EFFECTS OF FEEDING THYROACT’IVE
IODINATED CASEIN ON GROWTH
AND FEATHERING OF
RHODE ISLAND RED CHICKS

Them for the Degree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

Merritt Anderson Boone
1947

 

’ THESIS

 

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

I1

1f1ects of Feeding Thyroactive Iodinated Casein
on “rowth and featherinv of
Rhode Island Red Chicks

presented by

|I

Merritt Anderson Foone

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Easter of fi‘zcienga degree in Poultry I—Iusbcmdr‘y

a

- I
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. . 4. , f n I ,)
64-: ‘ '1 ' ',_-:-: 4131 (,4
Major professor
V 'b. a l q ') ( ‘1
Date “glen isgl l.) .7 -
11-796

 

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A 'Il-ESIS

Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies of Hichigan
State College of Agriculture end.Applied Science
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of

I$EERC

kg

:1 fl'Pfli' (1—7,
L’ J... JAI Um]

Department of Poultry Husbandry

1947

THESIS

Chirm'rw
9.; “a. i“

Introduction
Purpose
Heteriels end Hethods
Feather Scoring
Rearing Equipment
Basel Ration - Preparation and finalysis
Iodineted Casein
Results
Growth
Feathering
Discussion
Growth
Feathering
Mortality
Comparisons with Earlier Research

Summary

:45
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12
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15

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.1 ’1"$7f\ '; ,’ f3, ft “f1" (T1
1'sJ;-', cut—1...: Jl Hui. a.

The author would like to take this Opportunity to express his
sincere appreciation to Professor J. A. Davidson of the Poultry
Department for his supervision of this project. A.preciation is
also extended to Professor 3. G. Card of the Poultry Department
and to Dr. 3. P. Reineke of the Physiology Department for their
valuable suggestions and advice. Acknowledgment for assistance

I a l A - in s s e‘ en e I . n. . uieua a.
in management of the e"per rent 1 mt d d to Ir D J " n 1°

I‘»Y'TT7."7"T'.’", A"
L- “‘b‘sUUU‘ UL‘

"Thyroid secretion is absolutely necessary for the normal
growth and development of young animals, and for maintaining the

'7

normal level of metabolism of animals of all ages. magnus-Levy
in 1895 demonstrated that thyroid deficiency was associated with

a greatly reduced metabolism and that treatment with desiccated
thyroid restored the metabolic rate to the normal level or above."
(Best and Taylor, 1937). Kany investigators, making use of this
fact, have used raw or desiccated thyroid or thyroid-like materials
such as thyroactive proteins, to determine their effect on various
animals.

Crew and Puxley (1923), used desiccated thyroid to determine
its effect on twelve chicks, six male and six female, Fl genera~
tion of Rhode Island Red male X Light Sussex female cross. The
chicks were fed wet mash daily, to which two grains of desiccated
thyroid per individual was added. The activity of the thyroid
preparation was tested by its power to induce metamorphosis in the
axolotl. The feeding started at three months of age, and continued
until sexual maturity was reached, or a little over seven months of
age. No significant difference in weight between thyroid fed

chicks and controls was noted.

DJ

'Hhen thyroactive iodocasein, with a potency of 3.1 per cent
of dl-thyroxine mixed in a basal mash at the level of 45 Frans oer
V V . o I V 0-: o ‘ I \_
100 pounds of mash was used, Turner, IrW1n, and heinexe (1944;

\‘\

recorded a sli ht loss of weight in Barred .lynouth 10c: chicks.

The potency of this product was determined by guinea pig assay.

4

However, Parker (1943), feering various lots of Rhode Island
Red chicks, noted a gain in weight on all lots consuming iodocasein
over the controls, although statistically, this gain was of doubt-
ful significance. A basal all-mash ration containing .025 per cent
to .20 per cent thyroactive iodocasein, showing a potency of approx-
imately 5.4 per cent of thyr xine, as determined by tadpole assay,
was fed to the chicks.

Irwin, Reineke, and Enrner (I943) noticed an increase in
weight, over controls, when Shite Rock chicks were placed on an all-
mash ration containing 55 grams of thyroactive iodocasein per 100
pounds of sash for a period of twelve weeks. The iodocasein had a
potency of 5.1 per cent of thyroxine by guinea pig assay. It was

also noted that levels above 113 grams thyroactive iodocasein,

testin- 2.J per cent potency on guinea rs, per 100 pounds of all-

I
\ J

"1
Ho

mash depressed the body weight of chicks.

Several investigators have observed that thyroxine containing
substances have an affect on the rate of feathering. Parker (1943)
reported that as the level 0; thvroactive iodocasein in the all-mash

a ,. ‘ ‘ «I! y ' ‘ V‘ o 1‘: "‘ : '1 r 1" 1 ' ° (N . . :
3 iglgee, tlefe was a corresponding increase l; rate of feathering.

03

W
Irwin, Reineke, and Thrner (lgdfi) and Turner, Irwin and

(1944), substantiated this claim.

“#711 "H
1 Dirt. O-J‘h

The present work was undertaken so as to observe the effect
of iodinated casein on growth and rate of feathering. This study
is being made under different seasonal and temperature conditions
than reported by other investigators. For the purpose of this
test, the college strain of slow feathering Rhode Island Red

chicks were fed iodinated casein at a range of levels so as to

note its effect on growth and feathering of this strain of birds.

"-‘ 73-.- Av «sv'. ,""‘Y""."‘

I
u'xt dun...“ .3 an. iZLd‘vJS

Ihree experiments, ench twelve weeks in length, were cor duct-
ed with hhode ls . nd hed chicks. At one day of are, the chicks
were sorted into lots. Experiments A and C were started with 30

chicks in each lot. In experiment 3, lot 6 contained 28 chicks,

and the remaining lots had 2? chicks e9 ch. it this time the chicks

3

were wing banded and ind." 'vidually weighed to the nearest gr m. The

r.

average weight of any one lot did not vary: ore the n three 3r8.ms
in comparison to the avers 3 weight of any other lot. At two week

intervals thereafter, the chicks were ".'ei3h ed, scored for degree

7

of feathering, and their feed consumption recorded.

The nuriber of primary and secondary feathers on the wings were

‘

noted and scored as follows.

Feather Scoring

"Tn-m '7‘ 1“ r"? *1 ‘ ‘fl/‘Jfi-‘n‘f’q v-nrrr-r ‘5

”Jinn! A J- oL-_.u\ JU\'§LJ.L"J ALHLL‘LU

Eziperiment A

imary - no secondery feathers

;rimary - no secondary fe etiiers

imary - very iew secondary feathers

-~ Few prisnry - few secondary feathers

-— Kany, and long primary - many and long secondary
feathers

m>oau)»»c>
I
I
1'1
9
'J
:5

This method of scoring was apparently too general, and a system
similar to that used by Darrow (19 44), was employed for experiments

3 and C. This method was based on the total number of secondary and

covert feathers visible at one day of age.

The revised scoring on wing feathers for experiments B and C

for one day chicks was as follows.

73.73333: F3:'«.TEER SCOREIG LETIICD

Experiments 3 and C

-- Ho secondary or covert feathers visible.

-~ 4 or less secondary and covert feathers visible.
5 or 6 secondary and covert feathers visible.

-- 7 or 8 secondary and covert feathers visible.

-- 9 or 10 secondary and covert feathers visible.
-- Over 10 secondary and covert feathers visible.

U‘IeuNI—‘O
I
I

At two weeks of age, t’e tail growth was recorded by the

following scoring method, similar to Darrow and Warren (1944).

- T" “1""VTT'1'? "(‘F" 'f" 9"?”
TAkIaJ J.‘ extenu-x Dawn-BIG I.._4 “IO

-- No tail.

Tail showing in sheath or just emerging.

-- Tail showing, some feathers developed.

-- Short feathers, well developed but webbing
not well formed.

Long well developed feathers.

(fiNI—JO
I
I

,p.
I
I

At four weeks of age and every two weeks thereafter until the
close of the experiment, the feathering on the back was scored.

See Figures 1 to 6.

23.1022 Fiffifiijf’. SCC‘ZYIZIG IBTIBZD
-- No pins or feathers visible.
Feathers on border of back feather tract.
-- Feathers half way up center of back.
-- Center of back fully feathered, bare area
between center and outer ring.
-- Pins formed but feathers not fully developed.
Fully feathered.

(NNHO
I
I

01 .p.
I
I

 

BACK FEATHER SCCRDEG ISTIICD

 

.(s

‘ r‘~.-‘-"- , “

2/7"

/ I a, -‘ .- . '
.. . :- .,.«. .-'.:= m!
ufl- I". 73': .‘ (".71 121/ A

 

 

 

 

Figure 1

Score -- 0
No pins or feathers
visible

 

Figure 2

Score -- l
Feathers on border
of back feather
tract

 

Figure 3

Score -- 2
Feathers half way up
center of back

 

 

Ho

gure

Score -- 3

Center of back fully
feathered, bare area
between center and
outer ring

10

 

 

 

 

iguaS

nu;

-- 4
Pins formed but

Score

feathers not fully

developed

 

ll

 

re
P9
‘2
G
0)

Score -- 5
Fully feathered

[H1

\.notographs by d. N. Ruby)

12

Rearing Equipment
The chicks were reared in starting batteries, five decks high,
until eiqht wee<s of age, at w‘tich time they Jere transferred to
fatt-enzlng bett Hri 63 located in a room with a tJmperature of 69
to 70 degrees F. The poe ition of the lot was one nged every two

weeks, off—setting to some e'te nt, the advantage one lot mig1t have

over another due to the temperature difference between the top and

to
L)
C+
c.)
{a
3'
(a
n,
rt
0
p.

bottom decks. The chick room wa and thermostatically
control ed for a tezpereture of 04 degrees F., but there was a
variation in temperature of apjroximately four deyrees above and
below this point. The temperature under the back-warmers vas
approxir mately 100 degrees F. at all times. The back-warmers were

removed at the end of four weeks.

nation -- Preparation and final ysis

Ho
03

The basal all-mash ration used in the three experiments
nearly the same as that which was used by Irwin gt al_(1945) and

Turner gt a; (1944)

TABLE I Formula of Basal Ration

 

 

 

Ingredients Pounds
Corn meal 45.0
Bran 5.0
Alfalfa, 17f dehydrated 10.0
Flour middlin3s 15.0
30y bean oil mea (41%) 15.0
Animal feeding oil (85 D, 600 A) 1.0
Heat scraps (50S) 7.0
Salt 1.0
Steamed bone meal .5

99.5

 

 

 

13

The animal feeding oil was mixed with the soy bean oil meal

N

before combining with the other feedstuffs.

TWenty per cent dehydrated alfalfa was used when seventeen

per cent dehydrated alfalfa was no longer available.

The mash was mixed in fifty pound batches so that a relatively

fresh mixture would be available at all times.

A half pound

sample was taken from each batch for analysis by the Agricultural

Chemistry Department.

Table II shows the range of the feed constituents within each

department.

in the alfalfa meals.

Some of the variation is undoubtedly due to the change

Occasionally the samples were not analyzed

immediately, and the dealy may have caused a variation of the

moisture content.

TABLE II

Range of Feed Analysis

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment A Experiment B ‘Experiment C —_
Wonstituents Low High Low High Low High
water 6.07 9.94 6.01 9.05 6.73 7.61
Protein. 19.13 20.63 19.63 20.81 19.50 20.56
Calcium. .942 1.23 .909 1.13 .906 1.07

Phosphorus .792 1.03 .796 .995 .795 .976
Crude fiber 5.83 7.98 6.22 6.80 5.63 7.28
Ash 6.82 7.54 6.90 7.86 6.99 7.74

 

 

 

The mash feeders were kept about half full so as to provide

ample feed at all times, with minimum wastage.

Iodinated Casein

The thyroactive iodinated casein used in this experiment was

distributed under the commercial name of Protamone, and produced

14

by the Cerophyl Laboratories (Kansas City, hissouri). This product
was prepared by the method described by Reinehe (1946). It had a
potency of 3.04 per cent of thyroxine when assayed, quantitatively,
by a method similar to that outlined by Heineke, Thrner, Kholer,
Hoover and Beezley (1945).

The iodinated casein was weighed for each lot on an analytical
balance to the nearest .001 gram. It was combined with a small
portion of the corn meal, and then mixed with the remaining corn
meal before being placed in the feed mixer. This procedure was
followed so as to more evenly distribute t.e small quantity through-
out the basal ration.

Dosage Levels

The thyroactive iodinated casein was added to the basal ration
as follows: Experimental lots 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed 0, 9, 18,
36, and 72 grams per 100 pounds of mash, respectively; lots 6, 7,

3, and 9 were fed 0, 36, 54, and 72 grams per 100 pounds of mash,
respectively; and lots 10, ll, 12, and 13 were fed 0, 2.25, 4.5,
and 9 grams per 100 pounds of mash, respectively.

The ration fed to the first lot, the control, in each experi-
ment contained no iodinated casein.

At eight weeks of age, all lots in experiment 3 were taken off
the mash containing iodinated casein, and placed on the control
ration for the remaining four weeks.

Experiments A and 3 however, were carried through the full
twelve weeks on mash containing iodinated casein.

The data was analyzed by the statistical method outlined by

Eaten (1933) on page (219) of mathematical Ctatistics.

15

The mean weight in grams of each lot in experiments A, C,
and B has been recorded at two week intervals in Tables III, IV,

and V resrectively. The lots are subdivided according to sex.

TESL? III Effect of Iodinated Casein on Weight
Experiment A

 

fiean Jeight in Grams

 

Age in Seeks

 

hot Sex No. 0 , 2 4 6 8 10 12
Control

1 K 17 39.7 114.7 242.6 453.2 74”.4 947.9 1181.2

1 F 7 56.4 107.7 227.8 417.4 655.7 862.1 1 28.1

g;1100*

2 I 17 58.4 104.6 252.5 422.6 666.5 888.0 1064.2

2 F 9 58 1 94.4 197 5 575.6 582.8 764.2 881.1
189 100

5 L 12 59.5 105.1 251.2 459.5 702.9 922.5 1092.1

5 F 15 57.5 97.1 208.4 405.9 591.2 780.9 926.9
56g/100

4 1 14 58.9 90.7 218.6 417.1 620 8 801.2 957.8

4 F 12 59.2 90.5 217.8 596.1 585.5 760.5 “62.7
729/100

5 K 9 39.7 84.8 195.1 378.0 451.8 706 4 808 l

5 F 11 59.5 90.4 199.1 562.2 457.0 615 75” 5

 

 

 

 

* Grams of iodinated casein added per 100 pounds mash.

Experiment A

' 'Hith the axes: tion of the ma es in lot 3 which received 13

“do.

'11

I)

J.)

.. a q o 1 I . . ‘ .‘K V ,f‘ _ ‘ ..~
grams of IOUJMthGG casein per 103 011' or feed, tnere H39 a

n xperiment A at both six and

H
C)
(1'
(J
t J.

decrease in weight on all

. . . , 2,. 2.2. \ ,.
twelve weegs w'1e11 compcred with the controls (10018 111). st

JJ

six weeks of are lot 3 showed a 6.1 gram increase in weiyht over

rm 3
0

the control, lot 1. inls increase was not sirnificant (Table VI).

The only significant f the males was
observed at the level of 72 grams of iod inated case ein. The
depression of weight in this lot was highly signifi cr.nt when com-
pared with the controls at six weeks of a:e. The females of
lot 2, as well as lot 5, showed a si
at this age (Table v:).

At twelve wee :s of age, the males showed a significant

decrease in weight in lots 2 and 5. fine females showed a signi—

ficant w ight decrease in all lots vhen compared with the controls

IRDLB IV

'Effect 0

.t‘
.L

Iodinated Ca
Experiment 0

sein on

'Seivdrt

 

Kean

Height in Grams

 

Age in Weeks

 

 

 

 

 

Lot Sex No. 0 2 4 6
Control
* 10 K 12 36.7 86.8 220.1 438.3
10 F 15 37.0 92.9 224.3 404.9
2.253/100’
11 M 18 36.6 90.7 232.4 435.5
11 F 8 36.1 85.8 217.4 400.6
4.57/100
12 n 12 33.3 92.8 239. 434.3
12 F 16 37.0 86.9 207.8 375.0
93/100
13 K 13 33.6 31.1 200.7 371.2
13 F 10 37.4 84.7 203.0 376.9
* Grams of iodinated cas in added per 100 pounds mash

Experiment 0

1:13

weight over lot 10,
statistically significant.
weight, with lot 12

no instance did the

males in lots 11 and 12 (Table VI} show an increase

1
A5)
3.1..

I
showing a

{083.1

‘1

control.

.""Y'
1118

weight equal the control.

females

110179 V8 1‘ ,

this increase

is

show a depression in

slightly significant decrease.

111

not

In

17

TABLE V jffect of Iodinated Casein on‘Jeight
Exoeriment B

‘

 

Kean Height in Grams

 

 

 

Age in Weeks
.0. o 2 4 6 a 10 12
Control Control
7 58.4 78.9 192.9 557.1 545.0 784.7 982.
16 56.0 90.1 212.6 541.9 550.4 759.8 954.
363/100“ Control
15 57.5 75.8 195.9 515.6 665.7 866.9 1065.
7 55.6 72.6 185.6 549.0 571 0 763.1 928.
54g/100 Control
11 57.5 79.5 176.6 570.7 543.0 756.5 982.5
15 56.1 81.7 185.5 577.4 565.6 750.9 901.4
723/100 Control
10 56.4 80.1 195.7 564.1 563.7 770.2 975.2
5 54.8 75.3 179.6 527.6 522.2 675.8 855.6

 

 

 

s of iodinated casein added per 100 pounds mash.

 

19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12213 V1 Cffect of Iodinated Casein on .eig1t
aneriment A and C
tales lepales
Lot Age in 30. Standard Signifi- 20. Standard Signifi-
‘3eeks Deviation cence Deviation cance
3xperiment.2
Control Control
1 6 17 51.4 7 21.2
1 l2 17 148.5 7 60.6
95/100* 93/100
2 6 17 55.4 1.66 9 45.4 2.44
2 12 17 191.5 2.02 9 99.4 3.60
183/100 183/100
3 6 12 75.1 .244 13 40.9 .827
3 l2 12 225.0 1.20 13 75.7 3.18
36g/100 56g/100
4 6 14 53.7 1.90 12 47.5 1.34
4 12 14 176.3 3.77 12 82.3 4.91
72g/100 723/100
5 6 9 73.4 2.74 11 42.3 3.63
5 12 9 161.3 5.77 11 104.5 7.48
Experiment C
Control Control
10 6 12 60.5 15 36.5
2.25g/1oo 2.255/100
11 6 18 50.2 1.29 8 33.0 .28
. 4.53/100 4.5g/100
12 6 12 30.4 1.33 16 45.6 2.01
9g/100 9g/100
13 e 13 45.0 1.71 10 40.5 1.74

 

Grams iodinated casein per 100 pounds mash

 

20

Experiment B
All lots of males at eight weeks of age in experiment B

J
L

(Table VII), show an increase in weight over the control. -ne
increase on lot 7, receiving 36 lrams of iodinated casein per
100 pounds of mash, was hishlv sign1f1cant. The remaining lots,
8 and 9, were not significant. At twelve weeks of age, lot 7

maintained a mean weight above the controls, but was barely

sin ificant. Lot 8 showed the same mean weight as the control

'0
5
0..
H
O
('1'
L0

a slight loss in weight, although not significant.
The females in lots 7 and 8 were heavier than the control
at eight weeks, but slightly lighter at twelve weeks. The
difference in any case was not significant. In lot 9 however,
there was a slight decrease, though not significant, at both

eight and twelve weeks.

"V"- BE VII

Experiment B

Effect of Iodinated Casein on Teight

21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grams iodinated casein added per 100 pounds mash

Kales Females
Lot Age Grams Feed/ No. Standard Signif— No. Standard Signif-
in Gram Gain Deviation icance Deviation icance
wks
Control Control
6 8 3.23 7 70.0 16 60.1
36g/100* 363/100
7 8 3.52 13 81.7 3.54 7 67.4 660
54g/100 54g/100
8 8 3.86 11 148.9 .096 13 77.7 .578
72g/100 72g/100
9 8 4.41 10 78.9 .71 5 81.1 .718
Control Control
6 12 5.09 7 154.5 16 127.5
7 12 5.92 13 156.3 2.07 7 133.6 .103
8 12 6.08 11 169.5 .005 13 131.1 .681
9 12 6.01 10 144.3 .09 5 161.2 1.279j
O

 

F0
{\3

Feathering

The males of lots 2, 3, and 4, at six weeks of age show very

significant increases in rate of feathering when compared with

lot 1, the control (Table II}. Lot 5, however, showed no signi-
ficant increase. All lots of females show significant increases
in rate of feathering.

At twelve weeks of afie all males show an increase in rate of
feathering but only lots 4 and 5 show increases that are highly
significant (Table I3). All lots of females show increases in
rate of feathering. Birds in lot 4 were completely feathered
with a mean score of 5. Lot 2 is the only group of females which
did not show significance. 1
Experiment C

Ileither a significant increase nor decrease in rate of feather-

ing occurred between any lot and the control (Table L.).

fiBLE VIII Effect of Iodinated Casein on Tail Feather Score

 

 

Lot Hing Score 1 Day Tail Score 2‘Jeeks

Kale Female Hale Female

1 2.4 3.0 .7 2.0
2 2.8 2.6 1.3 1.3
3 2.3 2.5 1.1 2.4
4 2.5 2.8 1.9 1.9
5 3.0 2.9 1.8 2.7
6 3.1 2.7 0 .4
7 3.5 3.3 .46 1.6
8 2.9 2.9 .73 1.3
9 3.2 3.8 1.4 2.0
10 3.2 3.1 .58 1.5
11 2.7 3.0 .44 1.1
12 2.4 3.3 .75 1.2
13 2.8 3.4 .46 1.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T1333 IX Effect of Iodinated Casein on Feather Score
Experiments A and C
Kales Females
Lot Age KO. Kean Standard Signif- No. Kean Standard Signif-
in Feather Deviation icance Feather Deviation icance
The Score Score
Experiment A
Control Control
1 6 17 2.1 .873 7 2.7 .438
1 12 17 3.1 .873 7 4.0 .535
95/100* 9g/1OO
2 6 17 2.9 .471 3.32 9 3.3 .473 2.62
2 12 17 3.5 1.09 1.18 9 4.4 .830 1.17
lag/100 165/100
3 6 12 3.1 .64 3.56 13 3.5 .500 3.70
3 12 12 3.8 1.01 1.94 13 4.6 .625 2.26
36g/100 36g/100
4 6 14 3.0 .38 3.83 12 3.3 .723 2.25
4 12 14 4.5 .824 4.58 12 5.0 .000 4.95
25/100 72g/100
5 6 9 2.9 1.10 1.88 1 3.5 .657 3.10
5 l2 9 4.6 .687 4.81 ‘1 4.9 .288 3.19
3‘; eriment "
Control Control
10 6 12 1.8 .830 15 2.4 .712
2.25g/100 2.25g/ioo
11 6 18 1.7 .651 351 8 2.5 .50 .392
4.5g/100 4.5q/1CO
l2 6 12 1.8 1.18 0 16 2.3 .583 .425
9g/100 93/100
13 6 13 1.5 .747 .946 10 2.2 .400 .397
i

Grams iodinated casein added per

100 pounds mash

 

Experiment 2

24

All lots showed highly significant increases over the control

in rate of feathering (Table X).

611 females in lots 7 and 9 were

completely feathered, having a mean score of five at twelve weeks.

‘88—)' X

Effect of Iodinated Casein on Feather Score

Experiment B

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hales Females
Lot Age Ho. Kean Standard Signif- ho. mean Standard Signif-
in Feather Deviation icance Feather Deviation icance
Wks Score Score
Control Control
6 8 7 2.1 .352 16 2.9 .660
36g/100* 36g/100
7 8 13 3.2 .697 4.66 7 3.9 .640 3.38
54g/100 54g/100
8 8 11 3.0 .852 6.44 13 4.2 .800 4.80
72g/100 725/100
9 8 10 3.7 .781 5.69 5 4.4 .800 3.75
Control Control
6 l2 7 3.1 .640 16 4.2 .527
7 12 13 4.4 .835 3.85" 7 5.0 0 6.06
8 12 11 4.2 .716 3.36 13 4.9 .267 4.64
9 12 10 4.8 .600 5.47 5 5.0 0 6.06

 

* Grams iodinated casein added per 100 pounds mash

 

25

DISCUSSIQN
Growth
From the data shown in Tables III, IV, and V, it may be noted
that each lot maintained its same relative position, with the other
lots, throughout the entire experiment.

V

7‘ ability

Darrow (1943, found that the period of greatest var

1.].
I

R

in degree of feathering was at six weeks 01 se. From his results,

{J

it was reasoned that critical evidence of rate of feathering in
experiments A and C mijht be determined by observations at six and
twelve weeks of use. Birds in experiment B were taken off the
rations containing iodinated casein and put on the basal ration at
eight weeks of age. Consequently, in this experiment data on growth
and feathering at eight weeks and twelve weeks of age were used in
analysis of the data.

Some variations may be noted when con,aring two lots on the

same ration. Lot 4 (Table III), on a ration containing 36 grams
of iodinated casein, Show a slight decrease in weight, at eight
weeks of aye when compared to the control, lot 1. But, lot 7,
(Table V), on the same ration, show a highly significant increase.
Several levels show slight increases in weight over the control.
Only the males on the 36 gram level in experiment 3 show a signifi-
cant increase.
Significant decreases at six weeks of age in experiment A may

be noted for both male and females on the 72 gram level, and also

for the females in lots 2 and 12. At twelve weeks, significant

decreases may be noted for both males and females when iodinated

\

casein is continued in the ration beyond six weeks. (Table VI).

Feathering

Since the chicks were sorted into lots by weight at one da
of age, it was not possible to sort the birds accurately according
to secondary wing feather score. Although there are some differences
in the mean feather score, (Table VIII), an increase in rate of
feathering was shown at two weeks of age. The most striking increases
occurred in the mean feather score of the males in lots 3 and 8, and
for the females in lots 3 and 5.

In most instances, at six weeks, there was an increase in the
rate of feathering as the level of iodinated casein increased. All
lots in experiments A and 3 (Tables IX and X), show an increase in
degree of feathering when compared to the controls. At both eight
and twelve weeks in experiment B, his increase is highly signifi-
cant. In experiment A, the increased feathering was not significant
on levels of 9 or 18 grams at twelve weeks. Birds on the low levels,
2.25 grass, 4.5 grams, and 9.0 grams used in experiment C, show no

significant increase or decrease.

27

mortality

Lots 5 and 9, when compared with the controls, showed an
excessive number of deaths. Since this occurred on the 72 gram
level of iodinated casein, and for both experiments A and B, the
mortality may have been due to the iodinated casein.

Perosis and neural lymphmatosis were responsible for a number
of the deaths. xortality due to perosis may have been due to the

lack of sufficient maneanese in the ration.
L2

Comparisons with Earlier Research

This work is in close agreement with Irwin, Heineke, and
Turner (1945) in that a significant increase in weight of the male
chicks on rations containing 36 grams of iodinated casein per 100
pounds of mash was found. Cn levels lower than this, the increase
was not significant.

Parker (1943) noted slight increases in weight on rations con-
taining as much as .2 per cent iodinated casein. The present work

Q
I

shows significant losses in weight at levels as high as .

()1

9 per
cent (72 grams) of iodinated casein.

Irwin, Reineke, and Thrner (1945) and Parker (1943}, observed
that feather growth increased as the level of thyroactive iodinated

casein was increased. This also was definitely shown in this study.

28

O “9“ “D'-
ODL-g‘un;“\ I

It has been definitely shown that feathering is greatly
stimulated when chicks are fed a ration containing between 9 and 72
grams of iodinated casein per 103 pounds of mash.

o

No bene its are derived from feeding thyroactive iodinated

n at levels above 36 grass per 100 pounds of mash when the

kl.

08.88

.04 per cent of thyroxine.

(h

product contains
Under the conditions of this experiment there was no advantage
in using iodinated casein beyond the eighth week for increased
weight. The rate of feathering is stimulated to twelve weeks and
at levels higher than 36 grams per 100 pounds of mash. However,
this stimula ion is at the eXpense of body weight.
Hortality was exceedingly high on the 72 gram level of

iodinated CGSGl}.

BID “T CJQAPHY

Eaten, U. D., 1938. Hathematical Statistics. John Ailey & Sons,
InC. 1101‘? .LO orjgo

Best, C. H., and N. B. Taylor, 1937. The thsiological Basis of
fledical Practice. lst. ed.,'. 'illi ams and ‘ilkins Comp? ny,
Baltimore, maryland.

Crew, F. A., and J. 3. Kuxley, 1923. The relation of internal
secretion to reproduction and growth in the domestic fowl.
veto Jouro 79:543-548.

Darrow, M. 1., and D. C.'Jarren, 1944. The influence of age on
expression of genes controlling rate of chick Tea hering.
Poultry Sci. 25, No. 3, p. 199.

Irwin, n. 3., E. P. :einere, and C.’j. Turner, 1943. Effect of
feeding thyroec ctive iodocasein on growth, featheringg, and weights
of glands of y oung chicks. Poultry Sci. 22:274-3d0.

Parker, J. 3., 1945. Influence of thgrroactive iodocasein on growth
of chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. med. 52:234.

Heineke, 3. P., 3. fl. Turner, 3. C. Kohler, R. D. Hoover, and
IargaretP .Deezley, 1945. The quantitative deterr.iination of
thyroxine in iodinated casein having thyr oidal activity. Jour.
Biol. Chem. 161:599-611.

Peineke, E. P., 1946. Thyroactive iodinated proteins. Vitamins

and Hormones. 4:207-353.

Turn e“, C. 7., H. 3. Irwin, and 3. P. Reineke, 1944. 'Jffect of
feeding ti'rooctive iodocasein to Barred Roclc cockerals E‘onltry

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