwm

Omclusions
Three general oaxolusims can be drum from the foregoing analysis.

73

1. Fatalism is not an inteming variable in the process of
moemizatim, when equathy, hmimal literacy and *cs
media exposure are the antecedents and the conseqmnts are
immativeness , educatica’al aspiration, occupartimal aspi-
ratim, addevemnt activation, formal. particigation and

2. Statm does affect the relationship betwen the dependent
variable of fatalism and the independent variables. This
mansthattl'xestxmg‘mofthenlatimshipbetmmtm
depaxientandtheindependentvariablesisinpartdmto
status. But age is much less inqmtant as m intervening
variable between fatalisn and other mdemizctim variables.

3. AccoNing to the mmlts of the lultiple comlatim
arulyses, the antecedents of mass media exposure, {meticu-
alliterecyandenpathympcwpmdictomoffatalism.
We to the results of mltiple correlation analyses,
fatalisn is not a strong predictor (when carbined with
othw predictor variables) of the meqmnt variables of
mmativeness, onetime). uphedm, oompaticnal aspi-
radar, schism mtivatim and formal pmdcipatim.
Patalisnisamlativelygoodpmdictorofdomtism.

Putm'e Passe-arm
The findings of the present investigatim are suggestive of
hmther research. W the present study it was questioned
whether the joint effect of mass mdia, litemcy and enpathy at the in-
dividual level would be related to the individtal level of fatalism.

7h
What happens mush the joint effect of literacy, apathy and sass moia
act to do comes the irrlividual's love 1 of fatalism, but the cnvimrmcnt
in which the individual is hissing does not pemit him to satisfy his
aspirations? The joint effect of empathy, literacy and sass maria can
teach people in developing. oomtr ics of the note rial: stir: gags Ive-timer:
themselves and the sore developed countries in the world. If this
phermenon does in fact occur, then it is possible to go on to question
what the audi one. does t. it}; the porch oozed gaps.

Figure 2 starts with the joint effect of noes media, empathy and
literacy widen activate the individual to satisfy a new need. To satisfy
this notivatim, an effective seems is necessary. When this mans does
not exist or is not effective, the person becomes frustrated. In this
case two different responses are possible: aggressim or passiveness.
If the person respmds passively, then a fatalistic attitude dewlopes.

frustration which occurs as a result of the existence of a goal
that cannot be satisfied refers to the imividual’s peroeptim of two
factors: his aspirations and the 1w: of seams to satisfy than. 'Il’rese
subjective permptiom are the result of external stimuli as well as the
individual's personal perceptual processes. The perceptual processes
that filter the external stimli can in turn be influenced by t. e drive
state of the indivicnml. Therefore, since desires and goals refer
directly to aspirations, the factors that influence the individusl's
subjective evaluative process must be taken into account. In this light
it is possible to see the com‘xectim between the individual's aspiretims
and the cages of frustration.

The relationship between aspirations and passiveness, as well as

between aspiratim and fiustretim, is inverse. If aspimtions are looked

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76
upmasakindcfnotimtim, this camctionwfllbemre clear, given
that mtivatims require an active position of the individual in order
for him to derive satisfactim. As the individual become frustrated
with respect to the satisfaction of 3 activation, he becomes passively
activated to satisfy that notivatim.

The following hypotheses could be teed in future research in
ordertotestthegmmlrelatimshipsbetweenflze joint effects of
mass media cxpcem, eupathy and literacy md the level of fatalism.

1. The greater the level of mass media exposure, cupathy and

literacy, the greater the indivichal's aspimticms.

2. The greater the exposure to 1113.53 media, empathy and literacy,
the gutter the wares-less of the mterialistic differences
between developed and developing countries.

3. Given that aspirations include goals that require some
specific means to achiwa satiafactim, the greater the
perceived accessibility of mana to satisfy aspirations,
the lower the level of frusuaticn.

u. '11: larger-the periodof frustratim, the higherthc level
of fatalian.

Iuplications for fiction
'Ihe findings of the present study do not permit mlusive
statement regarding the role of fatalism in the process of mdernization.
However, the evidence clearly suggests that fatalism is related to such
variables as smartly, mass nedia exposure, functional literacy, educa-
tional aspiration, adfiovenent motivation and dognatism.
Since these variables are considered important in modernization,

77
change agencies might well take level of fatalism into account in their
attenpts to influence people. In particular, attention ought to be
given to the variws dinensiom of fatalism, for variation on these
dinensions may well dictate different (image agmt strategies . According-
1y, the following strategies for change agents are suggested.

1. Yam the relevance of the dmge introduced at the oonnunal
and at the individual level. Generally drmge agents are
concerned about this problem at the group level and not at
the individual level. This specific hwwledge will permit
tl'aem, dwing the process of introducing the change, to focus
their attention on those individuals with less personal or
economic possibilities for achieving the goals established
by the program of chmge.

2. Have a knowleae as profound as possible of the ways that
previous program of change have been accepted or rejected
inthe oonnmity. Which ofthemhave been successful and
vmidlofthemhawbeenfailmes. Inbothcases itwillbe
good for the change agent to blow the main reasons for
either success or failure. This knotdedge will permit him
toavoidthepossiblesourceof failmmdtoputnnreat—
tention on that factor of dumge favoring the acceptance
of the new situation.

3. Make a ratimal analysis of the possible new situation that
is desired. What are the advantages, what are the disad-
vmtages, mdwhatarethewaysofedlievingthenewstatus
desired by the dmge agent?

APPENDIX: THE SCALE

1.“

2..

3..

5..“
6 t“

7.‘

9..

10.“

79
Fatalism Scale Items

The success in business of a person depends (:1 his luck and
not in his intelligerce.

When an epidemic or bad luck arrives man has to endure it.
When man is born, his life is determined and he can not
modify it.

New tedmiques and mdfines work better than good weather in
asan good crops.
mlyiflwinalotteryoemlbetternyomditions.
Mancanplmtmmmmbecausethefutmudependsmman.
Itisbettertoaooeptfiwfidnpasflleyomeandnottoplan
for the future.

Tomeplans fortlufutm'ewfllcmeumappixmss.

hiring his life, it is better for m to work than to have

good luck.
When a man behaves badly, illness will punish him.

 

.Item used to measure the supenaml dimension of fatalism.

“Item used to measure the situational dimensims of fatalim.

Items used to treasure the project negativism dinmmsion of

fatalism.

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“-W—I W “9.4—..-

__ L‘.‘

 

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