| I IIIIIII I II I I III I I 102 950 THS THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF A MILK HOUSE FOR MICHIGAN Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Jams Sterling Boyd 1948 "7H ESIS THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF A MILK HOUSE FOR MICHIGAN By James Sterling Egyd A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan state College of Agriculture and Applied Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering 1948 THESIS 11 a1 _ W‘U % AC KI? OYJLIEC E’s" LN T The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation for the counsel and helpful suggestions of Professor Arthur W. Farrell, Head of the Department of Agricultural Engineering and to Professor D.E. Wiant for assistance in preparing material for this thesis. Also to field- men from the Arctic Dairy and the Lansing Dairy for help in locating milk houses and to Swift and Company for financial assist- anc. 0 216910 TEL FCECQKCHAL FCSIGH OF A TILE H 382 FOR IFICHIGAII By James Sterling Boyd Abstract of Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Kichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of IfASTLR OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering 1948 "1 9:5 TIT-avg Yt'eVg r T‘ .1" TF0? fl" I .' I . . A . .vo. Kr" . d.. .5‘ h.....- I," ? v1! ‘fefiVVfl‘F-fi o .t'. k e.. h" 1} p« TfiVV'Pf‘ p v.7 .'-i-‘: it? -.v ' J Jones Sterling Doyd "ilk is an apertcnt food in Amori can diets and, for this reason, milk ordinances have been enacted to regulate the pr auction of milk. Tholve large cities and many err.ellor cit 103 have milk ordinances and there have been some differ mess in these ordinances. Eeeause of t,eso dif ferorices, it has been difficult to draw milk house plans which could be used state wi dc. One section, comnon to all ordiznances, is that milk must be handled in a milk house when it is market or fluid milk. As a result of conferences with dairy authorities and iHVcstiga‘ions of milk 0rd c.nances, it was found that he following functions are perfor:uod in a milk house: (1) cooling an3 storin-* milk, (2) washing and sterilizing utensils, and (3) storing utensils and OQled nt between milkings. To provinie for these functions, the following equipment is necessary: a milk cooler, a water heater, a double sash VBL, and a can rack. Ehen this equipment is provided, it will one urage the production of clean milk. however, the use YW:CO of t is equip lent Cepc:1ds upon the location of the milk house. It was found, from time and motion studies made James S. Boyd by the farm Ianagement Tcpartmcnt, that the time spent in the milk house varied inversely as the distance be- tueon the milk house and stable. then the equipment is convenient, it will be used and producin: clean milk will be made easier. A milk house located in the barn will be approved by the major milk markets and is most convenient. A milk house connected to the barn with the entrance to the stable through two doors, or through a vestibule, will be approved by all Vichigan milk ordinances then constructed as shown on the plan, and provided with adequate ventila» tion and drainage. APPROVED: wI‘Jajor Professor 3/20/43 TABLE 0? CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ERAS HS FOR THE STTDY' . . . . . . . . . . . . . OBJECTIVES OF TEE STUDY' . . . o . . . o o . . . REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATERIALS AHD EQUIPYZNT . . . . . . . . . . . . PROCEDURE . . . .v. . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . Interview with Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations of Floor Area Requirements . . . Investigation of Kilk House Room Temperatures RESULTS OF TEE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Recommended . . . . . . . . . . . . Floor Area Requirements . o . . o o . . . . . Location of milk House Relative to Barn . . . Relation Eetween Temperature and Location . 0 DISCUSSION OF PHYSICAL CPiRACTERISTICS . . . . . Size of the Milk House . . . . . . . . . . . Location of the Milk House . . . . . . . . . Functional Equipment Recommended . . . . . . Cooling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . tater heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can and utensil racks . . . . . . . . . . Rash vats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ Construction Details Recommended . . . . . . a: cn <3 F‘ r4 (n 12 19 19 20 21 23 23 29 34 56 4O 4O 41 43 43 45 44 44 44 44 iv Naterials . . . . . . Floors . . . . . . . Insulation . . . . . Ventilation . . . . . tindows . . . . . . . Doors . . . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . Functional Requirements Approved Locations . . . Type A Milk House . . . Type B Eilk House . . . Type C Milk House . . . Type D Milk House . . . PROBLEMS BECOMKEUDED FOR FU REFEREKCES CITED . . . o . PJEIACE TO BIBLIOGRAPHY . o BIBLIOGRAPHY o o . . o o . V" my“ n lfksSR STUDY Page 44 47 47 49 49 49 5O 50 51 52 57 56 Figure Table Gable Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Table Tigure Figure Figure 40:01am 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 LIST OT FIvURES ND TABLIS Inadequate Tilk Houses Which Have Been Used IUMiChigflneeeeeeeeeeeeone. milk House Sizes Recommended Py Jennings. . Silk Ordinance Requirements For Yajor ?"iohigan1’arkets O O O o o o e e e e e o 0 State ZXperimental milk House, Michigan 0011638 0 e e e 0 number 1 Xilk house Studied . . . . . . . . Humber 2 Silk House Studied . . . . . . . . Number 3 311k Fouse Studied . . . . . . . . {Jumber 4::11k HOUSB Stlldléid e e o e e o e e For Standard “echanical Milk Cooler fillk COOIEHE e e e o e e e 0 Combination tater And Space Heater For Use IanilkHOI—ISBBo............o Can And Utensil Rack for Use In silk Houses Double hash Vets For Washing And Steril- iting Filk Handling Utensils 0 o e o e e 0 Floor Area Requirements For Necessary Equipment In A Vilk House . o . o . . . . . rotal Floor Area Required By Milk Ordin- ances, Suggested By Farmers And Calculated From Space Requirements or Equipment 0 . e Location And Rumber Of Cows In A y11k 7701180 3 e o o o e o The Effect Of On Time Spent The Effect Of Haintained In Location On Temperature The Eilk Houses Studied . . . Reconvended Locations For fiilk Houses In 31.011.189.11. 0 Q 0 Cross Section 0! Type B Frame Silk House. . Cross Section or Type A fiasonry £11k House Page 4 9 11 13 38 42 45 46 Figure Figure Figure Fifiure Figure Figure 17 13 19 vi Construction Of The Cove Eetseen The {alle And Floors Of Eilk Houses . . . . . Plan For A Type A Kilk House Aggroved By The Twelve Eajor Kilk Yorkets In Michigan Plan For A Type B Kilk Kouse Approved Fy T e Tuelve Yajor Yilk Tarkets In Hichigan Elevation Type A Kilk House . . . . . . . Elevation Type B Hilk House . . . . . . . Plan Ior A Type C Kilh Kouse Approved By All Lillk Ordinances In :1 Leiligm . a o o . Elevgtion Type C ‘zfilk 3:0.-30 Q o o o o o 0 Plan For A Type D ?i k House For Optimum Conditions. Uhis F111 Te Approved Py The Twelve Hejor Filk Yarkets In Tichigan . . Page 48 54 55 THE FTHCTIOEAL DE°IGN O? A NILK ROYCE FOR MICHTGAN IIITRODUC TI ON History milk is one of our most valuable foods. Food technologists generally agree that the food value of milk is higher than that of most other foods. For this reason, health authorities are interested in an abundant supply of clean milk and are constantly watching for means of improving its quality. Because milk cannot be cleaned, it is different from all other farm products; in fact, Jensen and Bell2 describe milk as "perhaps the most deli- cate food the farmer handles". Pasteurization will kill any harmful bacteria which may enter the milk; however, these dead bacteria cannot be removed. There are even some types of bacteria which cannot be killed by pasteur- ization. For this reason, milk should be kept free from contamination from the beginning. milk production is one of Michigan's largest industries, accounting for 25% of the annual farm income.16 . 60% of this production is handled in the farm milk house. Much of the milk is produced on general farms and it has been found that chore time accounts for half of the yearly work on these farms. Bookhoutf in a survey made of ten Michigan farms, indicates that 18% of the chore time with dairy cattle is spent cleaning utensils and caring for milk. Through observations, it has been found that these chores were accomplished more effectively in a prOperly designed milk house. There are two general classes of milk sold from the farm -- market milk, and manufacturing milk for the condensary and cheese plant. These two types of milk markets require different sanitation standards; the fluid milk market is very strict in its requirements while the condensary market is rather lenient. Fluid milk is con- sumed in essentially the same form as it is produced and cannot be cleaned like other farm products. Pasteurisation renders good milk safe but will not make poor quality milk good. Efforts to improve on milk supplies have been grad- ual throughout the United States, but they have noticeably accelerated as the use of market milk has increased in comparison with that of manufacturing milk. It is generally accepted that a suitable milk house is essential to a qual- ity milk production program. The attitude of the Health Departments regarding milk houses has changed, and not by accident. For example, Parkerlz, in 1917, indicated that the best location for a milk house was from 150 feet to 200 feet from the stable. Since that time, changes have been made in procedure and equipment which make possible a much more convenient location. For instance, the installation of pressure water systems is simplified by attaching the milk house to the stable. The cleaning of milking machines with vacuum lines from the milking machines, the use of electric coolers, and new methods of controlling flies have made it possible to increase the usefulness of a milk house by attaching it to the barn. Figure 1 shows two milk houses which have been used to handle milk in the past. These structures were merely shelters for the milk coolers (usually water coolers). They were located between 150 and 200 feet from the stable and the other chores of caring for the milk and washing utensils were performed in the stable and the kitchen because it was thought that milk would absorb odors from the stable. McKillanlz , however, found that milk did not absorb odors from the air. Milk which has been ex- posed to stable odors for one and one-half hours did not absorb them unless the foreign matter causing the odors was allowed to enter the milk. Because of this and other similar studies, it was generally agreed that the milk house could be located close to the barn without contaminating the milk with odors. In 1942, the Hilk Ordinance Committee of the Michigan Allied Dairy Association drafted the Hichigan Milk Ordinancez4 which.was to be used as a pattern for city ordinances drafted for the regulation of the milk production in that area. REASONS FOR THE STUDY In 1946, the health authorities started a program to improve the quality of market milk. It was generally accepted Figure 1. Above and Below-Inadequate Milk houses Which Have Been Used In Michigan. that a milk house was important to such a program and a building plan which could be used throughout the state would help this program. It was estimated that ten thousand new milk houses would be constructed in Michigan in the following five years. Health authorities and dairy inspec- tors, who were interested in the program, desired a plan which would fulfill the milk ordinance requirements. The farmers, who were to build these milk houses, wanted to be sure that they would not have to rebuild in a short time because their milk house would be out of date. The average cost of the milk houses would be about three hundred dollars, depending on the amount of native materials and the farmer's own labor used. Ten thousand milk houses, costing approximately three hundred dollars per unit to build, would represent an invest— ment of three million dollars. If this investment were to be made by industry, very careful planning would be employed to be sure that the best possible building would be con- structed. It is equally important that a farmer give care- ful consideration to the construction of each unit he builds. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The two objectives of this study are as follows: 1. Tb determine the functional requirements of a milk house used by the average farmer to produce and sell grade A market milk. 2. To prepare a milk house plan which will be accepted by all milk ordinances and milk inspectors in Michigan. -6- Ravztm or LI TERA was From the literature reviewed, it was observed that there were two types of milk houses being used in the United States: (1) the porch type, in which the operator must go out-ofedoors between the stable and the milk house, and (2) the vestibule type, which has a covered walk between the stable and the milk house. Belton and Long3 stated that the milk house should not be part of any other building than the barn. Two rooms were recommended for a dairy of fifteen to twenty cows producing both milk and cream. Because many of the herds in California are larger, it is practical to use steam for cleaning and sterilizing purposes. A ventila- tion system is necessary to remove excess moisture, and insulation in the ceilings and side walls will reduce the trouble caused by the moisture. Smith];4 working with health authorities in Washington, also indicated that ventilation was important to control dust and to prevent decaying of the walls and ceiling. Huber? working in Kaine, recommended that walls be made easy to clean and that adequate light and ventilation be provided. Jefferson and Trout8 state that ”the purpose of a milk house is to provide adequate facilities for handling milk on the farm”. Bell and Jensen? also working in Hichigan, emphasize the importance of cooling as a factor in high quality milk. -7- Fogle and Lucas5 found that, for good quality milk, cleanliness and prompt cooling are essential. Harrington and Bremer6 in Hassachusetts also stated that cleanliness and refrigeration were the two essentials for high quality milk. They recommended a cooling tank, a can rack, run- ning water, and a water heater as necessary equipment in a suitable milk house. They suggested the following sizes for the various amounts of milk produced. cans produced size per day 4 6' x 7'6" 6 7'6" x 10' 8 9' x 12' 10 10'6" x 12' 12 12' x 12' 14 12' x 15'6" LaRock and Witsel11 stated that an important con- sideration was locating the milk house for convenience. 'The milk house may be attached to the barn, providing there is no direct Opening to the barn. There must be a passage or a porch between the door to the milk house and the door to the barn. Locating the milk house close to the well is suggested. This location would not be recom- mended if mechanical cooling is to be used, which is necessary when the market regulations require milk to be cooled to 50°F. in one hour. They recommended a minimum size of 10' x 12' for single room houses and 12' x 16' as minimum for a two room milk house. Strahan15 suggested that the recommended size for fifteen to twenty cow herds is 9'8” x 8'4" and for more than twenty cow herds, 10' x 14'. A water heater, a sink, a cooler and a can rack are necessary items of equipment. Jennings? working at Cornell, also made extensive studies on the location of milk houses with relation to the barn. He found that for each three and one half feet between the barn and the milk house, the dairyman walks one mile per year to strain the milk from each cow. The following is a summary of the estimated distance to be traveled per year to strain the milk from a twenty cow herd. If the milk house is: 10' from the barn 60 miles 25' from the barn 150 miles 50' from the barn 300 miles 100' from the barn 600 miles Jennings also made a survey of milk houses to determine the size and found that one out of eighty milk houses was too large, while only one in four milk houses was too small. The equipment necessary to accomplish a good Job of milk handling was a cooling tank, a wash vat, a can rack, and hot water. Ventilation was suggested to eliminate the problem of excessive condensation on ceil- ings and walls. The following room sizes are recommended for the various levels of production. (See Thble 1) 0 Table No. 1 Milk House Sizes Recommended by Jennings Hilk produced per day Floor area per can (cans) (sq. ft.) 2 29 4 21 6 18 8 15 10 12 12 11 16 10 Recommended size of milk house attached to barn milk produced per day Size Floor area per can (cans) (sq. ft.) 2 8' x 8' 52 4 8' x 10' 20 6 10' x 10' 17 8 10' x 12' 15 10 12' x 12' 14 12 12' x 12' 12 16 12' x 14' 11 Recommended size of milk house separate from barn Nilk produced per day Size Floor area per can (cans) (sq. ft.) 2 6' x 8' 24 4 8' x 10' 20 6 10' x 10' 17 8 10' x 10' 13 10 10' x 12' 12 12 10' x 12' 10 16 12' x 12' 9 Kruegerlo stated that three Operations are neces- sary to insure a quality product. 1. Production of milk with low bacteria count. (from clean cows) 2, Handle the milk to prevent outside contam- ination. s. Quickly chill the milk to 50°F or lower. The milk house should not connect directly'with the barn, should be built of non-absorbent material, - 10 - should be ventilated and should have window area equivalent to ten per cent of the floor area. In addition to the cooling facilities, a wash vat and a can rack should be provided. The floor space necessary to Operate this equip- ment is shown below. Cans of milk produced Size 4 7' x 11' 6 9' x 11' 8 11' x 11' 10 15' x 11' 12 15' x 11' The milk ordinances in the state are the governing rules in milk house construction and will regulate the type of milk house built in the different areas of the state. Twelve large cities in Michigan have dairy plants buying milk and have ordinances controlling the production of this mdlk. These ordinances have been reviewed and the sections pertaining to milk house construction summarized as shown in Table 2. T0131. NO . 2 Milk Ordinance 1 I I WNG ' EFRIG. RACK LANSING2| [946 NOW WITHIN E HOUR MICH. MILK?“ ° WITHIN I2" ABOVE ORO. I945 NONE HOUR FLOOR GRAND RAPIDS2 ‘ . '942 NCNEOIATELY BAY CITYm I WITHIN l940 NON: Houe 26 20 GA u PONTIAC 20- 50 " I" IMMED- I2“ ABOVE I945 50- I00" fITELY FLOOR I00" I DETROITT9 . I .. '94? IO x IVIITHIN l2 ABOVE RECOMIE HOUR FLOOR CHICAGO 23 '93? NO EWITHIN ‘ HCUR (KALAMAzooI I FED. SECURITY "0 50° AGENCY l939 "EDIMELY 22 0456 GAL’ WITHIN IS- 25 FLINT 26 50 ")5 HOUR ANN ARBOR” I° WITHIN I2’r ABOVE I947 NONE HOUR FLOOR SASWAWZB 50° WELL I942 NONivapTLY VENTILATEO MW! HIN M5131!” BATTLE CREEK Nor? H'OOR I2”A:;r_rVE FEOOR JACKSON20 a? .. N0] DIME” REQdIRED I MATERIALS AND EQUIPFEK The milk house shown in Figure 2 was constructed Ito investigate the effects of size, and the proper arrange- ment of equipment in a milk house. Cinder blocks were used for the walls and standard wood construction in the roof. The ceiling was constructed using two types of insulation. The north half was covered with three inches of vermiculite fill and the south half insulated with aluminum foil. The north half of the east wall was filled with the same ver- miculite insulation as was used in the ceiling and the south half was filled with cinders to determine the desir- ability of insulating masonry walls by filling the cores. The milk house was built adjacent to a remodeled dairy barn on Michigan State College prOperty, one mile east and one half mile south of the campus. Since cows were not housed in this barn during the winter, the milk house could not be used for this study. Because of this fact, four other milk houses, located through the assistance of fieldmen from Lansing dairies, were used for the studies. Milk house Ho. 1 was of cinder block construction with four sides exposed to the weather as shown in Figure 5. The ceiling was made of one half inch insulation board and the roof was of standard construction. The milk house was connected to the barn through a porch. Equipment used included an electric cooler (6 can), a ten gallon water heater, and a double wash vat. During the cold days in January and February, a fifteen hundred watt electric space - 13 - .eweHHco ousum sewanoaz .eaeom sad 2 Hapaefiahemxm .m enemas -14.. .0 v... -\ as. .‘d c~."l-Oo pl. of? #0 n.n . 89¢: 8CD IILI COOL! I PORCH H... a. on STABLE W[// STORAGE WATER HEATER DRIVE fir AS H VAT ELECTRIC Si. MILK 2° 000 LER 3-3:, DRIVE WW‘IV‘ ' ‘ Ti -16- FEED ALLEY DRIVE I 00". n"! 7 .v ‘..l-‘;'-‘.‘.o . v 1' o -.....Hn.1..'¢- ELECTRIC WASI'I MILK VAT COOL ER ‘1‘“. ’ AOK ,. , CEMENT ASBESTOS BO. i‘T—.— -i—._ — — I 1 I" CAN DRIVE -17- "j:.; ,.‘I:.-°'s ‘ :‘°.:I.' :07...‘ ------ 1"} v... -"|., '5'; 5'." , 6.1;. I t ‘O .1 .35 W .5. '."."." °.' .'-'.1 3.3.4.3.:9 342:); TON 'E:’ AL-L Hf: 1": .I.1s.§..l7?fi"n.t'u" t ESI CONCRETE MILK COOLING F53 TANK I‘ j}; INSIOE WALLS '0 ;.‘_~'_ CEMENT ASBESTOS * BOARO 3' DOOR L: ROOM \ffje LITTER ALLEY III VESTIBULE \//FEED I. Figure 6. Number 4 Vilk House Studied. -18 - heater was used to prevent freezing. The farm was located two miles west and one and one half miles north df Vason, Nichigan. Milk house No. 2, Figure 4, was located five miles south west of Lansing, Michigan. It was built of concrete blocks with three sides exposed to the weather. This milk house had recently been completed and was not fully equipped. The ceiling was made Of cement asbestos board with no insu- lation. Ventilation was provided through two small venti- lators in either end of the attic. A six can electric cooler was used and the window was kept open during the tests. Milk house NO. 5, Figure 5, was located two miles east and two miles north of Charlotte, Michigan. It is built of concrete blocks in one corner of the barn as shown. The ceiling consists of cement asbestos board under the Joists and baled hay was stored overhead. A six can electric cooler was used, a ten gallon water heater, a single wash vet, and a small rack for utensils. Several of the pails were stored on the concrete floor. The outside walls were constructed of one inch vertical siding on.the outside and one quarter inch cement asbestos board on the inside. Water was piped to the milk house from the stable. Two doors were provided through a vestibule to the stable. Milk house No. 4, Figure 6, was located two miles north and one and one half miles west of Grand Ledge, Michi- gan. It is situated in the south east corner of the barn -19. and is connected to the stable through a vestibule. The two inside walls were constructed of studding covered on both sides with cement asbestos board. The north wall is masonry twenty-four inches thick and the west wall is eight inch cinder blocks. The ceiling is nine feet high with hay stored overhead. This milk house was protected from the wind by a machine shed located twenty feet to the east. A two pen, Brown recording thermometer was used in milk house No. 1. In houses 2, 3, and 4, a Taylor recording thermometer was used to record outside tempera- tures and a Foxboro recording thermometer and hygrometer was used to record the inside temperatures. PROCEDURE Interview with Farmers Inspection trips were made with dairy plant field men and other authorities to interview the farmers cper- sting these milk houses. The amount of equipment used, the material used in construction, and the location were studied. The farmers were asked whether their milk houses were adequate and their answers were discussed with them. Survey sheets were prepared and distributed by these fieldmen to thirty farmers who indicated they would fill in the sheets and return them. Sixteen of these forms were returned with the required information. Since many of the farmers did not keep records of theconstruc- tion, they did not know how much the milk houses had cost. U b) O C Calculations of Floor Area Requirements The next step, after reviewing the literature and interviewing farmers and health authorities, was to de- termine the equipment necessary to handle, adequately, the milk and the milk-processing equipment. Since the purpose of a milk house is to furnish a place to use this equipment, it must, obviously, provide ample room to house and Operate it. Calculations of the floor space needed were made on the following basis. Floor space for the water heater and the wash vats was constant for the range of production we considered. Three standard brands of heaters were measured and found to be nearly the same size. Three standard makes of wash vats were also measured and found to be essentially the same. The space for the can rack and the milk cooler varies with the number of cans produced. Comparisons were made on the basis of cans produced rather than the number of cows milked because of the wide vari- ation in the production of herds. The floor area allowed for the cooler was the average space of eleven manufactured coolers. This area represents the space necessary for one unit to handle the number of cans produced. then two smaller units are substituted for one large unit, this space will be somewhat larger. The space allowed for can racks was determined assuming that cans would be stored in pairs, one above the other. The work area was determined as follows: A working space of two feet was allowed in front Of a double wash vat; floor space for setting three pails and two milkers was provided, and four feet was ‘allowed in front Of the cooler. The total work area was then plotted on section paper. The space recommended by farmers was also plotted with the minimum requirements set up by the milk ordinances. A conference was held with Bookhout to determine the time spent in the milk house from time studies made on ten Kichigan dairy farms. From his data, the distance between the barn and the milk house, and the time spent in the milk house daily, were determined and plotted. Figure 15. Investigation Of Milk House Room Temperatures During the winter Of 1947-48, temperature measure- ments were made in the four milk houses described under 'UATZRIALS AND EQUIPMENT". In milk house NO. 1, a two pen Brown recording thermometer was used to record the inside and outside temperature. The milk house was Operated normally and the thermometer was placed so that it would not be disturbed by the Operator. The outside bulb was located on the north side Of the building where it would be protected from the sun during the day. The inside bulb was placed approximately eight inches from the ceiling. This recorded the room temperature and was not affected by the cold layer of air next to the walls. then the out- side temperature was predicted to go below 00?. a lSOO-watt electric space heater was used to try to prevent the water from freezing. The farmer using this milk house performed all Of the milking Operations used in the fast milking procedure. In milk house NO. 2, the outside temperature was recorded by a Taylor recording thermometer located on the east side of the barn close to the cave Of the milk house. The sun shone on this thermometer during the late morning but there were only three or four days when the sun was out during that time. This milk house had just been com- pleted and the cooler was the only equipment used. Kilk house NO. 3 was located in the southeast corner Of the barn close to the stable. The same two thermometers as used in NO. 2 were used in this installation. The out- side bulb was suspended approximately ten inches from the south wall. It was noticed that when the sun came out, the temperature rose unusually high and we found that there was a considerable amount Of radiation coming from the barn wall, so a shade was made to cover the bulb. The resulting temperature would be similar to the outside temperature recorded in fine other locations. Milk house No. 4 was also located in the southeast corner of the barn. The inside thermometer was placed on the west half of the water cooler, which was not being used in the winter. The outside thermometer was suspended from the barn wall on the south side Of the barn. The readings were made in this location in March and April when the Outside temperatures varied considerably between daytime and night time. The temperatures recorded on the sheets were replotted on regular profile cross-section paper. The average temperatures were calculated by measuring the area under the curve and dividing this area by the length Of time represented on the abscissa. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Equipment Recommended The interviews and field investigations revealed three main Operations that fieldmen and inspectors watched for, and which occur at each milking and have proved essential to the production of high quality milk. These Operations are: (l) cooling and storing milk, (2) cleaning and sterilizing equipment, and (3) storing equipment between milkings. To accomplish these Operations most effectively, four items Of equipment must be included in the milk house: namely, a milk cooler, a water heater, a double wash vat, and a can rack. A milk cooler is very important in marketing milk of low bacteria count. In order to be safe for storage, milk should be cooled to 50°F. within one hour after it has been taken from the cowl. Above 50°F., bacteria will multiply very rapidly but, by cooling the milk, the rapid growth of bacteria can be prevented. Cooling is accom- plished most effectively by mechanical coolers, Figure 7. Figure 7. Standard Hilk Cooler For Farm Milk Cooling. Figure 8. Combination tater And Space Heater For Use In 311k Houses. -25- In some areas in northern Michigan, the temperature of the ground water is low enough that effective cooling may be Obtained by continually running water through a concrete cooling tanj. This is not recommended by milk sanitarians, in general, because of the temperature Of the water. It is difficult to cool milk effectively with water which is 50°F. Yost milk plants encourage the use Of electric coolers and feel they will benefit the farmer by allowing' him to market a higher quality milk. Floor area require- ments are calculated with the assumption that mechanical coolers will be used. The milk ordinances for the state indicated that mechanical cooling was not required at that time. It was found that the farmers using electric cooling generally marketed a higher quality product. Individual dairies throughout the state were recommending mechanical cooling and had as high as 603 of their producers Operating with this equipment. Laflock and Witsel state that where city ordinances require that milk be cooled to 50°F. or less, immediately, ice or mechanical refrigeration must be used. A water heater should be included in the equipment Of all milk houses. On some farms, hot water is carried from the house to the milk house at milking time but when this practice is followed, the water is usually tOO~cOld to accomplish its purpose in the milk house. There are two types Of water heaters available for use, depending on the water supply. than water under pressure is available - 25 - in the milk house, the pressure water heater can be used and will furnish a good supply of hot water automatically. However, a non-pressure water system must be used in most milk houses because water under pressure is not available. tith this type of heater, the amount of hot water to be used at one time is limited and, in many cases, will not be sufficient to effectively clean the necessary milking utensils. Figure 8 shows a non-pressure water heater. This particular one is an eighteen gallon unit and will usually be sufficient for the size of milk houses considered. This heater also has an additional feature in that it can be used to space heat the milk house in cold weather. Some of the houses not attached to the barn, are too cold for effec- tive use during the winter. By supplying some heat, they can be made functional the year around. With this heater, winter Operation Of the milk house will not be curtailed because it is constructed so that there is an air chamber around the flue gas chamber, and, for winter Operation, air is allowed to circulate in the air chamber, is heated, and blown out into the room with a small fan. Jensen found that good hot water with the addition of an approved wetting type cleaner is necessary for clean- ing dairy equipment. A supply of hot water is always required to clean the utensils. In six of the milk ordin- ances in the state, it is necessary to have the water heater in the milk house, a fact which would make it possible to heat the milk house with the same equipment. -27- kash vats are necessary to effectively use the hot water provided. All of the utensils and pails should be washed in hot water, to which a good cleaner has been added, and then rinsed in a disinfectant solution. For effective cleaning, a double wash vat should be provided. In this way, the equipment can be washed clean in one vet and immediately transferred to the rinse vat to be sterilized and rinsed. Some farmers were using the practice of set- ting the pails and other milk containers on the floor and rinsing them. Although the floor of the m’lkhouse should be washed clean at all times, it cannot be free of bacteria and dirt because the Operator will be continually walking in and out with the milk. Figure 10 illustrates an inexpens- ive double wash vat which will be adequate for proper clean- ing Operations in the milk house. then the pails and utensils have been cleaned and sterilized, space must be provided to store them so that they will remain sterile until the next milking. Storage of milking utensils varied considerably. Some farmers believe it is the duty Of the housewife to do the washing so that all of the equipment is carried to the house to be washed with the dishes, and stored in the kitchen between milkings. Other farmers will wash their equipment and store it in the barn where it becomes dirty and unsanitary, and still other farmers store equipment outside on racks and eXpect them to be clean enough to produce a high quality milk. As a result of visits to the various farms, it was Figure 9. Can And Utensil Back For Vse In Filk Houses. ‘_ .5 IV. A t «’9, -( ‘ e 0 w- . D e Figure 10. Double Eash Vets For Eashing And Sterilizing Kilk Kandling Utensils. found that can racks were necessary to keep the pails and utensils clean and sanitary between milkings. There are many different types of can racks available and the only requirement is that the bottom rack be at least twelve inches from the floor. Figure 9 shows the type used in many milk houses. It is a portable unit which can be moved about easily and can be moved outside into the sun- shine to clean. Other types can be secured to the wall, in which case, they cannot be moved and, if care is not taken, the fasteners may pull loose if not prOperly designed. These items of equipment are important to the market- ing of clean milk but even when all hese are provided in a milk house, the operator cannot be assured of the highest quality milk. This equipment will make the chore easier and help to encourage the production of clean milk but the farmer still has to do his part. His habits and practices will have a big effect on the quality of milk marketed. Floor Area Requirements The most variable requirement for milk house con- 9 found struction is the floor area required. Jennings that the floor area per can necessary to provide adequate space varied inversely as the number of cans produced and varied somewhat according to the location of the milk house. With milk houses attached to the barn, he recommends a larger floor area than when the milk house is separate from the barn. ll LaRock and Vitzel recommended a 10' x 12' milkt house as a minimum size for the average farm. This also was considered as a minimum by various city milk ordinances. The calculated floor area for the milk house equip- ment is shown on Figure 11. The space required for the water heater and the wash vats is constant for the range Of production considered. The space required for the can rack will vary directly with the number of cans produced and space should be provided for the maximum daily produc- tion anticipated. The can rack provides the necessary facilities for keeping the milk cans clean after they return from the dairy plant. This rack should be constructed so that the other utensils used in the milking and cleaning Operations may be kept clean. The space necessary for the milk cooler will also vary directly according to the number of cans of milk pro- duced. This area was calculated on the assumption that .Only one unit would be used to cool the daily supply of milk. The curve does not start at the origin of the chart because the space necessary for the compressor and motor would be constant for any type Of cooler. than two units are to be used to cool the milk, the cooler space will be larger by the amount of space needed for the refrigeration unit. Figure 12 indicates the floor area required to provide space for equipment and for operation Of the equip- ment. Curve number 1 shows the work area necessary to -51- 'J.:l 'OS lNSWdUnOS 'IVJ.OJ. IO N I) O N vaav ID 0 to c on o :0 ID 6' c '0 n O (O m. a. 3, 33%| MJOOO \ (mad (PO... n. a: Imudflunmdmlllpa ...mm__ .. .325 #3: 24.2 no mz40 mum mzP_o zmqm 20m... 324.55 0 m2... m> mioo dodzl. >..:.bn.o.am.a.nn. ¢ . . p . a . . . a u a a a a a a ”w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mode . m . 00H. 0H. ma .n.mn.m.na. on. ma. m.¢m .o.nH.o.mn.monw.m.m¢.ma.¢.o.mn.. n a . o . p . a a a a a p u u . p u u . a o a - u p a o a o o o a an . m . n.Hb. ma. Hm .o.om.¢.HH. an. om. m.mH .m.mH.H.ow.o.om.momn.ao.m.¢.>m. m p u a - o P . u a u . a u u a u a . . . u a u u p o . u u u o . m.om . m . Hm. em. mm .m.oa.m.m . hm. nH. m.mH .b.nm.w.ov.¢.mm.b.m¢.m.>a.wobn. H a - p u u p p a u o u . o o a o p r u . a L p a a a a a a u u a he, p.0e.‘ [m ..om. pleas. eH .sso. eH. seesaw . mac. get. use. eH . escaleH . e323“ . e338 . use. fie.» . 38> fleezdsoe. .923. . dame . deem. .62 .m aw . .m mm .Ihooom. emepebd .Edsaxwm. haaep . oweneb< . ESEHHeL . ESEHGH; emSom “Pom—“om mmwapsofiem mhwa. when. . . amen.” . . amenable . wannabes .HHHHK soaespw season sans one an eoeasssams oassspoesme one so sausages so soouem she n .os sense -39.. The average daily minimum temperature in houses 5 and 4 was 32°F and 33.10? respectively. In milk house number 4, the temperature might have been kept above freezing at all times by the heat given off by a mechanical milk cooler. In milk house number 3, a light bulb attached to the water pipe prevented freezing in the pipes, even though water left on the floor would occasionally freeze. In house number 1, the ratio of the days with freezing temperatures outside and the days with freezing temperatures inside is larger. The average minimum inside temperature was approximately five degrees higher than the average minimum inside temperature of houses 5 and 4. This was the result of using a 1500 watt heater during the days when.the outside temperature was low. It is significant that although the outside temperatures were lower with.houses 3 and 4, the inside conditions were very much.better and with very little expense or equip- ment, could be made satisfactory during the entire winter season. The mean daily temperature difference was essen- tially the same except for house number 5, the last milk house in which readings were taken, at which time there was wide variation between the daytime and night time temperatures. These figures show that, with four sides exposed to the weather, it is difficult to maintain adequate inside temperatures without the use of some type of space heater. With one or two sides common to the barn, the .40- heat ordinarily lost is saved and, in addition, heat may be gained from the barn through the common walls. In house number 3, it was possible to prevent the water pipes from freezing by attaching a 50 watt light bulb to the water pipe coming into the milk house. In houses number 3 and 4, the room temperature went up very definitely whenever the milk cooler came on and the temperature remained higher than normal for as long as three hours after the cooler ceased to Operate. In house number 1, the temperature raised an average of five degrees whenever the cooler came on but it returned to normal within two hours after the cooler stepped. The temperature curve for house number 2, with one side common to the barn, was similar to that of house number 3. This indicates that satisfactory temperatures could be main- tained if the milk house were attached to the barn in some way, and a small amount of additional heat supplied. ”DISCUSSION or PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Size of the Kilk House The recommended size for a Michigan Milk House is shown in the following table. no. of cans dimensions area per can per day inside sq. ft. 2 8' x 10' 40 4 9' x 10' 22 6 10' x 10' 17 8 10' x 12' 15 10 10' x 14' 14 12 12' x 12' 12 14 12' x 14' 12 - 41 - The inside dimensions are used in these recommen- dations to eliminate the variation in floor area caused by the different materials used in construction. These are minimum dimensions and should be considered as such. Frozen food lockers and other food storage should not be planned in the milk house. Location of the fiilk House On the basis of the results of this study, the optimum location is in the corner of the barn. This will decrease the cost of construction when the milk house is being added to the present barn. In new construction, the milk house should be attached to the barn wall as close to the milking herd as possible, but there should not be a direct entrance to the stable. The entrance should be through a vestibule provided with two self-closing doors, if possible, or under a porch roof which may connect the stable entrance to the milk house entrance. then the milk house is located in the barn, the walls must be air tight and the same entrance precautions must be observed. The milk house should be located on the side farthest from the cattle yards, if possible, and in no cases within fifty feet of a manure pile or other source of contamination. This location will usually be on the side of the barn nearest the drive, and will facilitate loading the milk on the truck. Figure 14 illustrates the recommended locations for suitable milk houses. - 42 - E»? I: LOCATIONS INSIDE OF BARN L3 L3 PO RCH TYPE Ml LKHOUSE *f‘ VESTIBULE TYPE MILKHOUSE Figure 14. Recommended Locations For Hilk Houses In Michigan. - 43 - Functional Equipment Recommended The following equipment is necessary to produce a high quality milk for market. Cooling equipment Mechanical cooling is recommended to insure adequate cooling in all weather conditions. Capacity enough for both morning and evening milk should be provided. The cool— er should be located near the door to the loading platform, to eliminate unnecessary travel between the cooler and the truck. In areas where water temperatures are below 50°F. at the milk house, insulated cooling tanks may be used but, because of the time required, the farmer living at the beginning of the milk route will find it difficult to cool the milk to 50°F. before it is picked up. tater heaters Some type of water heater should be provided in the milk house. then the milk house is located in the barn or attached to the barn, electric heaters are recommended to eliminate the fire hazard. tater under pressure is desir- able in the milk house, in which case automatic water heaters should be used. than water must be carried in, an eighteen or twenty gallon gravity flow water heater is sug- gested. when water under pressure is available, a thirty gallon water heater is recommended. For milk houses connec- ted to the barn by a vestibule, gas and fuel oil heaters - 44 - are available. These must be approved by the Underwriters Laboratories, and the installation should be carefully inspected to be approved by insurance companies. Can and utensil racks Provision should be made for storage of all milk cans and all equipment used in the milk handling process. These can best be made of galvanized iron pipe and either welded or assembled with fittings. The bottom shelf should be at least twelve inches from the floor. Wash vats A double wash vat should be provided close to the water heater. These two items of equipment should be located on the warmest side of the milk house to decrease the danger of freezing during the winter months. Space heaters thenever the milk house is too cold to be used during the winter season, some type of space heater should be used. For milk houses attached to the barn, a small electric heat- er will be sufficient. In other installations, where more heat is required, gas or fuel oil heaters will be less expen- sivs.f Coal and wood heaters are not recommended because of the dirt which usually accompanies this type of heat. Construction Details Recommended Materials The milk house may be constructed of any type of .omdo: NH H...” Data“ 1H an: oak... nemuooa mmopo .nH oadmam mmDOI xqz‘mzsbfimgfiZHomw mmomo . u u n. . 1.. J . . _ . . n W111 . 1 - - . .. Y'III l u . nlcnl s o . .. ' - .e- I! I. .0 u u . . e. . .. cg 2.588 coed he!!! . 11........ .5 «cc - e '_‘8 lg Jug g: I. EU. AN - \ 0‘. ~ . n h . ": So. 8.6.2 1T1. is 3.x u 3;. . . u" in». RI : .226. 8;! i8 . . : sun-:- 55: ‘3» I11... .. ' 3:03 “Imus: acme“ .80 dis: 81 Si 053:0 08¢ 8‘J.>IU) $8. 0» 58 It is O. as?!" grub“ 1vk1h a 5...... \ 1-\...11\V1 1/ -_ — :9; :32. 3.1 00 cu nan-c! \ A I u ‘1» 2. .¢>.e. a; (E fish‘s-O, p4¢26m< \mofiul i»... sing“ \ \ \ 9.3- 85! 533111111 802.14! Ila . 111 1 lg 854.3 .0 .03! - mourn nva .emdou mafia hashes; z11 8:10.529: «corn on .1. ...; .i .4 x h h ... n. J .u .. g 83. Sui... 23189.8!!! splat... :II _ .0 Chg 80¢. .‘ a. . - 45 - LP \ .cooo 3.1.331 .3 2:! 358... 92 x9242...) . _ \1 254.8 .00.. o» 033.3 to... 351‘ .oxh.~ / W e a... . 33.223 w. 393:2: 1/ 415...: 5.5.3 . < h L. dd .3 28.. .3» ed 3 95:1... .35 33.94....” 2’33 3.1- 85»... 8.. coach-- ”who: - 47 - material available. The interior finish must be smooth and easy to clean. {hen frame construction is used, (figure 15) the inside should be plastered and painted with white water repellent paint. then masonry construc- tion is used, (figure 16) the inside surface may be painted with two coats of water proof Portland cement paint. Floors Floors must be impervious to water and preferably made of concrete. They should be sloped one quarter of an inch per foot to the drain, which should be located under the wash vats. At the point where the wall joins the floor, a concrete cove should be made as shown in figure 17. This will facilitate cleaning and prevent water from standing in the corner. It can be formed easily with a milk bottle as shown. Insulation than frame construction is used, the walls should be insulated with two inches of commercial insulation, or filled with dry wood shavings. The inside surface of this wall should be painted with a primer coat of two applica- tions of aluminum paint before the water repellent paint is applied. Vhen masonry construction is used, cinder blocks are recommended above grade. Khan additional insulation is necessary, furring strips may be attached to the wall and rigid insulation fastened to these strips. With this type Figure 1'7. Construction Of The Cove Between The lialls And Floors 01' Milk Houses. - 49 - of construction, the plaster should be applied to the surface of the insulation and finished as mentioned above. Under all conditions, the ceiling should be insu- lated with three or four inches of commercial insulation or wood shavings. Ventilation A ventilation duct, at least one hundred inches in cross-sectional area, should extend from the ceiling to a ventilator in the roof. This should be fitted with a damper to control the flow of air when the temperature is extremely high or extremely low. Louvres should be pro- vided in the attic to ventilate the space above the insula- tion, and should be screened to keep out birds. Windows Rindow area equivalent to 10$ of the floor area should be provided and screens for these windows are required during the fly season. Doors Glazed doors are recommended wherever possible to eliminate accidents when more than one person is using the milk house. During the fly season, screen doors which will swing outward, must be provided. A removable panel built of wood should be installed as shown on figure 2. This allows coolers to be taken through the door without having to remove masonry sections. The panel should be on the latch side of the door frame so that the door will be hinged from the solid frame bolted to the masonry wall. CDNCLUSI'NS On the basis of the work done and reported in this thesis, it may be concluded that: l. A milk house should provide: a. A place to handle and cool milk between the time it comes from the cow and the time it is picked up by the milk plant. b. A place to wash and assemble utensils used in the milking process. 0. A place to store sterilized equipment between milkings. 2. The milk house locations shown in figure 14 will be approved by the twelve major milk markets in kichigan and will be conducive to efficient Operation. One city, however, will not allow the milk house to be attached to the barn except by a vestibule. 3. iype A milk house, figure 18, may be used where there is no room available in the barn for a milk house. It is economical to construct and, with a small amount of additional heat, may be used the year around. 4. .Type B milk house, figure 19, will meet the require- ments of the milk ordinance and, with a small amount of additional heat, will be functional the year around. 5. Type C milk house, figure 22, known as the vestibule type, will be approved by all of the milk ordinance inepectors. It is preferred by certain inspectors. ~51- COOLER SIZE OEPENOS UPON TYPE AND CAPACITY BARN WA L ' r J 24"): 30'; I cumsr : \ .u..... T a I was» ‘1 .’ vars \ III - ” L / W / noes L on 174' was I FT. 0 7RAIN\.\ , \ O - » ,‘I I , oooas can as HINOED TO SWING IN OR 007. [ REMOVAIE PANEL TO TAKE COOLER THROUGH DOOR SCREEN DOOR _ IN SUMMER COVERED PLATFORM gt? '0 T: o 'e q. coves naox 37:91 I s'-o" x c'-c" oooss '1': _ 5.! '0 .5}; _I v 3:53}. I c 1r L1 Figure 18. Plan For A Type ”A" um House Approved By FLOOR PLAN OF MILK HOUSE FOR DAIRIES PRODUCING (IO) CANS MEGHANIOALLY COOLED PER DAY The Twelve Major Hill: larkets In lichigsn. Iceemsr: was L ...... J EATS 1?". u-cau RACK men 7.; SLOPE noon 1/4" :2; ran It. To cum 3;? .1 I 2' /? 3 ovse secx /’ 56] noon can et/mucso j < TO ’cwlue m on our. 2 '9 usavesu: nun. TO TAKE ‘ f _ cooLse ruaoueu noon 7., 320.." 1e" cooum :g. 312: capsuos 3‘; use on MAKE e oeuonv 5f." - - {:31 "" ..Qsl-I .3 4, 331333173. 3:;- “1193' 1‘31 I1 fl.-Z. f: I‘IO. V M'-o' r FLOOR PLAN OF MILK HOU§_E_ FOR DAIRIES PRODUCING (I2) CANS MEGHANIOALLY COOLED ‘~ PER DAY Figure 19. Plan For A Type '3' Mill: House Approved By The Twelve Major Milk Earkets In Michigan. . . A ..‘ - "-.~ . 2.. 9L; _:_=!:~ =-~.. ft. levation Of A ?ypo "A" Milk rouse. F N J . .._ _ . . “fab-‘- O . u‘ ...‘h .- ’r . wax-W -,r 3-1413“?! . . - ..., ' ' ‘ u o I ,d Elevaticn Of A Typo ”D" Nilk House. Figure 210 p4 [:4 M! 11. 5' :4 "L. :7 T I? 1 '4 +£4'Iq3ét, .10 I'v’ .:.: ." ., ""6 L17 " fit? ‘7»? II / ’- .2 .- IE/j : .3 000 “M R, i” % \VER<~\\9;— {7x \ \ ,0 CAN RACK coves nacx £13,? \\ \ IB'AZO" H [I \\ \\ man ,/ - (ll: SLOPE noon I/4‘\~ \Jjgjg__ \ PER rr.ro onanu_/,-7” ;§;; VESTIBULE /4 . \ , _ - \ ,/ VATS o \ “t \ ” '? N /\\ \\\\\ ‘ x. - %I j}. cooun SIZE - C.” 3‘1. éfi Q} ozreuos ou . E5 / U.’ MAKE AND I If: €33 :7fi CAPACITY , ii // I’// V" g 25.:- ,/ >2 2::- 7 M y a' soon: neuovuLE \‘000R CAN BE / PANEL TO TAKE cooLG HINGEO TO WIN :;/ THROUGH 0003 IN 08 OUT- 4§ PLATFORM FLOOR PLAN OF MILK HOUSE FOR DAIRIES PRODUCING I8) CANS MEGHANIOALLY OOOLED PER DAY Figure 22. Plan For A Type '0' milk House Approved by All Milk Ordinances In Michigan. .omso: xafiu go. 99.8 4 go neopapoam .nm opamam .. I) .. . So. .\ ... . ...: ....V q . - ... .1.... ¢rmVV.V.V.~e.:..:sz;:.:.VVVV\V~N...3§VVV1:...3:33.... Vm§vtw$$~t . .. 31.2....FE... ...»-.. ”a“... ........._.m............_. 7...... a... 0.3: .... ... .3 . .. ......tk... $88... II. ’.,.'1' ii“. ...: 3:... ...... 3: =3 .6...“ ... . ...... . at... . o- 00 0 00 000 00 0 0 .0 ...-00 «”0100 “MN... 0~0J\”m00 00’0.‘ n I u .0- .u. ...l.«0u00 00 0000000 0.0.0 .Jv‘Mur 0 0.00. 3...... ”.mw...x.ni..ru.. 00 .WH\O.0.00 n .0501 00.....0100 0%....«10F00. ~0 000.00 . Jr? b. .... 0 ...»... 00000 $3..”ww0000n000 ..0. .0.0.00 u . . . ”0.000 .00.0N000.‘O 0&0. 00? 00‘“ 0 00W.0 ~55: 6. -56- Paving four sides exposed to the weather, this milk house will usually be too cold durin; the winter season and must be insulated or heated to make it functional for twelve months per year. Type D milk house, figure 24, represents the best location for a farm milk house. It is economical to construct and, with a small amount of heat, will be sufficiently warm for twelve months each year. Vhen sufficient room is available in the barn, and when preperly constructed, this type of milk house is recommended and will be approved by all except one of the major milk markets. PROBLEYS RECON“5H-QD FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. 2. 3. _thend the temperature studies for both summer and winter Operation. Study the types of heaters available for milk house space heating. I Determine the most adaptable materials available for use in milk houses. Investigate the possibilities of applying insulation for the conservation of heat. -57- - I0'- 0" .J i I g I A 40- o 00 L‘ 6 I- 000 7‘ i 7 ail a! ‘6‘ . . Z :‘-.\.‘.. 1:0'..' .V‘L. 9-1.5...- ' 30;: . ' 5 $.31»; . ‘.‘;.6;"91."‘. ....‘5. '!.-'.1v.00n _ --c',0 C, H ' 0 3.6.3 y ' 1'7}. "i 1 ‘3 ...". i '0 ,,° I . 0’ 0- s I. ..; a E g 3'3" z .’ ' i | I :‘6,‘.‘ —- ' ! C 0 O L E R i ‘v '. 0 (D (D 'l ; i'lruu b. '0. o 0 {0m :1 . ..J m -? - ‘.°‘."° ' o 8 g .02'. u. G ‘ i r' ‘J \ I .2." 03.3. —— - g \ '. M W‘" .‘E‘JO ’ -'.°' '2'.- \ 5!}: , ; .0..,. ——— \ um _\ :‘1; 9 / / \ l :0" \u. ..r' 7"." \ / u 50.. a . 0 4" '- , .1.... | g / 2° - .3 / ,. - ' 1‘.‘ p‘ / ’ / ’ r.°1::L-—-—- ” ...... irar— \ “ “N _ . l 0-3 u \ \ \x h 35sz 0:0 \ ‘ ’2. ;..‘ i ‘ h‘ \ g l fgb nigh-i 3 \,\ ‘ : ..." C . i - -.-_ mu" 3 l ‘ e L. ____- - ...—.... __ "1‘?“ L — 22.n- ~~~~~ -: 252: SUGGESTED FLOOR PLAN DAIRIES PRODUCING 6 CANS OF MILK PER DAY Figs." 20. Plan For A Type 'D' Hill: House For Optimum Conditions. 11:10 W111 By Apprond By Th0 1500110 Major um: larkots In liohigan. l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. RETTEENCES CITED Anderson, T. G. 1941 EACT;EIOLOCICAL ASPECTS OF PAIN FILK COOLING. Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 404: pp 12. Bell, A. J. and Jensen, J. M. 1940 FARM VILK HOUSE . Fichigan Agricultural Extension Bulletin 206: 1-11. Belton, H. L. and Long, J. D. 1925 KILK HOFSQS FOR CALIFORNIA DAIWIFS. Cali- fornia Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 286: pp 4. Eookhout, B. R. 1947 REDUCING CflORE LABOR ON DAIRY FAE"S. Reprint Nichigan Agricultural Experiment Station Quarterly Bulletin 30-1: 15-20. Fogle, u. A. and others 1929 PARK HILK HOUSES. richigan Agricultural bx- periment Circular Bulletin 123: 1-7. Harrington, u. C. and Bremer, H. E. 1936 MILK HOVSLS. Kassachusotts Agricultural Extension Leaflet 165: pp 3, 6-12. Huber, M. G. 1940 MILK HOUSE FOR THE EHOLLSALE PFODUCFR. Waine Agricultural Extension Bulletin 276: pp 2, 8-9 0 Jefferson, C. H. and Trout, G. M. 1933 HILK HOUSE ND COOLING T 3K COKSTEVCTIOH. Hichigan Agricultural EXperiment Station Quarterly v16: 88-94. Jenninps, B. A. _ 1943 HILK HOUSE CONS'EUCTIOA. Cornell Agricultural Extension Bulletin 330: pp 3-5. 10. Krueger, I. C. 1932 XILK HOUSLS. New Jersey Agricultural then- sion Bulletin 93: 1-24. 11. Lanck, V. J. and Ritzel, S. A. 1940 NILE BOUSgs FOB LISCOHSIfi. Eisconsin Ex- tension Circular 312: 1-23. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. - 59 - Hcfiillan, D. V. 1941 A STWDY OF ITS A530? PTIO! 0F OLOIS FY FILK. Thesis I'. 5., Iichigan itate College. Parker, H. N. 1917 CITY‘ ILZ~’ S PILY. FcCraw Hill Book Company, 138‘; Y‘OIJ‘EQ Slflith' L. J. 1946 APIF:0.'SD ‘.ASI IIITO' F'ILK H 382. Yashington Agricultural thension Bulletin 313. Strahan, J. Lo 1925 NILK HOTS_S POI: V'T IT I: I Y “A 8. Vermont Agricultural repartm:nt Bulletin 27: 1-23. 1947 MILK FACTS. Milk Industry Foundation 1946-47 Edition. Milk Ordinances Ann Arbor, City of 1938 NILK OTDIHAHCE. Fay City, City of 1940 HILK OII IIJAUCL. item Br and 9r. Detroit, City of 1946 KILK OIDIHANCE. par. 3 and h. Jackson, City of 1933 NILK OIILT IAN B. Sec. 27-36 incl. Lansing, City of 1936 IWILK OTJ II: BICE. Sec. 6 item 6 and f. Flint, City of, Department of Health IE‘ESPLACQ'IOET SIILEJT. Form D.F.-C‘ Kelly, Mayor 1935 IILK O"“I"aLCa. Item Br and 9r. Michigan, State of 1945 MICHIGAN MILK ORDINANCE. 590. 9-12 incl. Michigan, Department of Agriculture. 1933 ACT H0. 169, PUBLIC ACTS 1929, Amended July 11, 1933. Pontiac, City of 1945 NILK A’.VD DAIRY PF O'TCTS Ordinance no. 1049: sec. 9-12 incl. c963.- 27. Grand Eapids, City of SILK OH? SAUCE. Amended February 5, 1942: sec. 16-20 incl. 23. Saginaw, City of 1939 RCLIS AID EICVLAIICHS FOR COHTROL O? FILK SUPPLY. Health Service Series Bulletin no.2-1. 29. U. S. Treasury Department, ublic Health Service 1936 PUELIC HLALTH SIEVICL MILK OEDIHANCL AND CODE 1936. item Sr and 9r. ...-(51.. PPLTACE T3 BIBLIOGRAPHY host of the references on this subject are from magazine articles and State bulletins. Kilk houses have been used for large herds, but small milk producers have handled milk under the most unsanitary conditions. In the last three years, milk companies and milk inspectors have stressed the importance of handling and storing milk in an approved milk house. This list was compiled from books in the Michigan State College Library and from magazine articles listed in The Agricultural Index from 1925 through April, 1947. Post of the information on the subject has been published in magazine articles included in the list. The references are listed in the dictionary cata- logue form, similar to that used in the Journal of Agri- cultural Research. (Y) to BIBLIOGRAPHY Bailey, D. H. and Haswell, J. R. 1931 MILK HOUSES. Pennsylvania Agricultural Experi- ment Circular 139: 1-12. 5911, A. J. and Jensen, J. M. 1940 FARM NILK HOUSE. Kichigan Agricultural Extension Bulletin 206: 1-11. Belton, H. L. and Long, J. D. 1925 MILK HOUSES FOR CALIFORNIA PAIRIKS. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 286: 1-37. Bendixen, H. A. 1945 KILK IOUSE JOHSTTUCTION, EQUIPVLHT, AND VAIN- TIE HOE. Journal of Milk Technology 6: 175-82 May. Bennett, F. N. 1931 HIS MILK HOUSE AFFAIR. Purdue Agriculturalist 26:38 December. Berg, E. K. 1944 GOLDEN GUERNSEY MILK HOUSE. Guernsey Breeders Journal 65: 362-3 March. Carlson, E. E. 1946 RE RLCOY END A MILK HOUSE. Editorial National Butter and Cheese Journal 37:50. Carter, Deane G., and Foster, M. W. . 1946 FARM BUILDINGS. Jehn Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 214-218. (”1880, F0 1926 MILK HOUSE TO FIT THE FARM. Dairy Farmer 24:6 Nay l5. Cushman, C. C. and others 1943 COYBIE TION VILKIHG BAFN AND EILK HOUSE:_IEETING GRADE A SPECIFICATIONS. South Carolina Agricul- tural Extension Circular 245: (1-8). Fenton, F. C. 1929 RETAIL HILK HAN NEEDS A CONVENIENT AN hELL EQUIPPED MILK HOUSE. Dairy Farmer 27:35 May. Fenton, F. C. 1929 GET A GRADE A PEEUIUE PLAN. Dairy Farmer 27:13 June Fogle, F. 3., and TrLucas, P. S. 1929 IAEH XIL KHOUSLS. Fichip an Agricultural Exper- ime nt Circular Bulletin 133:1-7. Foster, I. A. and others 1951 PLAN FOR A KILK E'YSE. IllanIS Agricultural Experiment Circular 371: 1-8. Grieve, P. 1942 DAIRYTAN BUILIS A IILK HOUSE. Successful Farm- ing 40:241.;arch. Harrington, W. C., and Bremer, H. E. 1936 MILK SOUSSS. Kassachusetts Agricultural Extension Leaflet 165: 1-16. HUber, M. G. 1940 MILK HOUSE FOR THE: ’KOLESA E PRODUCER. Vain Agri- cultural Extension Bulletin 276: 1-12. Hurley, J. Carlton 1913 A 001$ ID“EATIOS 0? TH? FACTORS OF A CITY VILK OUDIFAI ICE. Thesis U. S. Michigan State Collars. Jefferson, C. H., and Trout, C. M. 1933 IILK HOUS; A"D COOLING TAFK CO‘STF'CIIOU Wichi- gan Agricultural Experiment Quarterly v16: 88-94 November. Jefferson, C. H. 1938 IILK HOUSTS AND QUALITY "ILK. Hoard's Dairyman 83:170. Jefferson, C. H. 1936 PRACTICAL IA!" MILK HOUSE. Hoard's Dairyman 82:578. Jennings, F. A. 1943 MILK IIOUSE CONSTW TION. Cornell Agricultural Extension Bulletin 330: 1-31. Jones, E. R. ., and Hill, G. 0. 1934 TIIIS SAVED AND CUSTOKESS GAINED IITH A GOOD MILK IIOUSE Successful Farming 32:23. April. Kelly, 3., and Parks, K. E. 1932 FARM DAIRY HOUSES. Revised by Hotis, R. P. Farmers Bulletin 1214: 1-12. Kelly, E., and Babcock, C. J. 1932 PRODUCTION OF CLEAN MILK. Farmers Bulletin 602: 8-17. Kelly, J. B. . 1935 UNTUCKY STAHDARD VILK HOUST. Agricultural Lngineering Journal 14:76. Krueger, W. C. 1931 FILK HOUSLS. New Jersey Agriculturalist v13: 12-13. Krueger, F. C. 1932 VILK HOUSLS. New Jersey Agricultural Extension Bulletin 93: 1-24. Kutish, I". 1946 PORTABLE SILK HOUSFS. Successful Farming 44:39 December. LaRock, M. J., and “itzel, S. A. 1940 MILK HOUS S FOP TISC ISIN. Wisconsin Extension Circular 312: 1-23. Larson, Carl Filliam 1916 SILK PLOTUCTION COST ACCOUNTS, PFIXCIPLSS AND MLTLODS. Columbia University Press, New York. UcFillan, Tonald Young 1941 A S'LDY OF THE ASSORPTTOU OF OCOFS BY "ILK. Thesis I. S. Lichigan State College. Fathews, I. J. 1929 THIS L'ILK HOUSE AVOIFS TWA S. Successful Farming 27:84 September. Mosely, L. A. 1939 PFOIUCTION AND RETAILIHG OF FILK BY THE IARIZRS. Farming in South Africa 14: 321-4. Lorley, L. F. 1925 BUILDING TH; FALII DAIFY FOUSJ. Pennsylvania Agricultural Extension Circular 107: 1-9. O'Brien, H. P. 1946 DAIRY INDUSTRY DRIVES FOR QUALITY. Country Gentleman 116: 26-7. Parfitt' E. Ho, and H111, Go 0. 1931 FARM MILK HOUSE. Purdue Agricultural Extension Leaflet 153: 1-6. Parks, R. R. 1937 FILKIIJG PARLOR...TILK HOUSE. Hoard's Dairyman 82 : 5a)?) 0 Parker, Horatio Newton 1917 CITY SILK SUPPLY. FcGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Powers, D. J. 1930 INSULATION FOR MILK HOUSES. Hoard'e Dairyman 75:7. P.8(rd, CO H. 1942 PACK I.'ILK IW SE. Purdue Agricultural Extension Leaflet 155: 1-12 revised. Regan, M. J. and others 1931 KISS LRI KEPT YILK HDUSE. Missouri Agricultural Extension Circular 277: 1-12. Regan, M. J. and others 1924 iISSOC1.I er: FILE HOUSS. Missouri Agricultural Extension Circular 277: 1-12 revised. FOper, V. L. 1945 PRACTICAL SUGOFCTIONS ON FILK HDUST CONSTFVCTIOH. National Butter and Cheese Journal 56: 31-2. ROSS, H. E. 1930 PLANS FOR A SIYPLE VILK HU’SE. Cornell Agricul- tural Extension Bulletin 200: 1- 19. 30111112, ‘1. E. 1945 POPE??? FLUID P'ILK HOTFS'Z’S ARE BEING BUILT THROUGH- OUT HZ! I““'”-VLE . Eilk Plant Monthly 35:54. Small, F. W. 1929 COKSTFUCTIOEI OF FTLZC COOLING HO"S"S AND I} SULATED TAKKS. Agriculturaln 'ngineering Journal 10: 585-4. smith, L. J. 1946 APPROVED VASHIHGTON NILK HOUSE. Washington Agri- cultural Extension Bulletin 513. Strahan, J. L. 1925 MILK HOUSES FOR VERMONT DAIRY FARVS. Vermont Agricultural Department Bulletin 27: 1-23. Tufft, J. E. . 1941 CALIFORNIA MILK HOUSE . Hoard's Dairyman 86:149. Turney, G. J., and Bryan, C. S. 1938 THE PFODFCTION OF HIGH QUALITY MILK. Lansing Department or Health Bulletin No. 2. Watkins, L. W., and Broughton, T. H. 1924 MILK SUPPLIL S OF MICHICAN CITIFS. Michigan Depart- ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Dairying. VI 8rd , E o G o 1942 FILK HOUSES FOR KANSAS. Kansas Agricultural Ex- tension Bulletin 74: 1-18 revised. Wilkinson, J. F. 1946 VHCRE SHALL I PUT KB ‘ILK TOUSE. Hoard's Dairy- man 9: 950 -66- Vilkinson, J. F. 1947 LVSTS IN GOOD NILK PFOPVCTIOH. Board's Dairyman 92:37. Vitzel, S. A. 1957 ?ILK HJFSLC OF TODAY. Board's Dairyman 32:240. Vooley, John C. 1946 Ff. " BUILDI" ...... . KcGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 6 .J-7L) . 1940 ATrFTKI‘LC (11.1"ny .1 Au- 1. TILL It S PTACTICAL 32K MILK HOVSTS. Successful Iarming 38:/ . 1946 B3 SYRS IT'S BIC LHOUCII. Country Gentleman ll6z27. 1929 .TILFII C A SANITARY HILK HOUSE. N. Y. Prod. Review 63:1512. 1955 CLEAN COVS, CLEAN STABLZS AND CLEAN MILK. Michi- gan Department of Dairy and Food. 1944 COIICM TL! JILK HOUSE. Rock PrOductB 47:98 1946 DAIRY FARM BUILPINGS. PLANS AHD SPECIFICATIONS OF FILKING EAILS AND MILK OR SEPARATOR ROOM ARE AVAILABLE. Ag. Gazette of New South Vales 57: 656-7 0 1940 D3 LL 3 KILK HOUSE AVF ‘IILKIHG 87;? s PFOF‘ 133 DAY IN LOS rcrztzs AREA. Milk De 0? ‘4" ea ler 29: 55. 1946 *ACIOFY BUILT FILK H VSE. Yilk Dealer 25:54. 1943 FAFI KAFKZ‘ STFUC”VRLS IN DE‘M AND. American Pullder 65: u2'5. 1936 GOOD LILK HOTSE SAVE MOHCY. Successful Farming 24:44. 1928 HANDY ROOM FOR QUALITY NILK. Dairy Farmer 26:14. - 57 - 1931 IOLA KILK HOUSE. Hoard's Dairyman 76:675. 1947 VILK FACTS. Yilk Industry Foundation 1946-1947 Edition. 1942 MILK HOUSES. Board's Dairyman 87:631. 1941 YILK HOUSE CONSTRUCTION 03 UTAH PARTS. Utah Agricultural Extension Circular 110: 1-11. 1942 MILK HOUSE HES 3D; HOE TO PLAN AND BUILD. Amer- ican Builder 64: 58-60. 1939 MILK HOUSE PLANS. Hoard'a Dairyman 84:199. 1929 NOTES ON TVS PFODUCTION OF CLEAN MILK. Reprint Michigan Department of Agriculture. 1945 SANITARY VILK HOVSE. American Builder 65:50. 1942 SEES TYPZS OF LILK HOUSES. Board's Dairyman 67:623. H}... .v . s .. ..- ms... u. .. 4n T.- ‘ v— ...i'T. ...... ’1 4 ‘—-) 3‘ a .Q’ \ {-5 r113 "' r.) O .. I r W m v 5 . A..-) .- 1‘ f':‘ .x~ W MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES I 111qu II IIIIIII I 1293 03196 331 'I I II 3