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GROUP W um! PARENTS m A cum) GUIDANCE 32mm
by

Lois N. Hark
and

Leone A. Norton
A W! RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the School of Social Work
Michigan State University
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree

of
MAS'I'ER OF SOCIAL WORK

May 1961

Approved: an/W 31/ 75%

T Chairman ,iieaearchgfimmittu fi

01") 000

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We should liko to oxproaa our sincere approciation to
Mr:. Lucille Barber for her encouragement and guidance in
the formulation of this study and to Mr. Arnold Ourin for
his constructive criticism. We am indebted to nr. Gordon
Aldridge, Dean of the School of Social work, tad to the
faculty mambers for their contributions to our professional

education and devoIOpment.

11

rm 0? CONTENTS
Page
ACKNWW.............. 11
Chapter
I. ImeCTION D O o o o 0 Q o O O a 1

II. HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND W
GROUP mm. 0 O O O I C C O I 1 5

III. THE USE OF GROUP W 323 CHILD GUIDANCE
CLINICS Q 0 O I O O D Q C I Q to 11"

IV. smmmcoxcwsmns........ 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY......o-ouo-oo30

111

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

 

Social work.has long recognized that tho understanding
of tho individual includos understanding his rolationships
as a mentor ot’groups, particularly his family. Tho research
project in.which no Hora engaged has grown out of tho reooza
nition of tho wholeness and intorrolatodnoss of individualscc
the importance or group and individual interdependence to
social functioning and survival. It is rocogniacd that tho
family has a major influonca upon tho individual'a personality
and his subsequent relationships with an". Specifically,
tho purpoao of thin study nus to rovicw literaturo relevant
to group therapy with parents of childron in child guidance
settings in order to consider tho offectivcnoss or group
thorup: in.cnhancin3 tho social functioning of tho family
and in achieving agency coals.

Tho reaction of tho individual to tho group haa been
considered an indication of his hsalth, and the prossuro of
tho group upon him as a.torco in molding personality. the
effect and counter-afloat make tho group a rich resource as
a way or understanding the individual and modifying his

1

adjustments.1 Ackcrman, a loading proponent of group
therapy, notes that uhils tho idca of amolioratin3.cmotional
suffsring through tho medium of group sxpsrisnco is not now,
tho concoptually integrated group treatment nothcds of rocant
years do rcprcssnt an.innovation.2 The literaturs reveals
that the method of troating patients in groups is increas-
ingly being used in such ssttings as hospitals. private
psychiatric practice, child guidancs clinics, various
institutional scttings, and social assucios. rho writers
fool this study is important to the field of social nork
shoro there is a curront trend toward tho modification of
practice as soon in social work's incrsasod utilization of
group troatmcnt.mothods. It appears that this trend will
continua. A workshop hold rocantly at tho Tulano School of
Social Work points out that no may be observing a widespread
modification in practice which is currently unsettling to
some schools of social work and many agoncios. It was
indicated that several schools, as a result, aro ro-thinking
thoir curriculum and that many agencies are uncertain about
standards with regard to this trond in practico.3

A; .N A LA M

13. R. Slavson, An Introduction *2 group Thorapz (Now
York: Columbia Univors y rass, , pp. 174

2Nathan Ackorman. ”Sons Structural Probloms in the
Rolations of Psychoanalysis and Group Psychothorapy'

International Journal of group gszchothcragz, vol. 5 (1954),
p. s

080 of (iron Hothods in the Practice of Casework,

   

 

A‘Norks
1959): Do pl.

3

his confusion can be. uitncsccd in the literature
which rsvccls disputed areas in theory and practice of group
therapy. more is a confusion and lack of conceptual
clarity in tominolog, theoretical understanding, and
practics. m interplay or those factors contributes
greatly to the lack of offcctivc communication on group
therapy. (imp Wrap: has been claimed and used by various
ticldl including medicine, psychology, psychiatry, social
work, am others. It is hopcd that tho "View of representa-
tive literaturo on group therapy in this study will contribute
some clarity toward social work‘s more cflsctivs and into—-
grated use of this mothod as a tool in achieving its goals.
“mo writers tool that the group thorapy method has signifi-
cancc'ss an approach to relationship problems and to meeting
soc ial work's need for mom flexible methods in ordcr to
deal with growing community dwands. It is also felt that
this mothod has important contributions to malts toward more
affectivs treatment of individml and family malflmctioning
as well no facilitating the schic-vcmsnt or assoc: goals.
With the recognition of the varied viswpoints and settings
in which group therapy may to practiced, this study's focus
orgrcup therapy was applied to the tnatxnont of parents in
a child guidance clinic setting.

Our basic ascmptions included thcblici' that match
behavior can be changed, and that it can be changed through
group interaction. m the basis or our assumptions, we

33

hppothoaizod that crfootivo trcatmnt of individual and
family malfmcticuing it facilitate-d through group tépmpp
in addition to cacmrk. It vac ciao hypothocinod that
group thump-=3 with parontc will iccili tatc tho aohicvcpont
of agency gonlc. I

ha omxipation or thic otudy includod a pmcontatim'
of mo historical on: t‘morcticol booms-own or group Wrap-2y.
fitrough a gorpral our-top of tho litcmturo, up have: attua‘riptod
to dotcmzico how pmup trump-y is being used in varicuc
cutting: am} uzruior what oomiitiono. We harp noted tho difw
{emanation in. approachoc am: appiiod ml; is mlccmt to
tho ammvant of child guidnnoo clinic goals and tho
poncho-mot of the cooial functioning of tho family.“ lino
ration! of litoltaturo out guidoéi by tho we of s cotmdulo,
and hooks and poriodicalc in tho rclatcd riolds of cooiology,
p—szohiatxp, paychclom, and oooinl nor}: rolomt to tho
study pmfilm‘i coco rcvicuod. Too application of gum
pump? to child acids-moo clinics wlatcc to goals which arc:

A. To alleviate and prevent Eon-ml dimra.

3. Early troatucnt of childhood problsos. mu,

ail-jun hoot-at in the homo , oohool . and commits.
c. Intooprctation and education for more toaohors,
and othom working with ohilorcn.

CRAP'I'ER II

HISTORICAL AN!) MOHETIGAL BACKGROU‘HD 01" GROUP WRAP!

autumnal Remand

Group therapy had its inception in the mited States in
the first (106840 of the twentieth canturzr with Dr. 3. n.
Pratt's organization or ”mambo-control" own. for
patients. with tubomulosi: and other chronia dilutes.
Through his influence at the Button Dispequ-y ethni- pruni-
cims began group treatment of physical “loan-to.“ Emerson
successfully treated a group of undernourished children and
their mother»;5 Bun): worked with I group of appurtenant:
patients: Choppeu, Stefano, Rogerson, and rm ”perm
good results with the group treatment or petientl with peptic
untrue

Among the early experimenters with group therapy was
Dr. 1.. C. Martin, whose writings show . rumble insight
into the possibilities for the futon develops-at of treat-

ment groups.7 Shortly after world War I Dr. Edward men

“A AL.—_ _____. _._. M AA 4. A L_4 M

“J. H. man, (”on P8 ch them (New York: 6mm
and 8tratton,1m9fi6), pp.

51bid., pp. 3-5.
6333., pp. 5. 7pm.. pp. 8-11..

begin the lecture method of group therapy at St. Eliubeth'e
Hoopital, basing the lecture: on psychoanalytic peychclog
simply explained. no results were to encouraging that the
method was later extended to large groups of payohoneurotic
patients in.Voterano' Administration Boopitala.8 It in
interesting to note that the second paychodrome theater to
be built in the United States by Home was at 3t. Eliza-
beth’e Hospital in 19140 for the rehabilitation or cit-service-
men, using the technique of dramatizins their emotional
problems.9 About 1930 Schilder and Wander first treated
nonupcychotic groups, and Schilder is credited with the
develcpment of analytic group techniquee.1° _

Slawcn‘e activity group t:he1.~npy,,n nedl'e groupe for
chilcmm12 Burrow'e phyloanclyeie,” Moreno'e pcyohodrmm,1h
and Lower-y‘- sroup treatment or nation:15 have developed as
specific treament approaches. marten, Real, and Moreno
have written widely on their'mothode.

World War 11 gave great impetus to group therapy. and
it in now used extensively in psychiatric settings, general

hoepitale, and social agencies. A current example or the

M A‘ M A M l. - A A

V. r—w—WV ~— “— v . w v v V W '—

3.1313” pp. 6-7. 16., p. 6.
lolbide' PD. ”‘12. 11Eb1de' P. 190

lelbidep pp. 20’21. 1 1 0: PP. 7’8.

1 id., p. 6.

15832.11 Scheidlinger, ”The fieletionehip of Group therapy

to Otger 6 A Influence Attempts,” Mental 351mg, mix
1955 a P. 3/ -

trend to expend the use of group therapy is the Windsor
Group merepy Project in windeor, mtcrio.

Theo tice icy ,und

l:Ehe present diverse methods of group psychotherapy
have n cannon theoretical basis in the varioue school: of
peychologicel and sociological thought.

Freud'e contributions to theories on group relation-
ehipe lie in hie peychoennlytic concepts or behavior repre—
senting the 030's ettempte to uintein or to cetablich
equilibrium among the drives of the id, the euperego, and
the reality of the cocicl end physical environment. l’ne
dynamic concept deals with the interaction and conflicts of
internal force: and their reaction to externnl ‘rulity at
my given two. The genetic concepts describe how any
obeerced behavior in a product or the indiViduel'e pact,
which it utmcturcd in the present. Freudian psychology
postulate: thet the dynenic end genetic concept: or behavior
hold true for groupe u tell u for indiViduell end that
group behavior ie rectunlly the behavior or the individual.
who on in n pm“. of tocicl end emotional intemtion.
‘l'he Freudian ideal of group behavior have been elaborated
by alcmn, Eritrean. and Bed). to an explicit the concept
that ell group behavior is e combination of the dymic and
genetic properties or the individuel end the group elemente
of omnizetion, climate, structure, end ideal: which result

8

from tho dynamic interaction of tho group numbers.16' Tho
’roudion thoory of group cohesiveness deriving from common
identification: or the group members with ono another in
important to the general theory or group dynamiea.17
Adler‘s sooio~teloologioa1 opproaon to the undoru
Itanding of human pernonality, in contrast to Freud's
biologiouinotinotual concept. 100KB upon man at n uooial
boing whose behavior is purposive, the purpose being prim-
orily social in nature. Rio philosophy of the nooial
derivation of tho individual'n problamn.uakol group thomipr
n natural method for diagnosis and treatment through a
group; union he now no a value-forming agent. Adlor+began.
group therapy in child guidance clinics in Viennn in 1921.18
Sullivan': interpersonal theory of psychiatry, in which
human behavior and personality development or: doooribod in
“turns of the sum total or the interpersonal relationship. of
the individual, lend: itself to the use of'zroup therapy as

a.ltnns of changing behavior through groupinternotion.19

J‘ A4. ___,_ A A.

_ V—v v—r— , .7 .. , a w- ——

léaiul soneioiinger, ”Freudian Concepts of Group 8915*

tions," are D ice, eds. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin
23nd r (EvansEon, ¥Tiinoiat Row, Peterson, and Company,
1953)} pp! 53*61o

17:316., p. 12.

lafiudolf’nroikurs, ED, "Group Psychotherapy from the
Point-oféView or Adlorion Po¥ohologyg" ntornotio

Whommus WI 1957 1: PP. ~ .

1gfioorgo Goldman, ”Some Applications of Barry stack
Sullivan's Theories to Group Psychotherapy,” Internationg;

133525; of grogaPozghothoragz, VII {1957); PPJ 335~391. V

 

9

floral-y'- philosophy “in. th- omiromntni and
cultunl factor: in having tho individunl to the calf--
radiation for union union: ports of hit personality
atria. mo potentiality or many that.” for working
W tho noumtic uttom lion in the group mutuality
and group spirit union cum in on. group interaction.”

Oooloy, a. nooioicgict, on non; m first to use the
torn "mil mane! nu n pionocr in the Itudy or the
We. of group ”min for tho indiuduol. Kurt
Mia'- i'iold than in vary similar in its heretical
I’pronch to trunnion psychology but dirfltra in placing its
under “pm-in on whining both indium}. and group
mu” as n Motion of on. own: mind rum to the.
110th of the, influence of wt 0190910136031 Lenin has
mind all mm with thin potato“). for inflmncins
cm in on. Mafia 'with the mun-out or oooimctry
by Hanna, which involvod working with non: mum in a
1:11- nr-ioty of Ionian, on. pmtico or mop therapy ma
non n uni-Mina romantic...” economic mum-h in

20Sinnoy Ron, us, ”My conooptu in Group Psycho-
tangy, .. i , , ‘ -t n c VI]:
(1957 no.

“final Beholdlimr, no, ”use hhtipflalp on
M to Other m Mum um». W
as t i. pp 376—390

“M Wm WWW "i" “1"“
WP and m, 1 PP.

23:. L. Ion-coo,” "Philosophy of tho mm Psycho-
legion]. hunlution with special mom“ on Group Psychotherapy
1nd Payohodrm," Wu in Pgohothcmpy, 0d. Frieda

“fiv—

 

 

10
group dynamics is being dons to test hypotheses derived from
tho largo body of theory. Tho results should add disciplined
knowledge valuable to the group therapist on tho processes of
group structuring and tho emotional integration of the

individual into the group.‘4

i conooptrg: group Therapy
To define or to delimit group psychotherapy is not

 

within the scope of this study. Tho purpose of our review

or a portion of the literature on group psychotherapy or
group therapy, the terms being used interchangeably. has

been rather to develop an understanding of what is included
within the terms and to consider the applicability of group
therapy to the child guidance settings. The immediate ‘
impression or confusion and ambiguity in tho multiple defini-
tions and descriptions is duo in part to each therapist's
attempt to defend hio ownsppronch as unique. The result is
strongly reminiscent of Humpty Dumpty, ”When I use a word,

it meant Just what I choose it to moan, neither.moro nor less.
Hhon.l oaks a word do a lot of work. I always pay it oxtro.'25

A“ A. ‘ 4. A A— 4 _— _‘ - __- #4....

.7. v.— _ w v——— .7 yw , 'w y —— '— W _...

Fromm-Reiohmann, MD.and J. L. morons, MD (New'York: drums
and Stratton, 1956). pp. 25-26.

enunthan Aokorman. ED, "Somo Structural Problems in
s
9

tho Bolstiono or Pnyohoanalysio and Group Psychothonafi
Internationnlfigournolfor;9rgup Royohophornpz, TV (195 g

C I

25am: Carroll. Thro h the looki disss (no. Vernon,
How'tbrki Pauper Prose, ungafod editiong, p. 356.

11

From the previous summary of schools or psychological
thought, it is apparent that basic differences in interpre~
tation of observed phenomena and their significance in the
therapeutic process add to the problem or finding areas of
agreement on definition. The depth of treatment is indicated
by the qualifying terms psychoanalytic, analytic oriented,
didactic, directive, nonwdirective, and intensive, but the
lack of consensus on terminology makes the qualification
relative and not specific. itferent types of graips known
as short contact, non~structurcd, play, and activity groups
add verbiage but no consistent meaning. Rather intriguing
terms like excitetory group therapy, social club technique,
round table, and behind~the~back technique testify to the
ingenuity of therapists to add to the array of non-definitive
terms.26

The obvious conclusion reached after surveying the
literature is that group psychotherapy is not a neatly
defined treatment method but is better thought of as methods
or group treatment. We found three general categories of
group psychotherapy included in the literature: (1) guidance
or re~educetion for support, emotional relossc, or clarifica-
ticn of attitudes; (2) reorganization of the conscious
functions of the personality; (3) reorganization of the

“w w— —v w V V.

eawalthcr Joel, “A Glimpse at the Group Psychotherapy
Literature,“ internetionel_dournsl_of droup_Psychotheregz,
n: (1957). p. 1914.

12

of tho unconscious runotions of tho personslity.27 All
therapists do not accept such of these categories as oon~
stituting group psychotherapy. and again no state that we
have not ottompted to dating or delimit group psychotherapy
but have found in our roview of literature that the stove
broad categories arc includod within.ths tons “group psychofi
thorapy."

Analysis of definitions and descriptions reveals
Iovnrll common.donomiostors which urn not dependent upon a
specific designation or poiotwofeviow: (1) Group psycho-
therapy is a psychological process which has as its goal tho
treatment of the «motionsl problems of the individual through
the multiple interactions of the group members. (2) Tbs.
level of treatment varies from the attempt to seoomplish
basic personality change comparable to that obtuinsd through
individual analysis to the acceptance of tho personality as
it is, using supportivs techniques to strengthen the individu
usl's assets. Between these two extrumel modifying techniques
urn employed.28 (3) Implicit in all tho definitions,.und
explicitly stated in some, is tho oliniosl setting which
differentiates group psychotherapy as a method of treatment

‘— .A..._ i L w; _ A4 L.

wfr —y ‘r vw w— v w V r~ — v—

27uathsn Aokarman, MD, The s shod maniac f ’ i
1.1!; (Now York: mus Books, inc” W s. p. 153%.
zaxsthan Aoksrman,‘flD,“Tho irsining of Caseworkers in

"Whammy." WfiemW: m
‘1949)r pa 150

 

13

from the therapeutic effects of groups in non-clinical
settings.29

From our readings we conclude that by some writers
group psychotherapy is viewed as e specific treatment method
and by others as a broad term including several levels or
psychological treatment or the individual's emotional prob-
lems through the use or a group within 3 clinical setting.
We believe, therefore, it would be preferable to use the
term “group treatment” to avoid the present confusion and
ambiguity in the usage or rgroup psychotherapy.”

WY- j ,7 Vi

2gbiulalonopke. ”Knowledge and Skills of the Group
magnet,” Americeoiouml _or Qrthopsw 111 (1919),
p0 e

u—u—-—A L—A- __ —A L AA

CHfiPTER III

THE USE OF GROUP THERAPY IN CHILD GUIDANCE CLINICS

In recognizing the close psychological relationship
between children's emotional prOblcmo, their behavior, and
their parents' conscious and unconscious conflicts and
attitudes, the child guidance movement and related disciplines
have increasingly revealed the necessity of dealing with
this relationship therapeutically.3o In view of this the
following chapter deals specifically with the literature
relevant to group therapy with parents or children in child
guidance settings.

The~method used has been to review backs and Journal
articles over a period of at least twenty years, from 1940
to 1960, in the fields of psychology, paychiutry,and social
‘work as much as their relevancy to group therapy with
parents has permitted. The writers recognize that very
little has been written on the subject per co and do not
claim that their sample or fifteen articles and one book
in the majority of the literature, but feel it in represen—
tative of the literature published within the stated period
of time and in these related fields. Our selection of

__ .4 A‘A— LA M ‘ AAJA

W v r

303. R. Slavcon, editorr The zields of Gro Pa cho-
thera (HewSYbrk: International fihivcrcitiec firesa, Inc.,
Ig 56): p. 15 0

1%

 

 

 

15

literature wag guided mainly by titles in that all of the
publicationa had title: clearly Itating that arcup tharnpy
or'group treatment was the method umployud. A schedule was
used to rev1aw the literature dystamatioally. It served as
a guide in extracting informatian about: (1) The setting;
(2) The definition of gruup therapy givan; (3) The descrip—
tion of group therapy practiced; (h) Thu length or tins tho
therapy group was in axiatonco; (5) The aims or'purpoaea of
employing thin method; (6) On when u was used; (7) Any
selectivity factors; (8) 3w whom it was need~«n.payahintr15t,
social worker, at eotora; (9) Results; (10) Conclusionnwc
'Ihather conclusions supported aims, any tmpliottionl,
unresolved quastions. and trends; (11) mm:- the litemtura
described by theoretiaal orrreaenrdh baton.

ablan‘nurkin, a loading,praot1tionor of psychotherapy
with.nothers' groups, not.- that tha literaturu on,mothera'
groups scams to hate made it: first nppcarnnan-in about
1939.31 The dates of thn publications rovicuud in this
study ranged from 19hh to 1959. The analysis of the 11ter~
uture through the use or the sehedulo mm that the
Iixtoon writings representud'alavun.difrnrnnt anttingn,
innludins ona unatated setting. It was faund thdt rdur

L A‘A‘ HA __ L MAJ...‘ AM __ ___.

w ‘ y—w w— V. ‘r TV Yw ‘ w '— A v w— w

,311b1d., p. 154.

16

articles represented the setting of the Jewish.Board of
Guardiann' Child Guidance Institute: two represented the
‘Irooklyn Child Guidance Center; two represented the Council
child Dcvolopmont Center of new York; one represented a
hospital setting; one setting was unatatod, and the remaining
six represented various child guidance settings.

Only four or the sixteen writings gave definitions of
what they meant by the term "group therapy,” and two or the
four were writings originating from the same setting which
used a consistent definition. However, all or the writings
described their use of group therapy, and some used process
recordings to illuatrate the content of the group dynamics,

Nine of the writings indicated the length of time their
groups remained in treatment, and this varied from about
fourlmontha to two and a half years. iHowovor, it would be
difficult to determine the length of therapy for any one
group since it was reported that original group members
would drop for various reasons, and new members would be
added to the group.

All or the writings indicated aims or purposes or this
group approach were related to the treatment or parent-child
problems. The depth of treatment was or course varied, but
that. worn therapy groups as indicated by their titles and
not parent education, guidance, or counseling types of
groups which could have therapeutic valuol but not necessarily
therapeutic aim. or the sixteen writings the comm thread

17

of group treatment aims might be said to be the support or
the child’s treatment through the treatment of one or both
parents, helping them to understand and deal with their own
emotional problems, the effects upon the child's problems,
and parentechild relations. Aims were to modify parentsl
attitudes and increase the adequacy of functioning_in
parental roles; some therapists attempted to achieve these
aims through the moditiostion of personality, while others
did not seek.basic personality changes.

The study revealed that group therapy was used.mors
with mothers. Out of the sixteen writings, ten reported
the use of_group therapy with.mothers, three with fathers,'
and three with both parentsnpresumsbly seen in one grouP.
The groups for fathers represented publications in the last
three years, that is 1956 to 1959.

Only three writings clearly stated by whom group
therapy was being done. In each of the three cases a social
worker'wns indicated to be the therapist. The thirteen
othsr'writings sithsrlimplisd by authorship that the group
therapist was s.Ph. D. or Just vaguely referred to the
I"therapist." some articles did state what they thought the
thsrspist's qualifications should be, and that generally the
person should have had some background and experience in
indiVidusl psychotherapy.

The results of all of the writings were stated in
Virious says and generally implied that improvement was made

18

by individuals within the therapy groups. Only one study
clearly stated its results in terms of hou.nany out of the
total.members had been discharged, how'many had dropped, and
how'many inproved out or those remaining with the group.

In the area of conclusions fourteen writings indicated
that their aims had been supported. Two indicated a type or
halfway support or their*aima and further elaborated on.whom
they felt group treatment was or was not successful, and the
qualifications of the therapist. The conclusions represented
a wide variation of what group therapy had accomplished.

Some conclusions contradicted those supported by other
writers. In general the conclusions seemed to fall into
three broad categories‘deacribing what group therapy was able
to accomplish, how it affected family relationships, and
certain conclusions about group therapy as a treatment method.
It is stressed that the content of each category may vary

in degrees and does not necessarily represent a consensus

of opinion.

Itma found that group therapy could accomplish the
modification of attitudes, personality, and behavioral
patterns. -Group therapy relieved start caseload: enabling
the psychological service rendered to treat more patients
that with individual therapy. Faster progress in treatment
was noted. Group therapy provided opportunities for rela-
tionship, emotional release. insight. and emotional rev
education. It secured diagnostic understanding, the

19

breakthrough of resistances, and helped to initiate, supple-
ment. terminate, or substitute for individual treatment. ‘lho
latter was n contradictory and debatable point.

Conclusions in relation to the family constellation
included the recognition that group therapy ror*both parents
was used effectively by social workers in child guidance
settings. Group therapy with mothers has an establithcd
placo in child guidance clinic: and among child therapists.
The parallel group treatment of children of varied ago:
including pro-cchoolcro and their’mothcrs was effective.
There was evident and direct relation between the mother’s
improved attitudes and subsequent facilitation and progress
of tho child‘s treatment. The group treatment method enabled
parent: to becomc more emotionally involved in family treat~
moot. The group interaction enabled parents to acknowledge
and understand their own problems and their relatedness to
their children's problems and behavior. Family tonciona were
reduced, and children were relieved from unhealthy parontal
patterns bearing upon their problems.

Concluoionc about group therapy as a treatment method
perhaps roproscnt tho moro controversial issues. It was
found that direct treatment could be carried out effectively
in mmall groups. The therapeutic process for groups was
tclt to to tho came as for individual psychotherapy. Group
therapy was also concidered to be more effective than individ-
ual therapy. It was emphasized that the therapiat should i

20

hue the some skill and training as one doing individual
psychotherapy. Combining groups diminished in mmber or
adding new members proved workable. It was found that e
non-selective group could be drawn into and readily accept
group therapy. Some contradictory conclusions pertained to
the success or lack of success of group therapy on certain
types or peeplc. Some writers, felt that group therapy

could not be universally epplied nor substituted for individ-
ual treatment or persons suffering from deeply rooted tears
and anxiety, while others felt deeply rooted material could
be treated. Others reported group therapy was found effec-
tive with characterologioel problems, 1..., those patients
suffering from strong feelings of inadequacy end having poor
rentionships with others, those with personality and behavior
difficulties, and those having 1 basic hunger for peer and
social acceptance.

Some unresolved questions presented by the literature
reviewed concerned the use of group therapy on psychopathic
personalities end the leek or improvement. Further questions
on the size of the group, criteria of selection. the use of
alternate meetings m which the therapist is absent,
occasional individual interviews for group members, need
Wl‘ controlled experimentation for more substantiating
answers. It was felt in some cases that withdrawal from
treatment was related to inadequate preparation as to the
actual need for psychiatric services. In some instances

m I

effe

tr 1

cha

tha

1t

tn

1:

21

cases unsuitable for group therapy could be detected only
after a testing period. One important point which would
seem applicable to all cases is the impossibility of con»
trolling factors which would contribute to valid comparisons
and scientifically based conclusions without detrimental
effects on the clinical treatment.

Some implications drawn from the literature indicated
that the satisfactory changes in the child can best be con-
solidated and supported it the parent is enabled to accept
change. its group approximates the family, and the therapist,
the parent substitute, helps to recreate the family scene.
It was implied that group therapy is not essentially differ-
out from individual therapy. It was also implied that group
therapy with parents can be used by social workers in
settings other than child guidance settings. The main trend
indicates the expansion of this method to both {others and
mothers in the mture.

Out of the sixteen writings all described in various
says the practice or group therapy. One discussed the
theory on which its concept or group therapy was based, but
this was to a limited extent. Only one article reported a
basis or research. but the research was related to a grant
concerned mainly wont gaining more information on sohizo»
phrsnia and not group therapy as a treatment method with
parents.

In memory the review or literature through the use of
a schedule has revealed that these sixteen writings published

 

between 194% and 1959 by far represent settings located in
Neu'York. It was noted that the Jewish Board of Guardians
led in publishing more articles on the subject than did
other BettingS.

Although all of the writings included descriptions
or their use or group therapy, the majority did not offer
any clear definition or what they meant by the term "group
therapy.” This would seem to support the fact that there
is a lack of conceptual clarity in terminology. Other
areas which seem to be representative of controversial
issues were on whom and by sham group therapy could be used,
the size or the group, factors of selectivity, alternate ‘
meetings from which the therapist is absent, and occasional
individual interviews for group members. The literature
revealed that the substantiation of results was weak, and
there was a wide range of conclusions which at times were
contradictory. This again seemed to bear out the lack of
conceptual clarity or group therapy, poor communication due
to inconsistent and vague terminology, a lack of standards
and uniformity in practice, and the realistic difficulty of
evaluating psychotherapeutic results. This study reveals
that there is a need for2more controlled experimentation and
research on group therapy, the latter being an extremely
neglected area.

Agreement was indicated in the area of aims as writers
consistently referred to the treatment or parent-child

23

problems through involving parents in treatment, helping

them to understand, deal with their own problems, and
increase the adequacy in functioning in their parental roles,
thus supplementing and consolidating their child's treatment.
The literature implies that the degree of change of attitudes,
personality, and behavioral pattern: is contingent upon the
therapist's own orientation and oxperionoo.

The study revealed that although tho mzjority of the
therapy groups were forrmothors, parents” and father's
tharapy groups, particularly the latter, represented the
more recent publications. This would seem to support the
trend which increasingly ottompto to involve more father:
in treatment and possibly both parents. Tho trund seems to
to tho increased use or group therapy in child guidance
olinioa for the treatment of’paront-ohild problems, and as .
ruiated to this the inoroalod recognition or the validity
or group therapy'o facilitation and oxtonaion of clinical
staff time and the relieving or waiting list problemn.

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

grands in the Literature

Some or the rather definite trends revealed in the
literature are reviewed again for more clarity:

1. Group therapy is increasingly being used by workers
functioning in a variety of settings and concerned with
different therapeutic aims.

2. Much group therapy has been uscd with children; ‘
more has been used with mothers than with fathers or with
both parents.

3. Increased attempts arc being made to include
fathers and both parents in treatment. The trend seems to
to the increased use or group therapy in child guidance
clinics for the treatment or parcnt-child problems, and,
directly related to this. for the extension of clinical
staff time and the relieving of waiting list problems.

3. with the increased evidence of emotional disturb-
ances in children, in the family group, and in the adult
population, concern continues to mount as to how to provide
for'moro adequate family living. A prevalent trend is the
development of a wide variety or programs to help parents
learn to function in ways that will prevent emotional

2a

25

disturbances. Parent education, guidance, and discussion
groups are increasing in number.

5. Attempts are being;made to use small groups for
advancinglmental hygiene objectives. The settings vary
and may include educational, industrial, comunity, or

religious centers and some governmental agencies.

indi-»s

The review or literature on group psychotherapy has
led to the following findings:

1. Today the use of group therapy involves workers
from many different points-of~view, representing a variety
of settings, working with a variety of patients, and con- -
corned nith different therapeutic problems. A survey of
literature makes it more realistic to speak of'group therapies
than of group therapy.

2. There is a lack of conceptual clarity and standard
or uniform terminology whistlinders the communication on
group therapy. Often the terms "group therapy,” ”group
psychotherapy,""group counselling,” et esters, are used
interchangeably and in such a way as to encompass a broad
range of approaches. Kowever, others may use carefully
delineating terms and View group therapy as being a specific
approach within the field of psychotherapy. The majority
of writers seemed to refer to group therapy as a treatment

method: a few referred to it as a field. From our study we

26

conclude that the degree or change in attitudes, behavioral
patterns, and personality is contingent upon the therapist's
own orientation and experience.

3. There 18 an absence of definitivc and objective
criteria to substantiate findings. It is realized that
evaluation or pcychothcrapautio results is difficult, and
the paucity or studio: that have anpliod experimental prin~
ciplec of research to group therapy material is recognized.

4. The literature given much support to the cffective~
nest of group therapy, particularly indiVidual benefits tram
small group, but the substantiation or result: in rank.
There is a definite need for more research on group therapy
and group dynamics. .

5. The purpose or this study has not been to produce
a definition of group therapy as such, but the review of
the literature loads no to tho broad concept that Views
graup therapy as any level of psychological treatment of the
individual‘s emotional problems through the use of n.3roup
‘within a clinical setting.

There are potential! indicated by this atudy for the
use of group tharnpy in child guidance settings:

1. The new experience adds nnothcr techniquc to
social workers' proroscionni cquipmcnt and helps in refining
their’ckilln.

2. Th5 major problems of those served in thild guid~
nnco clinic: are of n child-parent relatinncnip nature. Group

27

therapy is an effective method of treating children's
emotional and behavioral problems in relation to their
parent’s conscious and unconscious conflicts and attitudes.

3. Group therapy with parents not only treats prob-
lens of the parents but helps to consolidate the child's
treatment through modification of attitudes, pe...'sonality,
and behavioral patterns.

A. Group therapy can help to initiate, supplement,
and terminate individual treatment.

5. Group therapy provides opporounitios for relation-
ship, emotional release, insight, emotional re-education,
and mobilization of those resistive to individual therapy or
to participation in their family's treatment. '

6. It may provide diagnostic understanding and reveal
problem areas unrecognized before.

7. There is eVidence that group therapy may relieve
staff cssoloads and permit therapeutic help to be offered
boomers patients, thereby shortening both the period of
waiting for treatment and the waiting list.

Analysis or the data in Chapter III suggests:

l. The new focus in which the client is seen.may
load to new understanding and reuevaluation of planning.

2. There is need for more intensive research on the
dnynamics or the therapeutic group. The therapeutic process
tor'groups is indicated by many writers to be the same as

tor-individual therapy. However, unresolved areas are the

28

unpredictability of group action or reaction and the effect
on individuals in the group.

3. There in need tortmore controlled experiments and
reaearch in other unresolved areas ouch as the use of group
therapy with particular disorders, e.g., personality die~
orders and ambulatory psychotica; size of the therapeutic
group: criteria for selection: group composition, 1.0.,
homogeneous, heterogeneous, et cetera; combined group and
individual therapy; qualificaflons of the therapist; and
Justification for the use of group treatment for economic
reasons.

4. Child guidance clinice need to be more active in
the area of prevention, especially in carrying out.more
programs emphasizing mental health education for persons
who work directly with children.

The implications of this study for the profession of
social work lie in both education and practice. The
increasing demand for adequately prepared group therapists
requires evaluation of the adequacy of the social work our—
riculum to meet the need. Agencies are likewise faced with
the task of providing in—eervice training for their staffs
and field training for social work students. The trend
toward increased use of group therapy in social work agencies
presents a tack and a challenge to the profession or social

work.

29

From our study we conclude that the group therapy
othod has significance as an approach to relationship prob-
lems and to meeting social work's need for more flexible
methods in order to deal with growing community demands.
We believe our findings support our hypothesis that group
therapy facilitates the effective treatment of individual
and family malfunctioning and the achievement of child

guidance goals.

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