v A u ‘ ' I. u. . '4 \a. .. 1 I r} _ y . g ‘ . , , O 5* _0‘* tr-o -‘ -—-’__,. O 0 _. . 8-- .-.- -a—o—‘H' .g.’ ._ ~ . ---- $.- ”(3' 9 ~ 9'. l ’j 3 ' r i . v f .' b I I . V ‘ . , 0 ' L '. v \ I ' 2 'l ‘ 1 ‘ ' . 1‘ ' ‘ . .. ‘ O 'r l 7- ' I 1 . a I a ' '3' ' . ‘ \ . -- ' H ' . - . 1. . _ . '.. u .‘ . .- 0 ‘ ‘ _ . .. . -« t- n. . - I - . .‘ _ . l ‘ ' 6 ‘, ‘ I O ’ - . . ‘. .. I '3‘ :7. ‘ \ - 1’ . .' v n .- n ‘ ' | . ..."5~* Ky} %NRQmE H 't I ‘o I . I‘ ' ; - V C , ‘ . I I I . ‘ ‘ '. . I ' I ‘ ‘0. ' ' . . . . . n o . . " ‘ ‘ 4 l vl I ‘ . t I . I . . ' I h V ‘ I ‘ \4 u l A . . ‘ l' ‘ b ' . l u ' , ' ‘ . \I ' ,. ‘ " I. ‘ ' ' - a ’ ' o‘ :.A u . ~—' .' I . - . I _ ' ‘ I. 4‘; ' ' \ J ‘x "a" \ . , . ~ _ A ”1 5", ~ :~.'.,. v ‘u ' I. fWHHWWflEDEGREi o. 'l“""‘:fbll""1'vrv v- AQUSTH ‘v'lnwn; ' . " ‘V '10.” ' ‘ ‘ L ‘0 '1 I ' » 1 .. . l , ‘ . ‘ 'sz. . _ g. Q‘ . ' ‘ C " .1. I. ‘I ' 'v ,. . . I, l u { r 1:: . . Yip .i'. .' " j T‘('{“ ' fiu.w.. .‘=.13- \9 )J ‘ ‘ o~ ~.’ 1' ‘ ". ' . \‘J. . '¢.t 1C ‘I SBQWLW ‘5 ‘ ‘ C V. C .‘ i 'l . "I. u . r a ‘1 ' "a [I‘fi‘ Q I I. . 1'- 0 . k ‘ 't .’ t‘ K. S w I ‘J . P" ‘v I, 'O r -.°z-' .1; ' I .I O l . I ,4" I". m ME m. sum.ma THE STUDY OF A SIMPLE HOME-GROWN RATION FOR DAIRY CATTLE THE STUDY 0F.A SIMPLE HDME-GBOWN’RATION FOR.DAIRY CATTLE Thesis Respectfully submitted to the Faculty of lunhigan State College in partial fulfill- ment of the requirement: for the degree of master of Science. By George Augustus Bowling 1930 THESRS ACKNOWIEDGMENTS The author of this thesis wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. O. F. Huffman and Mr. L. a. more, Research Assistants in Dairy- ing, for their aid in planning and conducting this experiment, and their assistance in the develoPment of this manuscript. He also wishes to egress his gratitude to Professor E. 1.. Anthony, Head of the Dairy Husbandry Department for his kindly criticism.of this manuscript. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Doctor 0. A. Rapport, Associate Professor of Chemistry, for his assistance in plan- ning and conducting this exPeriment and for his kindly criticism of that part of this manuscript which deals with feeding trials with rats. The author also wishes to express his thanks to Mr. O. 3. Winter, Research Associate in Chemistry, am his co-workers for analytical work done in connection Iith this experiment. 9-1107 I. II. TABLE OF CONTENTS ”MIDI REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND GENERAL DISCUSSION A. B. C. D. The Necessity for Quality in the Protein of the Dairy Cow's Ration Essential Amino Acids l. Lysine 2. hyptophane 3. Cystine 4. Histidine 5. Reinine 6. Tyrosine 7. Praline The Distribution of the Nitrogen in Alfalfa Hay and Some of the Cereals 1. Alfalfa 2. Corn Grain 3. Corn Leaf 4. Oats Grain 5. Wheat Grain 6. Barley Grain The Efficiency of the Proteins of Alfalfa, Corn and Cats 1. Feeding Trials with Alfalfa as the Principal Source of Protein P860 10 11 11 13 15 15 17 17 18 19 Page Dairy Cattle 19 Rate 21 2. Feeding Trials in which Corn has been the Principal Source of Protein 22 Dairy Cattle 22 Eats 24 3. Feeding Trials in which Oats has been Used as the Principal Source of Protein 25 Dairy Cattle 25 Rate 25 E. The Efficiency and Economr of the Home-Crown Ration for Milk Production 27 P. The aipplementary Value of the Proteins of Alfalfa, Corn and Oats 52 C. Water Consumption of Lactating Dairy Cows 33 E. Physiological Effects of Alfalfa Bay 35 1. Discussion of Review of Literature 37 III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 38 A. Object 38 3. Plan of Experiment 39 1. Procedure 59 Part I. Feeding Trials with Dairy Cows 39 (a) Animls Used 39 (b) Season of Year 39 to) Management 39 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) m (a) (9) (10) Shelter Exercise Milking Bedding Weights of Animals Langth of Feeding Periods Watering Feeds and Feeding Samples for Testing Milk Metabolism (c) Collection of Data (1) (2) (3) m (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (mi (11) Milk Records Butterfat Records Feed Records Iater Consumption Temperature Records Metabolism Records Frequency of Urination Frequency of Drinkim Palatability of the Rations Health of Animals Weights of Animals (d) Experimental Results (1) (2) (3) (4) Milk Product ion Butterfat Production Fat Corrected nilk Feed Consumption sattstassssssss 383 S 47 47 49 (5) (6) (7) (3). (9) (10) (11) (12) Water Consumption Palatability of the Ration Health of Animls Weights of Animals Nitrogen Metabolism Atmospheric Temperature during EXperiment Frequency of Drinking Frequency of Urination (e) Discussion of Experimental Results Pm IIe Feeding Trials with Rats (a) Animals Used (1) (2) Previous History Age of Animals at Beginning of EXperiment (b) llanagement (1) (2) (3) m (5) (6) m Method of Comparison Cages Used Method of Feeding Watering Rations Fed Length of Growing Period Rating 580 (c) Collection of Data (1) (2) (3) We ight s Growth Length of Time from Eating to Parturition P888 51 52 52 53 53 a 53a 54 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 61 61 62 52 62 62 IV. V. (4) (5) (6) Birth Weights of Young Size of Litters mortality among Ibung Rats (d) Experimental Results (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Animals Included in Experiment Growth. Length of Time from.Mating to Parturition Size of Litters Birth.Teights mortality among Ionng.Rats (e) Discussion.of Experimental Results CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A. Tables 3. Graph Page 62 62 62 63 63 66 66 66 68 7O 72 86 86 121 IMODWTIOI The proteinintho rationefthe dairyeewio the not inertant itoa in the food out of milk predation. In the State of Elohim par- ohasod mun-21.1. eoaoontretes are 3.3.2.11: an in pa... 3...... ofthisfastagroatmdairyfarnrodoaot food oeffioiontprotoia for trim predation. If it were possible to yrodaeo a crop, or a eoabiaotioa of crops, with a protein content which would be sufficient for growth, reproduction and lootation, a very considerable saving could to ads inthe foodilcofgrowinand lactatingdeiryeninls. the oorealaainsust sonnlyesodintho feedingofdsiryeainls are corn, sets, an barley. The not eomnly aood rough-goo are eorn stores, corn silage, alfalfa hey, olmr hays, ea timothy hay. Any hono- gsown ration will eonsiot of various ooabinations of these foods with the addition of ooun salt. It has not been eoaoidorod possible, by most investigators, to aim- ous inn production in mom dairy oattlo n feeding a mm an; entirely on the farm. Deficiencies in both Mity ed unlity of the man protein .2. ooasiderod u. liliting factors. The State efliohiaaprodnooo more alfalfaheythonasyotato east of the lissisoippi. no alfalfa plant is a very sheep and abundant source of protein. as leaves of the alfalfa plant are especially rioh in pro- toin. hatteqtsheoebeeaudetoaoetho leefofthoelfalfaplant as a substitute in the pain ration for purchased protein-rich ooaeoatretos. It is the purpose of this investigation to sonar-o a einlo pain rationeoqoeedofahou-groenooreelwithalfalfe leaf-saloon)”- tein supplement, to a senior grain ration eontaining oottonsood seal and linseed oil Del as protein supplements, in the feeding of high producing dairy sows. It is also the purpose of this investigation to «more, by mum-.1 esaoriunts with rm. various nuance hon-noon ms... to on approved eo'len grain ration ples alfalfa boy, for growth, repre- notion, and lactation. m 01' mm mama 318003810! Under present practices hone-grown rations ere anally too low in total protein to niatain very no milk production. It is possible, but... to put... a mm on .11. farntlnt .111 as»... am: satisfactory level of silk production in dairy cows. each a ration is possible only when a high protein m. each as alfalfa hey, is fed in 19.2.1 events, and . 9.1. ration .: «31.1... duality and mic: is smiled. mm ron QUART! I! m PM“ 01‘ Ill hill! “'8 RATIO! Although a large quantity of protein is required to uintein nth um puma: an. «1.1:: son, when: .1... 1. not .1. only ”mm protein requirement. In 1901 m, noun... etoonbeck and use”: (1) in 2.3mm on rating ”1.1., in ma they used rations frea ”urn... soaroos, has the following state-oat. 'lho rations ordinarily fed oer fern alt-.1. .2. medially «.91.: am»; mums. There .2. any are...» mum, in cum... to nitrogen-bearing “11.. of use- yreteia character; fate of different eewposition and degree of saturation; carbohydrates of any types; and a host of Indeterainod and undefined bodies in the daily ration of a denostie aninl. Ihethor this couple: oraenic ensoable of the fern ration is always cont-sire to rigorous newth and sustained vitality, or whether depeucnt upon its source, it my contain either Intricate of inadequate choaiosl constitution or de- pressants, which counteract the favorable Dbl-“logical effect of a part of the ration, is an unsolved pnblon.’ ,‘ hrtedlmhroy (s) state that 'withtheasworviowpointefyro- tein “titty ”boiling the feet that the tail. of a protein m for with or I113 production will doped won its “litatite afl “Inti- tative M a‘ at norer on the quantity of the proteins inJected it is insssibls to state whether the hsas-grewnratisaweeld fornicheyre- teinelnlyd‘WMS‘thichlilkmdutien'ithoatdr-in‘en the protein ties. reserves of the sniul.’ hose saws investipters (8) afterfeediulactatingdairyeewoenratiens containing-ilk, eorngrain or wheat grain as the principal source of protein cons to this conclusion: 'IIt tb duality of the protein is on W factor in m .1. W1... an m. 11.. mu. g..." .1 1n. sun—r; m .111 not W for deficiencies in protein structure". new soggest that the sufficiency .r 11.. proteins .111 depend on 11.1: scarce and 11. «.111: of the seine-acids they can furnish. . Essential Aline Acids a. «.11.: of mum, is.“ 1. 11.11- 9111» 1. m1- mous.wm1asnm.,um.sm 51.1.1.3...» theirs-issuideontent. Osborne cum-1.11.) mm that smmn. W11... umumu3.nmcsssa1a.-u1ss.ummm1m. Wuintooumthsrnthemthoutentefpntein mmnmwmu1mmwmm1smn1.mu eat in the mint relative aunt in ear intahs'. mum1 m mum1a1mamm... as. s. mum s: 11. am e... s. mum in 11. 2.11.11. lthews (6) states that eainls “cannot the snffioient tryp’tephsms, tyrosine, m1... at ”.11.. 1. m1. 11.1: needs, 1111 1a... enino «11. net be present in the diet'. seen as )srgein m 11.1 as essential 1.. nor-.1 1.1.1.3....» 1;. .1», trntephans, v.11... and tyrosine; at 15.; «a.» 11.1 1.1.1111:- snd prelino my be essential. 12.19. . Osborn and “cl (5) found that a ration I'm cliedin as the sole seeres ofprotoin, omiwhichwosenlyoblo to nintsiatho eni- nls,was safficientteyrentonor-lgrewthwhsnswnlensntedwithly- sins. Cliedin is deficient in lysine. hose investiatcrs suggest that lysine is probably not essential for nintonance. lart, rum and r11. to) found 11111 11 one ”1’11; 1....111. 1. 5.1 2.1. 1. crew and 2.1.1.1... on . 1.11.. «11.1.31 in 11.11... they fenndthat ifgrewnrats placed one lysine-free rationwero bred, repro- dncticnwenldeceerbnt the mienld die. he odditisnof lyei. corrected this condition. These investiptors concluded that lysine see not necessary for slates-nos. They also concluded that tho nnry m is not capable of synthesising lysine. loan: (9) innsing corn as a source of protein for rate found that 12...." eninlsweald .1 crew 1.111.111 en seems. apply .1 lysine 1. misunt the corn when the ration was otherwise eouleto. Osborne an! finds]. (10), (ll), (12) reporting on a ubsr of differ- .» can. in said. 1...... ... need 1. m1...» lulu-deficient rations have shown that lysine is necessary for growth, bat is not necessary for for nintemnco. hose anthorities (13) also found that lysill was necessary for growth in chichons. . m ' Osboruaflhndel (s) 1... Manama»... eannotbc .3.- 1s..1..s s: 11. «1.1 «as... They .1.. mm... by man . ration deficient in tryptophano that this enino-ocid is necessary for both uintcssncs end growth. 3.... (9) mm 11.1 1-... would ..1 an .111.» maps... and «(1.1.1.1 11.1 mum... 1. 1n. :1.» 11-111.. onino-ssid .1 1a. «1-. hornol. 0.1.... and M1 (1o) 1.... 11.1 ”.1... «.11 not run... mp1.- ph... 1. .11.. Warm.» and (lo). (11) 111.1 1.1.1.»... was .....11.1 1.1- mm. lhsy «11.1.1.1 (11) 11.1 11.. supple-eatery peworssf certain proteins, when fed with corn lies in their ability to mply lysi. ad tryptephans, the alias acids which are deficient in the corn groin. 2.1.1.1 (141 working .111 1.1. eonfirnod 1.. ”1.1.. 11.1 11-311.»... 1. .....11.1’r.1- 1... 1.1.1.3... .111 "11.. 0.1.... and 5.1.1 (13) a... 11.1 on...» 1.11.. 1. grow .. . ..11.. 1.11.1..1 1. mm. 29.“: ’ on...- and m1 (111 .1... 11.1 cystino 1. .....11.1 r..- can. my found (15) 11.1 union“. .: c.11- 1. . 1.11.. 1.11.1..1 1. this amino ..1. produced growth that would indicate a necessity for eye- 11.. 1. 1.. 1.11... m and hrrill (It) found that the addition of 0.8 per csnt'ef eye-tin to a ration containing nilh as the essential source of protein, but ever diluted with corn starch, ceased young rats to greatly cutacw siniler aninls on a basal ration contain“ no cystins. nose investi- ptere peint out that cystins ie the first linitifle eline acid in Iilk. norm all Iced (1'!) deunstrsted that cystins is eseential end s.1.m11n.~..1.:1n1.m....11 incaseinbyuasurinccrowth \ 4.. ....1. 2.. uni-.1. and mm .111 11. north .1 aninals «111.. pure cystins in the ration. . Isilix (1s) showed that cystins added to a ration, the protein of which consisted of casein, produced growth. than the cystins was reacted there was a decline in body weight. It was concluded that cystins was essential for uintenanss and growth. I I‘oods (1!) found 11.1 rate hpt on a cysti. free diet and then shaped to . nor-.1 diet were able to rosuno growth at a rcnrhnble rate, on! were able to reproduce and rear young. Lewis (”I fell dog. on a low protein diet and feud that the addi- 11...".: 511...... .1 ”.11.. 2.1.3.11: influenced the .111»... 1.1- eneo. Io concluded that there is a specific densnd for cystins for no- tabelic processes. \ Lewis and-hens (21), Rose and Mlostun (82) and roster-n at n... (so) 1.11.11.13.14 11.1 11 was not pessiblelat 111.1 11.. 1. mm.- 1... Marni: .1...» 1.1.1.1 chenieal substances to. (v.11... 31.1111.- . ' ’ ' c.1113 (1s) 1.... 1a.. 1. «.11.. 11.1111... and erginins .111 on «nu-m. “1.1. 1.11.. 11.1 v.11 a... 1.1.. are .11. 1. 1.11 11.1: weight when either of them (histidine or arginine) is present" in the otherwise complete ration. In the absence of both, a loss of weight occurred. Hart, Nelson and Pits (8) showed that the addition of histidine and arginine did not bring about an increase in growth. Lokroyd and Hopkins (24) stated that “when.arginine and histidine are together removed from the diet of rats which have previously been growing on a complete amino acid mixture there is a rapid loss in weight." They also found that nutritional equilibrium was possible in the absence of one of these protein constituents, but not in the absence of both. They suggested that this is because each of these amino acids can, in metabolism, be converted into the other. Barrow and Sherwin (25) stated that histidine is an essential amino acid and that arginine and histidins are not interchangeable. Rose and Cox (26) demonstrated that arginine cannot replace histidine in the diet. They concluded that histidine is absolutely essential for grosth.and maintenance. Cox and Boss (27) in feeding trials with growing rats found that neither adenine, guanine, creatinine, creatine nor a combination of these compounds is capable of replacing histidine in the ration. Harrow and Sherwin (25) feund that imddasol lactic acid, a compound closely related to histidine serves as a very good substitute for histi- dine in the diet. Cox.and Rose (28) stated that ”the addition.of dl-Beta-d imidasole lactic acid to the histidine-doficient diet caused an immediate resumption «ma, .1.:.1. slightlyleworthanthat menu. ouivalent 1.111111; .1 11.111111... my «a.» 111.1 each . substitution 1. 9...:- 11. mun: 1112.141 being transformed by the .111. into 111. amino acid. lose and Cook (It) dc-nstratcd that arginine could not replace 11111111.. in 111. 11.1. mm ”11.1.1.1 111.1 111... 1.. amino 11.1.. were . not interchangeable in min. 1111.11.11.11. ' m hrly intestiptcrs associated arginine and histidine very closely in protein .tabclien. achroyd 1.1.1.11. (u) 1.39.1.1 11.1 in 1.1.1.11... arcinine an. 11.111111. could 1. «111.11.41.11. m1. 111. .111... .111 111.1 1: .11. was p..- ent in the diet the other one was not absolutely necessary. soiling (ll) stated that "arginine and histidine soon to be inter- mio in-urtritien'. ' ' n11. 1....1 amnion“... 11.1.1.1, 11.1. .11... m1 arginine .111 histidinc are not so closely associated in metabolism as was at first W“. I 1 Dose and o... (89) concluded that 'argininc and histidino are not 1.1.1.1....»1. in urine 11.1.1.1“... .111 111.1 arsininc «.11 11.1 re- 91... 11.11111... ' are (80) towed that 0.41 per cent of arginine added to a ration do- main 111.111.1111.. protaced increased 311.111. . It has been nun-hated (18). (u) that the addition of arginine 1. . 51.11.. «11.1.11 in 1:11. .111.- ..11 produced 9.1111. noise ' Morhalden (a) mu 111.1 a... ”.111: 111.1 11.13111 .11.. 1.1 .11 . ration containisg‘easein, as the scarce .r protein, iron which the tyre- 10 sine had been removed by crystallisation. Ihcn tyrosine was supplied in the ration there was a pin in weight. 1.11.... can... 1.1 a... (or) 1.1 . 1.11.. «1.1.1.1.. «1.11. .1 . basal'protein 11.. ".11.. andtryptophane. be «1.111.. .1 1pm.. to the diet produced satistactory growth in only 8 of u animals. .1111... (6) 1.1.1. .111 111.1 91.11. .11.... ...1 111. 91.1.1. 1.1.11.- nnts ot the Mn body, and 111.1 gelatin leeks both tyrosine and try)- tosheee. Iotani (it) 1.... that the absence .1 tyrosine 11.. the ration did not 91.11.. a deficiency in the ration. on. (as) 1. .11..»1.‘ 1. 1.1.1.1.. 111. 1.111111. 1.111. .1 13.1.1. bwain 1.1 11.1.11 1.11.. .1 1.1111111... corn 11.1.11. scar-user. '11....1. salt .111... nubcr cs, filtered battertat and an alcoholic «tract of wheat oirye. lhenlaotalbnninwas 1.1.1. tpor cent level plws cys- tins with the basal ration, it was found to be dei'ioicnt in nutritive 1.1... lhen tyrosine was .41.. .1 o 3.1- ...1 .1 111. 1.1.1 1.1.1.1. .1 111. 11.1 11.1.1111. .11.... excellent 1.111111. 1.11.. 111.111.11.111 mm. (a) 1.... 111.1 111. absence .1 1mm.- 11... 1.11.. that was otherwise complete did not prevent growth over a period or l8 weeks. 11.11.. Using oiostine (the globulin from house“) as a basal protein, ears (so) .11.. cystins. ersinine .111 1:11... 11 . s 1.1 .111 1.1.1.1. 1.1.1 11... were so 119111..» 1.11.11... .1 . 11.111111. «11.1.... .11.. 1.1 tcrots. lhontln m1.1.1m1.....1...11.1,.:...1, however, growth 11 was retarded. he addition .1 0.4 per cent .1 prolino at this level 11.1...1 .. 111111.111 c.1111. 5c addition of 0.4 per cent of arginine in addition to the pro- linc produced a noticeable increase in a'cwth. euro concluded tint as arginine alone, or proline alone did not produce the growth that a re- mtien .1 growth when arginine was added should be credited to pro- line. he also foundthat two male rats receiving proline in addition to a prolino-iroe diet node nch better growth than two females on the prolinc-frco diet. nose results would not seen to indicate a need for prelinc in the diet .1 the growing rat. Iron the review or literature presented it appears that tryptephone, cystinandhistidincaro essential tcruintenancoandgrewthandthat lysine is essential for growth. It also appears that tyrosine and arci- nine my be essential for growth. moxsnnormscrmnnomormmnrmsc-ormmrm muuummmuu ...1..1 .1111..11.11.p1..1..1 the counceroalsarowcry inocnlote, and innnycasesdisagrcetoa nrhed degree. Alfalfa 111.111... lcvcns .111 sunny (:5) .111 am..- 1363 1.1.1 111. 1.11..- Iing nitrogen distribution expressed in percentage of the total nitrogen .1 111. 111.11. 111.1 1. 1.1.1.1..1 1: the v1. 11:1. 11111.1. 12 Hamilton, Havens a affidley Miller - iv. of 4 samples containing Av. of 2 samples Amino acid 2.628 per cent N Lrginine '7.996 14.05 Histidine 3.931 3.18 Lysine 4.434 11.30 Cystine 0.991 .93 Hitchell and Hamilton (37) have compiled the following data concern- ing the amino acid content of the green alfalfa leaf as determined by the Van Slyke method and classified as to protein character. Expressed as percentages of total nitrogen. fitrogsn Character of Protein Content arginine Histidino Lysine Cystino Cytoplasmic proteins 15.76 15.3 3.1 10.0 0.8 Soluble in dilute alkali 13.60 11.0 6.3 5.3 0.8 water-soluble: Sample 1 13.94 18.8 6.8 5.5 1.3 water-soluble: Sample 3 12.72 17.6 7.5 5.3 1.3 _‘__‘ Chibnall and Nolan (38) found the following nitrogen distribution in the cytoplasmic protein which constitutes about 8.61 per cent of the protein of the alfalfa leaf. The distribution is expressed in percent- age of total nitrogen of the protein. ll'hese two investigators used the upper 6-8 inches of plants which had grown to a height of two feet. 18 iraininc 13.38 per cent Histidinc 3.03 1.11.. 1.11 07.11.. 0.11 Yiehery (39) isolated tyrosine in very cull ensunts from the Juice .1 111. 111.11. .11... nor... .111 v1.... (10) 1..1.1.1 .pp...1.11. «1.1.1. .1 11.1.1... 11.1.. 1.1 1...“... 1...... 1.1.. .1 111. .11111. .11... Jones, eersdorff and holler (do) reported the presence of crypto- pue'n 111. 1.11. 31.1.1. .1 111. .11111. 111.1. 0... £2 lsailtca, herons and orindley (so). hunter and ilcberg (11) and .11.. (1:) 1.1.1 111. 1.11..1.. .1115... 11.11-11.11“ 1. 1..., .11....“ .up...1.1....11.1.1.111......1.1.n1..11:111.v1.s1.11...11.1. W , ‘WW: .1. fair- Amino acid hr. of 1 samples containing disberg 1.d07d Po fi'c 1 - f ‘ mm. 0.715 'o" 1‘e1’ listidiae h“! 'e“ 6.“ 1:11.. 1.100 1.01 s... 1...... 1.071 1.10 1.01 1, m n. tryptophcne, tyrosine and prolino content of the total protein .1 .11. 11.. 11.1 given 1. 111. 111.1.1... 1.11.1.1. n. .11... ..11 «.1... .1 so. .1 the proteins of corn has been dotornincd. 141 Jones end csonhe (a) give the distribution of nitrogen in the elphn dlntelin .1 eorn es tellers - evoreae of too deterninetions expressed es percentoge .1 the tetel nitreeen. ircinine 15.11 per sent 11.110111. 8.81 min 7... mun. s.“ ”in ed Denis (it) give the tyrosine oontent of eorn clntelin no 1.. per eont. H A a. following tools shows the peroentoce onino oeid eontont of sein, . 3...... .1 ..1-. .. «mm... by . 11.1.... .1 investiators. 0111: .11... I onino neids oensidorod es essentinl for growth or neintenones ere given. (ioeordinc to here (as) nein miss my noont 50 per osnt .1 the son protein end clntelin .11... $0 per cent of the eorn protein.) 553m Iones, Ers- rolin iii-fl? Ania eoid end drott end end Innis end. Oohn finisl holler Ironsi Denis ' (51 L45) L“, (41) L“! L401 rrelin. 0.0. ' ' I k ‘ ' moons 3.55 5.” U.“ 5.55 01.11.. s.es 1.05 nation. 0.“ 1.85 ”8111.. 1e“ ”'1” 0.00 Wfi 0.00 0.00 0.10 W dfi nlhr' (41) (in the “lining distribution of the 31%- 15 ' rogen of the preeeed corn germ, expressed ee percentage of total nitro- gen - arginine, 11.04 per cent, hietidine, 5.84 per cent, cystine none, end lysine, 6.62 per cent. Corn 1»: Chibnnll end Nolan (49) made a determination of the diatribution of nitrogen in the cyt0p1aemic protein 01 the corn 1.9.1. GytOpleemio protein included 12 per cent of the lent nitrogen of the eemple studied. The leaves were obtnined about one week before teeeele were observed. hllooing is the nitrogen dietribution found, expreeeed in per cent of nitrogen. Amide N 7.44 per cent Cyatino .77 Arginine 14.69 Hietidino 4.70 Lysine 8.78 Amino N 55.81 Hon-Amino H . 2.04 Ont groin Homilton, Novena end Grindley (35) and Kellen (42) gave the follow- ing distribution of the nitrogen of‘the oet groin, expreeeed es percent- ego of total nitrogen ne determined by the Van Slyke method. 16 —- on, ten nu! Grindley. it. daino deid ei’ . anles conv- tiles .1 “2% 1.? I i *‘ 9. e , igufimnm m- drginins 11.“? 11o“ 12.18 11o“ listidiu 8.7“ 0.58 10.410 9.81 ”.1" 1.841 oo” 0.00 0o” dystine o.“ 4.418 I." .o33 v—-— hi v. fl “.7 hnhe (4'!) toned thet the setivin .1 oets eonteined 0.“ 9.1 out hietidine .1. l.“ per eent tyrosine expreoeed es peroentego .1 totel .11.“... Regine (.0) by 11.1.. .11. 1.11.... 1....111. - 1101 an»... 1.... 0.11 9.. cent .1 may... .. elm-eased 1. yereentego .1 totel um ceonh (ll) toned thnt the yield .1 glntelin ens opproxi-tely 1.! p..- .o.. .1 .11.... 11.... 1.1.; .11. 1... 11:11. nnnlysie 11. .11.... .1. folloeing nitrogen distribntion in glntolin, expressed es the peroentoge .1 totel um... - ' 11-111.... 1.... p.1- .... listidine 8.48 1min- , e... dystine 1... Jones, dorsdortt end looller (4|) fennd thnt the gliedin of onto and... no .m..p.... ..1 s... 171.. .... .1 .1"... 111.1...» Iitshell end Konilton (I?) love essefilod dnto on the evenin of onto 1... .1. 1.11.11... tan. up...“ 11. .11. pereentege .1 ....1 1.1.1.... in the mien! elin seids. three different soulos ore given. 17 m ' 5 “w "‘3'“. “3“” W ““1“” W Dot evenin 15o“ l‘o‘ 'o‘ ‘o‘ lo“ 0.. ovenin 11.11 10.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.. ovenin 11.11 11.1 1.1 1.1 1.. 1.0 n... 23in booster end dlsberg (11) end kindley (5:) give the folloeing dis- 1.1.1.1.. .1 .111»... 1. .11... .- 1...r.1..1 '11, .1. I... 11:11. 11.1... .111 engrossed es the yoreontogo ei' totel nitrogen. *7 V W vv—w—v hino ieid hoists: on! dlsborg bindloy 111111.. 1.11 1.0 11.111111. 1.71 1.1 11.1.. 1.11 1.1 011.1» 0.11 1.1 v v Jones, Oersderi’t end holler (48), hgino (50) end Osborne en! fin- .» (1) 1.3.1... .1. presence .1 .mp1... 1. .11. 311.11. .1 .11.... 0...... ..1 m1 (1) .111 1.... (17) 1.3.11.1 .p..1.. 1. .11. 111.11. .1 .11. n... groin. ' £9191 _ 1.11.. (1.) 1.1 111.11.. (11) a... .11. 1.11.1111. 111.111.11.11 .1 .1111... 1. 11.1.11” .11... .. 1.1.1.1... .1... 1.. 11:11. .11... .111 orpresood es the poreentoge .1 totel nitrogen. 18 1.1.. 1.11 1111.11 111.11.: #_ w w— w w—v "m . .0“ ’ o5 liotidine ‘o70 3.‘ ”'1. 0o“ 'o' 63““ 4.88 lo, will (50) ty doing the wire” 11.111.114.01 motion 1.11.1 0.60 per sent .1 trntopeene nitrogen in the nerdsin of borley. 11.11. (47) reported 8.4! per eent e! tyrosine in the herdein .1 1.11». ' " It eppenrs iron the dot. preeentod in the litoretnro reviesed re- 51.11.. .11. .11... 1.11 “.1... .1 .11. 111.11. 111..., ..1 ..1-., ...., .1... end berloy, thet motioelly ell .1 the oeeentiel enino eeids ere present in these eel-on foods. It is probable thet sene of the enino eeidsoreeresentinseuoi’tnoee teedsinenentitioseoenllesto render then individully Moon-to for 1.1.1 growth, reyrednotion end lnetetion innnle. Drover, the tree volts .1. feed ennbe neesnred .111: by 1.1.1 ”21.111.11.11. ' manner 0' one 1mm 01‘ 11.11111, me, an 0111 Ihile it is not oensidersd the boot preetiee to bed eninls nutri- .11.. ironenlyons 1...... nevertheless 1. isthepreetioeinsensee- tionsertheeonlrtrytoteedeninelslergelyenenehoyendenoanin. hrtnisreneonit ieinortonttoknoothebielegieelnlneorthoreri- 19 eeotoedooleni’edeleno, sronentedestheyrinoiyeloonreoete eerteinsleeootnntrient. hedingrriele inohiohdli’elfeleylesloenflood no the * 111.....1 1.111.. .1 11.1.1. 213: Mo ° mmubmm (1.) .1... .11.. «manna...» .11. 1.1: t... .1 1.111.... 1.1 1.11: ..1.1.. 1. 1. 1.11 1.1.1.11. .111 hes e very good effect open the digeetiro oysten, eo it in oligetly len- etioe in ehreeter. It 11 111311 in protein, end is highest of ell eouon 1.... 1. ..1..1..." ‘ 1 11.....1. 11111.1 1...... (11) 1.1.1.11... .11. 1.1.1.. .1 ..1..1... .11.11.11.y..11.1 .1.v.11.y...1..a.¢. 1.11.111...» Itoesi’enndtnet the teediuotredelonrineeen-greonretion ..1..1-1.1 1. 1111.1... ..1. .11.... ..1 .11. ..1..1 11.1... 1.1111 11.. .inteineyositiso nitrogenteleneo inhighpredeoingdeiry eooo. then eltelfe hey oee oebstitnted for red eloeer hey, booster, it see fonnd poe- oitle to ninteinenitregontelenoe for et leeot 11 oeoto. new... end Veneer (11) eenered elhlfe by ed eern oilegs with .1...» 1.; .11. ..1. 1.11.... .11. 1... 119.11.... 1.1.1... 111. 1.11.1. rereroel oyotenneoneed. egreinnixtereefeyerts erectedoorn, 1 yortsgronndeets,endenepert linseedeilneeloeei’ed. uringthe firot end third periodo elieli'e end eilego were 1.1, end ti-thy hey end eoreiedderoere todderingtne oeoond poried. Inileenti-thynoyend oornteddertnseninlo lostdporoent inbedyoeicet, enildpereent end 14 yer eent in eilk end bettertet predation, respootivoly. hey eenelfled thet “with elfelte hey et $15.00 per ton tinothy hey io worth 11 onto per ten for feeding prodnoing eowo". 1n. loo brieo stetien (57) 11.. reported on trielo in vhieh e retien .1 .11111. ..1 .11... b1... .1. ..1..1... .. . 11.1.. .1 .11111. 1.. .111 . period out six oooko. Ihilo the oddition of whoet bren eeneod en inoreeoe innilkprednetisethe inereeoevesnetenenghtopeytneeootoi’tne wheet tron fed. - I a... van, 1.. “.111... (11) 1.1.1 .11.. by "..1..1...1111 111.11. 11.. 11.11 1.11.. .11.. oeou-od center .11: ”1.1.1... .11. .11. .111. .1.- deetienoesnot enooghtepoyiorthegreinreddnrixtneehert teediu period need. dppreeieting, however, the reoidnel efieoto of groin feed-- ing they .0 this otetenont - '01. eooonnt of the inereeoed prodnetion obteinod end the reeidnel effect ot the groin feedix, eo well no its tevoreble inflnenes on the eondition of the eowo end their oftopring, it my be eenelnded, heoever, ten the preetiee of teediu groin to euro on 111111. ie oeenendeelly some one ny 1. ”amended." 1.1.1.1 (11) 1.. 1...... 1111.11. ..1... .1... 11.. 1.1 11 1.. ..1..1... 1. 11.. «1.1.1.. .11.. .11. 1...... .11111. 1.. .1111 .. .11. .11... 11.. .. e feed for deiry sees. leery ed hrrioon (10) stete thet 'ovee thong. eli’elte hey oneels eserongeege 1.11.11.11.11. it isnevertheleeseronghogoendnote'eon- eentrete. lenos, oboe it io snbotitnted tor ell the ooneentreteo in e retion, the predation of good deiry eowo will be doereeeed ”bully". Bert, my end lorrioon (‘1) fed two lots of growing heifers, one receiving eltelte end the other the corn grein es the prinsipel 31 neuron of protein. he let. vere elternntod. m... inventintoro on. .. the felloeinc «..1..1... . '(nl On the heir of totnl nitrogen inserted the ntilinntion of nitrogen for growth on. e. efficient when the eouroo vne tron elfelfn warhenit on. frontheeornhernel. (b) '1“. the high intone ef ”tel disentible protein, vhioh in the i... .r .n. olfelfe ineldeo .n. 'ma. nitroaon', .1» my... .r 1.1.2.... v... «mun; elite 1.... ... 3...»... Rnrt end We: (68) found thnt the protein of the olfolfn plant nee inet no efficient for nilk production no the protein of the oorn pleat. Reed, riteh end Gave (63) noirn . loletoin heiforo per lot fed one 1.. .3. elfolfn m .n. W am: new... 2.3mm... an nilk pr.- dnetion to einilnr lote fed on nlfelfo. nnd oiloco, end nlfelfn, eilnce ell groin. the heiforo were plnood on theeo retione when very young, and eorried on through two lootntion period... a... inortiptoro eon- eluded .1... the ennui" feeding of nlfdlfn w fniled to )rodnee n entiefnotory dorolopnent of Eolntoin heifers, nor did it prove to be In eeonenieel food for the production of nilk. it the loved. Stntien (64) it in! found flat the fooding of anin in eddition to nlfnlfn inoronood firodnotion over thnt oeenrod on on elfelfn to... .1»... a. “1.1:. 1...... y”... .. 1». nero eeononieel. any ponndoofgroinnnndonlyuponndoofhw. a: nmufelfnhowondelfelfn leefneol here been fed innenv feeding triele vith rote, in preetionll: ell of then elfnlfo hne been fed Iith other protoino, thne oheenrinc it. true biolecieel 1.1.... it the Oregon dtntion (e6) oone diffienlt: one experienood in nin- tnininn eni-le on n high level of tin nlfelfe leof. 'droeth onrvoo ohov .1... .n. .44...“ .r um eunnte .r ”..1.- .. the nlfelfn 1...: 9...... elenrly Minted on mm..." of t]! protein of the nlfelfn lenf'. Drone (66) found thet rote oonld ho ninteinod on e diet of nlfnlfn he: plne n protein free heenl retion. an etiolocioel heeie the proteine. of eottoneeed noel, elfelfo he: and oorn ohovod nutritive volneo of u, 0. end a p..- eent reepoetivelro levene‘ m... .1... ".1151... m 1...... tor: plotehle, no n11 retione of vhioh it fornod n pert eero reedil: .....;-. ‘ roedinc friele in vhioh corn loo Been need no the rrineipel lonree of Protein Dniry Cows hrt, bcollnn, Btoonbooh end Euchre: (1) etndied the effect on no!“ end reprodut ion of rnt iono fron reotriotod eonrooe. be: fed mm... 5-. nnthe m. on 3...... roetrietod .. .5. corn, ... or ehent plant, or o nixtnro of thee. oorool plate. ronr lot. of d heifer. eneh nere need. drown-one fed ontirolronthe creinondromco ofthe oornplont. MM!” fedentirelyentheminnldm efthe ont plant. mm...» fedontirolyonthocreineurouhece ofthevheet plont. Group fonreno fodentirelyononintnro of equal pnrt. of the oorn, .... end um... 91.... ‘ n. verione mo vere helnnood to the protein level of the rotion eoneiotinc of the oot plont. 23 no eninle in the verione lot. vero oonfinod to their roepeetive 3...... ma .11.: bed «1... ..1... he inveeticetore on. to the follovinc eonolneione. an... rooeivinc a... nutrient. fron the Iheet p1... vere ..1..1. to poi-fern nor-.11: end with via: ell the nernel phyeiolocioel proooeeoe. 'noeo reeoirine their nutriente fron the oorn plent eere etronc end nan... "..1..1 1. ..1..1... «.11.... end "mu... m .r a... weight end vigor. 'tninle reeeivine their nutrient. free the oet plent vere ehlo to 9.2:... .11 .11. pm1.1.¢1..1 9...»... .: an... "predation .3. .111: eeeretion vith e eertein decree of visor, bet not in the non. degree ee unifeeted by the oorn fed eninle. 'Ihen e nixtnre of ell the ehovo plent uteriele nee need, the eni- ..1. Emma... .. .11. 3.1.. with 1... vigor .1... .. u. oorn or .... retien, tnt with .20 vigor then to the vheet retion." the folloein: tehle ee-riee. eon. .t the nor. inortent oheerve- tione en the eninl. of the verione lote. Eh. oheorvetione voro of e mtive netnro oo tint thoyero rented, l, r, s, d; 1 being the hoot end 4 the peoroet renting. Generetivo Mince OtVeervoitione 2.1;... Intion 1.3.. W [inure fl ”W l d I a 8 cloeeneeo of eelvins dete to the l 4 8 8 expeetod dete weight of eelvee l d r a tiger of eelvee et birth 1 d r 8 lilh prodnetion l d 3 8 lo. eelvee horn in e :eere I d I 6 lo. eelvee thet lived 1 0 t 8 D. eelvee horn deed o l l f It. eelvee horn elive, but died 0 I l l n... .111 my (.1) m) 1.... .11.. .1. 1.1."... .1 .11. oorn p1... wee .1... ....1 .. ..1..1...«11 .1 .1» .1:.11. .1... 1.. 1...... "in or leotetinc deiry eettlo. hereon end when (6'!) found thet the peroentece eveilntilitw .1 .11 1...; ..1 31.... 1.... inleetehliehing . 111...... «1.11.1.1... wee em. per oent for oil n.el end 76.4 per eont for clnton food. he: eon- .1u.1 .11.. 31.... 1... not“: 1. n... eeeee .11.... . 111.... ..1..1" velne .11.. .11 ...1 31...... 2.3. an... (9) fonnd the. oorn ,rotoin no net enffieientl; oonpleto to eeppert life eithont being enpplenentod with tie eni- eoid trntophene, mr would it indnoe growth in the ret without heinc mplonented with teth trntophene enl lyeine. ......... 30.11... 31—... end rite (do) oonelndod thet "the proteine of .1. ..1.. ..1..1 .....1. .11 .1. ..1.. ..u. ...... 1.. ...-... ... the proportion ofoo. of thenere eneh thet thepeve not ntilieed to ehinhdoereoeethe eelo eonree efprotein'. nepohteinedehenttwo- third. nor-l growth over eperiod of 6-7 untho onediet inwhieh ell the protein wee derived fron tl per eent of pond neiee in the retion. levene (“I fennd thet oorn protein hed e lower Dielecieel velno .11.. .1311. .... 1.. .. rete. loedinchiele inwhiohOete levoheonmedeothol'rinoipel Ionreeefl’rotein 2131 down 11..., emu... 3...»... ..1 my (1) .... found, 1. e... .1- 2.... ...“... .... ... ... pr»... 1. ... .. ...1.1.....y .- ... .... protein for growth, reprouetion end leetetion in deirp eewe. he: eon- .111... however, thet e feir done. of effioienep wee eeonred with the oet protein. leffhn (e9) wee uehle to eeonro nernel aowth, reproduction end 1...»... 1. 1.1.: .... 1.1 ..1..1-.1; .1. the ... 1.1.... 1.. ..1..1. .... nndereieod, of poor eppeerenee end nine .1 the eelvoo horn on thie diet lived. In theee two experinente oortein dieterp feetore prohehl: were ee 1......» inprodneincthe ....1.. ohteinodeewee .1. «.11.. .1... protein of the retion. a... emu... We end Pitt (70) dononetretod thet rete fed on ‘ C H ’ w 1 W ‘V 1. i i I O — ( V l ' ... ‘ ‘ x } f ' O 86 rolled eete elene would die. it e leter deto locollnn end Bimnde (71) «11.1.... .... ... ... 92.1.1. ... .... «11.1... 1.. ..1........ .... were the proteine of oorn end wheet. Ion: per eent of the eet protein wee ee effieient in ninteininr rete ee wee e per cent of the protein of oorn or wheet. lhe low eotoon in whioh eete wee held by mun. end oo- worhore during their eerly invertiptione wee dno et leeot in pert to the hich level et whieh rolled eete wee fed. It wee fonnd thet when fed et lower lovelo the roenlte ohteined were ueh Ire eetiefeetory. r... (n) «11.1.... .1... 'oete 1. ... 1.7 ..... or ..1..1...» .. oorninetion proved to he on indeqnete diet for you: rete". Mell- end li-ende (78) in oonperie: the hiolocioel velno of the ... .....1. .. .11.. .1 .11. 1.... 1. to 1. .1... v. ... .... .. «11.1.... litehell (Yd) fonnd thet when oet protein wee fed et e a per eont level 1. 1.. ..1.1.¢1..1 velne .1 1.... lhen 1.. .. . 1o ... .... 1...1 the Dieleciul velne wee “.9 per eent. Iilh protein, wilder einiler eenditione, hed ‘hiolocieel veleee of ”.d end «.7 per eent roepeetivelp. huh (I'd) hept rete elivo for e eonoidoreblo length of tine on eete elone; 1.. 11 .1. .... .... .....1...1 .11. ..1.1. .1.a .. .. ...-1: u... 011.. rete lived longer then you; rete on the oet diet. it the Ohio kporinent Stetion (7‘) nutrition etedioe .de hp feed- 1.¢ whelo .... .. .... 1.11....1 .1... .... ... 1.11.1... 1. ... ......m protoine. d. L. lertwell (7'!) fed oet noel to rete end eopplenentod the diet with 1...... ... . ..1. ......» m. ......1» ..1..1...1 .... ... .... 27 teinofthe oet-elweeofeood qnelityeerecerde growth inrete, hnt thet it wee not edeqneto for aeetetion end leotetion. Ihoee defieionoiee were enppoeed to to due to e leoh of qnentitp of protein rethor then to the “lit: of the protein. m EFFICIENCY LID room 03' m EDIE-GROW] RATIO! m m! PROMIOI r.. nore then :5 poere tho inoroeeing ooete of high protein oonoen- m... here 9...»... . ...1... ...-.11.. .. ... 1.1.: 1...... I11...»- ... deirp fer-or ohenld W protein-rich oonoontretee or food hone-awn food. will depend won two thing. - 111..., the offioionoy of the protoin in the hone-crown retion when «lowered with pnroheeed protein-rich eoneentretee, end eon-ll), the new with which eeoh type of feed prodneee nilk. hen. (7.) fed 8 lot. of 2 eowo oeoh one hone-grown retion end e ...m .....1.1.3 ...-.11.... 1...... n. 1......1 ...... ... .... ... ... foodiu period wee for 52 deco. he hone-crown retion ooneieted of l: ponnde of elfelfe end so ponnde of oorn eileco per dew. lhe other retion weeoeqoeedoflponnde ofninedhey, 50...... of oorneiloge, 1...... ofwheethren, enddponnde ofdriod’orower'e creine. l'he hone-crown retion eonteined eo neh protein, bet a.“ ponnde loee totel dieoetihlo litriente then the retion eenteinin‘ the percheeed protein. Mix the periede the eninle received the eeneentretee in the retion, the: pre- dneod 4.15 per oont nore nilh end 1.1. per cent nore butter. Iron the etendpoint of eoonoq tho elfnlfe-oorn oilaee retion ehowod ... ...... roenlte. Ihilo on thin retion the eowo prodnoed 100 poude of nilh end e pound of butter et e ooet of 65.9 oente end ll.l oent. ro- epeotivelp, while on the retion oonteining the oonoontreteo the ooet wee no.9 oonto ..1 1... oento 1.. 100 ...... .1 .111: ... ... pa... .1 1...... reepeotivelp. it tho tine of thio triel (1002) when nixed he: wee worth $16.00 per ton, wheet hren $91.00 per ton, end driod hrewer'e creino W.“ per ten, the elfelfe he: wee worth $24.52 no e enhetitnte for the oonotitnonto of the eoneentreto retion - eeolnoivo of the oorn oileco. d .ller profit wee returned when orineon olover wee enbetitntod for elfelfe he: in oiniler triele. It ehonld he pointed out, however, tint .11. 1... .11.. ... ... ...1... .... 1. .111. ..p.r1.... .... ... 1.1.1.... in totel digeetihle netrionte - e feet thet would render the reenlto of little welne. Lt the oene etetion e retion ooqoood of o. pennde oow pee oilece 10 pound. erineon elover e ponnde oorn end ooh noel - wee fed euinot e retion eonpoood of - 86 ponndo oorn oilece d pomde nixed he: 4 pounde dried hrewer'o creine 1.5 9...... ..1..1...“ ...1 ’ he production wee ebont the eon, bet the ooonow of production wee in fever of the hone-grown retion. Darin: theee trielo tho oowo were prodnein; ehont u ponndo of nilh per dep. he. (79) fed e retion eowoood of oow pee he: end oorn eiloce ...1... e ...... eonpooed of oorn etelhe, oorn oilece, wheet hren, dried hrewer'e creino, ... oottoneoed noel. the hem-crown retion oonteined 29 .14 pound. leoe protein, but l.” pou'ndo onro totel digoetiblo nutriente then the retion eontaining tho peroheood protoine. the rovoreel nothod wee need. a. retion oonteinine the pureheood protoino prodnoed ... por oont noro nilh end 15.2 per oont noro huttor than the hone-crown retion. the ooet of producing 100 pound. of nilh end one pound of butter wee 50.0 eento end 8.08 oente reopeotivelp'ror the hone-crown retion, end 60.5 oente end 13.6 oente reopootivoly for the retion oonteininc the pur- oheeed protein. Billing. (80) eontinuing the work of hone in e third oorioe of triel. .. ... low 1.1-...“..1... ...... so 1.. 1...... ...-1.1. ..1 «.41.. . hone-crown ......g. ...1.. .1 .11.11. 1... ... .... .11... ...1... . retion eepplonontod with pnroheeed proto in, found the letter to he noro «one.- 181. ”we retiene were eunll: helenoed in both protein end totel di- neetihlo nutriento. 11. oonolndod tlnt hotter reoulte would he ohteined if hone-crown protoine oonetitutod e lerce pert, but not ell, of the pro- toin of the deiry eew'o retion. r111. triel, ooqered to the provioue .11-1.1. .. .11. 1.. I...” o...1.. (51) (so) .111... .... .1 ehort .....1... would indieeto thet the hone-crown retion‘io noot oetiofeetory over e ehort period, hnt not re eetiofeotorp for e lone feeding period. deldwell (tl) fed 8 loto of d oowe eeoh on e retion ooqoood of el- felfe hep, oorn eilece, end oorn we}; end e retion oonpoeed of oorn oiloae, oorn etovor, wheet hren, oorn noel end oottoneeed noel. lo oen- eludod thet the two retiono were ebout equel in roeerd to offioionop of produetion. rho ooete were preotioell: the eene, hein‘ d oente leoe per 100 pounde of nilh in fever of tho hone-grown retion. 30 rreeer end Reyden (88) otudied the eonperetivo efficiency of elfelfe ... ... .11... tn. 1.. .11. production. 1 ....1 ...1.. ...po... .1 . pounde clover hey, 80 pound. of corn oileco, end 1 ponndo of corn noel wee need. night pound. of whoet hren weo fod eaeinot o pound. of elfel- fe hey. no difforoneo in production wee eo onnll eo to he inoicnifioent. lhe elfelfe retion wee the ohoepor of the two retione. . hoe-e too) eoqered e hone-crown retion with e retion eupplenontod with puroheeod proteine. Fifteen eowo were fed for two 10...: poriode hy the revoreel uthod. be hone-crown retion ooneietod of elfelfe hey efl oorn noel. 111. other retion ooneiotod of corn oilece end e concen- treto nixturo of '8 pound. of alt eprouto, 1 pound of lineeed noel, 1 pound of gluten nel, end l pound oorn ohep. In the two 80-dey periodo the cove on the elfelfe-oorn retion .1. . ..1. .1 or... 9...... .1 .11. .... ... .... on .11. ....1- retion. 1.. eowo were producing only ebout 1o poundo of nilh per dey. 11... ... mm: (e), (.4), (.1). (as). 1.... .11.. 1. ... p...111. to nintein e poeitivo .1........1.... in cove producinc ee nueh ee 85 pound. of nilh per dey on e retion of corn oileco, elfelfe hey end either oorn or herloy eo e oonoentreto food. dt the Ohio Stetion (07] two oowe fed elfelfe by end m oorn «.31.... .11.11- 1.....1... ... .... a... birth .. . 11.1.. ..11. 0.. .1 .11. .... 91...... 11.0411 ...... .1 .11. ..1 one ...... .1 ......n. 1. l3 unthe end Jere birth to e 1o. pound living oelf. 1.. other oow pro- duced 11,8" pound. of nilh end 851 pound. of fet in 11 nontho ... cove .11-.11 .. . 1o 9.... 11.1.. ..11. 51 . rec-1.1111... Ioevor end Lundos (80) reported the uoo of soyhoens es e hone-green supplenent in tho deiry cow's ration. fhoy fed 8 loto of e .... mu 1.. .11... 110-... ...-1.1.. 1.. 1... .... 1.1 . heeel ...1.. .1 .... .11... ..1 .11.11. 1..., ... . groin .11.... .1 equel pm. by ‘ weight of erected oorn end ground eete. During the first end third pori- odo the cove received old process linseed oil neel in eddition to the hesel retion ed m... the eooond poriod thoy received creehod soyhoene in plus of the linseed oil ”I. the soyhoen periods produced 8346 pounds of nilh end 100.94. pounds of huttorfet, while the lineeod oil Del produced 34“.: pounds of nilh, end 11.... pound. of hutterfet. dooording to the results of these trials, inning eeleuletions on the huttorfet production, when lineeed oil noel heo e velue of 045.00 per ... ereohsd soyhoens ere worth $60.00 per ton. In siniler triels with soytoens es e supplenont, Olson (09) con- .1.e.1, 1... .1. roeulto .1 o ..1.1., .5... 5...... ...»... .... eo ... .... .... ..1..11. 1.. .111: produetien ..1 10 p..- .... .... ..1..11. for hutterfet production then linseed noel in eupplenenting tho retion. 1. .pp.... 1... .11. 1... presented 1. .1. 11...“... ......u .... 1. 1.11111... to ..1...1. .13. .111: production .... . «......mu long period by the feeding of oorn silage, logune hey end ~e oenoontreto nixture oonpooed of the «non oeroels. It on. eppoero thet ‘oy uoing e produet of legune plents es e protein eupplonent for e oeneontrete nint- ure eeqosod of oeroelo, e very setisfeetory retion w to ooeured. he hone-grown retion, however, sooned to produce nilh end huttorfet noro eoonenioel ly. 32 THE SUPP “JENTARY VALUE OF ALEALEA, CORN AND OATS HoCollum (90) after studying the supplementary value of various cereals with alfalfa leaves made the following statement. “Among the seeds studied, the cat kernel is best supplemented by the alfalfa leaf. A simple mixture of 60 per cent rolled oats and 40 per cent leaf induces in the rat nearly normal growth to the full adult size. Animals grown on this diet have shown.moderate fertility and fair success in the rear- ing of’young. However, they were not nourished in the Optimal manner, for they 1.11 considerably below the maxim capacity .1 well nourished animals in.respect to fertility and successful rearing of young". McCallum.and Simmonds (91) found that some females would not repro- duce when fed on a ration made up of 80 per cent oat meal and 20 per cent alfalfa leaf. They also found that in every case where the young could be reared to weaning, or to the point where they could eat the food, they made much more rapid growth than when taking the mother's milk. Ravens (66) found that for maintenance corn and alfalfa failed to show any supplementary values when fed together. It appears from the literature reviewed, that the protein of the corn plant is more efficient in animal nutrition than the protein of the cat plant. While this was a logical conclusion at the time the work was done, in the light of our present knowledge of necessary dietary factors the conclusion would not be logical. The difference in the dietary fac- tors of the two rations would be as good an explanation as the difference in amino acid content of the rations. It eppeers thet eete end elfelfe supplsnsnt eeoh other to e greetsr decree then do oorn eul .11-.111. end tint the 111.11. protein hes e higher tiolecioel telue then the protein of the oorn stein. hiry sows yielded e lergsr event of nilk when e retion of elfelfe hey wee supple-sated with sons and groin. um WW”! 0’ M13! cows mm. is known reserdinc the wetor oonountion of deiry sows. or the offset of wetor mtion on feed sensation end nilk predation. It see-s possible thet the «mention of greater or lesser «entities .1 .11.11. night 1:11....- the enter «mu... end in thio n1 .11m ‘ the wilt predation of deiry eewe. soott (91) gives the followiu wetor oomtion dots on Date. roses settle st 1111...» periods during growth. m .... ere tent on estintss. W W V Period of Met]: lesson rounds of I'eter Oonsuwed hily W steer Sue-or 100 - m s yr.-old steer ' so - so M1“ steer ' " IO .. CO 0.11 i- so- so wetsrinnilkedditionel nry sow [inter dd 8 no-dld heifer " N ‘0 i for... ..1' so-werhers (so) in mm the 1.1. .1 wetor in the deiry oow's retion found the following to to tree. 1. then sows were wetsrsd .1. 1. so hours they ...-.... 1 pounds 1... my, a poem. 1... silece, efi 7 pounds loss wetor then when wetered 3 tines deily. 8. Dipsti‘tility is insroessd when the uterine interwel is lengthened. I. as frequency of weterinc does not seen to here en epprecietle offset on the osneistenoy of the feces. leithsr does it heve Itch effect on the frequency of voiding feces. d. we. net-n1 conditions the cows voided urine d to 7 tines per w. lhile on expsrinent they voided urine 3 to d tines per dey. I. no onset of wetor consoled is directly reletod to the onset of tilt redwood. but hed no effect on the soqosition on the whle nilk or htterfet produced. 0. dnienls tut were receiving linitod events of wetor, or wetor st so hour intervels showed noro nervousness, end e nre punt oondition. 7. dlergornsnntefensrcypsrlooolvounds livewoichtwesreo quiredwheethe eninelswero watered every so hours endwhonthe wetor Wise wee linited. It «one free tb litereture reviewed, thet very little is known 1.5.2.1.; 111. deily wetor ...-Wu... .1 leotetin‘ deiry «111., ..1 the 1...... effecting rete .1 wetor mu... new.” .1 drinking end totel wetor sonswtien seemed to have the greetest physiologioel effect on the deiry sow. 35 PHYSIOIDGIGII. EFFECTS OF FEEDIEG MALE! ELI Although elfelfe by is one of the host reugheges grown for the m of live stock, yet there ere seu'indicetions thet this feed is not without sons her-ful physiologicel effects, especielly if fed in excessive WI. It is credited with heing the sense of kidney trcwhlo m sterility when fed excessively ts fern eninls. leery end Drrisen (60) stete thet if horses ere ellowed to gorge the-solves en elfelfe hey they receive en excessive saint of nitroceuus uteriel. his list be voided through the kidneys end thus ever-working then. If excessive feeding is continued it my leed to e chronic in- fle‘tsry condition .1 the kidneys. Bert ed Hmhrey (62) found thet when elfelfe hey see the sole source of nitrogen in the deiry cow's retion it hed specific diuretic properties. “Its ingestion ... gensrelly 1.11.... by . an)... 11.. in the output ..1..1... rho rise in renel activity eeused e depression in silk flow which rose egein when the change to the corn retion wee ado. his shrinhgewesd to dpounds in25pounds ofnilk.’ Stoenhoch (9.) studied diurssis end its rsleticn to .111: 11... s. edninistsred uroe in diuretic doses end found thet it decreescd nilk flow tomrerily.’ The i-poverislnsnt of the tissues celled for increesed wetor censufition, end silk flow returned to nor-n1." ateenhook found thet eelt, while both e diuretic end e lentive, cannot produce e depress- ing effect on silk flow hoceuso it creeteo e thirst thet stinuletes wetor sonswtien end uinteins the wetor telence in the body. he concluded 'it is difficult to interpret the results sonetines otteined with elfelfe "by so due to diuresis elone if uree dim-esis sen he tehon es s type". 36 sotole (so) concluded thet in general the high protein roughages sti-leted thirst. it the Oregon Stetion (96) it was found thet cows producing s end- erete‘euunt of nilh while on e retion eonsisting largely of elfelfe, useelly showed e positive selcim heleme, e negative phosphorus helenoe, end frequently else e negotive nitrogen helenco while on neteholisn triele. Ihethor nitrogen wes positive or nogetive seemed to depend somewhat on .1. «.11.: .1 .11. hey 1... need, ritch end our. (65) found thet the feeding of en exclusive .11.11. by ...1... produced .. noticee’ele reproductive troubles 1. ... heifers used in the triele. it the Ilsvede stetion (“I it wee not possible to detornine the re- 1..1....1p ...-... .11. 1...... .1 .11.11. 1... ... not-111... he Mifsrnie Experiunt Btetien (97) reports thet 'dete thus 1.. "11...... .11... preportiomtely 1... ....111.y 1. 1.117 ....1. 1.. .1.- clueively on elfelfe then those fed portly on elfelfe or in those reeeiv- ing no elfelfe st ell; thus neptiving the populer opinion thet elfelfe is the sense of sterility'. 1. .99.... .1... .11... ... greetly conflicting ..1..1... .. to .11. physiologic“. .11.... .1 .11.11. hey. on. 1.11...“ «..1..1... ..y to drnn 1... the litereture reviewed. first - the csuwtion of lergo ueentitios of elfelfe seened to ..1..1... .1112... second - lorge quentitios of elfelfe hey in the retion of deiry sows seeud to hove e specifie diuretic effect. hird - large questities of elfelfe hey is the retion of deiry sows ... 11.11... .... ... .11... .11. reproductive «11.1.... .1 .11. ...-1.. 37 11150053101 or 11mm or 1.1mm lone-grout retions, though very oomnly fed to dairy cows, are not considered edsmto for high silk production. Ehe chief criticisms of tn hens-crown retion ere thet the protein content is not high enough efl the teelity of the protein is not sufficient to nest the dsunds of eninelo in nevy lectetion. no so... osreels fed to deiry sows probehly oontein ell the enino eoide'eooontiel for nointenenos end growth, but sons of the ossontiel enin soids ere pot present in “entities sufficient for .inteunss ed growth, on shown by biologicel deterninetiens. ilfelfo hey oonteins oil the enine soids neesssery for uintenencs end growth. he quentities of the veriows enino soids found in elfelfe hey ere not definitely known. Llfolfe elono does at eppoer to be en sffieisnt food for either settle or rete when fed fron tn tins the eni- ..1. .2. ...... ...11 .11.: ...... nturity. Ihen fed es the sole source of protein the corn plent soonod to heve o higher biologioel veluo then the set plent. In the light of present- dey knowledge, however, other nutritionel footers would prohehly effect greetly the results when diets fren linited sources were fed. nllsd sets end elfelfe seen to apple-out eeoh other to e creeter decree then do oorn end elfelfe. more is sen question in rent-d to tn physiologieel effects of elfelfe hey on eninls when fed in lergo quentities. Bone evidence hes been presented to show thet elfelfe, when constituting the sole source of protein in the eninel's retion hes specific diuretic properties. 38 g EHEd‘iIIEI-ITAL WORK Object The present prices of supplementary dairy feeds make it highly de- sirable that a ration of suitable quality for high milk production and satisfactory reproduction be worked out for Michigan conditions through the greater use of home-grown feeds. The present type of home-grown ra- tion is considered too low in both quantity and quality of protein. The alfalfa plant furnishes a cheap source of protein on most machi- gan dairy farms. The leaf of the alfalfa plant is especially rich in protein. The value of the alfalfa leaf as a supplement for the common cereals in the feeding of dairy cows has not been studied. Oats are a very p0pular cereal crOp in.Eflchigan, and one that can be grown in practically every section of the State. Cats are a very com- mon constituent of the dairy ration. It was the object of this experiment to determine the value of a simple grain mixture composed of ground oats and alfalfa leaf meal when compared to a complex grain mixture containing purchased protein. Paralleling this feeding trial with dairy cows, a number of feeding trials were made using rats as experimental animals. In the trials with rats a variaty of'rations of a simple nature were compared to a complex retion.made up of the same constituents included in the complex concenp trate ration used in this experiment. 39 PLAN OF EXPERIMENT Procedure Part I . Ieedin‘ hperi-ent eith hiry Gore lei-1e Ueed he aisle need in thie experiment eere purebred eeee iron the cellece herd. run eeee eere need. my eere emcee inte tee pm. etfive eeeeeeel. he teecreupeeerebeleneedeeequenyeepeeeibhe fierce-rt “tennis”. we built. evens-u:- unreal-nor. 4-11: Iilk yield an fet percent-p. an. intention ie ”riled in teble 1. the ef the aisle need in thie tried eere purebred neleteie-rrieeien ...... men emrummepmbmrrunMue-e. Seeeen er Ieer hie experimt eee beg-en hreh 15, 1929. end eeneluded July 81, use. ' moment filter he eeinle eere eheltered in the .13 deir: here. hereiee he eeeeeerepernittedteexereiee eeehdeyinemlldrylet, “mathemther permitted theyeere turned eat after the night milk- in: at left in the dry 1» mn the rum uni-g milkinc. 3.1—“3 he eeeeeerenilhed four tiueeeehuheure. neeilkincheere eere ...o L. 1., 10.30 A. 1., 3.50 r. 11.. end 10.30 r. I. m eeee were milked with a De Laval milking machine, and were stripped by hand. The total milk from each cow was weighed and recorded after each milking. Bedding The cows on this eXperiment were bedded on shavings. Weights of Animals The animals were weighed at eight o'clock for three consecutive mornings Just previous to the beginning of the experiment. They were weighed thereafter at eight o'clock on the last three mornings of each feeding period. Mh of Feeding Periods — The length of feeding periods was 50 days. At the end of each 30 days the rations were reversed. This was continued for four periods. In this way lot I was on the complex ration during the first and third periods and on the home-grown ration during the second and fourth periods. Lot 11 was on the complex ration during the second and fourth periods and on the home-grown ration during the first and third periods. watering While in the stanchions the cows had free access to water from water- ing cups. There was no water available in the dry lot where the cows exercised. Feeds and Feeding The feeds used to make up the complex grain ration were: ground yellow corn 400 pounds, ground oats 250 pounds, wheat bran 150 pounds, cottonseed meal (choice) 100 pounds, old process linseed oil meal 100 pounds, common salt 10 pounds, and special steamed bone meal 10 pounds. The feeds used to make up the simple, home—grown grain mixtures were: alfalfa leaf meal 300 pounds, ground oats 480 pounds, oat meal 220 pounds, 41 en oe-n salt 10 peenle. In the ease of the simple retion the arena sets were supplanted with relled eete. This was done beoeuee the as“ sets were et very lsw mm, and the addition of the relled eete would raise the pretein sentent er the feed without introducing a new eenree er pretein. The totel digestible nutrient level of the sinle retienwnsessuedtebe “per eentbeeeuse of the hichfiber eentent e: tb lee Wit: eete. Alfalfa he: ed eern silage were fed with eeoh retion. The digesti- ble erfle pretein eentent ef the esqlen retion was 18.88 per cent, snl the total digestible atrient eentent was 'II per cent. The hone-noel retion oontein! 11.1 per cent digestible erude protein, and it was assailed thet this retien eenteind so per sent tetel digestible nutrients. he tweretienewere tedenenequnl basis by teedixnrepennds of the eon- plen retion. end in every one the requirements er the eninls were net Milt te tb huge Mine We ms were fed according to the rule of {Mint ens pom e: hflthrsepeuflsei’eern sileceperloo peunds live weight efeeeh mividul nninl. hunch (rein was fed te supply the required nutrients suffieient to bring the total up ts the require-nee ef the huge reed- iwc ate-deed. maul-levers fedaainfourtiuseaohdny, mllybeferelilh- inc. nerswche‘eswere fed twieedeiln inthe nornincjustetterthe first am... an a the after-neon etter the etterneen milking. menialswere fedinindiwiduel angel-smeared. thetwssnet sand was weidled beet each morning. 42 n my of the pain nintures is given in table II. The conplsn retion is designated as hetionl and the simple retien as Ration II. Bl“ for resting lilk flawles'were taken at ten day intervals, with the exception of the end of the last ten day period, when, through an oversight, the eenplss were net tehen. htebolisn .tebelisns were run for the purpose of studying the nitrogen bel- enses en three of the sews en experinent. One nstebolisn wee run while the sows were en the seqlen retion end tin ether netebelisn was run while the sens sews were en the hens-grown retion. the netebolisns were run during the last ten days ef the last two 304” feeding periods, end were seven days in length. his sews were placed in netebelisn stells end hept there for the seven days, except when exercised ones eeoh dsy an when weighed enoe eeoh day. the urine end feces were oolleotsd, weighed and swled each day. One eubie centimeter per 100 eubie senti- netsrs st urine was tehen eeoh day in e conesits ssnle, end telnel was used to prevent a loss sf nitrogen. One grsn per 100 grsns of feces wee tehen es s seqle eeoh day end preserved, by the use sf teluel, es s sen- pesits fer the feces. he grain fer the netebelisn periods wee therswgh- ly nixed and individual feedings were weighed and seehed separately pre- vious to the ties the netebelisn started. A eewple for analyses wee tebn i-edietsly after nixing. The sens preeedure was renewed in the seseottheheyfed. deoqesite seals of the silegswsstehsndnring sesh netebelisn. d prepertionste eagle or silk (one or tws cubic centimeters per penal, depending on the quantity given by individual cows) was taken at seeh lilting end preserved as e osmosite. ‘ the feed, feces, urine and milk were shaped for nitrogen h, the Iishipn Stats Oellegs upon-m station chemists. she KJeldehl nethed ter 31m determination was used. , COLLECTION OF DATA I11! beerde 1 daily record of each cow's production was kept during each period. Inch lilting eee weighed on ordinary milk scales and recorded in pounds and tenths of pounds. ”tel-ht leeot-do ”lee of nilh were tested every ten days for butterfat percentages. a. nversgs e: the three tests was used to calculate the buttsrtet pre- duetien. reed Records 1 daily record was hept of the enunt of hay, silage, and groin son- suned‘by eeeh sew during the expert-eat. ...... sag-ma ' rh'e sews used in this experiment hed deemed-.1 drinking eupee l eeter'neter eee etteehed to the water pipes of eeeh up. By this nethed the want or enter sense-ed by eeoh cow was registered in gallons by the Iters. The neters registered to one-fourth of a gallon. headings were eete eeoh st hours to detsrnins the water oensnIption of each sow. the utsrs were reed about 10:00 o'clock eeoh norning. it thet tine the sewswere always out inths let while thebernwes being elsensd, end e eeun drinking pause resulted which was convenient in separating each day's «Wish. ‘ the water eon-untied records were kept in en effort to determine whet effect the oomtion of larger or sullsr amounts of elfelfe night have on the water eonsulpt ion. Mreturs Esoerds ‘ In studying the effect of elfelfe. en the water oonsunption it was necessary to ascertain the external temperature. his was necessary in order to determine whether any changes noticed in water consumption were due to the properties of the elfelfe or due to the external temperature. rho tsnpereture resdings were obtained fron the weather Bureau at lest MOW. 110111033. htebslisn Records The following data were kept in regard to the nitrogen metabolism «- 1. weight in grens ef feed scanned. 8. weight in grane sf water sonemssd. 3. weight in pee. of feces collected. d. Volume in cubic sentienters of urine collected. 5. weight in grens of nilh produced. t. 3.11: body weights of the one. Mr mil-*1“ V A record was kept during eeoh ef the neteholien periods on the un- ber of time eeoh sew urinetsd. his purpose of this record was to deter- nine whether or not the oenemtion of e large shunt sf elfelfe be e diuretic effect on dairy sows. If such on effect was really snertsd it was wt thet it night bring ebeut en inoreeee in the nuber'ef uri- mtisns per dey. / mot suns: Arsoerd sfthe frequencysfdrinhingweehept whilethssswswsrs en netebeliel. this was done in order to see whether or not the sonsunp- tion ef an increased amount of alfalfa would totinulute thirst in the cows to such an extent that they would take water noro often. Palatahilitl of the nations he sews were under observation at all times in regard to appetite. m thoroughness with which the anilels consumed their food was considered as an index ef the palata'eility of the ration. Health of Animals be general halth ef the thinls was observed from day to day. m w condition such as failure to eat, constipation, etc. were recorded. leg” of animals ‘ he weights ef the aninls were taken three days previous to the be- m ef each feeding period. ‘lhese weights were ales used as a guide in deter-hing the aunts of feed to be fed. during the followinc periode m an oversight the aninls were not weighed at the end of the last feeding period. 47 RIPERIMEMLI. RESULTS lilk Production no .11: production for the four periods is given in tables 111, 11. t‘, and TI. these tables show the dnily production per cow, the daily preduetien for each m, and the total production for each m for each period. hhles VII-a and VII-h show the production of nilh by eeoh lot of sews during each of the four periods. !ables VIII-a and 1111-) show the nilk production during each period by the cows of each let-during the four periods while they were on the coupler ration. lanes II-a and 11-) show the production of each oow during the four periods'while they were on the hone grown ration. nose tables also show the total production node on each ration. During the first and third periods the coals: ration produced the great- est anunt of milk, while during the second and fourth periodo the hone- green ration produeed the neat nilk. During the first period the cows on the hone-grown ration averaged 50.05 pounds of nilh and the cows on the couple: ration averaged 50.44 pounds. During the second period the home-grown ration produced an average of 45.5 pounds and the eoeplen ration produced an average of 47.44 pounds of nilk. During the third period the hone-grown ration produced 45.89 pounds of nilk and the con- plen ration produced an average of 45.01 pounds. During the fourth period the hen-grown ration produced 55." poulls of tilt and tin coupler retion produced “.81 pounds of milk. and” the conditions of this experinsnt those differences probably are at significant. hiring the four periods the complex ration produced 25,882.5 pounds of nil! with a daily average of 44.5 pounds, and the hone—grown ration produced 87,106.5 pounds of nilk with a daily average of 45.5 pounds. lhe Wu ration produced 804.2 pounds more milk than the complex ration. his is the equivalent of .5 pounds of milk per day. Graph 1 shows the trend of 11111: production on each retion during the four feeding periods. hutterfat Production able 1 shows the butterfat production of each cow during each period, the total butterfat production per lot for each period, and the total butterfat per lot during the four periods. hble II shows the butterfat produced by each cow, and by each lot while'oa the complex ration. hble 111 shows the butterfat production of each cow, and of each lot while on the coupler ration. he cowlex ration produced the nest fat during the first an}. third periods, while during the second and fourth periods the hone-grown ration produced the not fat. During the four periode the conplex ration pro- duced a total of 861.15 poundo of fat, and the hone-grown ration produced 058.15 pounds of fat. rho complex ration produced was pounds noro fat durifl tin four periods. ht corrected lilk no total nilk production on each ration was corrected to a four per eent fat basis by the following tor-hie which was developed by Gaines and hwidson (9B) - .d I plus 15 1' equals Fat Corrected [111; in which I! 49 is the quantity of nilk produced and I io the qmntity of fat in the urnl nilk. when .thio formula is applied the following resulte were obtained. ' ' Production on Ration l . (complex ration): “8,088.5 x .4) plus (861.15 x 15) equals 25,669.99 pounds of fat cer- rested nilk. ' ‘ _ Production on fiction 11 (hone—grown ration) 3 (57,186.? x .4) plus 852.15 x 15) equals 25,656.87 pounds of fat eorrected nilk. . ' ‘ no esnplex ration produced 15.02 pcumle noro of four per cent nil): during the four feeding periods. The difference in production, on a four per cent nil}; basis, is renrknbly all. reed “new able 1111 shows the total feed conounption of each ani-l for each period during ‘ the experiment. able nv shows the total feed eonsqtion while the cows were on ration 1. L able It shove the total feed eonsumtion while the cows were on ration II. t rablemisaeue—ryeftheanouutsoth, silageendgrainosn- sunedwhile the cows were on ration l. rable m1 is a sunny of the mute of hay, silage and grain con- ”C while the ewes were on ration 11. he following is a comparison of the total feed consumtion by the sows while on each ration. hey Silage Grain 1 lbs. The. lbs. nation I 7,121.5 81352.4 9,041.5 nation 11 6,845.0 c0,4eo.0 10395.9 Difference in favor of l . - V 1,144.1 Difference in favor of 11 279.5 759.4 nines approxintoly 50 per cent of the grain nixturo of ration 11 was alfnlfa leaf pal the aninls connnnd a total of 2,718.5 pounds of leaf .01 while on this ration. be following table shows the anunts of digestible crude protein on! total digestible nutrients eonsund while the cows were on each ration. nation 1 hey Silage drain total lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Protein 754.65 39.79 1,200.75 1,199.41 retei mattine seeriehte 5674.69 o7o1.o7 .“791.35 14,917.71 netiee n rrotein' ' 7 725.55 230.31 1,150.03 8,081.50 retei Digestible nutrients 3590.99 3525.19 7.02:.“ 14.1".“ lhile the cows were on the complex ration they eonsuned 108.11 pounde eere er digestible crude protein and 39.07 pounds noro of total digestible atrients then they coneunsd while they were on the hone-grown ration. Inter com rables 17111, 111. n, and 111 show the daily water censumtion for each ... and the daily water teen-pun per lot for each feeding period. 51 hble m1 snws the water ccnnueed by each cow while on ration 1, oi the total censuqtion while on ration I. hue m1: showe the water consuned by each cow while on ration II and the total eeneuptien while on ration 11. lhile on the ecqlex ration the cows drank a total of 9617.25 gallons of water, end while on the hone-grown ration they drank 10,402.50 gallons of water. while on the hone-grown ration the cows drank 785.25 gallons of outer are then they drank while on the complex ration during the four periods. ralatabilig of the nations Using ration l as a standard for palatability, ration 11 did not seen to neeeere ep'te nereei in palatability. rhe cows did not clean tn grain ration up as quickly or as completely as in the case of ration 1. this was especially true of enineie 150, 17c, end 197. rheee three cows were tn heaviest milk producers in the experinsnt, and were receiv- ing the largest enunts of ooncentratos. Due to the bulky store of ration II it my have been inessiblo for the cows to conouns the extra enact .1 fiber supplied by the leaf nsal end cats in the grain ration. In fact that the highest producing cows did not clean up all of the grain mixture at all tines might indicate that a grain ration eenpcsed of ground oats and alfalfa leaf nsal would be too bulky for the feeding of excep- tionlly high producing sews. in fact that milk flow was nintained to approxilatoly the coral rate of secretion for the cows used in the on- perinnt would soon to indicate that such a ration would give very good results when fed to Iolstein sows producing not over 65 pounds of nilk daily. 52 m enlity of the alfalfa leaf neal used seemed to influence the palatability of tn diet. On June 26 sons poorly cured, hone-grown a1- falfa leaf .al was substituted for the purchased leaves. Although the protein content of tn two euantities of leaves was the some the ration did nt seen as palatable, and aninal 187 went off food, consuning none of the ration for three dnys. After that she did not clean up her food eenpletely until the hon-grown leaves were renoved from the ration on July 11. ifter this date aninl 187 cleaned up her ration completely. health of duinls !he aninls, while on ration ll, seemed to be in Juot as good physi- cal condition as they were on ration I. firing the fourth period while on ration I, aninl 250 beca- een- etipated and went unpletoly off food fron July 16 to July 21. Her water eonmtion decreased to the point where she drank n water at all. On July-.15 and 19 she produced n nilk. On July 19 she was given three pounls of lpsen alts. rhis brought about the passage of sons feces. he cow was given a considerable anount of colleen ealt on July 80. This cooled to stiulate a desire for water and on July 21 she drank a cereal mtity of water. 011 July 22 she seensd to be normal again an! gave 10 pennde of milk en that day. All other cows need in the experiment seend to be in normal condi- tion throughout the experiment. legg- of Ania-1e ' rebie m7 eheeethe weight at the beginning of the experiment for every cow in each lot, the average weight of each lot et the beginning 4't 53 of the experiment, the weight of each cow, and the average of each lot at its end of each of the first three periods. ‘1'hc weights on the fourth period were not taken. it the end of the first period there was a dif- ference of four pouuds in favor of the complex ration. it the end of the second period there was a difference of 26 pounds in favor of the hem-grown ration. it the 9111 of the third period there was a gain of 29 ponds in favor of the hone-grown ration. be following is a summary of the weights of tn two groups of eni- nls while on the two rations. m7 at We ight at We ig‘fif at Tnght at Beginning mdoflet Endofznd Endof5rd of Rxgrinent Period Period Period fiche I ll not 1 1200 1207 1220.9 1212.9 in 11 1215 1219 1205.9 1242.9 m bubon- hble 117 shows the food consumed, milk produced, and feces and urine'omereted dm'ing the notabolisn on ration l. Pablo 1171 shows the food consumed, nilk produced, end urine and feces excretodduring the notabelien on ration 11. Pablo 11711 shows the nitrogen compositicnef feeds eeneuned, milk produced, em urine and feces excreted dun-ins the metabolic. on ration 1. hble 111111 shows the nitrogen ecucsition of feeds consoled, nilk produced, end urine end feces excreted during the metabolisn on ration 11. able run is a sunny of the metabolism results on the three oews while, on eeeh'retion. more were positive nitrogen balances for animals 225, 226, and 229 of 52.17 51119., 18.49 gms., and 24.29 gms. respectively while on the com- plex ration, and 20.40 9119., 55.27 gms., and 50.57 gms. respectively while on the home-grown ration. dtnosphoric hugerature during: the Experiment ‘fable m shows the mean daily temperature during the experiment. Graph 1 shows the trend of the mean temperature during the experimental periods. more was a close relationship between the mean daily tempera- ture and the debut of water consumed per day. homey of Drinking and Frequency of Urination Pablo 1111 shows the frequency of drinking and frequency of urine- tion during the metabolism period. During the seven days on the complex ration the cows drank on the average, 8.23 times each 24 hours and uri- nated 7.98 times each 24 hours. During seven days on the home-grown ran- tion the cows drank 5.24 times each 24 hours and urinated 6.66 times .‘Oh 24 hours. 54 | ) ) DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1 simple home-grown ration and a complex ration containing purchased protein were compared by feeding dairy cows that were producing at a high lactation level. The home-grown grain ration consisted of ground cats on alfalfa leaf meal. The complex ration consisted of ground yellow oorn, ground oats, wheat bran, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, and bone meal. Oats were used in this orperiment because they are grown in prac- tically every section of Michigan. Alfalfa leaf meal was used, because alfalfa is one of the most abundant and one of the cheapest sources of protein obtainable on the average farm. ) The complex ration used was one that was fed to the herd cows in the College herd. Both of these grain nixtures were supplemented with alfalfa hay, corn silage, and calt. Poo lots of five cows each were used in this experiment. In feed- ing period lasted 50 days each, and the double reversal system was used. the experiment covered four feeding periods. During the four feeding periods the home-grown ration produced 504.2 pounds of milk more than did the complex ration, while the complex ration produced 6.98 pounds more fat than did the home-grown ration. These dif- ferences probably were not significant. When the total milk production on each ration was converted to four per cent milk it was found that there was a difference of 15.02 pounds of four per cent milk produced by the 10 cows in favor of the complex ration during the entire feeding period. IThis difference probably is not sig- thM‘to 55 Ihile on.the complex ration the cows consumed 278.5 pounds of alfalfa hay and 769.4 pounds of corn silage in.excess of the number of pounds cone somedwwhile the cows were on.the home-grown.raticn¢ but consumed 1,144.1 pounds less grain than did the cows while cn.the home-grown.ration. Ihile the cows were on the complex ration they consumed 108.11 pounds lore of digestible crude protein and 39.07 pounds more of total digestible nutrients than they consumed while they were on the home-grown ration. lhe animals, while on.ration.I consumed approximately 5 per cent more total protein then while they'were on ration n. Each.ration.eeemed to maintain.the animals in body weight and the home-grown.ration.seemed equal to the complex ration in maintaining the normal health.conditicns of the animals. Ehe home-grown.ration.was not consumed as readily, due in part to palatability and in.part to the greater amount of‘bulk supplied by the alfalfa leaf meal and cats. Both rations seemed to maintain the cows in.very positive nitrogen balances, there being no shgnificant differences between.the efficiency of the tie rations in.this respect. Ihen the cows were on the home-grown.ration they consumed more water than when they were on the complex ration. This may have been caused by the greater amount of alfalfa material in the home-grown ration. Such a conclusion.is based on the belief that nitrogenous roughages stimulate thirst to a greater extent than do carbonaceous roughages. Ehere seemed to be no positive relation between the amount of alfalfa material in the ration and the frequency of drinking or the frequency of 56 urination. no abnormal physiological effects were noticed during the experiment. the consumption of'water while the cows were on this experiment varied directly with the atmospheric temperature. Due to the high.price of the alfalfa leaf meal at the present time, the ... of this nterial as a protein supplement in the ration of the dairy cow would not be economical. The future possibilities of the al- falfa leaf meal as a protein supplement, rather than its present import- ance see the prevailing idea in conducting this experiment. lichigan is the largest producer of alfalfa hay of any state east of thellissiseippi.Biver. In.eome sections of the state a surplus of alfalfa hay is produced that has a sales' value of approximately ten dollars per ton. it such a price, if some cheap and efficient method were intented for removing the alfalfa leaves from.the stems, the leaves Iould probably furnish an economical source of protein compared to the prices of some commonly purchased'protein concentrates. 57 Part IIe Feeding Trials with Rats It was impossible to study the long time effects of the various rations on growth, reproduction and lactation in the dairy cow, during the limited period of time devoted to this problem. In order that some knowledge might be gained of the effects of the various rations on growth, reproduction, and lactation, feeding trials with rats were used to parallel and supplement the work with dairy cows. In the feeding trials with rats the object was to place animals on a certain diet, and continue the animal on this diet through growth, re- production, and lactation. It was also planned to carry the offspring of these animals through the same procedure, -- thereby getting the pos- sible residual effects of the rations from.generation to generation. Animals Used The rats used in this experiment were albinos and piebald, or striped animals. While both breeds were used throughout the experiment care was taken that no crossbred animals were used in any case. Previous History Part of the rate used in this experiment were from stock that had been used for several years in the biological chemistry laboratory at lflchigan State College. Also, part of the rats were from stock that re- cently was brought to Michigan State College. Other animals used were offspring resulting from the crossing of the rats from the two sources mentioned. 58 £ef Alli-ale at he of erimont as first anislls started on experiment were approximately 28 days of age when they were placed on the experimental diets. i'hs offspring fre- theee animals, when used in the experiment, were usually weaned at I days of age and placed on experiment if they had attained sufficient sise and star to Justify their removal hen the mother. Wat hthed ef Cam In .1111: growth comparisons, it was customary to place two animals, 'a .1. and a female, from different litters, together. 3: this method ales could he oelpared with mes and fenles could be compared with females. Ehis nethod also pernitted the placing of litter nates on dif- ferent rations, so that the effect of nutrition could be studied when heredity was held as nearly constant as possible. Ihen all femles of a litter were placed on the same diet they were usually all confined together. . E‘ Used then lets consisted of only two animals they were placed in circular wire ...... about 10 inches in diameter and 12 inches high. mu cases had screen bottoms to permit the feces and urine to pass through. Pree- nnt females were usually isolated in flat botton maternity cages about 18 inches square, and were bedded with filter paper. Sons pregnant fe- ules were isolated in cages approximately 12" x 12" x 24". Similar cases were used where noro than two anisnls were placed in one lot. Food shavings were used for bedding in such cases. 59 Method of Feeding Feed was kept before the animals at all times. NO attempt was made to measure the amount of food consumed by each animal. Watering Water was kept before the animals at all times. Rations Fed The check ration used in these feeding trials was composed of the same constituents as the herd ration fed to the College dairy herd, with the exception of corn silage which was omitted. The check ration had the fellowing composition: Alfalfa meal 20 per cent Ground yellow corn 28 per cent Ground rolled cats 26 per cent Wheat bran 15 per cent Cottonseed meal (choice) 4 per cent Linseed oil meal ' 5 per cent Special steamed bone meal 1 per cent Common salt 1 per cent This ration.will be referred to as B 52. Ration.B 30. This ration.was composed of: Alfalfa meal 20 per cent Rolled cats 79 per cent Salt 1 per cent Later 50 grams of yeast was added to each 1000 grams of this ration. Iation.B 31. This ration.was composed of: Alfalfa meal. 20 per cent Ground yellow corn 59.5 per cent Corn gluten meal 19.5 per cent Cannon salt 1.0 per cent later 50 grams of yeast was added to each 1000 grams of this ration. an... s so. nmr. meal 20 per cent Ground Yellow corn 12 per cent Corn gluten meal 22 per cent Ground rolled oats 15 per cent W barley lb per cent Ground wheat 15 per cent Column salt 1 per cent lation 3 46 Alfalfa meal 20.0 per cent ' around rolled oats 78.5 per cent Cystine .5 per cent Con-Ion calt 1.0 per cent lotion B 47 Alfalfa meal 80.0 per cent Ground rolled eats 78.6 per cent tyrosim .5 per cent Conan salt 1.0 per cent htion l 58 Alfalfa .al 80 per cent Ground rolled cats 70 per cent linseed oil meal 5 per cent hextrin 4 per cent Canon salt 1 per cent htion l 68 This ration is composed of 3 82 plus one per cent cod liver oil. 61 nation 3 69 This ration is composed of the original ration B 50 plus one per cent cod liver oil. nation I 70 This ratien is composed of ration B 50 plus yeast and one per cent cod liver oil. m tb rations fed contained approxintely lb per cent crude protein. 2:» 0: W - a. period during which growth rates were compared was from the ti.- thl Old-ls were placed on the diet until the cal. of the eighth week of the feeding trial. guess: he foules were nted at the end of the eight weeks growing period. In the case where the ule and fesmles were permitted together during the growing period, sting econ-red before the growing period was com- pleted. his condition occurred in the case of fenles 11", 110, 119, and no. The growth weights of these aninls were not considered. 62 COLLECTION OF DATA '0 to The animals were weighed, in grams, when they were placed on experi- unt and once each week until they were taken off of the eneriment. he litters were weighed as soon as they were cleaned, whenever it was possible to do so. In some cases the young may not have been weighed until 10 hours after birth, due to the fact that the animals were cared fer emly once each day. All animals of a litter were weighed together untiltheywerefldays efage. ' 2.0-». Growth weights were recorded, in grams, every seven days, for both old at young stock. 2391; or 21-. from hung to Parturiticn ' a. 1mm .r “. from .ting to pregnancy was observed in ...: ...... Birth "‘9" of Young sax-.1; an. birth weights .r young aninls tor. recorded in .11 but . few of the first litters born. Bise ef hitters ”member of young born was recorded in every case. In cases where are than seven were born in a single litter the number was reduced to «ten. Drtality anng Young Rate as mortality sang the animals was checked on each weighing day; the amber of live anismls being recorded for weight averages. 63 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Lui-le Included in Experimental Results ' rat. at. "cord“! on both ales and fenles until they were 20 days of age. he, however, to the fact that this experiment dealt pri- mily with growth, reproduction, and lactation, the ale animals were it eonsidered after they were 28 days or age, when compiling the experi- mel results. Growth table XXIII shows the weekly weights, the total pin of each ani-l an! the average weight .1 the animals on each ration during the eight weeks growing period. In. tollwsix is a culinary of the growth suede by the rate on the various rations. W [vex-age Average m Ration ininls Initial ‘l'otal Weight to Aver- . "159* Gain Q l'otal Gain 3 52 13 £9.77 59.50 181.80 I I0 9 51.00 72.55 181.42 3 30 plus yeast 3 53.00 74.53 181.0) I 51 5 52.80 06.60 181.26 3 '31 )1” met 5 49.35 75.00 181.“ 3 ‘5 5 “.33 99.35 182.24 I 45 1 54.00 71.00 181.11 B ‘7 4 51.25 01.00 181.52 3 52 1 59.00 95.00 181.61 . es 1 43.00 02.00 1.1.91 3 59 2 51.00 54.00 181.55 3 70 2 50.00 1.2.25 112.50 64 the emery reveals the fact that ration B 70, composed of alfalfa, filled eats, yeast, and cod liver oil, undo the greatest gain, 112.50 are-e. 3 45, a coupler cereal nixture plus alfalfa one second with a gain of ”.35 gross, and B 52 composed of alfalfa,rolled oats, and oil neal, ... third with . gain of 95 grams. nation 13 32, the 011001: ration, was fourth. too .1011 significance cannot be attached tothese compari- sons, however, because of the small mber of animals on the three ra- tions .king the highest gains. rho oats and alfalfa ration (B 50) and the corn am alfalfa ration (B 31) ranked decidedly lower than the check ration (a as). 11.. cats “..1..1... ration (n 50) produced a total gain of 71.70 crane, while the cane ration with the addition of yeast produced a total “in of 75.50 grams. rho corn and alfalfa ration (B 31) produced a total gain of 66.60 grans, while the same ration with the addition of yeast predued a gain of 76.00 graae. Iron the standpoint of the ratio of average initial weight to the «.2... total 3.1.. ration r 70 ranked first with .. ratio of 1.2.25, ra- tion 3 as ranked second with a ratio of 132.24, ration 3 68 ranked third with a ratio of 181.91, and ration l 32 ranked fourth with a ratio of 181.00. he eats and alfalfa ration (3 50) had a ratio of 1.1.46 while the ..a. ration with the addition of fim’m a ratio of 1.1.55. 21.. corn and alfalfa ration (B 81) had a ratio of 111.26, while the same ration with the addition .. yeast had . ratio .r 1.1.54. 33». .131... from lung; to parturition ' Ehe length of tine from eating to parturition for animals on which this inferntion was tabulated is shown in fable 111111. In nny cases 65 records were available for only one mating period, while in other cases the data were available for two mating periods. The following cannery shows the average length in days from nting to parturition for each ra-. tion. Ihe number of non breeders, the known resorption of embryos, and probable resorption of embryos are shown. e 0 e P”. 7e eRCWW- .Pro - Has 11 Bank Ration lniuls turitions of Eating tions able Re- Breed- Short- Periode sorptions ers est to days Longest fl Time 3 88 l? 16 31.9 - l 5 6 . so 5 o 49.2 1 - - 10 l 80 plus 5 8 31.9 - - - d yeast . :1 plus 5 10 20.5 - - 1 1 .yeast 3 d5 3 4 29.5 - .. .. z 3 d6 1 1 55.0 .. . .. 5 r a? 5 s 51.: - - - s I 62 l 2 43.5 . .. .. g . es 1 no litter at end of 51 days 12 3 69 w l 1 67.0 - - - ll . 70 2 2 37.0 - - - 7 fit. my shows that the corn, alfalfa and yeast ration (B 31 plus yeast) required the shortest mating period - 28.3 days. The complex cer- eal ration (B 45) ranked second with 29.6 days. The ration composed of oats, smut. andtyrosine (3 .7) ranked third. The cats, alfalfa an! yeast ration (B 30 plus yeast) and the check ration (B 32) were equal, 66 with 51.9 days. The cats and alfalfa ration (B 50) required an average of 69.2 days and the corn, alfalfa ration (B 51) required 66.5 days fmm nting date to parturition. lrho normal gestation period of the rat is 21 days. Bias of Litter, Birth Weights, and Mortality of Ioung hats to 28 Days of Age he sise of litters, birth weights, and mortality of young rats to 28 days of ago are shown in table mIV. The animals are listed according to the rations on which the others were fed. The average weights of the young aninls at 28 days of age are also given. The following is a sumary of the sins of litters, birth weights, weight at 28 days of age, and total urtality to 28 days of age for the litters on’ the various rations. inf. in H. firth 1v. Wt. at iotal :i’ercenti'ge htion Litter Weight 28 days Mortality Mortality (15) 11.21 (141 B 52 6.62 6.54 . 54.76 7 0.81 (z) (1) h 50 5.50- 8.00 m - 1 .91 (12) (12) (a) . rent (a) (2) (2) h 51 7.00 - 5.57 26.52 5 21.42 a (9) (9) (7) I 51 plus 6.22- . 5.92 55.65 , 16 28.57 yeast * (4) (4) (3) I 65 6.00- . 5.70 55.85 7 29.17 , (1) (1) (1) II 65 5.00. - 5.85. . 54.17 . 0 .00 (4) (4) (2) 3 47 5.85. v. 6.16 . 52.91- 15 61.90 (2) (2) (2) 3 52 7.00 . 5.52 . 52.12 1 14.20 I 68 no litters ‘ ' (1) s 69 7. , 0.12 not 28 cu. old (8) (2) (1) h 70 7.00. i 5.95 55.80 2 14.28 67 Ihile the data are not complete the sunnary gives a fairly good indica- tion of the results obtained on the various rations. The numbers in parentheses in the sumry indicate the number of litters included in that particular part of the data. or the rations on which more than two litters were reared, the check ration produced equally as large litters, greater weight at 28 days of age, and Itch lower mortality. 68 DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In feeding trials with rats several simplified rations were conzpared to a complex ration, having the same constituents as the ration fed to the College dairy herd, except that corn silage was omitted. ‘lhe siqlified rations given most consideration were those composed of m rolled oats and alfalfa meal, and ground yellow corn and alfalfa aeal. Other udifications of these two rations were also studied. Ioug rats were started on the various rations at approximately 28 days efage. rho first eight weeks following were considered the growing period, and at the conpletion of this growing period the females were -ted. Fouls offspring were continued on the same diets their mothers received. Observations were taken on the growth, weight, length of time from nting to parturition, number of young in litters, average birth weight of young, weight of young rats at 28 days of age, and mortality snag the young rats from birth to 28 days of age. the ration composed of alfalfa, corn, cats, wheat and barley (B 45) and the ration composed of alfalfa, oats, yeast and cod liver oil (3 70) produced greater growth than the check ration (3 52). The rations of a1- falfa and oats, and alfalfa and corn did not produce satisfactory growth. rho alfalfa and oats and the alfalfa and corn rations were not favorable for reproduction. the addition of yeast to these two rations rnaterially shortened the length of time from mating to parturition. no check ration gave the least mortality of an ration where more than one litter was produced. The alfalfa and oats, and alfalfa and corn ration, produced a high rate of mortality among the nursing young rats. 69 In the ease of cats, alfalfa and yeast the mortality amng the young rats {a to 20 days of age ... 54.93 per cent in the 12 litters. Supplementing rations B 52, B 50, and B 50 plus yeast with cod liver oil did not show any improvement. lhe oenplex cereal mixture (3 45) and the alfalfa, oats, and linseed oil meal rations seemed to be a fairly satisfactory ration, though indica- tions were based on a samll munber of animals studied. All of the experimental rations that were studied by the use of a ' reasonably large-number of aninls seemed to be deficient in some principal that is coducive to heavy lactation. fhe critical period in the life of the rat seoud to be the first 28 days of its life, or while it was mars-l in. i'he fact that in not cases a part of each litter was reared to wean- ing age would seem to indicate that the nilk which was secreted was of suf- ficient quantity to sustain life and promote satisfactory growth in young rats. Ihe reason for the failure of the experimental rations to stimulate nor-.1 lactation was not determined. The cause of the failure my have been due to deficiencies in the protein content, the vitamin content or the mineral content of the ration. Further study along these three phases of tin problem would probably bring out some very interesting facts. 70 CONCLUSIONS Part I. 1. d.sinple home-grown.ration.composed of ground oats, alfalfa leaf meal, alfalfa hay, and corn silage was practically as efficient for milk and butterfht produetion as a complex ration containing purchased protein dur- ing four 50-day feeding periods. I. he siqle heme-grown ration nintained the body weights of the cows during the experiment as satisfactorily as did the complex ration. 5. 1he simple home-grown.ration.did not seem as palatable as the complex ratien. 4. lbs simple home-grown ration maintained three of the cows on.positive .nitrogen.balance, equally as efficient as did the complex.ratien. 6. !he consumption of the home-grown ration caused an.increased consump- tion. of water. This any have been due to the large quantity of alfalfa in the form of hay and leaf meal in this ration as compared to the complex ration. 6. Atmospheric temperature seemed to hare a positive effect on water con, sumption. 7. the simple home-grown.ration seemed to produce no abnormal physiologi- “1 .ffOflfil o Part II. 1. Ihen.fed to growing'rats, simplified rations, did not produce growth equal to that produced by the complex check ration. 8. Simple rations composed of alfalfa and oats and alfalfa meal and corn were not satisfactory for reproductive processes. The addition of yeast to these rations gave very satisfactory results. 71 5. Lactating females fed simplified rations apparently were not able to secrete enough milk to grow out the yohng to a satisfactory weight. 4. Especially high mortality resulted among young rats whose mothers were on the alfalfa, oats and yeast diets. 5. !he addition of vitamins i and D in the form of cod liver oil, the apparently only possible vitamin deficiencies, did not correct the de- ficiencies in lactation shown by the females while on the simplified rations. 1. 4. 7. 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY wt, 1. 3., licOollum, s. 7., Stoonboch, 3., and Humphrey, 8. 0. leeiologioal lffect on Growth and Roproduction of nations hlancod from Restricted Sources. I‘ie. igr. Exp. Sta. 3... m. 17. a... x. 1., and my, 0. 0. Can run. or... Bations' Supply Proteins .: ddoqmte Quality .ad mutant; for High 1111: Production! Jour. Biol. Chen. “)1. 58 (1919) pp. 515-527. hrt, s. 3., and Humphrey, c. c. n. Relation .r ta. Quality of frotoims to 1111. Production. “m. 31.1. ch... 11.1. 21 (1215) pp. ass-zoo. ootoruo, r. 3., and 5.2.1, 1.. a. ' ciioaia in nutrition. sour. 31.1. cm. v.1. 18 (1912) pp. 478-510. «5...... r. 11., and stem, 1.. 3. 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Jour. hiol. chem. 701. 51 (1917) p. 69 . 0.3»... r. 3., and sum, 1.. 3. me 1.1.4.11 111.1— for man-.... and Growth as snapnrioa by further hxporiments with lysine all rryptophane. ...... 31.1. as... 1.1. so (191.) pp. 1-12. oeborns, r. 3., and 17.1.1.1, 1.. 3. the lffoct of the Amino-acid content of the Diet on the Growth of onion... Jour. 31.1. 0a.... m. u (1913) pp. ass-200. ...... diatom. leading lxperiments with a Dietary in Ihich ”resins is Reduced to a 3131-... 39.3.... Jour. 7.1. 10 (191.) pp. sea-see. 15. 18. 17. 15. 19. 21. 74 Osborne, r. 3., andolendel, 1.. B. n. Coqaretive lutritive value of Certain Proteins in Growth, ... the Problem of the Protein llinim. Jour. 31.1. Chem. 101. so (1915) pp. 551-578. a»... s. 0., and 3.3111, 111.. r. cystins in the latritiom .t the Growing Rat. Jour. Biol. Chem. Vol. 65 (1925) pp. 551-557. Shorts, 5. 0., and woods, Illa. he Determination of Cystine by loans of Pooding Experiments. Joar. 31.1. Chem. an. as (1925) pp. 29-56. 0.111... 3. 3. x. 1h. lutritive ma. of'the Wide Occurring in Proteins r... the manna... of Adult lice. Joer. 31.1. Chem. 7.1. :1 (1917) pp. 179-199. w..a., 311. late - some Observations Upon the hole of Cystine and Certain lineral Elements in lutrition. Joan. 31.1. Chem. 7.1. as (1920) pp. 57-51. howis, I. 3. - 1h. 3.1.3.11... of sulphur. 11. 31.. Influence of man wants of Cystine on the Balance of Nitrogen in Dogs laintainod on a how Protein Diet. . Jour. 31.1. cm... v.1. 81 (1917) pp. sec-s77. lewis, G. 7., ad Iawis, H. 3. m htabolism of 5ulphur. II Can Mine Replace Cystino in the .... .r the Ioung whit. am Jour. 31.1. Chem. v.1. so (1925) pp. see-see. O ’4 24. 27. 75 Doe, I. 0., and Huddlestun, B. I. no Availability of faurine as a Supplementary Agent in Diets 9.31.1.» in cyan... Joan. 31.1. Chem. v.1. 09 (1926) pp. 599-505. waster-n, Beulah 1)., and Rose, 7. C. no dvailability of Disulfido Acids as Supplementing Agents in Diets Defioieat in Cystine. 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Chem. v.1. 54 (1925) pp. 525-558. euro, sat-..tt. Amino Acids in lutrition. VIII Prolino is Indispensable for Growth. roar. 31.1. Chem. 7.1. 59 (1924.) pp. 577-595. Abderhalden, 3. 3. Physiol. Chem. (1915) 2071, 3.. 1. can by hightbody, s. p., and Kenyon, 3. 3. Jour. 31.1. Chen. 7.1. so (1920) pp. 149-155. no... 3. v., son-r, Beatrice 3., and 3..., 3. c. 5......» .h the lutritive Properties of 0.1.112. Jour. Biol. Chem. Vol. 80 (1928) pp. 167-186. ...... 3. ' lain. 1.11. in nutrition. 11 sh. lutri-tive 7.1.. of hactalbumint 0min. and Pyrosine .. Growth-limiting Factors in that Protein. Jeur. 1101. Chem. 701. 45 (1920) pp. 457-468. highway, 3. 9., and 1.51.3, 11. 3. Feeding preriments with a Diet Low in ryrosine. 3.... 31.1. Chem. 731. so (1920) pp. 149-155. ...-...... s. 9., 3...", v. 3.,”.31 criudioy, s. 2. he Quatitative Determination of Amino Acids of Foods. ...... 31.1. Chem. 751. as - pp. 229-272. 57. 40. “e 77 liller, 3. 0. as... com. of 111.11. Hay. sear. Am. Chem. 3... v.1. 45, lo. 12 (1921) pp. 2555-2555. ......n, 3. 3., .31 Hamilton, 3. s. an lioohomistry of the Amino Acids, pp. 180-190. me Chemieal 0.1.1.. o... 3. r. chip-.11, 1. 0., and 3.1... 1.. s. A Protein from leaves of the Alfalfa Plant. Jour. 31.1. Chem. v.1. 52 (1924) pp. 175-175. 71.11.17, I. 3. i 5. litregonous Constituents of the Juice of the Alfalfa Plant I on. Amide and lmine acid Nitrogen. ...... 31.1. 03.1.. 7.1. so (1924) pp. 647-655. 71.2.17, 3. 3., and Vinson, 0. 0.. some litrogenous Constituents of the Juice of the Alfalfa Plant v 23. Basie p... Acetate Precipitato. dear. liel. Chem. 761. 65 (1925) pp. 91-95. Drowster, J. 7., ... Aloberg, 0. 1... ‘ Determinatioa'of the Distribution .2 311m... 1. Certain on... .7... 31.1. Chen. 7.1. 57 (1919) pp. 557-571. 3.11... 3. 3. he Amino 1.1. Content .1 Certain Coameroial Peeding Stuffs and Other lsuroos of Protein. Jour. Biol. Chem. 7.1. 21 (1915) pp. 611-614. 9...... 3. 3., and 0...)... r. 1. Studies on dlutelins. 17 he Clutelins of Corn (Zea lays) Jour. 31.1. 03.... 7.1. 78 (1920) pp. 209-298.- ‘ 6 “a a. £7. 51. 78 1.11., Otto, and mm, I. ”rum in mum at Datanlnod by a law Colorlutrio llathod. 1m. 11.1. 51:... 1.1. 1: (1912) pp. 515-251. Jon... 1). 3.. (1.1-dour, c. n. 1.. an! 115.11», 0. 1.. uyptopm .51 omin- Content .: 9.2-1... Protalna. 1.». 31.1. on... 151. 55 (1921) pp. 155-195. 17.11.. on. and m1. 1. n. ' syn-1.. ... Iryptophau Dotaralnatlaaa 1. ...-mm a»... .: mum m. 51.1. on... 1.1. 55 (1959) pp. 59-10:. ...... mtaa !. - . a. 111.9111.- and anon. Oontant of . Mar .2 Protainl. M. 31.1. an... 7.1. 15 (1925) pp. 199-195. 1511.; on. and ms, 1. n. " 1. Inn-om court-.921. 1.15.11 for tha mun-111.11.. or cyan.- 111 92.9.1... 1.... 31.1. on... 5.1. 55 (1929) pp. 195-101. 5mm1, 1. 5.. ..a 11.1.... 1.. 5. 1 Put“: tron tho 1...." .12.. m. :m. 31.1. on... 1.1. a: (1921) pp. 179-151. 11.31... 11. n... ‘ A a. m» Appllaauoa at the mun-woman A514 location in tin natal-dun“ at byptophana 111 Patch». 1.11:. 31.1. an... 151. 59 (1929) pp. 515-559. (155m, 1'. A. i A 59.41.. .. 51.1.11...- 111 11:. 51.5.11. .1 0.1. (1v... 3.1m.) 1m. 51.1. on... 1.1. 55 (1927) pp. 199-191. 54. 57. ‘0. 5'. 79 crinnay, B. 8. Proo. AI. ~Boo. 1111.1 Prod. (1916) p. 133 911.1 5: nun-11 and 11.-111... 3109110211th at tho 1.1.. 1.19. 9. 199. m. lunar Vita-1115, p. 15. 1. 1. mp1, 1. 1. (1925) 1.1-.... o. 7.. Many. r. 9.. and Maroon, 9. o. 9.1:: 9.111. 15.11.; .99 mean-.9 1.1:. 711.: ..1 9... 1:... l. 1. (1929) p. 15. Annual noport. A Alfalfa and Bad clour Comparod 71.. 121-. up. 91.. m. 525 (1919-29) 1.9.2.111“. 1. 9., and 9...», 2. ' A Goya-inn at ml for Kilt Production. ‘1... 121. hp. 91.. m. 212 (1925) in .11.. hport (1991) ' ' m, C. 3.. 1911, I. I... and Iborhiu, I. 0. 1.. Moo 9! Parlay for (Jon M Alfalfa. 9.111.131. 1dr. hp. mum. 259 (1915) war, I. r. ' choppad Alfalfa "rm Iran in tho Grain nation for Dairy 69". 1.5. 15:. up. 81.. m. 151 (1919) 891117, 1. A., and brrioon, r. 3. m1- and loading. may-uni... run-hm 9... 12.91.... 91.. (1927) 615 64. ‘70 80 Irt, I. 3., Inlphroy, G. 0., and Morrioon, I. B. a. coma" 3111.1»... 1.: Grant]: .1 '11:. 1.1.1 11111.... 11.. 111.11. 11.; ...1 .5. Corn M1... 1.1:. 51.1. on... 791. 15 (1912) pp. 155-155. fan. I. 1).. ..1 “my, 5. 9. ha Oonaratin Efficiency for Kilt Production of tho litrocon of 111.11. law and tho corn Grain. Jonr. 3191. M 751. 19 (1915) pp. 181. in... o. 3.. 711.5, J. 3.. and. 9..., 11. 7. m 11.1.11... .1 15.1153 .51 Age .1 9.1.1.3 to 15. havolop-ant .1 _hiry noiforo. 11.... 121-. hp. 91.. m. 255 (1924) Annual hport. ‘ ’ ‘1... of tho Boononia lffioianoy of Alfalfa Bay a. a Bola Ration for hiry cattlo and It. Relation to Storility. 7.7.1. m. up. 91..(1927) pp. 25-27. Biomial noport. ‘ . Biological I’alno of Alfalfa Protein. 91.3.. 1.1. hp. 95.. (1925-29) p. 79. 1979119. 3. 3. 111. 11.1.1» .1 9.11.»... Ital. 11 17.1.1117. 7.1... 1.... 11.11: 5.1.... 7.1. 1, 11.. 5 (1921) pp. 552-599. laraan. 0., flight, 2., Jon", n.,-Eoo7or, 3., and Johnoon, B. 2.1.t1n'mu. .1 1... 11.1.15. 1.:- 5.11: 9.... s. 9. Jar. hp. 91.. m. 199 (1929) 68. 69. 70. 7].. 72. 73. 81 licCollum, E. 7., Simmonds, Nina, and Pitz, W. Dietary Deficiencies of the Maize Kernel. Jour. Biol. Chem. Vol. 28 (1916-17) pp. 153-165. Huffman, C. P. Feeding Experiment with Rolled Cats and Get Bay as the Sole Source of Nutrients. Dairy Dept. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Unpublished Data. llcCollum, E. 7., Simmonds, Nina, and Pits, W. The Nature of the Dietary Deficiencies of the Cat Kernel. Jour. 131.1. Chem. 791. 29 (1917) p. 541-554. lioCollum, E. 7., end Simmonds, Nina. A Biological Analysis of Pellagra-Producing Diets. III The Value of Some Seed Proteins for Maintenance. Jour. Biol. Chem. Vol. 32 (1917) pp. 347-368. Punk, Casimir. Ihe Study of Certain Dietary Conditions Bearing on the Problem of Growth in Rats. Jour. Biol. Chem. Vol. 27 (1915) pp. 1-14. 1159.111... 1:. 7., and Simmonds, 111m. A Biological Analysis of Pellagra-Produoing Diets. IV. The Causes of Failure of Mixtures of Seeds to Promote Growth in Young Animals. Jme Bicle Chemo V010 33 (1918’ pp. 303.3119 74. 75. 76. 77. 70. 79. 82 111.11.11, 11. )1. he Biological Value of Proteins at Different hotels of Intake. 5.11. 31.1. Chen. 7.1. 59 (1924) pp.995-922. 7.11:, c. ' ’ in. 31.1. .1 the Dieeaso m. 1.15. 111.11.11.91“ .1 9.1. 11 Oninoa Pics and Rabbits. Jour. 3101. Chen. Vol. 25 (1916) pp. 409415. he Deficiencies of Ihole 5.1.. 9111.1... up. 31.. 1.1. 575 (1925) pp. 57, 59. 11.111111. 9. 1. A ' the Dietetic Value of Oat-eal Proteins. 31.11... 1.11. 7.1. 29 (1925) pp. 751-759. 1..., o. 11. ‘ ' 111.11.. 9.. 1... ... 911-... 91.1.1 .. 5.5.111“... 1.1 1.1.1.... 7.11.. no. Green Protein terns Purehnsed Protein. in 1.1.” 5.1. 151 (1992) 1.... c. 5. . ' . 111.11. 11.1. deepen 5.: .11 5.11... 911.1. .. 511.111.». 1.1 1.1.5.... 15.... In 1.1-..1..1. 17. (199.) 11111.... c. 1. ‘ he. 91... 11.1.1. 1.1... 11.1.5...“ 11.1.1. 1.. Jersey m. 191 (1997) .le ”e 84. .7. 83 9.11.111, n. r. a. 7.1.. .1 Soybean .11 111.11. 11.; in 1111): 91.11.11... 911. up. 51.. 5.1. 257 (1915) haser, 7111.1 9.. .191 mu... .9. 9. 111.11. 11.; 1.1... 111-11:. 111;. (and 111.11. 5.; 1.1... 111.. 1.1 5.11: 9.... 111. up. 51.. m. 119 (1919) 91.... 9. r. ' ' Men-Proteins .. . 9.5.111.» 1.1 111.11.... 71.1. .11 1.11. of Boiling Crops. .1. 911. up. 51.. 1.1. 99 (1991) 9.11. 1. 3.. .51 5.1.1111. c. 9. Can '39. Green lotions“ Suppl: Proteins of Adequate Quality and 91.1111: 1.1 5135 I111: 91.11.11... 11. Jour. Biol. Chen. 791. 91 (1920) pp. 109-201. 11.11, I. 1.. .191 11.-phage. 9. Can '11... Green Baticns' Supply Proteins of Adequate Quality and 9.1.111: 1.1 High 1111 11.11.11... 111. . 1.11. 11.1. Chem. 7.1. 19 (1921) pp. 595-511. 11.1.1 11...». ' Be. Green nations for 11111 Product ion. 71.. la. up. 91.. m. 519 (1919-19) 11......“ .1111 11.11: 9.111.» 11.. 951. 51.11... 951. 1.1. hp. 51.. m. 192 (1927) pp. 77, 79-99. 90. 91. 94. 84 39.1111... A. 0.. Weaver, 1.. and Bundes,.h. A. 5.11.... .- . 5... 91... Supplement 1.1 p.11: 9.... 1... 1.1. up. 91.. 5.1. 291 (1922) 91.... 1. I. ‘ Sofieans fer Dir: Cove. 9. 9. 1.1. hp. 91.. 5.1. 215 (1925) 1190911.. B. 7. . i no lever Kneeledge of lutrition. 5.5111111. .... 11. I. (1922) p. 155. 11.9.11... 5. 7.. 511-.15..'51n.. .111 911.. 7. he Supple-onto: Dietary Relationships between Beef and Seed as 9.111..1.. .115 «own... .1 31.5 .115 9.... ' four. 3191. Chen. Vol. 50 (1917) p. 15. 5..11. 5. c. ' ‘ Phosphorus Deficiency in Forage Peede of Range Cattle. 1.11. to. n... 7.1. 59 (1929) pp. 115-159. 1.11.... 9.. mncorfcrd, 1. 11.. and 1.11.1. n. n. 15. 2.1. .1 7.1.1 1. . 9.11: 9.11. 2.11... 9. o. 1.1. 21p. 51.. 5.1. 175 (1917). 11...»... Ii. . I Diuresis and [ilk Plow. , 9.11. 1.1. 2... 7.1. 5 (1915) p. 551-559. Setola, J. A A 111.111.1111 751... and Supplementary 9.1.11... .1 15. 21.1.1.1 in 111.11. 11.: and in 9.1. and 9.111....- 911.31. 9.11. 1.1. 11... 7.1. 19 (1950) pp. 79-95. 9?. 98. 85 3103310.]. Report. Dhbelion Experiments with Con Fed Largely on Alfalfa. Hey. 01.3.. 131-. Exp. 91.. (1925.29) p. 79. 11.11: Investigations. ' lffeot ' of Llfelfe on Boproduotion. Gelif. Stetien Report (1916) pp. 54-37. time, I. I... end no.7ideen. I. 1. 1.1.11... 1.1.... ..1..1... 1.1 0.111... ... 11.1.. .1 17111:. 9..-nun. .1 I111: 71.1. 1.1- 1.1 content. 111. are We We Me 245 ‘19”) APPENDIX 86 hble I. Shaving Lnimlo Used in the Experiment 1.1 1. Days Doyo Daily Per ...1 “1‘1 Breed Age Weight in in Iilk Butter- 1.. 11111: Preg- 11.15 1.1 1. nanoL lbs. Hill: 159 1.1.11.1 9.1.1.1.. 5-5-19 1599 117 0 55.7 5.4 197 7 7 5.7-21 1290 40 0 55.1 5.1 229 7 7 5.5-29 1200 99 0 44.5 5.2 225 7 7 5.2.19 1125 151 0 49.5 5.4 225 7 5 5-2-15 1009 119 0 54.5 5.5 0 hence 4-2-24 1200 105 53.5 3.27 1.90 II. 838 Purebred Holltein 3-4-0 1100 114 30 48.4 3.0 350 " " 34-22 1076 184 83 38.7 5.6 199 9.1.51.1 51.... 5.5.5 1250 45 0 49.1 4.1 Sviu ' 175 211.11.. 5.1.1.117 5.9.27 1150 57 o 55.5 5.0 150 7 - 7-1.21 1500 49 0 57.5 5.5 11.1... ’ ' 5.0.0 1215 95 20 51.9 5.41 7.51. 11. Showing Grain Rationc Fed notion 1 (Complex ration) 87 51g..1151. E111 Crude Digectihle a fi . Protcin Butricntc 91.1.11 yellow corn 400 pound- 27.23 326.9 no... ..1. 250 7 19.52 175.0 m1 51.. 150 7 19.75 91.1 5.11....“ ...1 100 7 57.00 79.2 1.111.... .11 ...1 100 9 50.20 77.9 0...... ..11 10 i- 91...... bcno ml 10 " Averece percentage 13.28 75.00 Ration II (homo-grown rat ion) 111.11. 1..1 ...1 '500 pound. 15.55 190.00 Ground eete 490 " - 37.68 326.40 91.... 1.11.5 ..1. 220 7 29.15 195.05 0.1.... ..11 10 '- A7eroce percentage 11.1 68.94 5.11.1.1 p.1 ...1 1.1.1 519.1151. 1.111.111. due 1. 55.00 poor qnelity of cots 88 0.2.0 0...: 9:30 .3030... “an 05.000 0.000. 0.0000 .Hauoa 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 «.00 0.00 0.000 0.H0 0.00 ..H.. 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.H0 «a 0.000 H.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 H.00 0.00 0.00 H0 H.000 H.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 . 0.00 0.H0 0.00 H.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.H0 0.H0 H.H0 0.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.00 0.00 H.00 0.00 0.H0 0.H00 0.00 H.00 0.00 H.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 .H 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.Hv 0.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.00 H.00 0.000 H.00 0.00 H... 0.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.H0 0.H0 0.00 H.00 .0.00 0.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.0. 0.00 «H 0.000 ‘0.H0 0.00 0.00 ..H. 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0H H.H00 0.00 H.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 H... «.00 HH 0.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.H0 . 0.00 H... 0.00 0.00 0H 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0. 0.00 0.H0 «.000 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.H0 0.00 H.00 0.0. 0.00 H.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0 0.000 H.00 0.00 0.H0 0.H0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.H0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.H0 H.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0. 0.00 0.00 0.H00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0 .0.000 0.00 H.00 «.00 0.00 0.0. ..H00 «.00 0.00 0.0. 0.00 0.H0 a 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 H .000 H.000 0.00, 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.H0 H0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 H... 0.00 0.H0 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.00 0.H0 00 H.000 H.00 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 H... H.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 H.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 H.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00» 0.0.0, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.3 0.00 0.0. 0.00 0.00 00 ...- . .w . . hang” H800 00H 00H 00H 000 «00 H.000 00H SH 000 000 0...... .00 .50 IE ‘ 5.0 ; .9038 gums-IQ: .3 03 :33: Nod—.83 .H van .HHH 0.3.: 89 .0..HH. . ...... . .H.... ...H. .... .... H.0. 0.0. 0... ..00. .... .... ..0. .... ..0. n. ..H.. .... .... H... .... .... ..00. 0.0. 0... .... .... 0... a. 0.... ...._. H.00 .... .... .... ..00. 0.00 .... .... 0... 0... H. ..0.. .... 0.00 .... .... 0.0. 0.... 0.00 .... 0... 0... 0... 0. ..... 0.0. H... .... 0.00 0... 0.0.. ..00 0... 0... 0... H... .. ..00. 0... ..H. 0... 0.0. 0... ..0.. 0... 0... .... 0... .... 0. 0.... .... 0... .... ...0 0.0. ...0. ..0. .... ...0 H... 0... .H ..00. 0... .... 0... 0... .... 0.... .... .... .... ...0w .... .. H..H. .... 0.0. H.H. ..0. ..0.. ...0. 0... H... .... 0... 0.0. 0. 0.... 0.00 .... .... ..0. 0... 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I...» 3.3. manage... ..H.: 9..-3. . «Iowa-hams. .HH can .FH 0H2 90 0.0000 0.0050 0030.0 0.000 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.500 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 5.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.000 5.50 0.00 5.50 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 50 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.50 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 00 . 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 0 0.000 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.500 5.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 5.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 5.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.500 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0 0.000 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0 00:0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0900 00 0.000 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.500 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 0.00 0.00 . 5.00 0.00 0.00 50 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0 00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 a! . -, f E 00000 000 050 000 000 000 00000 000 500 000 000 000 .0. 000 I60? 5.0“: r .0303 0:00.650. .00 03 78000.0 000g. .0 000 03.30 0000.0 000.30 000030900 000: 000.30 .b 0000.0 91 5.0000 0.0000 .0uuoa 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.500 5.00 0.00 5.00 0.0 5.00 0.500 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 o 0.00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 o 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 50 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 00 0.050 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 00 5.050 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.500 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 00 0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 5.50 0.00 0.00 00 0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 00 5.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.500 5.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 5.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00. 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.000 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 5.00 0.00 0 5.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.50 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.500 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0 0.550 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00:0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 5.000 0.00 5.50 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.50 5.00 5.00 .0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.50 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.000 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.500 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 «nan , 50000. 0390 80 050. 000 000 000 088 000 500 000. 000 000 50 .60 ”mummy 500¢0w1. . .0000..." 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EH.“ .HH and .a pan «3.8m .333.— Ao... 93.2. 33258.” «3.838 .x 32 96 Tabla XIII. Total Feed Consumption L09 1. m PerTocf $0110? Period Perlof NO. I.“ I II III IV 7 lbs. lbs. lbs. Tbs. - 311“. 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 225 3.; 544.0 544.4 341.5 545.9 Silas. 990.0 900.0 990.0 990.0 m {80.0 480.0 590.0 590.0 811.8. 1080.0 1080.0 1080.0 1080.0 62.111 420.0 590.0 590.0 404.0 3110.8. 1140 .0 1118 . 1 1157 . 8 795 . 5 first! 01500 656.9 524.0 42401 1.09 11. 252 5.: 527.0 550.0 525.5 545.0 81196. 990.0 990.0 985.0 990.0 31.13 550.2 420.0 875.5 590.0 230 m 3270? 328 03 329 .0 278.0 m ‘55.0 560.0 560.0 224.8 109 5.: 54.2.1 535.0 575.5 580.0 Sill-CO 1049 .0 1080.0 1080.0 1078.0 Mn 568.1 420.0 479.0 545.0 17‘ HI: 299.1 342.8 555.3 558.5 160 w 3010‘ 4220‘ 019.9 “8.5 311* 912.5 1550.0 1305.0 1550.0 61".“ 575.5 555.0 584.5 495.0 1.51. m. Feed Conrumption 0n htion I Lot 1. W m 0? Period feriod :i’eriod 1501-1041 50135.1 EE!1_, 35.4 1 II III IV ‘Tb'o 1b.. 1b,. 158. 225 Ely 276.1 298.5 574.6 Sills! 900.0 900.0 1800.0 Grain. 600.0 495.0 1095.0 229 El, 555.1 359.0 714.1 snag. 1080.0 1080.0 2160.0 argin 420.0 590.0 810.0 311.3. 1140.0 1137.8 2277.8 Grain. 615.0 524.0 1159.0 168 IQ} 417.5 399.5 817.0 311.30 1300.0 1212.1 2412.1 232 5.: 330.0 ‘ 345.0 575.0 0:013. 420.0 590.0 810.0 250 HA: 528.5 278.0 606.5 Silfigfl 945.0 769.5 1714.5 Grlin 360.0 224.8 584.8 189 EA: 385.8 588.0 773.8 31106! 1080.0 1078.0 2158.0 Grain 420.0 543.0 763.0 174 Ely 842.8 858.5 701.3 811.30 1035.0 1035.0 2070.0 Bruin 480.0 375.0 855.0 811‘s. 1350.0 1550.0 2700.0 Grain. 555.0 495.0 1050.0 98 7351. 1:7. Food Consumption on Ration II Lot 1. 0; m 0? 5.1106 ire—17106 ii’geriod PoriocI F5501 31. 75.5 1 II 111 17 LBS. lbs. 108. lbs. 225 my 275.5 293.7 _ 572.2 811360 900.0 900.0 1800.0 Grain 580.6 556.2 1116.8 225 5.: 544.4 343.9 555.3 811889 900.0 990.0 1890.0 01.13. 480.0 590.0 870.0 229 Ha; 360.0 858.9 718.9 Silago 1080.0 1080.0 2150.0 Grain 390.0 404.0 794.0 107 5.; 317.9 307.9 625.8 311.3. 1118.1 795.6 1915.7 Grain 656.9 424.1 1081.0 168 El: 403.9 412.5 816.4 31188. 1215.0 1260.0 2475.0 Gran 585.0 470.0 1055.0 Lot 11. 232 by 327.0 325.5 553.5 811.3. 990.0 985.0 1975.0 Gr‘1l 538.2 475.5 ‘1013.7 230 El: 327.7 329.0 555.7 8110.3. 960.0 945.0 1905.0 Groin 435.0 360.0 795.0 189 El: 342.1 573.5 715.6 ' 811.5. 1049.8 1080.0 2129.8 cumin 568.1 479 .0 1047 .1 174 an 299.1. 335.2 5 534.3 3110.3. 985 .0 1034.0 2017 .0 0min 631 .5 524.0 1155 .3 150 5" 5‘1.‘ 419.9 761.3 81183. 912.5 1305.0 2217.6 Grain 673.5 584.5 1258.0 1.111. m. Sumry of Ray, 311535 and Grain Consumed while on Ration 1 (complex ration) Iii? lo. Hgy Silage + Gre. in 574.5 155. 150025’155. 1095.0‘155. 225. 555.5 1950.0 570.0 229 714.1 2150.0 510.0 157 703.0 2277.5 1139.0 155 517.0 2412.1 1055.0 232 575.0 1950.0 510.0 230 505.3 1714.5 554.5 159 773.5 2155.0 753.0 174 701.3 2070.0 555.0 150 570.9 2700.0 1050.0 555.1 7,121.5 21,252.4 9,041.5 m1. 1711. Summary of Bay, Silas. and Grain Consumed while on Rntion II (home-grown ration) 2557 No. as; 3115;. Grain 226 672.2 1115. 1800.0 1b.. 1116.8 1b.. 825 688.5 1890.0 870.0 187 625.8 1913.7 1081.0 160 816.4 2475.0 1055.0 833 653.5 1975.0 1013.7 330 656.7 1905.0 795.0 10, 715.6 3139.0 1047.1 176 636.5 2017.0 1155.5 150 761.3 2217.5 1258.0 959.1 5,543.0 20,453.0 10,155.9 100 00.0000 00.0000 00.050 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.000 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 «0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 .0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00. 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 .004 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0» 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.. 00.00 00.000 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 .00: 7 r E 00.00.0 000 000 000 000 000 00000.0 000 000 000 000 000 .0: .00 E 0.00% 00.0000 305907.150. .00 000 auo0¢.u_u.0nt... .0 0.0 052.0 0.30 05.35 3.008 3 2.35.538 23.3 .008 .050 101 00.0000 00.0000 .0uaos 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 oo.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 «0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 on.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.¢0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00. 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 .oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.0 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.e0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00. 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 oo.00 00.00 00.00 o0.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 oo.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 0 01: 00.00 00.00 00.00 oo.o0 00.0 oo.«0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 on 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 oo.no 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 o0.o0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 .0.00 00.00 00.00 00.¢0 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 «0 .000 . - 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Water Consumption, in.gallons, by the Cows while on Ration I during each.Period '03! Period Period Period Period Total no._f I II III 17 826 434.75 473.00 907.75 225 414.00 473.00 887.00 229 413.00 466.25 879.25 187 532.75 538.00 1070.75 168 573.00 580.25 1153.25 232 449.50 484.75 934.25 230 404.50 324.00 728.50 189 430.25 441.50 871.75 174 529.25 504.50 1033.75 150 579.50 571.50 1151.00 totel gallon: 9617.25 Ehble XXIII. Voter Consumption, in.5allona, by the cove while on . Ration.II during each.Period ‘03! Period Period ’Period :PerIOd fatal Nb. I II 111 IV 225 480.75 475.50 955.25 225 459.75 455.75 935.50 229 434.25 477.50 911.75 187 582.50 483.50 1066.00 188 605.00 545.25 1151.25 232 497.00 551.50 1028.50 230 440.00 446.25 885.25 189 457.50 528.50 995.00 174 504.25 575.25 1180.50 150 552.50 538.00 1290.50 Intel gallon! 10402.50 105 lele XXIV. Weights of.Lnimels for First Three Periods of the Experiment .Lot 1. 357 Inn 1.1 We mm at m * 613“ .t End Page H’End Eb. weight of let Period of 2nd Period of;3rd Period 226 1008 1019 1035 999 225 1125 1136 1154 1139 229 1200 1205 1214 1226 187 1280 1302 1321 1315 168 1388 1375 1380 1385 Arerege 1200 1207 1220.8 1212.8 -L0t IIe 232 1100 1117 1109 1132 230 1075 1076 1083 1129 189 1250 1253 1236 1275 174 1150 1143 1143 1187 150 1500 1499 1458 1491 lurege 1215 1218 1205.8 1242.8 Idble XXV. Daily Record of Feed Consumed, Milk Produced and Feces end urine Excreted during the Metabolism on Ration I (complex ration) 106 f 303: Dnte Weight Grain Silage He Feces Urine Milk #15:. gms. gms. gme. gms.- o.c. gms. 00' NOe 225 June 14 1130 5812 14,982 5176 32,542 10,000 16,792 15 1144 7 7 7 32,805 11,600 17,522 16 1137 7 7 7 34,272 10,320 16,995 17 - 7 7 7 34,405 14,500 16,379 18 1148 7 7 7 34,713 23,290 17,529 19 1145 7 7 7 31,629 19,900 17,014 20 1150 7 7 7 35,451 16,800 16,881 00' No. 226 June 14 1000 7444 13,620 4540 32,303 9,550 20,884 8 15 1012 7 7 7 32,230 9,520 23,574 16 1011 7 7 7 33,133 9,590 23,515 17 - 7 7 7 31,835 10,320 21,159 18 994 7 7 7 30,648 10,350 19,851 19 1007 7 7 7 30,763 9,690 22,086 20 1006 7 7 7 34,848 10,085 20,034 00' NOe 229 - June 14 1200 5812 16,344 5448 37,734 7,000 17,485 15 1225 7 7 7 37,448 7,000 16,921 16 1211 7 7 7 38,028 7,450 16,850 17 - 7 7 7 38,759 8,390“ 16,509 18 1235 7 7 7 40,812 10,960 18,003 19 1213 7 7 7 34,927 10,900 17,606 20 1240 7 7 7 40,631 9,620 17,957 107 Table XXVI. Daily Record of Feed Consumed, Milk Produced and Feces and urine Excreted during the Metabolism.on.Ration II (home-grown ration) 5‘63: nets Weight Grain Silage Hey Feces urine Milk Ibo. ems. gms. gms. gms. c.c. gms. 00! Re. 225 Judy'15 1155 5992 14,982 5266 33,246 14,100 14,347 _ 16 1190 7 7 7 39,246 11,770 15,213 17 1188 7 7 7 38,146 12,760 13,625 18 1175 7 7 7 38,126 12,360 12,870 19 1160 7 7 7 31,566 9,550 13,526 20 1180 7 7 7 35,816 14,350 14,004 22” 1190 7 7 7 36,816 18,050 13,607 Carlie. 226 July 15 1027 8172 13,620 4540 40,736 9,700 20,068 16 1036 7 7 7 36,956 8,800 19,395 17 1012 7 7 7 35,456 8,900 17,183 18 1020 7 7 7 32,476 12,800 18,864 19 1000 7 7 7 35,046 10,560 19,215 20 1004 7 7 7 33,576 6,000 19,713 21 1010 7 7 7 35,227 10,450 20,075 CWNOe 229 July 13 1222 6176 16,344 5448 35,097 8,500 16,525 . 16 1256 7 7 7 38,077 11,470 15,823 17 1245 7 7 7 32,257 10,650 16,187 18 1267 7 7 7 34,867 10,100 16,521 19 1227 7 7 7 33,957 8,400 14,739 20 1255 7 7 7 39,407 9,700 15,707 21 1262 7 7 7 37,603 8,950 15,906 “b1. XXVII. Cos no. 225 00' HOe 00' HOe 108 Nitrogen Composition of Feeds Consumed, mu: Produced and urine and Feces Excreted during the metabolism.on material Corn Silage Gr. Alfalfa Grain Feces Urine Hulk Feces Urine Hulk Feces Urine Hulk Ration I. Nitrogen 0.408 per cent 2.210 7 7 2.600 7 7 0.343 per cent 6.430 sin/L 0.477 per cent 0.379 per cent 0.484 per cent 0.322 per cent 11.710 gm/L 0.507 per cent 109 Table XXVIII. Nitrogen Composition of Feeds Consumed, Milk Produced, Cos H0. 225 Cos H0. 226 COI'Nbe 229 and urine and Feces Excreted during the metabolism.on Ration II. materiel Nitrogen Corn Silage 0.384 per cent Gre Alfalfa. 2.300 . 99 Grain 2.500 7 7 Feces 0.344 per cent firm. 8.400 gm/L Hulk 0.520 per cent Feces 0.340 per cent 011D. 11e100 gm/L Milk 0.510 per cent Fbces 0.328 per cent arm. 12.000 gm/L Milk 0 .490 per cent 110 00.00 00.030 00.0030 00.000 00.030 03.000 00.0000 00.0003 03.000 00.000 000 00.00 00.000 00.0000 00.000 00.000 30.000 03.0000 03.0003 00.000 33.000 000 00.00 00.003 00.0030 00.000 00.000 03.000 03.0000 00.0003 00.000 00.000 000 .33 003000 0003 .30.03 0300 u_a033op.000.00003030 00.00 30.003 00.0030 03.030 00.030 03.000 00.0000 30.0003 30.000 00.000 000 00.03 00.003 00.0300 00.300 00.000 00.000 03.0000 30.0003 00.000 00.000 000 03.00 00.000 00.3000 03.000 30.000 00.000 00.0000 30.0003 00.000 00.000 000 sumac 333a .0300 0.000 00.003 03.00. 0030030 00.330 .00 3.000. . 30000 - rnu. .mmr. 0033.03.33 0.33.09 eoneaem ~250th cmpflo 78.0.33 8333M" .30so3300 0003 .00103 .000 -..-33.3.3.=_a.000030 .NHNH 0H2 111 Ilble.xxx. The Eben Daily Temperature during the Fbur Feeding Periods ’ First Period Second Period Third Period Fburth.Period 25y 239g. Day Tegg, Day Teqp. Day Temp. Mir. 25 63 Apr. 24 49 may 24 63 June 23 68 26 44 26 68 26 54 24 68 27 46 26 48 26 63 25 63 28 43 27 66 27 71 26 69 29 44 28 46 28 72 27 62 3O 6O 29 44 29 76 28 62 31 36 3O 64 3O 74 29 63 Apr. 1 34 may 1 62 31 68 30 74 2 34 2 36 June 1 60 July 1 7O 3 62 3 36 2 47 2 69 4 61 4 42 3 6O 3 61 6 7O 6 43 4 64 4 7O 6 73 6 46 6 62 6 72 7 7O 7 41 6 68 6 74 8 62 8 44 7 66 7 71 9 48 9 46 8 64 8 7O 10 42 10 49 9 68 9 72 11 42 11 58 10 62 10 68 12 39 12 61 11 71 11 69 13 42 13 64 12 61 12 74 14 38 14 68 13 62 ‘ 13 76 16 40 16 67 14 60 14 66 16 4D 16 46 16 64 16 64 17 4O 17 60 16 66 16 66 18 4O 18 64 17 74 17 72 19 38 19 44 18 77 18 66 20 42 20 44 19 74 19 68 21 46 21 6O 20 72 20 69 22 47 22 62 21 67 21 68 23 48 23 6O 22 68 22 71 mm mm. Frequency of Drinking and Frequency of Urination while on Mehbolian Rat ion 1 . (complex rot ion) 00' 225 CO! 226 CO" 229 a I a imes W 1929 minted. Drank Urinsted Drank Urinated Drank M 14 7 10 5 8 5 5 15 9 11 4 8 8 8 15 10 4 5 5 5 4 17 11 5 5 7 5 3 18 14 9 7 7 5 10 19 13 9 5 21 7 4 80 11 1O 5 15 8 10 $0961 75 58 58 71 42 44 Average 10.71 8.28 5.42 10.14 5.00 5.28 Bat ion 11 . (hone-gran ntion) m: 15 11 8 8 9 5 10 ‘ 15 4. 4 7 9 5 a 17 7 3 5 7 7 2 18 7 5 7 5 8 4 19 4 4 5 9 5 4 20 9 3 7 5 7 3 21 11 4 5 5 8 4 ram 53 29 44 49 43 32 Average 7 . 67 4. 14 6 .28 7 .00 6 . 14 4.67 112 15518 11111. Period. Bation.B 32 113 Growth.weighte of Animals during the 8 Weeks Feeding Animals Grouped According to the Ration: Fed. Mun 1nw mm: 4th 5th 6th fifth ‘ 8th Total 5. Weight Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Gain m. w. w. me 8111!. We We €518. 81118. 62 62 61 80 92 104 118 124 130 140 88 68 69 74 .97 118 138 150 167 154 167 108 69 64 67 86 105 126 138 144 140 146 92 84 45 60 63 7O 84‘ 96 61 86 46 53 66 77 102 109 63 87 69 84 108 110 135 149 149 152 156 87 90 63 61 77 83 102 112 118' 120 130 77 116 66 58 70 93 112 118 126 137 145 89 116 57 59 73 101 118 125 131 145 156 98 117 86 107 116 116 112) ‘ 118 83 107 116 115 114) 119 83 103 109 110 114) mated 120 92 110 117 117 114) 132 39 66 76 98 107 126 137 148 109 39 66 72 94 103 120 129 139 100 39 66 7O 91 98 114 129 143 104 39 57 78 99 110 126 132 139 100 Averegn 49.77 89.69 Ration.B 30 68 68 76 84 98 112 120 118 127 140 82 66 60 62 79 98 118 133 144 168 166 116 77 37 47 64 7O 76 83 87 92 99 62 78 36 47 66 67 77 80 86 93 101 66 80 42 6O 66 73 79 86 91 92 104 62 92 61 70 76 83 89 100 106 108 112 61 105 61 74 86 91 101 113 112 116 134 73 107 60 52 68 69 83 86 94 103 112 62 129 66 81 103 114 128 129 134 140 144 79 Arerage 61.00 72.66 Ration B 30 plus yeast 128 61 71 78 88 99 113 121 125 130 69 123 46 66 72 86 88 95 102 111 118 73 124 53 7O 87 98 108 114 120 130 134 81 Arercge 63 74.33 1m 114 Teble XXIII. (continued) Ration R 31 Animal Initial in 5nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Wmtu Ho. Weight Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Gain We ems. 81113. $118. Ems. We 61113. $318. Ema. 60 68 65 77 90 96 108 117 123 128 70 67 47 50 57 65 77 88 99 102 107 60 113 64 59 78 86 102 113 118 128 133 79 121 60 69 80 88 85 101 110 111 119 69 122 45 68 70 79 89 93 106 107 110 65 Average 52.80 66.60 Ration B 31 plus yeast 125 51 57 70 81 96 104 115 130 130 79 126 54 56 67 79 88 97 116 128 131 77 127 43 47 57 68 75 84 92 106 116 72 Average 49.33 76.00 Ration B 45 96 53 60 73 83 112 132 145 158 162 109 138 40 62 64 72 89 92 106 123 134 94 139 40 50 66 79 96 103 116 127 136 96 Average 44.33 99.33 Ration B 46 97 64 81 93 100 103 116 120 124 135 71 Ration B 47 100 58 68 86 96 103 120 123 125 130 72 130 69 74 92 107 116 118 132 142 149 90 131 67 90 111 131 148 147 169 168 173 106 137 61 82 80 90 95 104 107 118 117 66 Average 61.25 81 115 Table XXIII. (continued) Ration R 62 Anima."'l initial Hf 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th W. 8th Total No. Weight Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Gain 8111.. 87113. 61113. $1113. gins. Ems. gma. 81113. @113. 109 69 62 84 100 112 123 130 142 154 95 Ration B 68 143 43 53 67 86 96 118 123 125 125 82 Ration B 69 144 57 75 90 106 113 133 138 140 142 86 146 45 66 77 100 113 126 130 129 128 83 Average 51. 84 Ration B 70 146 57 76 97 117 130 147 157 162 175 118 147 43 57 85 107 117 126 135 146 160 107 Average 50 112.50 Tdblc 111111. 116 Length of Time from.mating-tc Parturition. Animals Listed under the Various Ratione Fed. Ration B 32 Fanal. N0. Days 62 25 68 26 69 nonébreeder 84 36 86 30 87 weight: indicated that embryos probably were resorbed 90 nonébreeder 116 35 116 47 117 37 118 28 119 28 120 26 132 34, 30 133 29, 25 134 35, 26 136 nonébreeder Ration B 30 58 36 66 63 92 66 106 41 107 60 129 killed and examined, embryos reeorbed Ration B 30 plus yeast 78 37 80 26, 23 - 123 31, 46 124 33, 28 128 33 Ration B 31 60 30 67 63 117 Tabl. 111111 e (continued) Ration R 31 plus yeast Resale No. Days 113 non-breeder 121 21, 30 122 39,25 126 36, 30 126 ' 24, 23 127 31, 24 Ration B 45 96 32, 25 138 33 139 28 Ration B 46 97 35 Ration B 47 100 27 130 28 131 39 Ration R 52 109 63, 24 Ration R 68 143 no litter at 57 days Ration B 69 144 57 146 no litter at 67 days Ration B 70 146 24 147 50 118 Table XXXIV. Size of Litters, Birth Weight, Weight at 28 Days of Age, and mortality of YOung Rats, Grouped According to Diets. Ration B 32 . Av.efieight at Female no. in Litter Av. Birth Weight 28 days mortality: . gms. gms. " 68 (8) 7 - 25.00 3 7 7.00 40.00 120 7 5.30 28.00 119 6 7.10 37.20 6 - 41.40 118 (9) 7 6.00 35.00 1 86 7 6.00 26.30 (8) 7 6.25 32.67 116 4 7.50 43.00 1 115 7 6.71 18.67 1 84 1 5.00 - 132 6 6.86 40.60 1 (8) 7 7.37 not 28 days old 133 7 6.43 34.77 134 6 7.00 44.16 Ration.B 30 58 (8) 7 - - . , 4 8.00 - Ration B 30 plus yeast 80 (8) 7 6.00 22.00 5 7 6.71 25.17 1 77 (8) 7 6.30 - 7 78 ‘ e 5.17 21.33 7 5.00 23.43 (9) 119 Table XXXIV. (continued) Ration B 30 plus yeast Av. Weight at Female no. in Litter Av. Rirth.Weight 28 Days Mbrtality_ gme. gms. 105 5 4.60 6 107 6 5.83 6 123 6 6.83 ‘ . 6 7 5.43 29.33 4 124 5 6.80 5 7 4.76 7 128 7 5.71 48.00 4 60 7 6.14 27.60 3 67 7 5.00 25.57 Ration.B 31 plus yeast 122 6 4.83 6 6 6.00 35.40 1 121 6 5.00 23.80 1 126 (9) 7 6.55 26.00 (10) 7 6.60 36.33 1 127 6 7.00 33.83 7 5.43 7 126 6 6.66 40.00 6 7.20 40.20 Ration R 45 95 7 5.71 36.00 7 6.00 7 139 6 6.33 31.60 138 4 5.75 34.00 (27 days) 120 Table mIV. (continued) Ration B 46 Av. flight at Female No. in Litter Av. Birth geight 28 Days MortalitL 81113. ems. 97 6 6.83 34.17 Ration B 47 100 2 7.00 44.00 100 (8| 7 5.50 7 150 ‘ ' 5 5.55 21.55 131 6 6.83 6 Ration B 62 109 7 5.71 28.57 (9) 7 6.33 35.67 1 Ration B 68 143 no litters Ration B 69 144 (a) 7 5.12 not 28 days old ' Ration n 70 146 (8) 7 6.00 36.8 2 147 . 7 6.86 not 28 days old MICHIGAN STATE LLEGO d‘ ncna nfuru'r n: uATHI’M ATI- R613! USE CW IllilillflllhjlfllfllfljilIllujljlfllflllleWlijflIll!l