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ANOMIE AND AUTHORITARIANISM:
A STUDY IN SELF—CONTRADICTIONS

By
MARY MASON LEICHTY

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Psychology
1952

Inger?

/U'/.,/‘5‘2" J7;

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. Milton
Rokeach.under whose guidance this study was undertaken.

Acknowledgment is also due to Dr. Donald JOhnson and to Dr.
Albert Rabin who read and criticized this manuscript.

”6‘1 r3“, (‘i
.‘L-JI' ‘I: $43312“;

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......................................
memm..”.n.u.u.H.H.H.”.u.n.n.n.u.n.
HYPOTHESES .........................................
PROCEDURE ..........................................
mwmfls..H.H.H.H.H.u.u.u.u.u.u.u.u.u.
DISCUSSION .........................................
smmmmIchmmmmnms..H.H.H.H.H.u.u.n.n

PAGE

12
17
31
35

TABLE

IB.

IIA.

IIB.

III C

IV.

VI.

VII.

LIST OF TABLES

Number of Subjects Contradicting on
A Scale Items.............................
Number of Subjects Contradicting on Each
Pair of A and A- Scale Items..............
Number of Subjects Contradicting on F Scale
Items.....................................
Number of Subjects Contradicting on Each
Pair of F and F- Scale Items..............
Mean E Scores for A Scale and F Scale Con-
tradictors and NOn-Contradictors..........
Correlations Between Plus and Minus Scales...
Intercorrelations Among the variables Anomie,
Authoritarianism, Ethnocentrism and
Income....................................
Comparison of Correlations Between E and A
and Correlations Between E and F Holding
Relevant variables Constant...............
Differences in 1‘EF and rEA for Contradictors,

Non-contradictors and the Total Group.....

PAGE

19

2O

21

22

23

25

27

29

3O

 

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the problem of prejudice has occupied
an increasingly important position in society. Much work has
been done in an attempt to eradicate it through the understand-
ing of its causes and development. The problem has been at-
tacked from many angles.

Adorno and others (1), working within a psychological
framework, hOld that the individual's susceptibility to prej-
udice depends to a large extent on his psychological needs.
They feel that the individual is likely to maintain a basic
similarity of outlook and approach in several areas of life.
They characterize the prejudiced or what they call the poten-
tially fascistic individual as rigid, conventional and power-
oriented, with a repressive denial of weakness in the self and
disdainful rejection of those who do not appear strong. Ex-
ploitative parent-child relationships may carry over into a
power-oriented, exploitatively dependent attitude toward the
sex partner. They term this personality syndrome the author-
itarian personality. ‘

In order to study the generality of outgroup rejection,
the content of ideas about ingroups and outgroups, and the
amount of stereotypy in thinking about groups in general, the
California psychologists constructed an opinion-attitude scale

for the measurement ofethnocentrism.(the E scale). This scale
was analyzed and refined until the lO-item E scale, Form.h5
evolved. This scale had a reliability of .79 with an N of 3h0
and was felt to be a dependable measure of ethnocentrism. It
is the one used in the present study.

The investigators next attempted to construct a scale
(the F scale) Which would, first, correlate highly with prej-
udice without having such an apparent purpose and without men-
tioning specific groups, and second, give a valid estimate of
anti-democratic trends at the personality level. Using sub-
jects who by attitude scales, clinical interviews and projec-
tive tests were judged to be prejudiced, a 29-item scale was
constructed with split-half reliability of .90.

Srole (8), on the other hand, attacked the problem
from a sociological point of view, positing that rejection of
outgroups is primarily brought about by socio-economic forces
impinging on the individual and resulting in a state of anomie.
He considered anomie to be "the phenomenon variously referred
to as social dysfunction or disorganization, group alienation,
demoralization." (p. 2) It was first used to connote this by

Durkheim in Suicide (3) and in The Division 9; Labor in 822-
iety (2). The word anomie is frOm the Sreek, meaning lawless-

 

ness, and was first used in.English to mean disregard of law.

Lambard (5), in a 17th-century book of commentaries on the

courts of England which he had prepared as a congratulatory
gift for Sir Robert Cecil on the oCcasion of his advancement
to membership in the Queen's privy council, says, "Shall the
King and his Councill open a Courte for all sorts of Pleas
that be determinable by the courte of m Leg? that were
to set an gum, and to bring disorder, 'deuht end incertaintie
over all." (15.120) Later in the 17th century, it came to
mean disregard of church law and soon after the term became
obsolete until it was revived by Durkheim and expanded as a
concept of anxiety; feeling of separation from the group, or
isolation from the group standards; a feeling of pointlessness
and that no goal exists.

In order to test hishypothesis that anomie is one of ‘
the prime forces in the development of ethnocentrism, Srole
constructed a 5-item scale, each item.testing what he consid-
ered to be a different component of anemie: (l) The individual's
sense of the unresponsiveness to his needs shown by community -
leadership. (There's little use in writing to public officials
because often they aren't really interested in the problems of
the average man.) (2) The individual's perception of the social
order as essentially fickle, unpredictable and orderless, give
ing rise to the feeling in the individual that he can do little
to direct his life. (Nowadays a person has to live pretty much
for today and let tomorrow take care of itself.) (3) Loss of

faith in progress, particularly in regard to the individual
himself. (In spite of what some people say the lot of the av-
erage man is getting worse, not better.) (h) The loss of mean-
ing of group norms, resulting in the individual's feeling of
meaninglessness and futility in life. (It's hardly fair to
bring children into the world with the way/things look for the
future.) (5) The feeling that personal relationships are no
longer supportive. (These days a person doesn't really know
whom he can count on.) -

Srole, hypothesizing that "majorityaminority attitudes
were conditioned by the generalized sociological, situational
factors assumed to be reflected in the anomie scale", admin-
istered his anomie scale (A scale), a S—item shortened version
of the F scale (of authoritarian personality) and a 5-item
scale of social distance attitudes to #01 Springfield, Massa-
chusetts bus riders. He concluded, after an analysis of’his
data, that the variable anomie was primarily related to prej-
udice and that authoritarianism, while related to prejudice, is
not related independently of the sociological factors which he
felt were measured by the anomie scale. That is, when P was
held constant, A and E were substantially related, but when.A
was held constant, F and E were not substantially related. Us-
ing education as a measure of status, he found that as the ed-

ucation of his subjects increased, what he termed the independent

relationship between anomie and social distance decreased, un-
til with the group having more than high school education,
anomie showed no independent correlation with prejudice. In
the case of authoritarianism, as education increased, the inde-
pendent relationship between authoritarianism and social dis-
tance increased.

Roberts (7) and McKitrick (6) in a joint replication
of the Srole study were not able to duplicate his findings.
They administered a questionnaire made up of the A scale, the
F scale and the E scale to a sample of 86 adult, white, non-
Jewish, native American residents of Lansing, Michigan. A
second form of this questionnaire with each of the A and F items
reversed in wording and meaning was given to 72 adult subjects.
Roberts' data failed to support Srole's main contention that
authoritarianism.and ethnocentrism are unrelated when anomie
is held constant; rather they indicate that authoritarianism
has a closer relationship to prejudice than does anomie. Roberts
found that authoritarianism and ethnocentrism are significant-
ly related when anomie is held constant. Furthermore, author-
itarianism and ethnocentrism are also related when income is
held constant, when education is held constant and when both
are held constant. Conversely, he found that the correlation
between anomie and income is not significant when education is

held constant. Since income is a measure of status and hence,

according to Srole's theory should significantly relate to
anomie, this suggeSts that anomie is not a function of status
as Srole would contend. He further found that When income and
education are both held constant, there is still a significant
correlation between anomie and prejudice, which is again con-
trary to Srole's theory. Roberts interprets these data to mean
that "although anomie and prejudice are significantly and inde-
pendently related, the relationShip cannot be accounted for by
a correlation between anomie and socio-economic status as Srole
would conten ." (p. #3)

McKitriCk (6) studied the possibility that conformity
was influencing responses to the A and F scales. His hypoth-
esis was that lowestatus respondents in a face-to-face situae
tion would tend to agree with items on the scale and hence
score high in.A and F. He felt that they would agree in order
to avoid the threat which.might occur upon disagreement with
statements which they felt were endorsed by the interviewers
who were higher status persons. His data did not indicate that
conformity was a relevant variable, either in the total sample
or within the lowestatus group. He concludes that the relative-
ly high relationship obtained among prejudice, A and F by Srole

could not be accounted for in terms of a conformity factor.

THE PROBLEM

In the Roberts and McKitrick studies the original A and
F‘scaleson.the one hand and the reversed A and F scales on the
other were administered to separate samples. Thus, while
McKitrick concluded from.his Study that conformity did not in-
fluence the responses, a better way to approach the problem of
conformity, or agreement without regard to content, is to ad-
minister the original and reversed scales to the same group of
subjects. Would we find in such an experiment that Subjects
would agree substantially often with oppositely worded state-
ments? Would this occur more frequently for the anomie variable,
for the authoritarian variable, or for both equally? Since the
California group has shown that conformity is a characteristic
of the highly prejudiced, would frequency of contradiction, as
a measure of conformity, be related to the degree of ethnocen-

trism? These are some of the questions we posed for ourselves.

HYPOTHESES

In order to study the problem of the tendency to agree,

it was necessary to construct two scales, contrasting to the

A and F scales, agreement to which would indicate a lack of

the trait being studied. These reversed scales were called the
A- and F- scales and will be discussed in detail below. The
assumption has been made in formulating the hypotheses for this
study that the A and F scales were capable of being semantical-
ly reversed.

Hypothesis l.

I i. (If the tendency to agree has more influence on the
responses to one scale than on the responses to another, we
should expect more individuals to make self-contradictions to
one than to the other. This leads to several closely related
hypotheses.

la. If agreement without regard to content (conformity)
is a factor in Srole's measurement of anomie, it is
to be expected that there will be a significant num-
ber who contradict themselves on the A scale re-
sponses.

lb. Similarly, if agreement without regard to content is
a factor in the measurement of authoritarianism, it
is to be expected that there will be a significant
number who contradict themselves on the F scale re-
sponses.

1c. If conformity is a greater factor in the measurement
of A than in the measurement of F, it should manifest

itself in a greater frequency of contradictions to A
than to F.

Hyppthesis 2.
..... The California group has demonstrated that those high
in prejudice are more conventional, more conforming than those
low in prejudice. ‘We should then expect, if this is correct,
that those who contradict themselves will score higher on the
E scale than those who do not contradict themselves. More
specifically:
2a. ThoSe who contradict themselves on the A and A-
scales will have a significantly higher E score
than will the non-contradictors.
2b. Those who contradict themselves on the F and F-

scales will have a significantly higher E score
than will the non-contradictors.

"""" There is yet another way in which it can be determined
when conformity is influencing responses to the A and F meas-
ures. Guilford (R) has noted that if a correlation between two
variables is computed in a sample which is not homogeneous but
is made up of sub-samples from different populations, the cor-
relation between the two variables will be smaller for the total
group than for any of the sub-groups. Thus, if we find that the
correlation between A and A- or between F and F- is smaller for
the total group than it is for either the contradictors or the
non-contradictors, then we may assume that the contradictors and
non-contradictors belong to different populations. Since the

tendency to agree was the variable which was used to determine

10

the sub-groups (contradictors and non-contradictors) we can
formulate the following hypotheses:
3a. If self-contradiction is a relevant variable on the
A scale, the contradictors and non-contradictors on
that scale will belong to different populations.
3b. If self-contradiction is a relevant variable on the

F scale, the contradictors and non-contradictors on
that scale will belong to different populations.

"""" Heberts (7) found that the correlation between anomie
and prejudice is significant (.hO) when education and income
are held constant. Thus, his replication of the Srole study
did not confirm Srole's theory that prejudice is a function
of status. In the present sample the subjects were all col-
.lege students, thus the variable of education has been held
constant and cannot be studied. However, the following hy-
pothesis concerning the effect of socio-economic status on the
relationship between anomie and ethnocentrism can be made:

k. If, as Srole contends, anomie is a function of socio-

economic status then anomie will not be related to

prejudice when status as measured by income is held
constant.

Hypothesis 5.

- 'If Self-contradiction is a relevant variable in the
correlation between A and E and in the correlation between F
and E, there will be a significant difference in the correla-

tion between.A and E or between F and E, as the case may be,

11

for the contradictors and non-contradictors as compared to the
total group. That is to say, the contradictor and non-contra-
dictor sub-groups will belong to different populations as in-
dicated by‘a lower correlation between A and E or between F and
E for the total group than for either sub-group. Thus we may
formulate the following hypothesis:
5. If self-contradiction is a relevant variable in the
correlation between.A and E or between F and E, these

correlations for the total group will be smaller than
the parallel correlation for either the contradictors

or non-contradictors.

PROCEDURE

The A- and F- scales mentioned above were constructed

by reversing each item of the A and F scales, respectively,

so that now agreement, or a high score, means a low degree of

anomie or authoritarianism. Each item of the A scale paired

with its changed version (the A- scale) is given below, num-

bered as they appeared in the questionnaire.

17. A
79. A-
41. A
100. A-
6h. A
lh2. A-
88. A
22. A-

There's little use in writing to public officials
because often they aren't really interested in
the problems of the average man.

writing to public officials often does some good

because many public officials are really inter-
ested in the problems of the average man.

In spite of what some people say the lot of the
average man is getting worse not better.

In spite of what some people say the lot of the
average man is getting better not worse.

These days a person doesn't really know whom he
can count on.

In times of trouble a person can usually find
one or more people he can count on. ‘

Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for to-
day and let tomorrow take care of itself.

It pays for a person to sacrifice today in order
to provide for tomorrow.

12

116.

55.

paired
1h.

92.

#6.

122.

76.

lh9.

10%.

33.

136.

13

It's hardly fair to bring children into the world
the way things look for the future.

In spite of the way things look for the future,
it's hardly fair to st0p having children.

The following are the items of the F scale similarly

with the F- scale items.

F

F-

F...

The most important thing to teach children is ab-
solute obedience to their parents.

To teach children absolute obedience to their
parents is not the most important thing.

There are two kinds of people in the world: the
weak and the strong.

It is a mistake to think there are two kinds of
people in the world: the weak and the strong.

No decent man can respect a woman who has had
sex relations before marriage.

A man can respect a woman even though she has had
sex relations before marriage.

Any good leader should be strict with people un-
der him in order to gain their respect.

Any good leader should be lenient with peOple un-
der him in order to gain their respect.

Prison is too good for sex criminals. They should
be publicly whipped or worse.

63.

peared

16.

31.

1+5.

62.

75.
89.

105.

119.

13%.

153.

1%

F- Although some people say that sex criminals should
be publicly whipped or worse it is better to treat
them just like other criminals.

Below are the E scale items numbered also as they ap-
in the questionnaire used in this study.

Zootsuiters prove that when people of their type have
too much money and freedom, they just take advantage
and cause trouble.

Negroes have their rights but it is best to keep them
in their own districts and schools and to prevent too
much contact with whites.

One trouble with Jewish businessmen is that they stick
together and prevent other people from.having a fair
chance in competition.

The worst danger to real Americanism during the last
50 years has come from foreign ideas and agitators.

I can hardly imagine myself marrying a Jew.

It would be a mistake ever to have Negroes for foremen
and leaders over Whites.

There may be a few exceptions, but in general Jews are
pretty much alike.

If Negroes live poorly, it's mainly because they are
naturally lazy, ignorant and without self-control.

The trouble with letting Jews into a nice neighborhood
is that they gradually give it a typically Jewish ap-
pearance.

Even though the United States is a member of the United
Nations, the United States must be sure that she loses
none of her independence and complete power in matters
that affect this country.

The complete questionnaire used in this study is given

in Appendix A.

15

Subjects were instructed to mark the items on the five
scales from 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "disagree very much" and 5
meaning "agree very much." Contradictors were considered to
be those who agreed (marked h or 5) with both a given state-
ment and its reversal. Those who disagreed with both (marked
1 or 2) were not considered to be contradictors since they
might have found neither of the alternatives acceptable for
any number of reasons. For example, the subject might disagree
with item 136, "Prison is too good for sex criminals. They
should be publiCly whipped or worse" because he does not think
anyone should be whipped. He may also disagree with the re-
versed statement, item 63, "Although sOme people say that sex
criminals should be publicly whipped or worse, it is better to
treat them just like any other criminals," because he feels sex
criminals need a different type of treatment for their illness.
Hence, while contradiction is involved when a subject agrees
with both, no contradiction is involved when he disagrees with
both.

The 30 items comprising these 5 scales (A, A-, F, F-, E)
were incorporated into a 203-item questionnaire designed to
study other problems not directly related to the present one.
It was administered to 201 freshman and sophomore students en—
rolled in the Basic Biological Science course at Michigan State
College. In order to eliminate the possibility of bias in fill-

ing out the E scale on the part of ethnic groups which have been

16

subject to overt discrimination, the test results of Jews,
Negroes and foreign students were discarded, leaving a sample

of 181 cases.

RESULTS

. Hypothesis 1:
("llllTh (number of subjects contradicting themselves on each
pair of items in the anomie variable is given in Table I. As
indicated, on the A and A- scales 55 of 181 subjects (30%)
contradicted themselves on one pair of the 5 pairs of oppo-
sitely worded items; 16 others (9%) contradicted on two of the
5 pairs; and one person (.5%) contradicted himself on 3 of 5
pairs of questions. Thus a total of 72 of the 181 subjects
(39%) contradicted themselves on one or more pairs of oppo-
sites. On the other hand, on the F and F- scales, as shown in
Table II, only 22 persons out of the 181 (12%) contradicted
themselves on one pair of the 5 pairs of opposites, and only
one additional subject (.5%) contradicted himself on 2 of the

5 pairs; a total of 23 or 12.7%. The percent of subjects con-
tradicting on the A scale is significantly higher than the per-
cent contradicting on the F scale. The 't' ratio for the dif-
ference between these proportions was found to be 6.5, signif-
icant well above the 1% level of confidence. These data show
a substantial tendency to contradiction for both the A scale
and the F scale, but this tendency is far greater for the A

scale than the F scale.

The number of subjects contradicting on each pair of the

17

18

A scale and F scale items is also given in Tables I and II.

It will be noted that for the A variable the number of subjects
who agree with each of the 5 pairs are 11, ll, 23, H3, 2, respect-
ively. For the F variable, the number of subjects who agree

with each of the five pairs are 5, 7, h, 6 and 2, respectively.
This provides further evidence that the A scale is more suscep-
tible to contradiction than is the F scale.

Hypothesis 2:

aaaaaaaaaaaa

Table III shows the mean E scores for the contradictors
and non-contradictors in the present study. On the A scale the
contradictors have a mean E score of 28.62 while the non-contra-
dictors have a mean.E score of 2#.68. The 't' ratio for the
difference between these two means is %.5, Significant well
beyond the 1% level of confidence. The contradictors on the F
scale had a mean E score of 25.83 and the non-contradictors had
one of 26.30, a relationship which indicates that they were not
significantly different in ethnocentrism. The 't' ratio is .h.
These data show that the contradictors on the A seals are more
prejudiced than the non-contradictors and they also show that
contradictors and non-contradictors on the F scale are not sig-
nificantly different in prejudice. This evidence supports Hy-
pothesis 2a, indicating that agreement without regard to con-
tent is a relevant variable in the measurement of anomie. The

evidence, however, does not support Hypothesis 2b, indicating

19

TABLE IA

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS CONTRADICTING ON
A SCALE ITEMS

 

Contradicting on Frequency % of
total group

1 pr. of items 55 30.0

2 pr. of items 16 9.0

3 pr. of items 1 .5

 

Total 72 39-0

 

 

TABLE IB

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS CONTRADICTING ON
EACH PAIR OF A AND A— SCALE ITEMS
(Items are given on pages 12 and 13)

 

 

 

Contradicting Frequency
on items
#1 & 100 ll
17 & 79 ll
88 & 22 23
61+ & 11+2 1+3

116 & 55 2

 

 

21

TABLE IIA

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS CONTRADICTING ON
F SCALE ITEMS

 

 

 

Contradicting on Frequency % of
total group

1 pr. of items 22 12.0

2 pr. of items 1 .5

 

Total 23 12.7

 

 

TABLE IIB

NUMBER OF SUBJECTS CONTRADICTING ON
EACH PAIR OF F AND F- SCALE ITEMS
(Items are given on pages 13 and 11+)

 

 

Contradicting Frequency
on items

 

ll+ & 92
M6 & 122
76 & 1H9
10H & 33
136 & 63

IoCh$*Q\n

 

 

22

23

TABLE III

MEAN E SCORES FOR A SCALE AND F SCALE
CONTRADICTORS AND NON-CONTRADICTORS

 

 

 

 

 

A scale F scale
E scores for: N M as N M d‘
Contradictors 72 28.62 5.65 23 25.83 5.96
Non-Contradictors 109 2%.68 5.72 158 26.30 6.13

't' ratio ms .N

 

 

2%

that such agreement, while present to a small degree is not a

relevant variable in the measurement of authoritarianism.

Hypothesis 3:

nnnnnnnnnnnn

This hypothesis states that if self-contradiction is a
relevant variable in influencing responses to either the A or
F scale, the contradictors and non-contradictors on that scale
will belong to different populations. Table IV shows that for
the anomie variable and the F variable, the correlation between
the plus and minus scales is, in each case, smaller for the
total group than for either the contradictors or non-contra-
dictors. This suggests that the sub-groups may be from.differ—
ent populations. In order to determine the significance of
such differences, 't' ratios were calculated between the con—
tradictor and non-Contradictor sub-groups and the total group.
These results are also given in Table IV. For the anomie var-
iable, the correlation between the A and A- scales for the
total group is significantly smaller than the parallel correla-
tion for the contradictors. The 't' ratio for these groups was
found to be 2.57, significant at the 2% level of confidence.
The correlation between the A and A- scales for the total group
is also lower than the comparable Correlation for the non-
contradictors, but the 't' ratio between these correlations
is 1.89, which is not significant. For the F variable, the

correlation between the F and F- scales for the total group is

25

TABLE IV
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PLUS AND MINUS SCALES

 

 

 

 

 

Correlations between A and A— F and F-
Contradictors -.6% -.67
Total Group -.38 -.55

't' ratio 2.57 .8
Non-contradictors -.55 -.62
Total Group -.38 -.55

't' ratio 1.89 . 1.0

 

 

26

not significantly greater than the parallel correlation for

the contradictors, the 't' ratio being only .8. Similarly,

the correlation between F and F- for the total group is not
significantly higher than the comparable correlation for the
non-contradictors. In this instance the 't' ratio is only

1.0. These data indicate that the contradictors and non-contra-
dictors on the A scale may belong to two different p0pulations,
but there is no such indication of a division of population
between the contradictors and non-contradictors on the F scale.
It further suggests that, since the contradictors and non-
contradictors on the A scale belong to different populations,
self-contradiction may be influencing the scores obtained on
the A scale. Since the contradictors and non-contradictors

on the F scale appear to belong to the same population, self—
contradiction is not apparently influencing F scale scores.
Hypothesis #:

In order to study the relationship between anomie, au-
thoritarianism, ethnocentrism and income, coefficients of cor-
relation were computed among the four variables, results of
which are shown in Table V. With an N of 181, the correlations
in order to be significant at the 5% level of confidence must
be at least 159, and to be significant at the 1% level of con-
fidence at least .208. Both anomie and authoritarianism corre-
late significantly with ethnocentrism, .M3 and .33 respectively.

However, the correlations between these variables and income

TABLE V

INTERCORRELATIONS AMONG THE VARIABLES
ANOMIE, AUTHORITARIANISM, ETHNOCENTRISM AND INCOME

 

 

 

(N=181)
E F Inc
A ol+3 028 -009
.33 .OM
F -.01

 

 

.16 significant at the 5% level of confidence
.21 significant at the 1% level of confidence

27

28

is close to zero. They are —.09 between anomie and income and
-.01 between F and income. When partial correlations were com-
puted to determine the effect of income on the relationships of
A, E, and F, there was no change in the correlations (Table VI).
The correlation between anomie and prejudice remains .H3 and
that between authoritarianism and prejudice remains .33. These
partial correlations are significant well above the 1% level

of confidence. These data do not support Srole's contention
that anomie is a function of socio-economic status, nor the im-
plication that with status held constant anomie and prejudice
should be unrelated.

Hypothesis 5:

As shown in Table VII, the contradictors on the A scale
are not significantly different from the total group in the
correlation between E and A. They have a correlation of .26
between E and A while the correlation for the total group is
.H3, a difference of .17 with a 't' ratio of 1.3; the non-con-
tradictors with a correlation of .3H between E and A also are
not significantly different from the total group. Similarly,
the correlations between F and E for the contradictors and non-
contradictors (.2H and .37, respectively) are not significantly
different from the comparable correlation for the total group
(.33). These data offer no evidence that the tendency to con-
form is a relevant variable in either the correlation of anomie

and prejudice or the correlation of authoritarianism and prej-

udice.

TABLE VI

COMPARISON OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN E AND A
AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN E AND F HOLDING
RELEVANT VARIABLES CONSTANT

(Nll8l)
TEA .h3 I‘EF .33
rEA.Inc .H3 rEF.Inc .33
rEA.F .37 rEF.A .26

 

.20 significant at the 5% level of Confidence

29

TABLE VII

DIFFERENCES IN rEF AND rEA FOR CONTRADICTORS
NON—CONTRADICTORS AND TOTAL GROUP

rEA REF

Contradictors .26 .2k
Total Group .M3 .33
't' ratio 1.3 .H
Non-contradictors .3h .37
Total Group .43 ' .33

't' ratio .9 .3

3O

DISCUSSION

Hypothesis 1 stated that if agreement without regard
to content is a factor in Srole's measurement of anomie, it
is to be expected that there will be a significant number of
contradictors on the A scale responses. The same reasoning
is Operative concerning the F scale. The data show clearly a
greater tendency for the subjects to contradict on the A scale
than on the F scale. As was noted previously, one pair on
the A scale (items 6h/lh2) has more contradictions than any
other pair. This may indicate a weakness in the wording of
the reversed item. However, the fact that 13 of the subjects
who contradicted on this pair also contradicted on another
pair, combined with the fact that four of the pairs on the A
scale elicited more contradictions than any pair on the F
scale indicates a generally greater susceptibility to contra-
diction on the A scale.

Hypothesis 2 stated that if prejudiced individuals are
also conformers, then an E score significantly higher for the
contradictors than for the non-contradictors would indicate
that agreement without regard to content is influencing re-
sponses to the scale on which the subjects contradicted. An-
alysis of the data showed that contradictors on the A scale

are prejudiced to a significantly greater degree than are the

31

32

non-contradictors. The contradictors and non-contradictors
on the F scale are not significantly different in ethnocentrism.
Since on the F and A scales the element which was allowed to
vary was the tendency toward contradiction, any change in the
variable E would indicate a change in the influence exerted
by the variable conformity. It follows that the significant
difference in.E scores between the A scale contradictors and
non-contradictors shows a significant susceptibility to self-
contradiction on the A scale. The fact that the E scores for
the F scale contradictors and non-contradictors are not dif-
ferent indicates that the influence of conformity is not op-
erative to a significant degree in the F scale scores.
Hypothesis 3 stated that if self-contradiction is a
relevant variable in either the A or F scale the contradictors
on that scale will belong to different populations. It was
indicated by the data that the contradictors and non-contra-
dictors on the A scale may belong to different populations.
The variable not held conStant on this Scale is that of con-
tradiction. Since this variable seems to have led to the forma-
tion of two groups with different characteristics, this would
indicate that contradiction on the A scale is a significant
variable. The F scale, on the other hand, does not appear to
be thus influenced. Both the contradictors and non-contra-

dictors appear to belong to the same population, indicating

33

that the tendency to agree has a greater influence on the A
scale than on the F scale.

Hypothesis h was concerned with the relationships among
anomie, authoritarianism, prejudice and income. Both Roberts (7)
and Srole (8) found anomie and authoritarianism to be related
to prejudice to a significant degree. They diverge, however,
in that Roberts found anomie and prejudice significantly cor-
related independently of socio-economic status. The data in
this study corroborate Roberts' findings and tend to negate
Srole's. If Srole's theory that prejudice is a result of socio-
economic factors is correct, we should expect a significant
correlation between income and anomie. The data do not bear
out his theory since the correlation between income and anomie
is -.09. This study also demonstrates that prejudice and auth-
oritarianism are significantly related even when socio-economic
status is held constant.

The correlations between prejudice and anomie (.H3) and
between prejudice and authoritarianism (.33) are lower than the
correlations Roberts found between anomie and prejudice and be-
tween authoritarianism and prejudice. They are also lower than
the correlation found in the California studies between auth-
oritarianism and prejudice. The present sample was much more
restricted than the one studied by Roberts. This would tend

to make all correlations lower than his. The reversed items

3%

were scattered at random throughout the 203 item test. This
would also tend to lower the reliability of all the scales em-
ployed. While the findings of Srole have not been corrobor-
ated in this study,nevertheless A and E are shown to be rela-
ted and the anomie variable merits further research.
Hypothesis 5 stated that if self—contradiction is a
relevant variable in the correlation between A and E or be-
tween F and E these correlations will be significantly lower for
the total group than for either the contradictors or the non-
contradictors. This has not been supported. The correlation
between A and E is not significantly different for either the
contradictors or non-contradictors than it is for the total
group. Similarly, the F scale contradictors and non-contra-
dictors on the one hand and the total group on the other show
no significant differences in the correlation of F and E.
This would indicate that conformity is not influencing the
correlation of either anomie and prejudice or authoritarianism

and prejudice.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect

of self-contradiction on the relationships between authoritar-

ianism, anomie and ethnocentrism. In order to study the prob-

lem, the following hypotheses were tested:

Hypothesis la.

1b.

1c.

Hypothesis 2a.
2b.

Hypothesis 3.

Hypothesis R.

If agreement without regard to content (con-
formity) is a factor in Srole's measurement
of anomie, it is to be expected that there
will be a significant number who contradict
themselves on the A scale responses.

Similarly, if agreement without regard to con-
tent is a factor in the measurement of auth-
oritarianism, it is to be expected that there
will be a significant number who contradict
themselves on the F scale responses.

If conformity is a greater factor in the meas-
urement of A than in the measurement of F, it
should manifest itself in a greater frequency
of contradictions to A than to F.

Those who contradict themselves on the A and
A- scales will have a significantly higher E
score than will the non-contradictors.

Those who contradict themselves on the F and
F- scales will have a significantly higher E
score than will the non-contradictors.

If self-contradiction is a relevant variable
on either the A scale or the F scale, the con-
tradictors and non—contradictors on that scale
will belong to different populations.

If, as Srole contends, anomie is a function

of socio-economic status, then anomie will not
be related to prejudice when status as meas—
ured by income is held constant.

35

36

Hypothesis 5. If self-contradiction is a relevant variable

.~ ..... in the correlation between A and E or between
F and E, these correlations for the total
group will be lower than the parallel correla-
tions for either the contradictors or non-con-
tradictors.

I
. a J

‘A questionnaire, including the 5-item scale of anomie
developed by Dr. Leo Srole, his 5-item version of the Calif-
ornia F scale, and a lO-item scale of prejudice (the E scale),
as well as two scales constructed by reversing the meaning of
the A scale and F scale items, was administered to 201 Basic
Biological Science students at Michigan State College.

The data concerning the first three hypotheses indicated
that the A scale is more susceptible to the variable of self-
contradiction than is the F scale. The data brought out by
the testing of hypothesis h negate the Srole theory that prej-
udice is a function of socio-economic factors. The data of
hypothesis 5 indicated that conformity did not influence the
correlation of either anomie and prejudice or authoritarian-
ism and prejudice.

It may be concluded, then, that self-contradiction has
a greater influence on the measurement of anomie by the A scale
than the measurement of authoritarianism by the F scale. How;
ever, the high correlation obtained between anomie and ethno-
centrism suggest that further research with a more carefully

worded anomie scale is warranted.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adorno, T. W., et al., The Authoritarian Personality.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950. a .

Durkheim, Emile, The Division pf Labor ip Society. Trans-
lated by George Simpson. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free
Press, 1933.

Durkheim, Emile, Suicide. Translated by John Spaulding
and George Simpson. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press,

1951.

Guilford, J. P. ,Fundamental Statistipp_ip_Psychology and
Education. Second Edition; New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1950.

Lambard, William, Archeion, pp, A_Qiscourse u on the High
Courtes p§_Justice ip,England.- London, 1235.-. -...

McKitrick, Keith, "Anomie and Authoritarianism: A Study in
Reliability." Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan
State College, East Lansing, Michigan, 1952.

Roberts, Alan, "Anomie and Authoritarianism: A Study in
validity.' .Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan State
College, East Lansing, Michigan, 1952.

Srole, Leo, "Social Dysfunction, Personality and Social
Distance Attitudes." Unpublished paper read before the
meeting of the American Sociological Society, Chicago,
Illinois, 1951.

IV?
(:3
CB

APPENDIX A 1'

Please fill in the following information. DO NOT SIGN YOUR NAME.

Date Sex Date of Birth
City and state of birth Religion
Race or national extraction

What is your year in college?

 

What is your major or planned major?

What career are you planning for?

 

What is your all-college grade point average?
(Note: A 2 4, B = 3, C 8 2, D = 1, F = O)

 

With what political party are you affiliated or which political party do you
favor?

With what political party are your parents affiliated or which political
party do they favor?

What is the approximate population of your home town?
What is the approximate yearly income of your father? Circle one number.

1. 01000—2000
6. 36000-7000
2. 02000—3000 -
7. 37000-8000
3. $3030-4000 .
8. $8000-9000
4. $4000—5000
. 9. $90"0-10,000
5. 05000-6000
- 10. Over $10,000

What newsPapers, magazines, periodicals, etc. do you read:
a. Regularhy
b. Often

0. Sometimes

 

 

 

» .

._,.

 

l. Anarchism

2. Afiheism

3. Anti-Fascism
4. Catholicism
5. Christianity
6. Communism
7. Darwinism
8. Democracy
9. Judaism

10. Prohibitionism

At the top of this page you will find some words. Write a short paragraph
in which you describe clearly in what way these words might possibly be re-
lated and also different from each other. If you think that this is true
for only some of the words it's all right just to write about these and to
skip the rest. I

The following is a study of what the general public thinks and feels about
a number of important social questions. The best answer to each statement below
is 193}: 36330539.. ggigigg. We have tried to cover nany different points of view;
you may f"r.w1 ran-self agreeing strongly with some of the statements, disagreeing
Just as 6.3101313! with others, and perhaps uncertain about others; whether you
agree or disagree with any statement, you can be sure that many other people
feel the cam-a may you do.

Mark each statement in the approPriate space on your answer sheet according
to how much you agree or disagree with it. If you do not know the meaning of
any statement or if you are not sure that you agree or disagree, mark it 3.
Please mark every one. Write in l, 2, 3, !l- or 5, depending on how you feel in

each case .

1: I mamas mm mm

2: I mamas

3. I NEITIma ACEEE NOR DISAGREE
It. I mm

5. I Am VERY MUCH

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l: I DISAGREE VERY MUCH

2: I DISAGREE

3: I NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
’4: I AGREE

5

:IACREEVERYWJCH

While there are many social problems existing in America, we are making
substantial progress toward solving these problems in a democratic nanner.

In spite of met many people say, the Soviet Union is in the forefront of
the fight for peace and security.

Things being the my they are, we should do everything in our power to
strengthen the present Italian regime.

The Jop.-Ir-.ese Peace Treaty is a real step forward for Japan and the world.

Moae than any other country, the leaders of the Soviet Union have been
genu"-.1.r".y interested in eliminating social injustice and in increasing the
living Standards of the masses.

France would be a lot better off if Duclos and Thorez were elected.

What Lincoln said is still pretty true: American democracy is a government
of the people, by the peOple and for the peeple.

The genetic theories of Michurin and Lysenko have already proven to be
superior to those of Mendel and Morgan.

The Atlantic Pact is intended primarily as a military defense against
aggression.

The only real approach to world problems is the one based on the Marxist-
Ieninist principles of dialectical materialism.

Write a short paragraph in which you describe clearly in what way these

statements might possibly be related and also different from each other. If you
think that this is true for only some of the statements it's all right to Just
write about these and to skip the rest.

.I!..

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l: I DISAGREE VERY MIEH

2: I DISACRREE

a: I NEITHER AGREE N011 DISAGREE
: I AGREE

5: I AGREE VERY MUCH
A man who does not believe in some great cause has not really lived.

Only a misguided idealist would believe that the United States is an
imperialist war-manger. .

When it comes to predicting whether there will be a war in the next few
years your guess is as good as mine.

The most impprtant thing to teach children is absolute obedience to their
parents.

The present is not really important. It is but a link between the past
am the futures

Zootsuiters prove that when people of their type have too much money and
freedom, they Just take advantage and cause trouble.

There‘s little use writing to public officials because often they aren't
really interested in the problems of the average nan.

I am often the last one to give up trying to do a thing.

I work under a great deal of tension.

My blood boils whenever a person stubbornly refuses to admit he's wrong.
I have nightmares every few nights.

It pays for a person to sacrifice today in order to provide for tomorrow.
My sleep is fitful and disturbed.

The worst crime a person could commit is to attack publicly the people
who believe in the same thing he does.

It's the trouble-makers who insist that all races are born equal.
I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try to do something.
There is usually only one best way to solve most problems.

It is only when a person devotes himself to an ideal or cause that he
becomes important.

I frequently find myself worrying about something.

The idea that mercy killings are wrong is, of course, correct.

 

 

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I DISAGREE VERY MUCH

I DISAGREE

I NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
I AGREE

I AGREE VERY MUCH

grumw

Negroes have their rights, but it is best to keep them in their own dis-
tricts and schools and to prevent too much contact with Whites.

Man on his own is a helpless and miserable creature.

Any good leader should be lenient with people under him in order to gain
their respect.

I prefer work that requires a great deal of attention to detail.

It' s a toss-up as to whether the United Nations will be a success or
failure.

Most of the people with whom I have seriously discussed important social
and moral problems don't really understand what's going on.

Only a person who is ignorant would believe that the people actually get
better medical care under the "free enterprise" system.

I get anxious and upset when I have to make a short trip away from home.

I often become so wrapped up in something I am doing that I find it diffi-
cult to turn my attention to other matters.

It is sometimes necessary to resort to force to advance an ideal one
strongly believes in.

In spite of what some people say, the lot of the average man is getting
worse, not better.

Any person with even a brain in his head knows that General MacArthur
should have been fired long ago.

I am often afraid of the dark.

Real social progress can be achieved only by breaking completely with our
past and present.

One trouble with Jewish businessmen is that they stick together and pre-
vent other people from having a fair chance in competition.

There are two kinds of people in the world: the weak and the strong.
I dislike to change my plans in the midst of an undertaking.

In spite of what some peeple say, one can frequently predict the future
with great accuracy.

Only a childish sort of person would believe that God actually exists.

51.
52.

53.

5m.
55.

56.

56's

59-
60.
61.

62.
63.

6h.
65.

66.

67.
68.

l: I DISAGREE VERY MIDH
2: I DISAGREE
3: I NEITHER Am NOR DISAGREE
1:: I AGREE
5: I AGREE VERY MIDH
I have often been frightened in the middle of the night.
I never miss going to church.
It is better to be a dead lion than to be a live dog.
SeVeral times a week I feel as it something dreadful is about to happen.

Make no mistake about itl. It's the capitalist system which causes were
and depressions.

In spite of the way things look for the future, it's hardly fair to stop
having children.

When it comes to differences of opinion in religion we must be careful

not to compromise with those who believe differently from the my we do.

I am a high-strung person.

I usually maintain my own opinions even though many other people nay have
a different point of view.

Nobody knows whether Europe will go Communist or not.
Life is Just full of unpredictable surprises.

It‘s the people who have been taken in by the lies of the capitalist
newspapers who believe that the Soviet Union is imperialistic.

The worst danger to real Americanian during the last 50 years has come
from foreign ideas and agitators.

Although some people say that sex criminals should be publicly whipped
or worse it is better to treat them Just like other criminals.

These days a person doesn't really know whom he can count on.

To be avoided at all costs is the person who was once a Comunist and
then publicly attacks Commism.

It's perfectly clear to any intelligent person living in a democracy
that college students should be drafted Just like everyone else.

I find it easy to stick to a certain schedule once I have started on it.

I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my stomach every few days or
oftener.

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70.

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72.
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77.

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81.

82.
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1: I DISMREE VERY MUCH
2: I DISAGREE
3: I NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
1:: I AGREE
5: I AGREE VERY MIDI!

To one who really takes the trouble to understand the world he lives in,
it's an easy matter to predict future events.

I do not enJoy having to adapt myself to new and unusual situations.

I have periods of such great restlessness that I cannot sit long in a
Chairs

A person must be pretty narrow-minded if he believes that the min in-
terest of the C:atholic Church is more power and more money.

In times like these, a person must be pretty selfish if he considers
primarily his own personal happiness.

I am easily embarrassed.
I can hardly imagine myself marrying a Jew.

No decent man can respect a woman who has had sex relations before
maniase.

I honestly feel that the political and/or moral beliefs I have come to
believe in are morally superior.

Anyone who really knows what's going on will have to admit that the
Marshall Plan is a flop.

Writing to public officials often does some good because many public of-
ficials are really interested in the problems of the average man.

I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all the time.

The happiness of mankind in the future can be achieved only if we are
willing to put up with injustices in the present.

I prefer to stop and think before I act even on trifling matters.
The future is too uncertain for a person to make serious plans.

It's simply incredible that anyone should believe that o'socialized
medicine" will actmlly help solve our health problems. .

At times I have been unjustly accused of quibbling and hair-splitting.

It's too early to tell yet whether atomic power is a force for good or
8V1lo

I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces.

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101i.

105.
106.

l: I DISXGREE VERY MODE

2: I DISAGREE

3: I EITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
it: I AGREE

5:

I AGREE VERY WISH

Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take
care of itself.

It would be a mistake ever to have Negroes for foremen and leaders over
Whites.

Commnism and Catholicism have nothing in common.

It's all too true that the rich are getting richer and the poor are
getting poorer.

To teach children absolute obedience to their parents is not the most
important thing.

I try to follow a program of life based on duty.
The present is cruel and miserable. It is only the future that counts.
I am easily awakened: by noise.

A person is only kidding himself if in thinks that peace is the main pur-
pose of Amarican foreign policy.

There seems to be a lunp in my throat much of the time.

Most people are failures and it is the system which is responsible for
this.

My interests tend to change quickly.

In apite of what sane people say, the lot of the average man is getting
better, not worse.

I have diarrhea-ionce a month or more.

My motto is: "All or nothing at all".

Even a person of Just average intelligence knows that our country needs
highly-educated man and, therefore, that college students should be

draft-exempt .

Any good leader should be strict with people under him in order to gain
their respect.

There may be a few exceptions, but in general Jews are pretty much alike.

A person who thinks primarily of his own happiness is beneath contempt.

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I DISAGREE VERY MEEH

I DISAGRm

I NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
. I AGREE

: I AME VERY MUCH

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107. I usually find that my own way of attacking a problem is best, even though

108 .

109 .
110 .

111.

112.
113.
11%.

115.
116.

117 .
118 .
119 .

120 .
121 .

122.

123.

12”..
125 .

it doesn't always work in the beginning. '

It's the fellow-travellers or Reds who try to tell us that Russia is in-
terested only in peace.

I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vaulting.

To be avoided at all costs is the person who was once a Catholic and
then publicly attacks the Catholic Church.

The chances are about even that Red China will be admitted into the United
Nations within the next few years.

I find it lard to keep my mind on a task or Job.
I like a great deal of variety in my work.

No fair-minded person will deny that General MacArthur is a truly great
American.

Nothing is impossible .

,It's hardly fair to bring children into the world with the way things
look for the future.

I am worried about sex matters.
I am a methodical person in whatever I do.

If Negroes live poorly, it's mainly because they are naturally lazy,
ignorant and without self-control.

If I had to choose between happiness and greatness, I'd choose greatness.

You Just can't help but feel sorry for the person who believes that the
world could exist without a Creator.

It is a mistake to think that there are two kinds of people in the
world: the weak and the strong.

Sometimes, when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat which annoys me
greatly.

I think it is usually wise to do things in a conventional way.

There is nothing new under the sun.

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126.

127 .
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.

133 .
134.

135 .
136 .

137.
138.

139.
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ll.
1: I DISAGBEE VERY NICE
2: I DISAGREE
a: I NEITHER AGRm NOR DISAGIEE
: I Al.
5: I Am VERY MIDH

The truth of the matter is this! Mercy killings relieve unnecessary
hunan suffering and, therefore, there's nothing wrong with it.

Life is a strain for me much of the time.

I always finish tasks I start, even if they are not very important.
I cannot keep my mind on one thing.

It is only natural for a person to have a guilty conscience.
Almost every day something happens to frighten me.

Only a simple-minded fool would believe that the Catholic church is the
only true church. .

I feel uneasy indoors.

The trouble with letting Jews into a nice neighborhood is that they grad-
ually give it a typical Jewish appearance.

To compromise with our political opponents is to betray our own side.

Prison is too good for sex criminals. They should be publicly whipped
or worse.

I often find myself thinking of the same tune or phrases for days at a
time. .

It's perfectly clear to any thinking person that the thing that saved
Europe from ruin was the Marshall Plan.

I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes.

It is only by returning to our forgotten and glorious past that real
social progress can be achieved.

It makes me nervous to lave to wait.

In times of‘trouble, a person can usually find one or more people he can
count on.

I am afraid of finding myself in a closet or small closed place.

A person must be pretty stupid if he still believes in differences be-
tween the races.

Nothing makes me so furious as an insincere person who disagrees with you
Just for the sake of disagreeing.

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150.
151.
152.
15}.
15t.
155.

156.
157.
158.
159.
160.

161.
162.

163.

12.

I DISAGREE VERY HUGH

I DISAGREE

I NEITHER MREE NOR DISAGREE
I AGREE

I ACREE VERY MUCH

WC. 0. my

I must admit that I have at times been worried beyond reason over some-
thing that really did not natter.

I have a work and study schedule which I follow carefully.
My hardest battles are with myself.

A man can respect a woman even though she has had sex relations before
mrriage.

While I don't like to admit this openly, my secret ambition is to become
a great man, like Einstein or Beethoven or Shakespeare.

Anyone who knows his history knows very well that human freedom and free
enterprise go together.

I usually check more than once to be sure that I have looked a door, put
out a light, or something of the sort.

Even though the Uhited States is a member of the Uhited Nations, the united
States must be sure that she loses none of her independence and canplete
power in matters that affect this country.

I am not likely to speak to peeple mtil they speak to me.

To compromise with our political opponents is to be guilty of out-and-out
appeasement. '

It is safer to trust nobody.

I have never done anything dangerous for the thrill of it.

Much of the time I feel as if I lave done something wrong or evil.
I have taken a good many courses on the spur of the moment.

I have always made it my business to "do unto others as I would have them
do unto me."

I have several times given up doing a thing because I thought too little
of my ability.

Any intelligent person can plainly see that in the past few years we have
been drifting more and more in the direction of socialism.

I like to go to parties and other affairs where there is lots of loud
fun.

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16A.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.

171.
172.
173.
17A.
175.
176.

177.
176.
179.
180.

1}.

I DISAGREE VERY MIXIH

I DISAGREE

: I NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
: I AGREE

3 I AGREE VERY MUCH

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I believe that promptness is a very important personality characteristic.
Once I get wound up in a heated discussion I Just can't stop.

If people had not had it in for me I would have been much more successful.
I am always careful about my manner of dress.

I believe my sins are unpardonable.

At tines I think I am no good at an.

The foreign policies of the United States and the Soviet Union are in no
way similar.

I am sure I get a .raw deal from life.

I always put on and take off my clothes in the same order.

The future seems hepeless to me.

I am a good mixer.

I have often felt that strangers were looking at me critically.

If given the chance I muld do sane things that would be of great benefit
to the world. '

People say insulting and vulgar things about me.
I believe I am a condemned person.
I am sure I am being talked about.

If given the chance I would nake a good leader of people.

11}.

Below is a list of well-known persons. Please iniicate your feeling
toward each of these persons by marking 1. 2, 3, h or 5 in the appropriate
space on your answer sheet, depending on how you feel in each case.

1: I HATE Hm (HER)

2: I DISLIICE Hm (HER)

R- I NEITHER DISLIKE 0R ADMIRE HIM (HER)
1 ADMIRE Hm (HER)

5 I mamas HIM (am) VERY won
181. Acheson 188. Hitler 19“. Paul Robeson
182- Churchill 189. MacArthur 195. 15‘. D. Roosevelt
183. Tom Dewey 190. McCarthy 196. Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt
184. Henry Ford 191. Molotov 197. Stalin
185. France 192. Pepe Pius XII 198. Taft
186. C-romym 193. Princess Elizabeth 199. Truman
187. Hearst 200. Henry Wallace

201. Inyour opinion what are the greatest books ever written?
Write in your answer here).

é02. In your opinion, What are the most dangerous books ever written?
(Write in your answer here) .

203. In your opinion, what are the possible ways in which the present world
crisis will finally be settled? (Write in your answer here).

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