THE REFORMS IN THE

ADMINISTRATION OF THE PUBLIC
LANDS DURING THE CLEVELAND
ERA, I885-I897

THESIS FUR THE DEGREE OF M. A.
Harry E. Rice
I932

, a If 3.
'1",

W}

1"

yr

'.-' '
K...
J

A

‘11 k v

n'. t.“
JJ[? "‘1

J

\ ‘f‘; ‘:b;"“
. . "'

“1".” {J

m

a:

x; “1' v

I

\‘ s. '. .
w;
3332‘“ w’nv ‘ I
" . ‘ HI“), I“ 3115:;

; 7...:‘4kn-"wl

V9 d
I 'g' i“ Y
u.‘l\.

- I E f 4 NEIL] :
As$lfiu ~ . -.' ‘

N ((2.. ‘1... {Al I ' . ¥

‘ ‘ . w; v

«u

a

. o \. 1

‘fl‘ "2 '52.- w ..

.~ , w
. ‘ '.

J

  

.,
‘l
. ’l
. -

     
    

 

' \ .
nu
L A

Daring

Submitted
for the degree
Lichigaa Ltate

l8 Reform: in

J_- 1'» o o - ' l- o ,-. fl _;_1’ -~‘_‘a_ I} - (A _-I
bus nJulfllotfwulOfl ol UJG glvllc -lnus

the Cleveland Era, 1835-1897

Karry E. 5109

-1932-

in partial fulfillment of the reguirements
of ...:;..3'ter of -Lrts in the Gradu:.te School of
College of ggriculture and Appliei Science.

 

TH 8'93

Approved. for the Degartmen‘; of

I
Liistory and Political Science

/9

Acknowledgment

*Dne writer desires to acknowledge his ngprecistion of

timely and care-taking interest that Professor 3. 3. Lyon ‘

manifested in this study. His directions have been clear,
his critici ms constructive, and his sympathetic attitude

encouraging.

“1,! r. H ." .‘A‘ 1,. IVA f... in... .,3_ I "4 I 1 .. .‘ .LTL. i ,IV‘ 7 , -_\..‘ r ,'
Li“ ILA. LJ.'L...O 1-1. ; .LJ 81D4.L.LL|10J.L‘-LLJIL‘-I b; 1....1 .L Ule J yaAiJJD .LJV ~LLA$ 3' JILL—J

II

PI

cums-5m in, 1885-1897.

Introduction.

A
11.

e,
0

Origin of the Public Land.

Enlargement of the Public Domain, 1799-1367.

Public LLnd Policies and Laws, 1785-1385.

Administration of Public Lands, 1776-1312.

Establishment and Administration of the Public Land Office.

1812-1885.

Need of reform in the ndministration of the Public Land by 1885.

B.

C.

A.

B.

C.

Evils and weaknesses of the Administration of Public Lands, 1885.

Previous attempt toward Reform: Commission of 1879.

1. Reasons.

2. Composition and Personnel of the Conmission.

3. Its Program of Reform.

4. Achievements.

Land Reform as a Political Issue in the Election of 1884.

l. Antiehonogoly Platform.

2. Republican Platform.

5. Democratic Platform.

4. Prohibition Platform.
Reforms initiated during the Firs Cleveland Administration,
1385-1889.

Cleveland's Position on Land Reform.

Presidential Proclamations.

Attitude of the Public on Land Reform.

D. Attitude of Congress toucrd Land :eforrn

'h a,“ o -_‘ .‘J— ‘ _‘ L" - I'V .~ I ‘ o ’1‘ J- :
nonievemenus oi one awninistration.

L4J
o

1. Regorts of tie Land Office.
2. ”essages o the President.
IV. Public Land Administration during tne Harrison Administration.
1889-1393.
A. Land Reform as a Political Issue in the Election of 1888.
1. Democratic Platform.
2. Hegublican Platform.
0. Union Labor Platform.
4. United Labor Platform.
3. Harrison's Land Policy.
1. Criticism of the Previous Administration.
2. Ease of Entry and Patent.
C. Congressional Action.
1. Repeal of the Timber Culture Act.
D. Additional Land Reforms.
1. Indian Reservations.
2. Court of Private Land Claims.
V. Public Land Jeform During the Second Administration of Cleveland,
1893-1397.
A. Lend Reform as a Political Issne in the flection of 1892.
1. Democratic Platform.
2. Republican Platform.
3. Prohibition Platform.

4. Peoples Party Platform.

VI.

5.

Socialist-Labor Platfonn.

B. Cleveland's Care of the Public Land.

1.

2.

3.

4.

C. Reforms suggested by Commissioner of General Land Office.

The Land Act of 1894.
Veto of January 17, 1894.
His Annual Lessages.

Forest Reservations.

1. “essage of 18‘3.
2. Icssage of 1894.
Conclusions.

I.

Dhe National Domain includes all the land belonging to the United
States, or to the several~3tates. The Public Domain, or Public Lands,
means land belonging to the United states and subject to sale or other
method of disposal, thereby.l Dhere was no Public Domain until New

9
York ceded its western land to the Federal Government March 1, 1731.~

The original public domain, which was claimed by Lassachusetts,
Connecticut, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia, was ceded to the Federal Government between 1781 and 1802.

This cession was made because Maryland had refused to sign the Articles
of Confederation unless the states claiming western land would agree

to cede it to the Central Government.3 This original Public Domain in-
cluded all the land east of the hississippi iiver and north of the
thirty-first parallel except the original thirteen states, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and smaller private 3 ants. Dhere was much difficulty in
establishing individual claims in this public land area and also in

the original states. It was many years before it was finally settled.

The first addition to the public domain after the original cession
by the states was by purChase free France in 1803 and.is Know as the
Louisiana Pur hase. "This embraced as finally settled those portions of
the States of Alabwna and Lississippi south of the thirtybfirst parallel,
the entire surface of the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, hissouri, Iowa,

c w o 5 .na 1 -v_- a o‘ p :-
Neorasma, and Oregon, all of minnesota, west of tne miSSiSSippi niver,

 

1. 3. H. Hibbard, history of he Public Land Policies, p. 7

2. Ibid., p. 9

3. Ibid., p. 9

4. American Histor‘cal deports (1906) Vol. 1, p. 155.

5. Lost historical writers do not include the Oregon Territory in the
Louisiana Purchase, out state that this territory, 286,541 square miles,
came into the possession of the United States by agreement with Great

 

(C,

all of kansas except a small portion west of the one hundredth meridian and
south of the Arkansas River, all of Dakota, nontana, Idaho, ¢ashin3ton
and the Indian'ferritory (now a part of Oklahoma) with a portion of
Wyoming and Colorado. fhis cost, according to the original treaty stipuy
lations, p15,000,000 in money and stocks; the interest on the stocks to
the time of redemption Q8,529,355; claims of citizens of the United States
due from France and paid by the United States $3,738,288; a total of
$27,267,621 and added to the Public Lands 1,182,752 square miles."6
Bhe next addition to the Public Domain was by purchase from Spain
on Eebruary 22, 1818. "It secured to the United States the territory
known as East aml «est Florida, now the present state of Florida, for the
sum of $5,000,000 in bonds similar to thoue issued for the Louisiana
Purchase, the interest on the bonds at the date of redemption being
$1,489,788, making a total cost of Q8,48s,788. Ehis added to the Public
Domain of the United States 59,288 square miles, including custom grants."7
By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluded February 2, 1848,
the hexican Ear came to an end and as a result new lands were added to
the Public Domain. "This cession gave to the Public Domain of the Uhited
States the States of California, Nevada, btah, Arizona, New Lexico, and
part of Colorado, except the Lesilla Valley, lying in Arizona and New
hexico, adding to thepPublic Domain.approximately 522,568 Square miles.

C)
It cost 915,000,000J'

 

6. The Public Domain, by the Public Land Commission (1880) pp. 11, 12.
Hibbard, op. cit., p. 14; quotes Louisiana area as 827,987 snuare miles
and Oregon, p. 20, 288,541 Sguare miles. flhis would give 1,114,528
square miles from both.

7. fihe Public Domain, by the Public Land Commission (1880) p. 12.
cf. Hibbard, op. cit. p. 19 gives the area as 72,101 Sguare miles.

8. Ibid, p. 12.
cf. Hiblard, op. cit., peBZ, gives this area as 529,189 Sguar- miles.

then Texas gained its independence from lexico, 1856, the western
boundary line of flexes was not clearly established. This was still un-
settled at the close of the Iexicai Jar. In settling this line, the
United States made what is knswn as the Texas Purchase. "Bhe United
States by the Act of Congress of fiovember 25, 1850, purchased from
Texas her claim to certain public lands, north of the parallel of
36° 30', and between tlat parallel and 32°, and lying west of the one
hundred and third meridian, now included in Kansas, Colorado, and New
Lexico. Bhis cost 216,000,000 in 5 percent bonds, interest and cash.
The lands in this purchase were estimated at 101,757 square miles'.’9

Dhe next addition to the Public Domain was the Gadsden Purchase.
"In consideration of the concession by hexico of the abrogation of sundry
treaty stipulations in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848, and the
payment of $10,000,000 by the United States to Xexico, a strip of land
known as the Lesilla Valley, and lying in the present Territories of flew
fiexico and Arizona, on their southern border, was added to the pobolic
domain of the United States (December 50, 1055). It contained 45,555
suuare miles." 10

Alaska was the next addition to the public lands 0 the United
States. "From the Empire of R esia, by purchase, Known as the Alaska
PurChase, under treaty made harch 30, 1867, by which was cedcd to the

United States by Russia all her possessions on the continent of America

 

90 Ibido, P0 12
cf. Hibtard, op. cit., p. 19, gives this cession as 125,270 Stuare miles.
10. Ibid" p. 12.

- *rnw m -. a: ., O, t' . ‘--:.n r r. 02:) ,':‘\. ._~.V ~,
cf. histaid, op. cit., 9. a3, gives this area as no,oob Sudwlc nilcs.

and adjacent islands. This added to cm public d main 577,590 scuare
' . 'L. l ‘\ " 11
miles and cost “7,300,000.
The methods, policies, and laws used in the administration and dis-
posal of tie puslic 1:1nds h;- ve bee en su.bject to chanye from time to tine.

, i O o I . a F 1 . u. n, 1
fine Public Land CommisS1on 1n 133 report 01 ldBO descr1ced tnese matters.
There is found methods by credit and cash sales and gifts; the laws for
survey and classification of the lands; laws covering pre-enption, saline

lands, svmxp and overflow lands, elucitional land.1r nts, land bounties

‘U

for military and naval so crvices, Indian servitions, militar reservz

'1

pa

one; coral,wa;on, :nd railroad grants; homestead, imber culture, co

H.

t

lands, donation lanis, the timber uni stone acts, ‘escrt lands, andpri-

O}
:1.
(D
C a
*‘S
(0
(.1
O
*5
(+-
H I
s
(:1
;_~-
('1'
C1”
0
H.
U
,J
U
(
’1

vats land claims. Such of shc:;e la .1:

Vi’ill b' (-3 1t With 17-,t3r0

‘b)
p

ianilton st ted hisideas for the d'

kv-

F.)
L:
'C
C)
(9
$3
H
O
t ’3
C
(D
'U
s
H
H
O
l...)
E;
g:
(D
."
:3
D
p...
w

tion of the

I,
E:
H:

or the dispoi

(’f‘.

he said, ”3h t, in the ioriot1on of a pL
accnt lands of the Lnit ed States there a.3p e.r to be ‘wo leading objects
of consideration; one the facility of advantageous sales; the other the

1

acc0mmodation of individuals now innabitin; the western country, or who
may hereafter emi ma.te thithar. The fornsr as an Operation of fi.1ance

Cl:HlflS prim ry attention, the at er is important as it relates to the

f‘.‘
-‘ , . ,- M w 1 ’
{23.3 \JCJtLTfl CU .Lllu cl"). '10

C?-
(J
O
t)

‘ ' r1 : ‘ '9 :1 . ‘ .‘- 1* . I.
atisi‘..,ct1cn 0-. the liniaoithn

 

6-1 fl. \ _ 1 r—
11. lei“, a. 1c.

of lbba d, )p. Cit., p.27, 'ives

0

c?-
t

,d
,J.
L”)
(-

zrea as 530,380 3 uare miles.

cf Iibccrd in a summary tLblC, p. :1, fives ii urc that do not agree
with those on previous pages of the Suns text.

12. 11.118
130 -IJ'.‘ I‘

LLblic punu.h, pp.l?‘ to 410.
1 State Papers, delic Lands, v01. 1, p. d.

84- n1

(31

4— 1.

in tne first few years of our national exit
finance was an impsrtunt one with the administration for the nation was
in debt and little provision hgd been msde for raising money by tuxe-
tion. heny expected to obtain enou;h from land ssl;s to pay the debt
1

.‘ r1 - r v g." -\ '5- -, '. " ' —o ‘. ‘4 r" \' r '1 ",~, -. J~-“ ~ .' '1 '—
ani also pwJ .ne cost of running tne governs ht. on the other ndhd,

Y Q

the pioneers felt that Une- l:..1dv.1:.s, or at least should. be theirs for

the taking and so were inclined to tdhe it without paying for it. Dhe
cost of admini<trstion of the land wus about educl to the snount re-

‘

ceived for it until after tne need of the government had bee. met in
other wave. Then the government most needed the revenue, lends did not
sell; when revenue could ce raised in other wsvs, lend sales broudht
1n sore cash. It was only in the firs few years of our nation'l life
1

that much attention was paid to the thought of using the lend e a pri-

fl

nary source of revenue. Shis left the accommodstion o: the settler“ as

Q s

the nein ides n tne dispossl of the public lgnis.
Jne public lands csn only be disgosed of by Congress or some Lfcnt
authorized by that body. Lfter 1775, Congress made grdnts of land, and
created agencies througn which the land could be sold or otherwise dis-
tributed. "From hey 20, 1735, end afterlunder order of Congress, the
Board of Pressury, three cunnissioners, the then Ereesury nepertnent,
made sales of the public lends end gave certificates. April El, 1782,
Congress authorised the President to give patent to the Ohio Company and
Associates. hey 5, 1792, the President wss authorised to grant patents

for land to John C. Symmes and his associates. fine money in these csses

direct to the Secretary of the Pressury. Br ect of Lay 13, 1795,

C '1

was psi

for the sale of lands in the horthwest ferritory, new in Ohio, the
Secretary of the Treasury received a set of plats of survey, kept check-
books of sales, gave notice of sales, and performed other executive
duties. He became the ex cutive power orsgent in the sale or disposi-
tion of the public domain, issuing patents for grants of land, et
esters, with the aid of reJisters uni receivers of district land offices
after 1810, and remained so until the organization of the General Land
Office in his department." 14

In order to facilitate the handling of the public lands, the Con—

94
gress/"April 25, 1312 created the office of Commissioner of the General
Land Office and made his bureau in and subordinate to the Treasury De-
partment, issuing patents, and performing duties formerly executed by
the several departments. The Secretary of the Treasury, by a series
of acts of Congress, following this, obtained supervision of the acts
of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and appeals from the
action of the commissioner were made to him. July 4, 1836, the General
Land Office Wes re-organized by law." 15 On Karch 5, 1849, the Depart-
ment of Interior was organized and the General Land Office became and
continues to be a bureau in that department.

"The General Land Office holds the records of title to the vast
area known as the public domain, on which are hundreds of thousands of

homes. Its records constitute the "Doomsday Book" of the public domain

of the United States. All the business pertaining to the survey, dis-

 

14. fine Public Jonain (the Public Land Commission} lSOO, p. 1&4.
1;. Ibida p. 1&4.

position and patenting of tne public lands of the United States is
transacted through it, or under its order and supervision. No more
reaponsible bureau of the Jovernment exists.

Important questions of law often arise in the various divisions
of this office as to rules of evidence, as to boundaries, entries, 10-
cations, cultivation improvements, settlements, domicile, expatriation,
jurisdiction of executive officers, such as the power of the Commis-
sioner of Pensions to cancel land warrants under various circwnstances
after they have issued or after they have been located; as to the
authority of this office to set aside or cancel patents after execution,
and before delivery and after delive y; as to rights of way and water
rights; as to when patents take effect; as to when patents are valid,
void, or merely voidable; as to when legal title passes without patent;
in construing foreign treaties and Indian treaties; as to forfeitures,
abandonments, assignments; as to tne rights of owners of lost instruments;
as to advancements for surveys, deposits, and excess.

The laws and decisions of various states and territories have to
be examined to determine who are the lawful wives, widows, heirs, exe-
cutors, administrators, or guardians; to determine the jurisdiction of
local courts and the validity of proceedings therein, and the legality
of judicial sales.

Since the organization of the United Statestgovernment,about three
thouSand acts have been passed by Congress concerning public lands. hany
of these laws are composed of numerous sections, and many of these sec-

tions present a number of difficult questions of construction. fhese

provisions are generally construed in the first instance by this office.
It is often many years before a judicial interpretation is obtained,

if ever. rhe Supreme Court has on more than one occasion declared that
the construction and practice of the Department is entitled to great res-
pect, and such construction is usually followed by the State courts. It
is true that many of these acts have been repealed; but under imperfect
administration in former years, titles acquired or supposed to be ac-
quired under such repealed provisions are found to be imperfect, and
necessitate an examination and consideration of the early acts of Con-
gress and the rights of parties thereunder. In determining and in de-
ciding these cases, careful opinions must be written deciding the ques-
tions of fact and of law, giving reasons for conclusions and citing

authorities." 1°

 

15. Ibidhpp. led to 167.

II.

ApprOximately four-fifths of the entire national domain of the
United States has been public domain and as such,subject to the super-
vision and control of the national government. This has included lands
of all possible types of classification, and suitable to all varieties
of uses. The handling of this vast extent of territory has been so com-
plex thht evils were certain to develop in tne administration of it.

Sate Said in 1884, "Recent investigations disclose shameful frauds and
deceptions as prevailing in the public land entries. She nation's in-
terest demands a fair disposition of the public domain, ani the import-
ance of the office to which is intrusted the nation's preperty can hardly
be exaggerated." 17 "I an satisfied," said Sparks, the €0mmission;r of
the land office, ”that thousands of claims without foundation in law or
equity, involving millions of acres of public lands have been annually
passed to patent upon the sinjle proposition that no one but the govern-
ment had any adverse interest, Cleveland seemed determined that the rich
should obey the law as ;ell as the poor." 18

"fhe rapidity with which the continental railroads were thrust across
the plains and mountains to the Pacific --- brought an unexpected strain
upon the General Land Office and the Post Office Department, with the
result that the latter broke down, while the Land Office needed a thorough
overhauling by the successors of hrthur." 19 "Dhe principal abuses that

v V

needed to be corrected included frauds in the homestead system, fraudulent

 

l7. Sate, HistO‘y of the Lani duestion in the United States, p. 127.
(In Studies in Iistorical and Political Science, vol. 4.)

18. F. Pansnn, flecent History of the United States, p. 99.

19. Ibidq p. 6L

10

pre-emptions, theft of the public lands by illigal enclosures, theft

of natural resources, timber or mineral, and the fraudulent attempts

of the railroads to secure their land grants without complying with

the terms of the award."20
Speculation in public lands became an evil of much magnitude. Very

early in our history we began to give land bounties as payment for

military services. "Virginia as early as 1646, donated one hundred

acres to the commander of the palisaded settlement at the hiddle Planta-

tion."21 This plan was used, with modifications, by the various colonies

for military services through the entire colonial period so that,when

the national government began,the sane thing it was a matter of custom

and was considered to be the thing to be expected. Sngland, likewise,

had given land as an inducement to service in her armies. In the beginning,

these land warrants were non-assignable, that is, the one to whom they

were given could realize benefit from them.only by appropriating and

settling the land. Jhe result was that much land was in this way actually

occupied by settlers. Later the warrants were made so that they mi;ht

be transferred by sale or otherwise. This led to much speculation and

graft in the distribution of lands. "An examination of the books at the

state land office in Iowa shows that land warrants were used by the Specu-

lators in a thoroughly wholeSale manner. Following the bounty enactments

of 1847, 1350, 1652, and 1855, a few men entered many thousands of acres

of land at the western land offices. Very clearly these men were specu-

 

20. Ibid” p. 100.
21. B. H. Hibbard, history of the Public Land Policies, p. 126.

ll

22 «

lators as were thousands more who entered smaller tracts.” "fne
military land warrants, whatever its uses as a war measure, was a boon
to Speculators and helped marvelously in putting land into their hands.
By these warrants, an area of land larger than the State of Oregon was
taken from the public domain and made priVate prOperty.”25

The dissipation of the natural resources in the matter of forests
was a great evil. "The increases in forest destruction of the seventies
and eighties was greatly augmented by the Free Timber nct and the Timber
and Stone Act, both of 1872. -- The Free Timber Act gave the people of
nine far western states the right to cut at will on mineralland for min-
ing and domestic purposes, but it did not define originally, either min-
eral land or mining. In time any convenient forest anywhere was assumed
and.manufacturin3 companies were

to grow on mineral land, and smeltinv

J
assumed to have the miner's rights to free timber. for example, vast

"l

forest areas were burned over to ch apen the manufacture 01 charcoal,
the enormous surplus of which, over the use for smelting, being sold in
. __ . p . . "24
the open mnrnet as a oy—prouuce.

Grunts to railroads had been nwherous nnl totaled a vast amount of
landxwiuiconseuueht evils of admin'stracion. "fhe railroad grant period
from 1050 to 1872 saw vast areas of public lands given away for the pur—

pose of hastening facilities for transportation. Up to then, the rail-

roads had received a grand total of 130, 9&4, 916 acres or 204,679 suuare

 

22. Ibid; 127.
25. Ibidy 128.
24. Robert 3. Yard, Our Federal Land, p. 9o.

miles of free lend. Of this neurly ninety-four million acres were
granted directly to ten rnierLd corporations including the Union Paci-
fic, northern Becific, Southern Pacific, and Sants Fe. Ihirtg million

"29 "Grants for railroads

acres went to the Jorthern Pacific alone.
usually consisted of the odd numbered sections of townships within ten
miles on each side of the tracks. Le er this was broadened to twenty
miles, and then thirty miles on either side of the reed bed. Some of
these grants were not handled by the railroads according to the terms
of the grants and the United States Government was compelled to reclaim
at least a part of the 5rm1ts."26

That evils were present in the administration of the public lends
was becoming increasingly apparent. The result was that the political
parties were forced to consider it in a political we . The Democratic
Platform in 1868 said, "Bhe public lands Shall be distributed as widely
as possible among the people, and should be disposed of either under the
pre-emption or the homestead laws, or sold in reasonable quantities, and
to none but actuhl settlers at minimum prices established by the govern-
ment. Jhen grants of land msJ'te allowed, necessnr; for the encouragement
of importunt public improvements, txe proceeds of the sule and not the

"27

1

go

nd itself, shall be so applied. The Republics; Platform in 1372
said, "Je are Opposed to further grants of public lands corporations or

monoplies, and demand that the public domain be set apart for free homes

 

25. Ibid, P. 31.
26. Ibid, P. Si.
27. j. Stanwood, History of the fresidency, pp. JBé-JBS.

H
C23

~ 3 . - -_. a .‘ .-. a ,'- ~ -—‘ 1 I
Ior the people."20 fine Democratic rlatiorm o: 1372 and fine sepiclican

of 1876 were drastically the same as the Republican of 1872. In 1876

‘CJ

the Democrats said, "nefonn is necesssr: to put a stop to t¢e profligate

waste of the public lands, ani their diversion from actual settlers by
the party in power, whicn has sduundered two hundred million acres upon
raierads alone, and out of more than thrice that amount has disposed of
less than a sixth to actual tillers of the soil.” 29

By 1879 the pressure had becone so greet for reform that Congress

assed an act harch 5 1879 Jrovidin; for
, i 1-

—

A

u commission to codify the
lxnd laws and report on the public lands in general. fiibbsrd says;

Jhe United States Geological Survey was established in 1879. fhe sage
act, also provided for a commission to codify the land laws, consisting
of the Commissioner of the Genersl Land “ffice, the Director of the
United States TeOlOfiical Survey, and three civilians. Che; were to re-
port to Congress, fi st, 3 codifica ion of the present laws relating to

,
i—‘;‘J' ql—Il (I‘xl-l
a V ') uh (x—o‘xA.

the survey and disposition of the Qublic lands; second, a s

deemed proper, h Vin; due regard to the humidity if the climate, slsilj

‘D ‘ -’ 4- ". . ‘. . ‘o.-~ .‘-. . 7' ' 1"“ v- 1 ~. ~yr~ -. 1. .~ 1. r r '1.“ . ~44- . Q J», . 1!:
O- MCIUOI‘ lOI‘ 1&‘1l_1_Q.L.LOII’ , .14 0L5...»Jl yr.“ ;J.L13§«l-l 6.1;.rc.CuCrlbulJ£); U-All ML, £4!
"at. ,‘ WI , . " .,... ° . ,. 4. ' . 1:“ . ' < “:3 4-1. .5. -. r.
s,steu oi llni parcelling addpoei to the GCUHOMlC uses ' the oeverul

-

]. O"."‘)‘ f l.“"1r‘ o .0,-. s~+i (”H/i.» ran/‘m-vx- wsJ-ip r10 we 1; -' vzl'vv (10:11 "'17.". in
C*C'»U‘)bb O L'th-J, L \J LL U 1’ lJvLV-J ‘V\J‘Jl.h»lklllub~v .)L IJ ‘uau .18.} A. L ’0: V‘q‘l I JV -

‘ 3- ay 7‘ .- .~. aw: .0 . ~91." -' —‘ '~'; ;; --..L
relation to on: test notnoi o- mlfigeglng oi the iu,llc land oi one testein

 

‘-\.--‘ A I

6;). Iulkbg Q. curl.
. r‘ *1. — ryr
2J0 lul‘Jb’ L). ' l v

it

.-_ 4. - . r- - . ’.-_ 1 ( + _x. L4. - ,
‘OrblaL 1 t 3 ell-Ji o, .es .3 at.;2l sEJJle‘e.
I, f a _ o L. w '1 -— u o . o ~_ No
*‘Le COLA“ luULC.1 Cu‘fi-‘uv uujl (| U A \/U .5. Llli. 4.x. All, JOA.L-L.-L;J:Jl.v‘ll/ ‘ OJ.
L‘ " ~ «- .—.. .‘ r—f". "i ~. . .- ~ 'r "t- , r: . W 1. .9 s r-
the generu L.nd ei-ice, LLLSEQSB “leg, on .31 st .eo :eologlst, .o.n

:' -- .. - .,.. .‘ '1 ‘1 ,. , A ' .., w .-
J. retell, “lelunuer l. r-t ton, in“ jnoxas yoneldson. ol sense A.

.. LL. :‘. 4. -. .1 '-.‘.1- . . f ‘ u-‘. .1 . . . . ..3. ' to ' ,
Queues, v guuin o. ruinunc., o: ll; 1 states nr:;, use CPJQLJCJu secre-

~ -" J—‘~ ‘ ~ . . " '1 . '~ ~:. .’ .\’ . ~‘ ' 11 ‘ ’. ‘ -‘ ~ -‘ I .' , ' T" I
tar; oi the COdJlSelun. in: COMMLSolOfl made ts fdJurt to eon,-ess sine

1 .. .f‘ .H: ., 1H. ., 4., L' A :1. a, '-. , 4-;
all pluses or the linl onestiin no to tu,t ti o. I. nun given .ne

a“. L _. .0 ‘ .' ,0 '.' -. 1.1,. ... .3. 4. Hz! r1 '. ,. ‘N J.‘ ‘-_' 4., . .
ALIS uOI‘U' OJ. tsie acytL‘LLEll V1. IAL , UALG 1 likes, L:.:L-.s 24‘: US Lia. -JC;1JI‘JUL , bjtc 11-5 V 01“)!-
9 J.‘ 1 h . T , .,.-, 1""; ‘ ..» 4.x. .1 , o ., -- Lf. 1 3.15: .4... -.
o- the xenorel h hd ol-lee, he neohous oi served, the class-ilcetlon,

1
..- ._ J- “- "‘ “4- ', J. ' °
wnd a r c relollv cc; -lel tools or statistics DVel-h .-e entire

3 D

s eemnission node the follou inn recommeni:;tions ior reform in

the adxinistrotion of the yuclic land service: "Ihe Commission, with

bettering the service, would res.m ctfullv recc iien’ the re-

‘ . ‘ o L o ‘ '9 4-1, _' ' L‘- ~ ' o,“ +-: _' °. . 4‘ ‘-_
organizsnoh i uhe ”leng‘ll L;;.'..lC f; oe 3.1.3.11 1n the folloxii; We es,
-‘..- -. ' . , ‘3 "" r «i 'v 4. 4. A. _. , ,. .f. .. —. ‘ . '
uni-u snow the olile'ehce ‘euteen one {‘QSJJt end the ,ropo ed orgun; w-

r"
0:} I

° N . . — , .. 1.: r ,. .L. ...f‘ 9.9, .‘\ , ‘ s ..-. . «)v'c -.

tion. Dnese tables showed the proseiu o.iloe Norse as oeln; 2~U 1:

number dni their salaries to be 727d,22o. lfie proposed or"wnization w,uld

increase the office force to 2;} and the Suleiies to $321, 020. "The com-
mission vould recommend a much larger force for one or two yours, if
there were room in which to adventd ousl;r place it. The roan allotted
to the General Land C:Cfice is not _uite the worst that it could be, nor

is it wholly inedeeuete,b out it L))“O£lu.o3u both. The i MCKSG bulk of

 

30. Report of the CommiSsio;zer of tzm ieneiel Ln 1d Cf fi 30, (1338), p. 102.

‘

. ..-‘ A.‘ ‘ 4.“, do: . ' ,r‘ 1. -‘, . ‘ ,r... ..‘ . .- ~~ a ' ‘-
valuable records 0 big 01 ice lo stoied in cheap ”colon cas s in darn

- . 1 Ma‘— 1..w . - .-, '»‘. NV... . .-.—.J--.- J. . o. -~
roows ani earner Amllb, to UALQJ clerls mast censtlntl. 0 lol examina-

tion of files of papers and volunes of records, which, when fcwii, cun-

. .\ 'n‘v" ‘ V“" r ‘ I J— ~'\ .‘- “V . 1 "'t 4“1“, '1V Ic‘ ~1 --", I ‘. ’r‘ r ' . h" ’ '
not , in (1:: n or ClOtchd' Vi'BJuJ err , we real ..1 “out on; rt. in) them to ‘elln-dUUS ,
‘.“'. ’ ‘ v'-.sr 1‘ l‘ .‘-'"‘,‘-"l”‘ J" ' . 'l‘v -' .23 r “ s-v'o". ‘r ~..“ ~ 1 L" ‘ "'~ ‘L
WillCl-l [.str‘j we O. llulrell Cd J. '3'v‘t e.-.‘-Io.Jro It; [no.9 be Sc”; :21“. 55“ch 13.1 t all ‘J v. .tLLU

of more convenient and suitable roon costs the governnent the one—fourth
part annutlly of all mone; upprOprigtsd for tne cleric;l force of the
General Land office. If there were sufficieit and suitable room for the
purpose, it would be both wisdom uni economy to add as largely to the
clerical force as might be neceSSar; to enable the Commissioner to
thorou¢hly inspect the records of the office and ascertain errors, repro-
duce all mutilated and work out records while it may be done; 'but the
room is not sufficient, er” the best thing that can be done until room
is provided is to give the maximum force that can be employed and pay
salaries high enough to get good, if not the best, talent.” 51

This agitation relative to the public lands made it necessary for
the political parties to state a policy in the part; platforms of 1884.
The Anti—Ionoply'fiartyg'the first to hold its Eational Convention, re-
solved tha "no further grants of public lands shall be made to cor-
porations, all enactments granting land to corporations shall be strictly
construed, and all and grants shall be forfeited :here the tense upon
which the grants were made have not been strictly cenplied with. She
lands must be held for homes for actual settlers, and must not be subject

. . . fl ,., ,_ ,, “ --.. 38
to purcnase or control by non-reSiuent loreigners, or other speculators."

5 o Ibiio, Po lLLLo

' . r. J " 3 - ..,. .0 l, E-.. .f . .1, a 7.
52. J. Stanwoou, historp oi tAB Presidencd, p. 43s.

The platform of the Eatignhl Party of that year was practically the sane

as the Anti-honopoly platform. The Republican Platform of 1884 stated that
"The public lands are a heritage of the peeple of the United States and
should be reserved, as fares possible, for 'mall holdings by actual
settlers. Je are opposed to the acouisition of large tracts or
lands by corporations or individunls, especially where such holdings are
in the hands of non-resident aliens, ani we will endeav r to obtain such
legislation as will tend t; correct this evil. :9 denadd of Congress the
Speedy forfeiture of all land grants which have lapsed by reason of non-
compliance with acts of incorporation in all cases there there has

been no attempt in 500d faith to periorm the conditions of such grants."33
In the Democratic Platform of 1884 was the statement, ”Je believe that
the public lands ought, as far as possible, to be kept as homesteads
for actual settlers; that all unearned lands heretofore improvidently
granted to railroads by the Republican Party should be restored to the
public demain, and that no more grants of land should be made to corpor-
ations or allowed to fall into the ownership of alien absentees."34 The
Prohibition Party in 1884 decided ”That the public lands should be held
for homes for the people and not for gifts to corporations, to be held

(v
'4

o ' \ ‘ "I J. -4. Q.)
in large bodies ior speculators upon tne needs or actual settlers."

 

Ibid, pp. 431-452.
34. Ioid, p. 43%
Ioid, p. 444.

III.

hen t1e Jlevelanl edm nistrsti :n started i1 1333,

I” A' r. v r. ' Ar”! ’1'. , v9: 5 . r ‘ [uh ? 1"...1 I ' " ‘ ’l ‘ . . ‘ ’7' ‘ ' ~ ‘
uenerwl LLnd oilice hes in an inswtlsihct01g condition. necords nnd

was found to be years 03 ind in.sone umtters. Dne administration made
an attempt to remedy tnese defects. The Corm issioner of the 3e1eral
Land Office, in his annual report of 1888, said: "‘ron the official re-

port of Honorable J. A. J. Sparks, 1: te connission r for the fiscal

-.

year of 1837, it will be seen that on August 20, 1887, there were pend-
ing in the five divisions of public lands, preemptions, review, contest,
and mineral, 275,670 iniividunl cases and 14,000 unanswered letters,

and besides all this innense mess an unknown volume of privete lend
claims and nearly the entire work of the railroad lend grand adjust-
ment, and the adjustment of svsl‘, school, internal L o:cve1cnc and
other Confressiona grants smi Iz1disn ullotm ts, and the work of
fraudulent entr;r and timber t ‘esn‘as s e:- a111i1a1 tion, which 111383 has been
accumulating for gears pest, and only increasiig sith the lugse of

36
time." "Your committee found thnt ”ec;des east plet or trust books

signetions of the and offic e, or tn; stste or
the land therein siturted tel e to be entered, and generally numbered
Volmne l and upwards in each state --—- Your committee found that the
preper entries under tne different hectinxs in these plet or tract
books had not been made or filled in since about 1852, and that

since that time there is no one record book in tne oiiice tnerein

all the information intended to be precerved in such plot or tract

 

 

36. Senate neoort, lst Session 505; Congress, 1867-8,

p. 221.
c.f. Report of the Commissioner of the 3enzral L -tio e

(1837) p.100.

book can now be found.” 37

The committee felt that this matter of being behind was due to
the fault of employees in the General Land Office, and did not
hesitate to criticize them very severely for their delinquencies.
They replied: ”The cases on file in the Department show these dere-
lictions of duty in the registers and receivers, and their correction
causes unnecessary labor and consumption of much time on the part of
the employees ----- there are, in addition to the foregoing, many
other kinds of omissions, carelessness, and inattention on the part
of local land officers. such as variance in the description of the
lands, and in writing the names of the applicants, etc., all of
which cause delay and increase the labor and consume the time of the
employees in the General Land Office in examining the cases, dis-
covering the defects, and corresponding with the registers and
receivers to secure revision and amendment, and unavoidable delay
in disposing of such cases result.“ 38
I The committee made two recommendations: first, ”When such
masses of arrears are found in any office it is certainly a business --
correct as well as legal --course to require more work by each
employee to bring up the arrears, and no complaint should be made
to eight hours work daily, an increase of one and a half hours daily,
which should enable five clerks to do the work now done by six, and

be practically the addition of one sixth to the working force; second,

 

57. Senate Report, lst, Session 50th Congress. 1887-8, Vol. 3, p.222.
cf. Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office (1887)p.100.
380 I.‘b.1._d.09 p.222.

19

with the vast accumulation of arrears in the General Land Office,
there should be no forbearance shown inefficient, incompetent em-
ployees on account of age, sex, condition or influence." 59
Cleveland was in favor of reform in the administration of the
public land and did not hesitate to so declare himself. "The concen-
tration of landed property in the hands of foreign capitalists,
which means the introduction of British absenteeism, has been drawing
attention from the public and the press. Fraudulent entries, and
adventurous trespass on the public lands called forth sharp words
from Mr. Cleveland in his inaugural address, to the d’fect that care
for the pr0perty of the nation and for the needs of future settlers
required that the public domain should be protected from purloining.
schemes and unlawful occupation. Again, justice demands the pro-
tection of the Indians in their right of occupancy from the lawless-
ness of the so-called boomers.” 40 Cleveland was willing to do
his duty regardless of criticism, and this was shown by"the willing-
ness of Cleveland to perform ungracious acts of public honesty led
him to undertake reform in the administration of the General Land
Office, which had been wide Open since the passage of the Homestead
Law, and which had been administered to the advantage of speculation
and monopoly, private and corporate, rather than in the public interest." 41
Cleveland's position relative to the public land was well stated in
his inaugural address when he stated that ”care for the property of
the nation and for the needs of future settlers requires that the
public domain should be protected from purloining and unlawful

occupation.” 42

 

39. Senate Report, 0p. cit., p. 231.
40. Shosuke, Sato, History of the Land Question in the U.S.,p.6-7.

41- .‘l'. Dawson- Recent: Higtnrv of the United States. I). 99.

-‘I J i

In his iirso annual message to gongress, Lwce ter 3, 1385, Presi-
dent Clevelond reviewed the historv of the pitlic lands of the United
States. He referred to the lands .3 a public trust ”for the common

benefit of tne United states." In tgis message he said, in part, "Jut
the pressure of local interests, combined with the Speculative spirit,

‘1‘

hgve in many instances procure; the passage o1 laws which marred the

hereon" of the ronorcl len and encumbered the s stem with a multitude
.Y -2 .z

01 general and special enactments which render the land laws Complicated,
subject the titles to uncertainty, and the purCTusers Often to Oppre"-
sion Lfld wrong. Laws which were intended for the common benefit Rave
been perverted so that large quantities or land are vested on sin;1e
oune‘snips. From the multitude and cha ecter of the laws, this con-
sequence seems incapable of correction by mere cdministretion ------—-
I therefore commend to your attention the recommendations contained in
the report of the Secretary of tge Interior with reference to the re-

45
peel and modification of certain of Lur land laws."

In his second annual message December 6, 1386, he enumerated some
of the achievements of the administration and made recommendation for
the repeal of the Pre-emption and Timber—'ulture Acts, the amendment
of the Homestead Law, and the repeal of the Desert Land Law unless it
could be amended in such a way that it could be enforced. Xe mention-

ed his proclaiations and stated his determination to enforce the laws
,1 ,1
‘ :3.-

eletive to illegal fencing.

 

r7 - ~ - '- . ,. v. o w, 3—,. .— ' ‘ ,1- d -".1'-;'
4o. J, D. nlCHZFQSQn, messages and anUls oi .ne 1-esiuents. vol. c, p.qu

44. lei-l, p. 5:32.

21

his fourth annual message recounted difiicflzl ies that had been
me t in tl1e awn inistreti n of the piblic land. He then dde ,"Our dear
experience ought sufficiently to urge the saeedr enactment of measures

1“ . d

of legislation which will con11ne the future diSposition or our re1: in-
45

in; agricultural 111 s to tie uses of actual husbandry uni genuine hones."

President Cleveland seems to have been well acquainted with the
business of the public lands before he became President. He certainly
did not wait long to sta rt action to remedy certain evils that were
within the reach of correction by proclanation. The following proclama-
tion, issued Larch is, less, is give; as a sample of severe l 133 uei by
him during his first administration.

"'.'1'11ereas it is alleged t11-.t certain i111ividuuls, associations, or

'n tne unauthorised possession of portions

(2
H

persons, " 1d corJOrLtiou ar1
05 the territor; known as t.e Cniunoma lands within the Iniian Jerritory,
wnicn are designsted, descrioei, and reco; nized by the treaties and laws
of tne Unitei States and by the executive authority thereof as Indian
lands; and

"Jnereas it is furt E1er alle"ed t;1: certain ot1er persons or as soc-
iations within the territory and jurisu iiction of the Tnited States have
begun and set on foot properations for an organised and forcible entry
and settlement upon tne aforesaid lands and are new threatening such
entry --11d settlement; and

o- ‘

" hereas the laws of the united States provide for tne removal of

all persons residing or being found upon such Indian lands and territory

 

45. Ibid.) p. 7115.

22

without permission expressly and legally obtained of the Interior De-
partmentz
Now, therefore, for the purpose of protecting the public interests,
as well as the interests of the indian nations ani tribes and to the
end that no person or persons may be induced to enter upon said terri-
tory, where they will not be allowed to remain without the permission
of the authority aforesaid, I, Grover Cleveland, President of the United
States, do hereby warn and admonish all and every person or persons as
are intending, preparing, or threatening to enter and settle upon the
same, that they will neither be'permitted to enter upon said territory
nor, if already there, to remain thereon, and that in case a due regard
for and voluntary obedience to the laws and treaties of the United
States and if this admonition and warning be not sufficient to effect
the purposes and intentions of the Government as herein declared, the
military power of the United dtutes will be invoked to abate all such
unauthorized possession, to prevent tnreatenei entry and occupation,
and remove all such intruders from the said Indian lands.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the

seal of the United States to be affixed.

SJAL Done at the city of Jashington, this 13th day of fiarch, 1885,

and of the Independence of the bnited States of emerica the
one hundredth and ninth.

Grover Cleveland
By the President:

T. P. Bayard, Secretary of state."

 

U

46. J. D. Richardson, Lessagcs and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 8,
p. 5030

Similar proclamations were issued April 17, J y 2 and August 7,

47

C23
:-

Dhere Wes a difference of Opinion wrong ti1.e sublic towerd tne lgnd
question. fine fact that all the party platforms Sgoke of the need of
reform, and reds promises of some kind of action to look after the in-
terests of the public, would indicate that the pertJ leaders realized

that the public demanded sor etnin" of that nature. In the {est there

L)

had grown up a group of men W10 def auded shamelessly t1 1e governuent

H
p
c+
0

out of lands in the i -rests of large congenies. Robert 3. Yard se;s,

"fine Timcer enf Stone not 001fi1ed ti1cer grants to 160 acres, inviting
evasion because so small e1‘1 area co ;d not be lune grei economically;
wheredgon develOQei frauds of tne most extra ordi -1ur' effrontery and ex-
tent. Besides, since ;,nesteedin5 laws made no distinction between lure
and forest lends,meny millions of acres of tne finest iores ts in the
country were taken 1113 wider the pre-egnxtien set, the 001:111‘11tz.tio11 etc and
the desert lend act by dwanies acting for lw1oer coxn1enies; so donors l-

»1

ized did gdblic seitiment become in some of tge forested tutes tnst

U]

acting as dumuies became practically a calling, while many nomadic opera-
tors erected temporary mills nherever conditions fa vexed, without pre-
tense of sett ement or purchuse,end lantered until the: "ere stog e1,
43
when they moved elsewhere."
President Cleveland, by ,1ocle .1: ion, had .W1.1d1eun from e11tr" cer-

tain Indian L wils t; 1st had seen OJened for Settlenent by nis predecessor.

‘esideW1 isl Nieler.

d“
0
d:
:1
C)
5-1
:3
H
9
{L
L)
('1)
O
F 2
'13
F)

This aroused much discussion relative

 

47. Ibid’ .013. 305’ :07, J
48. .1. i3. Ial‘il, CULT 386.0“;1 LLJ'Lk‘ls, p. 9:].

" "1

she Manchester enion, democratic, in its issue or September El,

1838, made their position clear by stating, "In purSunnce of their

I

poliCy, the administration has carefully studied methods to restore

the public lands to the control of the peeple, as far as the public
faith will allow, end the result is one that must be highly pleasing

to everyone who has the interests of the country at heart ..... The re-
sults of the Democratic party gaining power in the nation are still
more pleasing, for the policy of the administration has been successf
in not only preventing waste but in restoring greet treets of fine lend
o.....The stabilitv and pennsnence of our government depends largely
upon the wisdom shewn in dealing with the peoole and the great public
area that is to furnish homes for comin; generations. Jhis wisdom has
been prominently shown by the present adminis ration and it furnishes
one of the strongest reesens why it should be allowed a longer lease of

49
power."

flhe opposite attitude is Snown by the Linneapolis Bribune, Repub-
lican, in it issue of deptember 26, 1888, when it savs, "Senator Flu:
of Lensas, has placed the people of the nation under obligations by
arraigning the Democratic party upon its historical land policy. From
the birth of the Nation, the policy of this party has been in keeping
with its position upon other economic questions -—- stealing the livery
of the people, and, under the mask of a tender interest in the welfare
of the masses, acting as the pander and goébetween of every form of sub-
sidized monoply ........ 1r. Cleveland himself overstepped the bounds of

his legal duty to outlaw the proclenation of his predecessor, drive

 

0’1

43. Public Opinion, vol.5, p. 557, Oct. 6, lass, Qhe Public Lands.

thousands of honest settlers from a reservation that had been legally
Opened, and restore to naked sava;es a fertile tract of land that to
their barbarian was as useless as the Desert of Sahara.......fhe entire
land policy of this administration has been in keeping with the tradi-
tions of the party -- against the home building theories of the Repub-
50 ‘
licans." They argued that the Indians were not making proper use of
it and also that available good land for homesteads was becoming scarce.
At about this period, the question of the disposal of lands lying
within Indian reservations became a pressing one. Public Opinion was
divided in reference to this ma ter. One group thought primarily of
the interests of the white settlers and felt that these lands should
be Opened for settlement by the whites. inother group thought that
these lands belonged to the Indians and should be continued as such.
fhis second group considered that any disposal of the land to the whites
would be an imposition upon the best interests of the Indians. Bhe
question was settled by what is known as the Dawes Severalty Act of
February 3, 1887. This act provided that the President might reduce
or discontinue Indian reservations by granting part of the land to the
Indians and placing the remainder within the public domain and Open to
homesteading the same as other land. Bach head of an Indian family was
to receive an allotment of 160 acres, each Indian over eighteen years
of age, and each orphan was to receive 80 acres, and each Indian child
was to be allotted 40 acres. Zach Indian to whom land was given in

severalty was to be considered a citisen of the United States.

 

50. Ibid, p. 558.

26

There vas little, if any, difference betweel the attitudes Of the
Senate and the House toward tne public lands. fhe attitude of the
individual members was, to rather a large extent, a personal one and in-
fluenced. to a large degree by the demands of his state on his consti-
tuents. fhey seen to have wished to favor the interests of big business
men and speculators, while trying tO give the impression of helping the
common people.

The administration of the forested lands may be taken as typical
Of the whole subject. "flhe fact is that soprOpriations for govermient
inspection of the federal lands were so small that few frauds, cenpared
with the many, could be prosecuted; and, because Congress repeatedly de-
feated bills to give the federal departments power to compel the testi-
mony of witnesses, few law breakers were brought to trial. Cases by the
thousand were thrown out of court for lack of competent proof which
could have been had if it had been possible to subpoena witnesses who
would not serve voluntarily. ---—- Leantime, under the constant urgings
of senators and representatives from forested states, the laws were con-
stantly amended to favor tne 'poor settler', who was struggling to 'keep
a roof over the heads of his children', whereas the final beneficiaries

51
were almost always speculators or wealthy companies."

Henry I. Teller, Secretary of the Interior under Arthur, and later
United States Senator frag Colorado, "construed the phrase 'adjacent to

the line of road' in the Right Of fay Act to mean that railroads could

cut tinber free within fifty miles of their track. Later he approved

 

51. l. 3. Yard, Cur Federal Lands, p. 100.

tne operations of a 'logging r ilro d' comLJany in ~ a1in'ton, union

built and operated unztever excoyt those sunk into the forests for tne
sole purpose of carrting timber to the market. Ihis made U51e precedent
for any logging compnny with a locomotive, track, and half a dozen flgt

cars to secure the v: st tracks .of lumoer free \11ic1 the law granted to
52

Q -"

greet railroads.” A lcter Secretuig of the Interior, Jenn q. Hoble,
found 105,000 untried c;ses against lend deg) edators accnmnl; ted in the

land office which he still isp sei of 03 stil "urtnor 'liceralizin“'

5

(2‘ F

the administrative interpretation of hue l: u."
.‘¢ . "‘ l ‘ “‘1 .13 . ('1 ‘0 ‘30 - t 7" I," 3 3' ‘ -- ‘}Wp -. C‘ ‘ .1 1‘ ll .3"
$LL-‘Jlu U .LLVlV‘JZ.-L U-L\l .:.C S O- DOALJIGSS , J-~u 10 1.1018 lJO \ “:rLLl

ingreuser

p
(‘5’
s;
c 1-
O

.1 . .. .9 n 3,- . ,, ~. «.— _. ,._' + --_
ccs ence of national noxiu,ns nun tue Enrildeis m1 tie

.‘ , J1.“ .. 4. ....0 .42". 1,. J- . ' ,‘ 1.. - - ,_.. ', e"
Muf 1 sense on tie a re c1 co,” over tors “we legie l to1‘s tnln he 13 OJ

4. a.

4.‘ . _'- ' ,-~ m, ' - :w.‘ .. .,,* ,n .',,'.- . “-L‘ :..,., ..‘_ 1 .1_-. .,V
one 1ri ”t1nl loescs ".icn tne greed o1 1111c,~ Leniun ingoeed on axe nu-

tiOilo

‘ “‘I A V .' ‘
LLJ .I ‘

(.‘l‘
t—o

”sac. state in1iuted lntdnscl; on diopo
naticn's lumber grown within its own Oounduries, each lunbsrmen and
Sneadlator grsbbed strenuously all he could get while it lasted, and

L

each lOJlSl tor demanded his lullest snore of ooliticel power and pres-
54

n 4.. . V .‘v :‘I _" “ 1' ‘ .1-- .f 1 ‘ . VJ. v . : .L -A ‘1. G. [I
tige, ncerJ all 01 tnel i- no1od ebsolnte J tne nublOfl'S 1nue1esus.
“' “If '1‘ " ' ’~ " "1 "no -|:‘"‘" c ‘ "417‘ . I" L . “' ‘.‘ "1 I“. 'x a " _ '1-' . .
udllud cleVeand's 1i1ou edm1nistrition tnere LMS nu QJne cl lend
act tnzfit st: eels Out with 12.11; :romi-1e-z.ce irons-1 t-1e "enrerel ILLJS ti 1 were

" ‘J

of Interior.

,4” T‘-. . ,1 ‘
U1). J.U1..Ul, l). lL'l o

, " "‘ ‘r. x 1 ““ < - 1 1." ‘ y I' ‘ "v '7
[-420 u. w 0 .5. .:-«L , lv 9.14: g 3 1.03:3.1 Ll -é-"-LS ’ .). ICU .

‘ : . LV'.- _‘_‘ 'y. ‘0 an. ‘ ,.."' 1L‘ n A: ,-‘1r\l . I "o
.0 .Lll I'M/.1] )JLJ'f~I--L‘b-£J ’ N/OLSqustJlLJoLJI‘ L).- ‘u’; 1 J 1 -L , l M .gL‘ . 0.1. J- 1'38 , 111 LL13

'1. . - ,-, .J- .c' "‘~"‘~:f .- 1- 1. 3.111., .I.' 1 .‘ J..- - — ., ,' . . ..., .
aLLLlLILLl ‘bgOl‘b L201. lsJ -15" , ll. Bed) .L «l...(\,' ,..;5.Ul (3.11. 1.)}. . v-1. ‘J‘CB t J L10 tefiv'xss 2311.: Cl -‘.C\l

. - ' -~ '- 1"" “A ~ ‘ '0". .1 . . .-J-: K " -- 'fi -9 . .“ 4- w- r 3 .~ ~ ‘ . v
to correct erro1s e1 Lin1n1st n.1en. fitentu e1gn. sgec1 l “gents n;ve
,V- 1 11.9., :.‘._ . .-_1 J: ' 4H4». 1' ..--‘... '.
been 13112100131 1111.1; 11-13 ”rear 1.1 1,..e investiget 11.1 0.1 fre-..(111l311t e:-tr1 es
‘ L a . C ’ o ’

end in at ter: unce at me 114 s w.or re313Lers e11 rece1v;rc in ccs>s

{7"

JD
. ', .3. 9.. _ __1_.- . _ V ,_ .1 -~..» .1 . 1‘ ° fir” ; .. ,. -1 .1.‘
preV1euel.1nve3t14-ted “Au reger.ed to unis 0111ce." 2.ent; unree

speci; l are nt” .111.ve oeen e1‘.1plo;'e;1 during the your, at an e orege length
of service of little les 8 tm1 1 ei;ht months each, in the inves

of trecgasses on public tinker and essistinr in prosecnti 013 for recovery

" "I V-4" ‘I ('1 ‘1". 7,-- 4‘ "“V -~‘ ‘1, . ." 1'1 - .‘* < r-v -.~ .- (.— e‘ ‘- ’-
0.1. deuzaveu t0 0.13 _'0 V0 1;..01Lt o 1-1109 1111.111; C111. .4111 ninetdr 1112C 0.1.260 .'.1--'.Ve
’ I . "L " c} . .'\ . ‘ 1‘ " n‘ ' -~ ‘ c 1 . " ‘. ‘ ~ ‘ O "‘ l V ‘ ‘ " -
bee n 13301ted, involV1n3 a Unlugt Valle of tlubel unleufullg cut @101nt-
5e

q

in; to neirl" “$,CUO,CCO." In this report for l336, we are told; ”At

my a131n1stretien, I Hus confronted siti overvnelmin; evi-

I‘ - n ~"r L J‘ . r' "‘1‘ ' ' ,- 1‘ -‘ . .' "-' r- 1 . ‘ - ‘5 ‘ ' v _‘_v\ 'fi “l" - -~
ences tunb tne finalld de411n Lye 5011-; male tne pre, o1 unse11Jnlens
.I ‘ .fi
. -, J- . v. s . . z-l. . I’ "“- T‘ ' 11 -~. “I , -" \ :‘rv‘. *1 -o -L. - I (<wv ‘2 “ .r 'r‘ \o
spec lu.1en 1n1 .ne worst _o1 s or len1 nonongJ tnrongn 963.; 1 1c 11H1n

c: rri1ed on :nd censwm need under the ynblic 114d lens. 4; "rUdBCGSJUr

-_ ‘1 ”(1 ‘ _;_-'__ _,' .
ill—CL J. '31 v-11. JG

. - :J“ J- ' - -.
{118.5111J1L -C O; 11‘ "4.11:, It 1. )31‘0 J“J 3411011..) L .JegulLv le..LLlu 000...... 1-9 a:
'_ ._ . '1. ‘.. ,. . ,- ‘ 4. 0 ' 1,1... ,.1 ... '11 ,. .‘L: -5, ._,‘ 1' 7" _
[.l‘ 13.11.11.319 , T. b l u ._~‘._)‘_)'3L.l‘du 'uO 1.10 , O1. 1.ng .1..,'i)'~.;;.b_' 1'3 pI'C‘Qu'..eL...LJ.l , I It.) .111ed
, .: :.‘.- 134.1 :. «r:- A 1-',,.L J'.°.,,. J.:-- .25.“ 1 ..
”‘3 SCVCIml KlLVLQlULlS OJ. 9-1.1.2; kilLlU'J ‘u-1..b 1.3.1.111 3C411Jh S'LULLli 5’3 $1.13-

r J 'u ' ' ' ‘. N . ~ - . ‘ F! 4'— . J- , ~ '1 ‘9 ‘ ‘1. r. J“ : ‘ v? . v N , “ - ._. ‘ A ‘ . J‘-
endel ulon eitr1es mwne 1n uu Des en1 .err1eor1es 1n hn1 n tne 'reeter
.~ . L.)

.D .6 ‘ | qr“ ‘, P‘ r“, f vf“ .‘l r ~_r V" . .‘ ‘5 .‘f“ . .-, ’. 1 :0 . g $ '

degree V1 11311 nee been dete103ed, end une1e tne ler 31 d151102nele glee
‘7‘ 1‘ ' W- ".1: NY" 1.’ ‘11}. 3. 1’. 1‘ ‘ PI 1’3 “ r. I ‘ \‘L : ‘ ‘ I N . I‘ “.

Of pduliq. 1",..lui3 r611.“ 4.110(1000-00000000 BAG lebtllt 0.. t-..LEa (rabblUu. 1'12...) 1.0311

v 1 «L‘. ‘1' .- - 3 ‘_..,._ “- ~ 4" ‘r . j -\ - w": -‘ ~‘,, “ 0"“ ~ . ‘. \f‘ r,
seldte J, end nes, unen 1ullJ understOOd, net ”1tn tne ne11t apgiovhl

 

‘

A»
J

‘J

‘1

11 Report {1335}, p. 64.

(51 (I!
O
0
E394
U:
ct—
S"
I--‘ rt
(1)
4‘
t"
r.
’-
Fl
F.
r3
r’)
Pa
O
(D

o
.-
U

In

"D
0
CC

C:
O

29

of bona fide settlers....2 is notification or order was not eXpected to
be acceptable to those whose purpose is fraudulently and falsely to ac—
quire title to public lands, nor to those whose prO'itable vocation was
to promote the speedy obtainhent of patents for compensation or fees.
It was a public measure in the public interest, and was intended to check,
57
and not to facilitate, conspiracies against the government." In the
protection of public lands from fraudulent appropriations during the
past year, forty-two special agents have been employed for the aggregate
period of service equal to about twenty—five agents for twelve months
each......?hree thousand two hundr i and twenty-seven cases have been
acted upon in this office during the gear, eleven hundred and sixty—
eight have been finally cancelleg, embracing about 175,000 acres of
land misappropriated by fraudulent entries, which have thus been re-
stored to settlement. Fourteen.hundred and eighty-five cases, involv-
50

in; 225,000 acres, have been held for cancellation." Three hundred
and seventy five cases of unlawful inclosures of public lands, contain-
ing an area of some 6,410,000 acres, have been brought to attention up
to the present time. Proceedings to compel removal of fences have been

59
brought or recommended in eighty-three cases, involving 2,250,000."
Twelve hundred and nineteen cases of depredetions or timber treSpasses
have been reported, involving a value in timber products amounting to

00

$9,oos,679, recoverable to the pnited States."

In the report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for

 

57. I

58. 11:15., p. 79.
59. I
60. I

1887, is found similar records of the appointnent of srecial agents and
their work. "A3 a result of their investigations, 2,312 entries, cover-
ing 370,000 acres, were held for cancellation; 1153 entries, covering

81

about 180,000 acres, were cancelled for fraud." In the report for

1888, we are told "During the past fiscal year ending June 30, 1888,

the General Land Office patented or otherwise passed title to and con-
62
veyed 8,805,194 acres of public domain." This involved land in

twenty-seven states and territories. The largest amount was in Da-
kota, 2,893,718 acres, the smallest amount was in Indiana, 160 acres.
"ihe sales, entries, and selections of public lands under the various
acts of ConJress relating thereto made during the past fiscal year
embraced 21,180,784 acres, being a decrease of 1,372,204 acres from

do
the fiscal year of 1887." "Bhe total amount of land actually re-

stored to the public domain from garch 4, 1885 to June 30, 1888 was
85,158,990 acres and the amount the recovery of which was recommend-
61

ed was 85,020,538.acres, a total of 148,179,528 acres."

of the administration may best be summ L up

U:

h achievement

(0

H:

n the words of President Cleveland. In his second annial message,

H-

December 6, 1886, he Said; "Dhe energies of the Land Department

have been devoted during the present administ~ation to remedy defects
and correct abuses in the public land service. fine results of these
efforts are so largely in the nature of reform in the processes and

61. United states Lind Office Report, (1887) p. 51.
62. Ibis, (1888) p. .3.

63. Ibid, p. 12.

64. Ihid, p. 17.

method of our land system as to prevent adequate estimate, but it
appears from the records that 2,750,000 acres have been restored
to the mass of public lands; that 2,570,0L0 acres are embraced in

investigation now pending before the department or the courts, and

J:

to effect the restora-

;

that the action of Con'ress has been asle
tion of 2,780,000 acres additional; besides which 4,000,000 acres
have been withheld from reservation and the rights of entry thereon
65
maintained." In his fourth annual message,3ecenber 5, 1888, he
smnued up the nor; of the departnent in these words, "It is grati-
fying to know that something has been done at last to redress the
injuries of our people and check the perilous tendency of the reck-
less waste of the public domain. fhat over eighty million acres
have been arrested from illegal usurpation, improvident grants, and
fraudulent entries and claims, to be t hen for homesteads of honest
industry--although less than the greater areas thus unjustly lost--
must afford a profound gratification to ri;ht feeling citizens.
Our dear experience ought sufficiently to urge the speedy enactment
of measures of legislation which will confine the future disposition
of our remaining agricultural lands to the uses of actual husbandry

66
and genuine homes."

 

_.‘

65. J. D. hichcrdson, LeLSages and Papers of the

(I

esidents. v01 8,
‘3

67. Ibid, p. 795.

"f 9
Uh.

IV.

The democratic platform of 1883 naturally praised the Cleveland
administration for the reforms of that period. The platform contained
the following st: te .ent referring to the Den ocratic part , "It has re-
versed tLe improvident and un ise policy of the Republican Party touch-
ing tne public domain, and has reclm med from corporations and s ndi-
cates, alien and domestic, and restored to the people nearly one hundred
million acres of valuahle and to be sacredly held as homesteads for
our people."‘38 ‘he Re‘*)ublicans dii not a_ ree w; 'th tie Je ocrats i1 re-
lation to t;e restoration of public lands either as to the amount, or
to \fiiom tr e credit belonged. Dhey cla'med that the movenent had orig-
inated in the Arthur administration.end the Republicans shared with the
Democrats the credit for the refonns of the Cleveland administration.

A I

Bheir platform of 1088 stated, "Je re- m1 1r :3 the policy of appropriat-

I ‘

in; the public lands of the United states to be homesteads for Anerican
citizens and settlers, not aliens, which the nepublican Pzrty established
in 1862 against the persistent opposition of Democrats in Congress,
and which has brought our great western domain into such mzcnific ent
development. The restoration of unearned railroad land grants to the
public domain for the use of actual settlers, which was begun under the
administration of xresident nrthur, should be continued. He deny that
the Democratic part" has ever restored one acre to the people, but de-
clare that by the joint action of nepublicans and Democrats about fifty

million acres of unearned lands, originally granted for the construction

 

flr)

oo. 3. Stanwood, rhe.flistorv of the Presidency, p. 40s.

of railroads, have been restored to the public domain, in pursuance of
the conditions inserted by'the Republican Party in the original grants.
He charge the Democratic administration with failure to execute the
laws securing to settlers titles to their homesteads, and with using
approPriations made for that purpose to harass innocent settlers with
Spies and prosecutions under the false pretense of exposing frauds and
. . . 69 _ . . .
Vindicating the law." The Lnion Labor Party in 1888 affirmed that
"Land monOpoly flourishes as never before and more owners are daily
becoming tenants ----. Je believe that the earth was made for the
peeple, and not to enable an idle aristocracy to subsist, through rents
upon the toil of the industrious, and that corners in lani are as bad
as corners in food, and that those who are not residents or citizens
should not be allowed to cm lands in the United States." 7’0 Ehe Ul’iitcd
Labor Party in 1888 said, "Je see access to farming lands denied to
labor except on payment of exorbitant rent of the acceptance of mort-
gage burdens, and labor thus forbidden to employ itself, drivenfbo the
cities, -—---- Xe trace our evils to a fundanental wrong, -- the making
of land on which all must live the exclusive prOpert; of but a portion
of the community. 90 this denial of nntural rights are due want of
employment. low wages, business depression, that intense competition
which makes it so difficult for the majority of men to get a comfortable
living, and that wrongful distribution of wealth which is producing the

millionaires on one side and the tramps on the other."71

 

es. Ibis, p 473.
70. Fail, 9 eel.
71. 113m, 9 4st.

=9
“r.

Harrison's land policy is as well determined from his meSSLJUS
as in any other manner. fhese seal to point to two closely "elated
ideas, first, a criticise of the administration of the previous admin-
istration, this was by su";esticn r;thcr t1-an bv ‘
of errors; SGCOIld, an announcei plan to administer the work in such a
manner that the ease of entry and patent would be increased. In his
first annual messaje he stated these two ideas in the following
language, "In the adninistration of tLe la 21d laWs, the policy of facil-
itating in every proper way the adjustment of the honest claims of in-
dividual settlers upon the public lands has DBGJ pursued. She number
of pending cases had,durin3 the preceding administration, been arehtl
increased under the operaoirhi of orders for a
action in a lar“e part of the cases oriJinntin; in the jest and nor'h
west, and by the subse;ueht use of unusual methods of investi;aticn.
cnlyt 1039 W o are igniliar With the Canditions under which our agri-

cultuisl l.nis have oe n settled ca; appre late the serious an often

fatal consecuences to the settlers of a 30110" that outs his title under
a. - d &.

(D
{i
U
H.
(a
P.
O

n or delay the issuance of his patent. Jhile care is
to prevent and to expose fraud, it shall not be imputed Without reason.
Phe manifest pirpose of the homestead and pre -enpti0;1 laWs was to pro-
mote the settlement of he public domain by perSJzis having a bona fide
intent to make a home upon the selected lands. Xhere this intent is
well established and the requirenentes of the law have been substantial-
ly compli d with, ti’le claimalt is entit lei to a prozuit ami friendly con-

sideration of his case; but tiere there is a reason to believe that the

m
(:1

claimant is the mere agent of another Uh) is seeking to evade a law
intended to promote small holdin s and to secure by fraudulent methods
large tracts of timber and other lands, both princigal and agent should
not only be thwarted in their fraudulent QJIPOSG, but should be made
to suffer the full penalties of our riminal statutes, -rhe law should
be so administered as not to confound these two classes and to visit
penalties only upon the latter."72

In his second annual message, Jecenber l, 1890, he said, "The
policy outlined in my last annual message in relation to settlers upon
the gublic demain has been curried out in the administration of the
Land Office. :0 general suspicion or ingutation of fraud has been
allowed to delay the hearing and adjtdication of individual cases upon
their merits. Fhe purgose has been to Jerfect the title of honest
settlers with such grom,tness that the value of the entry might not be
swallowed up by the exxense and extortions to Which delay subjected the

claimsnt. She average monthly issue of agricultural patents has been

increased about 6,000."?5 In the third annual message, hecenber 9, lael,

}

he said, "Jarlj in this edginistration a special effort Was begun to
bring up the work of the General land Office. 3; faithful worn the
arreara;es have been ranidly reduced. it the end of the last fiscal
year, only 34,172 final agricultural entries remained to be disposed of,
and the Commissioner reports that With the present force, the work can

be fully brought up by the end of the non fiscal year." 74

 

72. J. D. Richardson, Lessages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. 9, p.49.
73. Ibidg 117.
74. Ibid" p. 203.

In his fourth annual message, Decanber o, 1892, President Harrison
summed HQ the war; of the Land office as follows; "The resort of the
Secretary of the Interior shows a very gratifrin; state of affairs as
to the condition of the General Lend Office. :he work of issuing agri-
cultural patents, which sedied so hopelessly in arrears when the present

p

secretary undertook the work of his ofiice, has been so eXpedited that
the bureau is new upon current business. Dhe relief thus afforded to
. honest and worth; settlers ugon the public lands by giving to them an
assured title to their entries has been of incelculeble benefit in
. .. M . 75

develOpin; tne new ‘tates and fierritories."

3h Gemaissioner of the General Lend office in his annual report
for 1839 stated, ”that fraudulent filings under the different acts 0:
Congress have been made and ma; hereafter be made it is unnecesszr; to
deny. out, so far as I we advised, sue” cases are confined to organiza-
tions, corporate and other, operating in the interest of ung gated
capital. Special agents upgointed by authority of Congress have been

so instructed and located under Juur administration that these embryo

frauds, it is believed, will be vigileitly watched, detected, and suc-

gt sbout this time, speci 1 land claims growing out of the grants
given, or sugposed to have been given by Sgein to subjects in the area
formerly owned by Lexico gave considerable trouble. Jhey demanded the

investigation of foreign archives in order to determine their exact

 

75. J. D. fiicherdson, Hesseges L
76. General Land Office deport for 18

57

validity. She nature of these clei s can be et e; uined o; the follow-
in3 quott‘ tion frmi former ‘e3orts. She Secretary of the Interior in
1683 u, in re fez e11ce to clei us arising in the territor; celed by nexico

st Mt d that "the obligations of treat; stipulations are Lgt to be mag-
nified into n rec03nition of property rights that hud no existence under
Spe.nish or hexicun law, and into the sugport of Speculative schemes to
dispossess the United States of its own preperty. The tine has come
when, in my Opinion, the ri3hts and interests of the United States should

be faithfully and vigorously defended ageinst ungustifieble assaults
. - - - -_ '4. n77 It 3 4.- . ‘
under cover of pretended foreign titles. as an illustration was the

instance of a claim ori3i3ully for a square league of lend in hexico

unicl was later assigned and whei reby the transferees Lnde a claim for

C!)

7 . _
more thsn one hundred soue.re lee3ues. Such illustrations snow some-

thin3 of the work that had to be perforuzed; t this time in connection
with these grivc 33 land clsihs.
i21e outstandi " piece of legislation in reletion to the public

lands dlrin3 Harrison's edhinistretion was the passage, Xerch 3, 1331

of the act repealin3 the Dinber Culture Act. flh's Act had been found

to be of little #elue and its repeal had bee:1 considered for some time.
fhe repeal did not have its main in 3ortcnce as much in tile ftCt of the
repeal itself as in the fact that e rider was att chcd to it which allow-

ed the President to desi; 3nute certain lands to be set aside as forest

reserves. The act Jrovided, "‘het the Presideit of the United St wt 5

 

77. Report of Secreter; of Interior (1833). vol. i, p. 159.
780 Ibii‘, p. 1:10.

.mn 1:
e..\-9J

having 3

. J. '1

.. .1 o . o: . ‘ ,., 3.: ll ,. 3. . , . ., «l _L.
erm 131.0 to thud dds; 1:05,”. ‘.;-’ 'JSUI‘VJ .LJ L311" CJv‘.‘ o‘i’
. Cl
\ ‘x‘l . 3.. 1 5,114; 3.3.".- ‘ . 3‘ “v.3. 4- .._. . r.“ ‘, ‘ 4- 4" .. 3,) ‘1
[db 1L1 .L‘.‘ S VKV-L .LALVJ .LL‘ LIV Ll U ’ 1.1 941d :) urU O-L U-lb '-J

wholly or in part covered with timber or underb‘ish, whether
Ciel value or not, as public reservations; an” the President
‘ "._. . ‘ ‘ ‘- n.31 9“ . it n ‘.1 J- J— ‘3‘ . “z“ I" -‘ \‘~- ‘A I“
public proclumuuion ueclu-e the es uollshnedt oi Sioh ieserVu

limits thereof.” "urd, in spenkin3 of this r’de“ says, "it

a seperute act, bu gussed in lotl us u rider added to zhutLer b
conference. :0 3930i 1 a3itution led u3 to it. -he feet is t
tremendous inlgOl‘tL‘d‘lce was met eeireeizted, nor the pregigt 32-161
use which we 11 be made of it Suspected. but us an ’nfepelde

it 0

+6

UUJ

to

.‘

'9‘

02‘ d list 3

osibly have pussed any Con3ress of that perio

Q

Jerking under the provisions of this act, U"esident fierri
een reservations duriu“ the belunce of hiS'tene. -hu”3 reserve

a

g
\

_. 4..-.V .
than UHGH

lled nor sauere miles.

:3
v

7‘

.1
‘ .L

I.)

F.4-

-. L2,. - __ ,3...4_ 3 3..:-,-, ..~\7 j. 3...?
.1410 oudr Jun-301 untilb 1'3 melon, \d’lli.(.:.ul. ..,;, ,'

I
\
b—J

(:1

of CUJJQT-
Shall b"

end

was not

y)

SW .3

.lt

13,30
~LO

1.1.

a.

’l in

c f-
0)

Ho

eping

bill

 

I“ ’\

Q o

t ‘ r: --. (‘3
{.LLl'J U5.) J‘L'

'\ :1 N — f I ~ 1 ‘ ‘ n"
in. A). {Caryl , Iv -LI‘ ..‘ cut} ‘57

ed either as s reform er a1 evil, dependin3 _.en oie's Quint o; J- u we“
the seguigtiun of lends from Ind; n resngutions in order to Open it L3
to Unite settle est. -nis wrs i343 by tre ,ies with the Indi he. she;
tregties Lere HSLLll" brought bout 0; allottin' to the Indians certain
glee s of lzn‘ to be held in SBVGBthJ, ;;d 3,3in; L 33 for the re; ildei
In.e2=c. oL“;Fs .meesrejes t3 klonqiwmis, Pieurhlgit L 33:.th s;mi.3 of f3 wee
In;;un l JJS uni ir his third unflugl mes aje snared p; the unorut of l

as follows: "Since hnrch 4, 1333, about b3,LQU,CLO acres have been seg-
73. Con3ressiunel heerrd. vol. 22, ert d, e Cthjress, 2 Bess. 33.;o11

1L ‘ w o 1 .

n ‘ .- i“ ~O- < l" ‘,‘- ', 5‘ ‘. 1 I - - V .W ‘ '. « x I .‘~ '1 c -‘ '“ ‘ ‘ ,-‘ ' I .‘ ‘ " .-* ’- .. “-—‘ “
g on iron tne Inil n '33eriltionu ”We idle. C) u_e ...l,e no“ in -er

‘N 'I .. j n '3— J. . _ .' o .. _v" a .. _ . ’ ‘ ,1 . 1 q " " .. ~ I
P‘ H. I ‘.) ' ‘ ' . ‘ ‘ ‘ '. I _‘ t , ‘.‘ . _ < , - . 2- —- . , _ . , I
.LJ LLJ..'.'..1A.\/-l.lu U0 uuULx-. 'J'J b_;U L LJLUuZ‘nI‘: ‘J- “(Judithl "-_...cf-A .i’,L]-l 1‘3-

F

. .n_. .‘...- . .9 1,9 ,..- _,1 .'_.v. .", x... ' - '
Silt iron .40 c-nvers10n oi .nose “cs.e lvnns in.o rim 3, -Ht 1. l8

. ., ‘3 w:'-_:. . 4. ,‘e. - '4- 4, ‘ .'_L_ .. .M- ,4. ..,_.‘ '. “.3 . 4., .-_‘ , .. A. ,-
mo.e ni-iicult to est a .9 .ng QCoufgdib onion kill Teoult b0 gnC ELMll-
' I‘I

. L' ‘ 1‘14 ‘9’ ’fi ‘ ‘ 'I 1: ‘- -r ‘r ‘ I ‘I . ' I. ‘. ’, 1‘ ’ ‘~ " 3 ~"') . . ~ -'- u “ ix
1.88 vivt u Ve .LK.)1:-Lll'\). “JILUHO'LL -iogj’d :-.l'.~l Ontllfiya 1.31 v-33 b‘ullul 3.1.1.0 0.1. L in.-.e

.. .‘. Jr". -‘ (‘1‘ ‘, 1" ' '- ~"‘ “" “Lu,,‘ ‘ x " ‘1‘ ‘4 ' 'v' ‘v " 'C.‘ ‘ c 1,, ‘v -‘ J“‘:"
fluu t.n: aosgnxiice LN. a counmu.tuole EfilLbliwAi.Ce .uuier flee .-Mi ne.linl.nl

..4 _‘\l .’ o .. ' -7. I _o 4‘ ' t :1_ a! J. “x ‘ N . '. '1 :3.” __‘ IV... "3. .L1_
Geneitione. it is L100 JrutllplAg to Le wul3 to leel, as we Mid, tngt
- -. ....-1- 8,... . - .. 1-x: ,. . ,...~ .4_- , 4. J 4.», v... - ., , 4.8 .
tn]. 9 ‘uo .L‘;. i... .4 .) L‘UCUC»4VJ&.L llgoil l is“; .4 U4 J .15) u 106 o0\a..-..I'd. up; llidlt‘ul , {41;}, q-l{;t

he in; nor, ii he M111, secure to hinself the good influences of a settled

‘. ‘.‘ ' r 4- ' .. 1‘, . 4- . 4* ° .L . .1 4:. .- ' 4. .- fl —.—' L ' ,,
41:.L11Lc‘ualbl’l, ...'3 ...l"LLL :2 O- l'L...L:ber , Lily. o..e serLi‘luJ OI. bJ-L;luL;-l-Du.")o
-,~ 4-' ." L‘. -- .-. w r .1 . :1 - +‘. - . .2 1‘ 4.x “Hm” .
‘ne SGCul n o. .ne QUJUTul lnnn law ior one repewl oi tne -L oer
'1... 1.. . ‘ 4- -4-.-.".- ' 31,— P ' ‘ I-LL f‘ ”._.: ,LJ. — . .—“ 1 8... 8 .f', . .9 J.
LVLlU'v—LL‘C ‘;CU e-J‘Uv.'uli£u.;d~t a. J") VLFU OJ. .1. 4V.-.ue ! t..').\l cLLj-alnlb. .59.]. 31.3.1.4...) b0

1

small holdings intezfied to be grotecue 1 0y the law of “:rch 5, 1331,

. . .4... .. 1- .L .. ‘. ..,. , * 3: r -“ .0 . .- .1..- . «.1» ._._,_ ,. -
a‘c GSblMLbUl to be mole tn.n le,LCU in Al og‘. fine Clinents “-0 a most

.jl‘d‘ns ULL'u J. n+3 .LmLCU cult {4-13 1-1..” ALLVG l-L;‘l

Ll_'S, @331; OJ. \".';l<3.l .;1.VG

r-u

veged accor'in; to en? metnois, w ilo tge hole
for dinerntione, are laid ogt in narrow strigs

a few rois wine ago; a str:e¢ uni runnin: back to tne hills for gestur-
age eni timber. Provision snonl" 53 m ie for numbering these tracts as

to sectior.

(D

lots ani patentin; then by such numbers Lnd without reierenc

 

Bl. J. D. nicnardson, nesecges uid P;p=rs oi tne ire31aentu, voL 9, p, :03.

40

lines." 82 In his fourth annnel ucssu'e, fresidsnt Harrison munes a
rep\rt r3lntive to the work of tlis Court of Private L d Claims. He
ays, "The Court of Private Tend Clowns, es aslishcd by Con31‘ess for

tie 3roniotion of tnis polio; oi Sieedily scttlin; ontestei lend
titles, is m kin3 satisfactory Jro ress in its vorn, and when tye work
is co gletei, a 3rcut ifiyetfii will be given to tLe doveloynent of

O

- C‘ V !. VI' \ ’ t 1 V: r ' 3', "a I: '- . ‘. , 4 a ‘ W ‘- _ ,"‘ -“
dose 10 ions .were unsettle. cl ins unner MeXiczn 3r.nts ntve so long

(+-

exorcisei their repressive influence. {Len to these reenlts u.e sided
tie e Lornous cos soi pf Indian lands which have been opened to set 'tlc-
nent, ag3re;atin3: dirin3 the aorninistratitn nncarly 26,LCO,COO acres,
and the a3reements negotietod end new pc ndin3 in Con3ress for ratifi-

cation by which about lO,LOL,OUO addition:l acres will be opened to

sett lo:e1t it will be seen how much hes been so cw.olished."

 

43. InLli’ :9. 2002-42.
as. Ibial, peas-Ls.

41

V.

That tne Lublic land question was still one of iuportsnce at the
Opening of Cleveland's second sdninistrution is shown by the party
platforms of 1832. fine Regublicnn platform stated, ”3e favor cession,
subJect to the homestead laws, of tne arid public lands to tne states

end Berritories in which they lie, under sucn Con3ressiancl restric-

tions as to disposition, reels ation, and occngency b; settlers as

.4

will secure tne Hinmum benefits to tne peeple."

"he nemocrntic plstfcregave their gosition as follows, "fine nepub-
licsn party, while professing a policy of reservin3 tne public lands for
small holdin3s by actual settlers, has given ave; tne people's heritage
till now a few railroads and nonpresident aliens, individual end cor-
porate, possess s larger area than thnt of all our ferns between the

so seas. fine lest Democratic adainistrstion reversed the improvident
and unwise policy of the Republican party touchin3 the public domain,
and reclaimed from corporations and syndicates, alien and domestic, and
restored to the pe0ple, nearly one hundred million acres of valuable
lend, to be sscredly held as homesteads for our citizens, and we pied;
ourselves to continue this policy until every acre of land so unlawfully
held shall be reclaimed and restored t. the people."85

The Prohibition Part; platform asserted, "non-resident aliens snould
not be slowed to scguire land in this country, and ye favor the limits-

tion of individual and corborste oune~sgi3 of tne lend. ill unearned

 

" 3 l"¢‘-.‘ q-v r ‘v1' .o“' -.3-- -:. '3‘, - 'n‘ (V:/1 ‘ -v ' 3...,”
b4. n. stsnuood, J4QUOLJ oi tne PleolueflCJ, p. :JZ.

grunts of land to railroad companies or other corporations should be
reclaimed." 86

The Peeples Party gave the following as their position: "The land,
including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the
people, and should not be monOpolized for Speculative purposes, and
alien ownership of land showld be prohibited. All lend now held by
railroads and other corporations inexcess of their actual needs, and all
land now owned by aliens, should be reclaimed by the government and held
for actual settlers only." 87 J ile the Socialist-Labor platform

L

stated: "fhe pub;ic land should be declared inulienebl:. Revocation

(should be made) of all lend grants to corporations or individuals, the
, . . . , . — . . 88
conditions of whicn have not seen complies w;tn."

Cleveland's care for the welfare of the public lands is also shown

in his veto message of January 17, 1894. In his veto message addressed

. .. . . Khi .- . ,. -
to tne douse, ne Suid, "I return Without o; approval nouse bill, number
71, entitled 'An Act for the Relief of Purchasers of fimber and stone
send under the Act of June, 1878.'"

Dhis bill permits the proofs and affidavits which under present
statutes parties desiring to acquire certain public lands are reeuired
to make before the registers and receivers of land offices within which
Such lands are located to be made before any commissioner of the United

States Circuit Court or before the judge or ole“: of any court of re-

cords of the county or parish in which the land is situited.

 

86. Ibid, p. 506.
87. Ibid, p. 5312.
so. bid, p. 514.

5;).
(A

3 siniler bill was passed by the Eifty-Seconl Con5ress onl w s

disapproved by tl1e couniss1on r 01 the General Land bffice and the

ecretery of the Interior."rhe successors of these officers oppose
the present bill on the 5rounc t1e; in its Operation it would Open the
door to fraud and to a pervw sion of txe int e11tions of he iovernment
in relation to the public land. 4 It is difficult, with the most scru-
pulous care, to 5unrd the alienation of our public lands from fruul and
illegal practices. It is perfectly plain, however, that the prospect
setter under present laws, which re-

of accomplishing this result is

quire the necess ‘y proofs to be meme sefore lend officers Who are

apioi ed for that purpose uni uh- ere under the control of the General
Land Office and amenable to its re5ulstions, than it vould be by sub-

stitutin5 otler officers over whtm the 11nd czfice his no control.

" J- ' I, .' "1.’ “ ‘.u T l"‘,f ‘l'g-‘F‘. ‘ ‘."V~¢ .~"- J‘ ' -.‘. 7
"cs rtth 111:3 “ll 01lers of tle Lmhu C111ce are uUd 1n 1orce nn1cn
‘ ‘ “-4- 4" 1 . “‘.“u D “ ' / V'Vr- J." I‘ ‘ ‘” ‘. f ‘ (‘1‘! "1 r ['4' . ‘1‘
regulnve ,1e twaluj o1 tne necessmr, proo1s ell pe:m1t M11 eXem nublvds
“._- “an '. r t"“ r: ’3 ° us: 77' me) vs: “1.1.4:, c‘ v:~~‘ "7“ t .-
Ltd‘ LV_-)l‘—- LLS wllkl I'eCclVCIu. J. -Lub L‘.«(_J.L.L'..u-d.lu (“-6 (/1. 01.0 111111013 .Lm

portence if ur land laws c1 e to se justly and honestly admi1‘1iste rel .

"I fully concur in the cove tions made to this bill by the officers
hevin_; c._::.r5e of the public lends in the 1:31: -‘1d111i1istretion 1111 by their
successors who are now din‘ r:; with th1tresponsibility. I an convinced
th:.t such a relexetion of our existin5 1311 l: '0 as is contemplated by

O

the bill under onsiderstion would not be in the inter--

d
C)
c f‘
(”I
O
*‘b
C
C)
O
'11
Q
I

On Karen 3, 1891, the Eimcer not hevin; been amended read in part,

 

89. J. D. Richardson, Lesseges and Pa ers of the Presiients, vol. 9, p. 450.

t' - . -" -v ' ‘ T V -. J- '-“' . v n" o ‘ g- '4 “1 l V. x' .- ' *‘ L ‘ v' .' ‘~' '
suits c“; on: “11 wk]. etude.) UK, have» n3 OI‘ .-.;;iit‘;l and gallium derail-0:030

'_-.., ._.,z W ‘ _‘ . ’ ' , l!’ w— _- .C‘ ‘ ‘-

issucl o all be oi'u t "itulu lite “our” LL tie lass ve oi tdis act,

-- ' .2, .' 7: 3.". .- -. if”-.. s. . ”4. ,; 2‘, :,. ., . . ,-._
brougdu wi “in or“ Jeers glue" ole cute ti Vie issuance o1 slcu pctsnts."

r1 .7 “#1-. . ‘ ,1 ,1 ._ -~ — . 1“,. ' .x‘: ..-.‘.,. :r ' ...
olerelaud s estcufulfi‘ss OVer t_e “ellere Vi tJC gdbLLC lends _' Sdefl

by the message that he seat to Cou;ress on January 17, 1396 saying, "I
wish to invite attention to the necessity of promgt legislatisn in order

‘ O

to remove limitatiuus of the time within union suits may be brought by

the Government to ennul unlawful and uneithorized grants or use
p
#1

lends." This gravision weuld make it necessarr for the United States

a.

to start recovery suits Before.) rch 5, 1391. Any groof of fraud that

might eupes" after Huron 5, 1396, w;uld have no effect ugon the valid—

an.

O

it* of the claim. In arguinf for this lefiislation Jleveluud remarked
J _. ‘4 ’ ’

t O. ‘ J" . ’ "1 a ‘3‘ ‘3 ‘l‘r '3 Q R . A: o J . ‘ w t - ‘. "< 1 I. Oin" .C‘ .--\ ' . "
'Lefilslaoion Cotdullbull_ ll“ twulJno h;--nct tnw ii_lt oi toe loweri-

-., H ' -- ' .-+- ~-,4—'-..-- . V,,....m.-.4. .-‘.4— 4-‘1— - ~ .-
nuult to iul; 13 :41 IIHLJVwbltnl not sLin cfluf coiLJLUUQyu.iuitix um} _ini:rul

liistor; of tie ri"".ts of the "f—ovei’:1;n::‘it, for it 11:.3 miformly 7.35.3.1 Leld
that ties did not b'r the sovereigu power from the asse‘tion of its
“i'cts. She “url; cdjudicstiou a? Lgnl Degcrtneut construei the grunts
with a degree I liberality toward the grautee, WdlCh luter decisions of
the courts and thedepurtue;t have nct sustained. It seems cleu that
further progress of adjustments will develog facts and trunsactisds in

connection with those laud grants which ougnt to as suogect to legal

examination and scruteny before the; are allowed to secomo final and

 

90. Congressional Record, 51 Cont. 2 Sess., vol. 22, part 4, p. 0011.
91. House Document, Iumber 151, 54 Cong. l Bess.
Cf. J. J. hichsrdson, Lessages and Papers of tge President, vol. 9,
pp. 660-661.

conslusive. Che :overnnzn; should not LO prevented from going idto the
courts to rijnt wrongs seriotruted by its “gents or ty other ps~ties,
end by which much of the sublic lemis as; be diverted from the peeple
at large to corporcte uses. In these circumstances, it scene to me
that the act 0’ 1891 should be so amended as not to sgplg to suits
broujht to recover ti;le to lands certified or patented on account of

1

The messs;es of President Cleveland during his second adminis-
tration did not ded 1 as definitely Jith the matter of reform as those
of the; first admin firstion, but were more general in their content.
His first message, gecember 4, 1835, stated: "Qhe vest arcs of land
which but a short tine ego constituted the public densin is rapidly
falling into private heels. It is certain that in tLe transfer, the
beneficont intention of tie Governaezt to sugply from its domain hoyes
to tie industrious uni ..ortny n.nwscclvrs is ojted frustr ted t r.u;h
the spe culstor, who stsan with extorti.nuto ourgose setseen the Land
Office and those who, with their in ilies, are invited ty the Zovern-

8L

ment to settle on the yublic lumis, it is de 1'

(L
0.
f3
’3'
0
cf-
(D
*1
U
r:
3'
6

(‘fi
0‘

ice

0')
*C.

ou;ht not to be tolerated, vet it is difficult to th mrt his schemes.

. w” . I D _ ‘ a“ . "a, _' . ‘ . ~_ . .3..“ ‘ ._I I“ ‘-
Dne recent openin. to ste tle: .61 t of tie 1;.»qu in the Onexoiee outlet,

embracing an area of 6,500,000 acres, notwithstanding the utmost care

J.

in framing the re jul stions governing the selection of locations and HOU-

.L ‘ °

withstanding the oresence of United States troops, furnished an exhi-

bition, though pcrhsps in modified degree, of the med scramble, the

._....

92. J. D. iichsrdson, Lesseges and Papers of the Presiden's, vol. 3,
p. 6020

,f‘.»
Ca

‘ge fraudulent occulstio;iwgich hsve accompanied pre-

‘

4
H
O
H
(I)
H
H
O
(L)

8
f‘

p

,4
P
(1

"I

vious openings or public land.

I concur with the Secretsr; in~ the belief that these outrageous
incidents osnnot be entirely revented without a charge in the laws
on the subject, and I hope his recommendutions in that direction will
be favorably considered.

I especinlly contend to the attention of the Congress the state-
ments contained in the Secretery's report concerning forestry. The

f! ‘
r

time has come when ef-icient measures should be taken for preservation
93

of forests from indiscriminate end remediless destruction."

dent Cleveland, fiecenber 7, 1396,

f—Jo

fhe lest annusl messege of Pres
was brief in relation to the public lend and not very suggestive of the
need 03 TGSOfiH- In it he remarks , ”Uur public lends originally amount-
in; to 1,840,000,000 acres, have been so reducei that only about
$000,000,000 sores still rs sin in lovernnent control - excludlnj
Alecia. -Dne balance, being by fsr t.e no-t velugble portion, has been
'iven awe; to settlers, to new states, and to rail‘osds or sold at a
oomperdtive_y nominal smn. She patentinj of lend in execution of rail-
road 5 ants has progressed rapidly diring tne peer, and since the :eurth
d9" of march, 1895, about 25,000,000 ec‘es heve thus been conveyed to
these corporations.

I agree with the Secretary thbt the remainder of our public lends

should be more carefully dca t with end their alienation guarded by

 

es and P pers of the rresidents, v01. 9,

l) O ‘k J‘i.

C}
J

#3

‘ J- .. ,H ‘ ,. , ,.- .,-, . , .,
setter eConomJ end ireeter gilinveo"

In the early cart of Cleveland's second administration, he crest-

ed two forest reservations. fhere sis little objection to these, but

"V

on February‘ d2, 10 97, upon the recommendation of the committee or the
Nationsl Academy of Sciences, he crested thirteen others having on

area of thirty t roe thoussnd slusre miles

"These reservations locked u) soeci lly izoortent forest and
Sena tors alleno fiebrnshn,v C rt er of Lentsne, Cl r: of Ugoming and

others intrrCused bills to revoke them, which they backed with western
vehemence and st i rri n' eloquence. The President ves de no un ed by m miy
in unmeasured terns. Dr. Charles D. qolcott undertook to steer the

storm-ri de :1 b: r1: of conservation into szer wet ers bv persuading Sene-
tor Pettigrew of Dakota to introduce a bill authorizing grazing, timber

_ ,. . t r‘ -0 1 _ ° .. 3 . .. -\ , , ,. 4.4- 1 - i .,A- '. f L“, w _, 1 , 1“
Seles and lies tinocr ior nctuul settlers within the reserves. ihe
’

bill also 2rovided for exchnnjin; existinf claims on land within the

\

rese“ves for patented land is,un . fhis ”ill LSS‘l, damaged by

"i

be sure, bit it saved the reserves end defined the sure

L0 cf-
UI 0

She Commissioner of the General Land Office in his report for 1893
made the following recomnendstions:

he office of

O
H
(L)
g-
Cr
cf

"(1) Reconnendetion that a law be enac o’ to
United States SurveJor Genera l for Alas a, oitli privis ion ior the Con-

pensntion of e Surveyor General for the necessary clerical service, end

 

94. Ibid, p. 73d-735.
95. lobert 3. Yard, Our Raderel Lands, p. lll-llBo

5-“
,._)
w-
3
O
l
r '-
(3
a)
O

for the rent and co Mt n ent exsenses “f

Q I

(2) Recommendation thvt a law be enacted for placing the ouSines
corinec tel with the leasing of thshons school loads uz1lethe control
of the Territorial u“

(3) Recommendation of proper leg'slsfi. ion for tie segregation of

tinber lends from agricultural and other lands of the siiblic do1=i11, and

posol of the land and the tinber under the direction of

the proper die
the Secretary of the Interior.

(i) iecommenlation of the grovidin: b low of adegunte means for the
Qrooection .iu ugnof;.ent of forest T‘bblV”Lluuo es
existinj low.

(s) nccoinwiuitlon th:t a lay be enactel forw.1ulsory attendance of
witnesses Lt lend-ciiise nearii's.
in; laws ‘o so modified tn; the Scimis-
sioner oi ghe }e:er 1 Land Lffice nu; authorise, then deemed exno edie;

"‘ve s 5-:d resuiv e ’s :. ressnnicle eozngensution by tne day, i totes."
of b 'the mile, and who; surve s LTG reguired i ivolving Only e shell

.- . ‘ 9 l. ‘ . ' - 1 . - ° .. . _ - J- ' - .' .t . , 3. , .‘
. ~ ‘1 , . , f. - ‘ . ' . r. -. r , . r 1 #4 w 7-: v r“ 1 . , . ,. 3
64‘; I a..\.&. U \&A a tJL‘. U U. AKJ u.)'..-J- A ‘J J--np.A—L) V .L‘J-Li/lr 4'.- ‘U’r K’LL :I-oK)‘ J— 6.13 41.6 UL-: 0 U0 be .3“.le

yU
F‘ v» . 0-":‘3 ‘4‘”.‘11 011‘ "4 s ‘3’”. n3 "
iOi. c. 9-1 (4;.-i - Q.L.1 4.31. 0.19 e'LJl...v \uli...
“‘ x ‘ ‘2‘ " ‘1‘. "' ~, ._0 .- :‘1 ‘4' '1. J- ‘ 'O ‘ ‘ ~\‘ \ , ‘,.‘- 1 .'.J‘ . " '
in; resort is: the veer oi o;i n.de the iollo in; ~ecommeiiwoions.

'.J

<~ '- - rL-L ~' I. ' 'q 2‘ ’1 i ~ ‘. ~ :‘ -“J' qt"-‘L “ "<' l“ ' J" “I ‘ I ' ‘L
Quldor' etuonience o- aitn-sses ct he.-i-js in contests be_0‘o the district

I‘ , a 7 4,,- . J. :- -,,.z- s: ,4 ..2. _ 7 1,, 1“ ,.. ’- . ,L.‘ J.
(a “econ ends sing at lees. iii ; nous it uol: rs Le angrooriutod to

 

 

I' ~ . . .‘ 7‘ L r r. *- ~ ‘ o r o ‘ . f 1 ‘1 _‘ _ 1 1 .~ - 3 .‘\ I V. 3 I, l \ - v -
44 : '-"- 4 ' “_‘- -,‘ .‘ - ‘ '. - . ‘,'_ v - g! , l I ~ .
«U. --b‘}'u U VI 0 JJ‘ t,:O..L..J..Ju.LQ.L .L U1- J“; .v «in; ._. J..J ....u. u---..ut.,, \ Jul); ’ 4). (Jo

 

v‘ - 1 ;\ o I -I n
’3‘ (33' " . 2 . , \2~-, - 1 ‘- -- 2 '5 \.~ "A r ' . *- ,. _ .— ' .24 '_“ . ' - r "*L ' .r‘ a
UL VJ.-'«3-lL.LC.L -_.-2-.-.-.-L‘-.J.J.~ l'Ji refill” Chi/n.1,. x |J.LU-.~ .LJV’JLJ " . 01' cocculieil"
. .‘ u o - u .
. J '._ ‘,:),.L. 5,} f“ A‘ .. 4‘ ‘r‘ , h . . .) J. , (‘4. ‘. A,. . 2 . . ‘ J" .' ..
1.3“, a-UL‘J—Iu 24-J,I‘V.-ol i...) k .Ls. ...)-' J-._, 1.1.)93'4'4 in)” 21.. --.L'3‘A -'.J;,JI“" .91. -9113 .L-l"
'0 . t C
s “r . - , --1 -_~ *- a , a
l e "‘\i‘, 043...}. -J J .A'L‘}.
'7 ‘ .;"‘11 A'~~‘-\ ~-- 5 'V f‘ 3 '2 '| ’-‘~ R. (q 2. ‘J -\ 1 pV « ‘1' 1 3‘ P} vs “1 . 1" ~ : . 1 J— : ~ Vlrf‘ . -‘
U] “U- vhv 1.xI-LV-3‘b 0.1. l“-.;‘ QJ‘..(.4......L ‘-.L\/,.\./L4'~) JL'JJH- ...UL1 U- U J—CJ ‘L «be;
,. F .3.‘ .4. . . - ' J .' . '. ‘ '1 . ‘ ' ' J. -
"(fl 1') .\ fl (1 ‘f u , a 1 i 1 u ; .‘ - , . ' \‘2 '\, r. 2 ‘2 .- ‘1.....vr-. ‘1‘
A. ‘~/\JO‘._ |~JA1 s) VIA-r l.) -hl 1";‘143‘1 L); .1. 1‘ L1 ,LK'Z}. L453 3., ‘..«.3 .; .1. " t .L.’ f. ._ 4U '(l 4.x. 5".) LI‘J .‘-L'~.: , :4 , t\)
_ _ _ I ‘ ~ 1 4" o _ !_ . ' I , ’1 1 I ‘ 7 o y I I
'. ‘7 f. r l‘ . «.3. J— c _ ~ _ -‘ ~ 2 A‘ -‘ 4— 4 O 1*, . If. l . x a , J \ - 3 - s.
ufiyvii Jlue t .Lu'. l...Lle' ‘Jerg 1.1.")C‘JO.E..L.; 'u 23.1. u 43 u Eb... .1. L‘ 4‘ 412 O J gird; i1 ' 1.1
- , - _ 4.
. \0 VJ- . ‘ + .‘ ..l_ A ._> V P O I ‘
f" f . v- --‘ 1_v ‘3 \ . ‘ r — . .3. - vs
aw) Ifu “LU 'xL.L~.U.'. .LKJUU UH ~43 .Lcu; LL 2"”: ,L.
,4 ‘ - . u 1 a w 1 J I l I p .- - u I c .
2. 'u n."\. .2 '2 -- “' ; . .2 ' -. ." :‘r‘ "u " ~ "
(‘.1} _../-l. : .0 iv; 2.3 1 e L(..4.- .J i, 2.1:. 1‘. Lu: J .LtiL u L - _.'\.‘ 1.319 .. . v) x.) J I.~13 \V‘..U__ 3 L .L- 3-1..
' "‘ \ r1 0 V ‘ . s "i - ~
I . '_ - ‘ 21 ‘l- n 4‘” c. 1 ‘ ~ - . .2. A . I: n L - .‘ ' - . 2' w ‘- '
\ ) -54J_'3‘ 1- ‘.- U'J p. xLJuLl ,.2LJ_1.‘; C . .... 3 3.- » .13 1. JlA‘tJI‘ i. ._...L'V ._ . JL l' u id
. \1? '1. i“ 4. 32:- , -_ 2 . w-..*. - .1 . _ - -,'.1.
‘ v . "I 2 l I . . I — r 4 ‘ n_ . r g ‘r . _ . .. ‘ A _.
1‘ _ .LLLI .1.» t.‘ u, U-. U lo u. . ”J U I}.x 2' ‘.. JL ‘4. J A.'«_35J.LJ ,_..‘~..:...L .~-_;.V‘J ' ’ J:’-l 2:34!le
a. ‘J O H
'x I‘ x 1' I I (\ . ‘i ll .
l ' ':'. ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘
LL}. "c, .12 \L I ‘JUUA 7—1». .1. l. L} .o Lv-l.
, . ‘ ' f ;~..- g .1 ‘,-\ 'u 1 '(u \\.3 , ‘ L . \ "I: v‘ I“ ( 1 .‘fi ' 1 r, '\2~I‘ '1‘,“ .fi 1 ‘\'1~fir . 0
\UI \Jk -'-A..I.)I.J..~ 5‘ .L 4L l‘bV .5) ‘LI J u-- k- J A‘ ‘J - . U '4 _._. .I \.l“’ ‘al-C.-I\IUv-A. LILEV"“V.&.‘—;d
I- r f" “i ‘ . 2" . _ .. . i . . 2 " '3
F) ,. 2 «l 7- .1. 1 , 1 ~‘ 7. ~~
V0.9 .L l. -L'JC J-L- .J ‘L dr"u JL- JAAJL l .3.—— nfi.L".- -22..
7‘9 .. .. . - . .. . .' J. 3 . . :\ ” ~ ‘ .' - _ - ‘ '
« Jfi. . ~~ - ~'\ .~ an n‘ 5, , , ~ .'\ . a - ‘1 2‘ '_ "\
(() ‘5! by .- £2451 .s) .21.. t (re—L {4.) 2L 1); J.k.U .- . -l '4‘ .‘S'J , k. bk- lel ‘Jk a. Li) A . 4.1L ,
A o. i. u I!
. .‘ .. -J— ' .. ._ 7 1‘- .. ' .' ‘ ,. .‘ ." - ' ”- . — . 4— 7' 'P'f
v 33 .. zen ’ .rn *- 2‘ c ‘ , . . . 0"" ' . v ' ‘i ‘\..- < .
a..-“ CV~AJ..AL'A\.:'\ ~‘J.a. uLu.’ 1.. U.L. J3 '..S , L3 .LM‘ 5‘. LQVDJJT.’ , ”J- V...‘.J) e.-s.JlOUAa-.~U OJ. VU
. . ' J. . "‘ .L . .' ‘ ‘ - I- ' . _ - — -. " 'T‘ '- . - -C' 3" ' ‘ . L
x - c- . ‘1 -q ‘.3 ~”-.a\v1 I '2: 1.1-._ 0“.. -' ,_.4-\.» I w .’ 4 5 :‘ I1 '.I .,.' 1
COLIgl-JuJ A); Lax-1nd- U&lel--__ uug i‘Juu'hxz' Le LGULIV'J-KLU LJ. .'.."1 Us. -lve lLLUO _Ipl”
\ - ',. n '1" her) n . ‘wd “N ' ‘ -‘ 2‘
..1. .AL'g—LU .vaC/L D'DU--~40
'3 _ -_ ., ' ‘ ‘ 2x; . ‘4‘ |- J-~- . L ‘qn‘x- '. J-W '-\ - -‘ a1_,- 5:- .31 ‘2] . ,', “a < ‘3' 2 I‘.",*‘,xf (21 r; l. V‘f
U AL‘dbw't-b-Wu-LKLQ U-.L2—-U ‘3‘ UHA‘J 4.”. 2;. 'U‘.l ‘JoAkJ l. u.vUV..iU—h Lin“. 0... u “"143- v u (.4. -. .h
2"} LI.” ,‘J .31.) x‘_'_ 5.1«fn~‘ 5‘2.3 r“; [.2 1 -r‘ W} J-’ x 1 r , 1r :3 J. ,3 1-..}: ‘1- N . 3| ._.-c ? h .
UL ’J-M. buvul. L2“ .c‘ll;v_‘. v‘A’Q u‘ v vLJJ Q '..'.1 U-l\4 .LL»L'.A' .L‘L U-.b Oug.be L‘J. JV~.L|V.L_L\_J1..L~LL’
2': « 1dr‘ftr' 9‘" ° nar- “I.“y ' "-~' 5‘1 “(1"1 Ln ‘ ‘1 ‘2‘“ ’> ta" ' ’)’ :C-‘~’\" “fl - fl: -‘ I“
‘JAIL‘LO‘DQJ é, -LLJ. .. l . L, 'L‘ooa.ll, i--s.LLloL .L. 2:7. I"! b J-L I \t-Cb ~ .bv' r Jig—-4“ b.- ..“ ...A—e ’ be
1 l vhf—3 1 J— , L ’1 J- #2. - . ~~| 1 . H ‘\ ,-‘~. I (‘1‘ L— ()t f v - Q'- - r4.~ -.‘ |‘.(‘ .q r113 ‘ "‘1 1 'l‘,
an}. OH‘Q‘J. DU -.‘-I‘O~UCU 4-;4Ll CL:.‘._L: .0 L1 CKU.LL.‘.UV« Lull uo C: 0-1 ‘.2‘-2.L V-tLh ' 4, LagALA Sulkul
'1'“ :4 V" '. ,1 4' . ,.-. 1534' n o-ixt4-l’x' w gm 2‘ fix‘x'wv "f a.
._.... kmu J..K/J. ._J O LU...» A .Lor \J-.~J re .a-lw-L» OJ. \)kLLl-l IJV Kurd rho) V\J$& ,‘L \IUU - l‘v'v‘y \J‘-Jo~A
C17
d
. .. :2
pro Jar.
*- +- . w. am .. t -. J-'- 4,— ., J «- ’2 1— '13 l ,1 V" .
L11 U.Le UU—AUL rQ‘.)Or S 0* Li‘s»: Uv'$A-J.1-UV.L .\$&Jr 0‘— U .’3 ‘I'JsL'uf' .1. —l‘~ 0..“ LCe
3 3 l 1‘ .q a 3 “.7, L 3 . -._ . “.3 ._. -‘_ .‘_- “ .x‘
almJ. . .. - UbUl.L--L1 Ami-“N J. on.) ‘..' .L c, .L. Kit. 0
(‘7 ‘I .VL 'r" ‘ r -' . K" 'I ‘\ ’w — ‘V 71 — - u" " " ’ ' . l I —' 1.1 ,‘
a o Musk/i. u OJ. u; . i...1...~zl‘ rid}. c4. 14. .u“. y.;_. .L .13 t V'.‘ i- v.)- i-."'" 1.2:.

50

VI.

5

In the study of the em.1inis-trstie1 of the public lsnus durin5 the
Cleveleni Era,there Was a stru5gle on the part of the Governnent to
overcome such evils as rsudulent entries, tiesiisss on the )uol ic d01;:.in,

so

alien own rship and timber stealing. I1e public lends were/um dely dis-
tributed that the t r: of edm1n1ste1115 the 1 had to be done by a very
large force of peOple scattered throu5hout the nation. Chess officials
were confronted by local conditions and demands which often conflicted
with the technical interpretation of the land 1 we enacted by Con5ress.
Jhenever this conflict of local interests and netionul law became sharp,
then violations of the law were certain to occur.

The cattle ranchers of th est saw 5reat stretc11es of Open 13 nd

lying unused end they naturally appropriated it for grazin' purposes.

li15 of ownership

(1)

After land had been thus used for several years, a fe
5rew up an; the land conseluently was ille5slly inclosed. 31th the
westward movement of the e5rarias settlers, there was a demand for the
breehin5 up of these inclosed areas into small ferns,21e11ce ceiilicts
arose over the ri5hts of ownership. Sudn questions hnd to be settled

by the Administration and they were'usually settLed to the disadvants5e
of the 5rent cattle owners end in favor of the settlers. Jhen the
decisions were un1svorso is to tl1e lur5e ranchers, attempts were made

to retain the possession of the desired lends by uethods having semblance
of legality. 'Bne runclers inLucel a numoe cr 01 men to purchase, under
5overn1cnt re ul1tions, areas of lend and then transfer their l.oldi1g s

to thes. This led to a considerable violation of the spirit of the law

and had to be checked and remedied by the Government. Durin5 Cleveland's

first administration, attention was called to the need of reform il
this matter and steps in this direction were taken. Cleveland pro-
ceeded by the appointment of special investigating agents who examined
actual settlements and records. They, in turn, reported to the Gener-
al Land Office and the abuses were corrected by department action or
court decisions.

The records show that similar evils arose in connection with the
attainment of titles to mineral lands. The report of the special agent
from Duluth, Linnesota, stated that "The favorite method of obtaining
title to the pine and mineral land of this section has been to hire
men for a stipulated amount to pre-empt on homestead the most valuable
tracts, the some to be conveped immediately by warranty deed upon mak-

98

ing final proof." This procedure was equally true for arid lands.
The report from the register and reviewer at Pucson, Arizona, reported:
"One of the methods whereby large cattlehen acquire title to land
enough to control all the water in a large area is the placid; of their
employees here and there at the different waters and acquiring title

99
through them."

The original forests upon the public domain possessed great value.
The timber areas were so extensive that not much thought was given them,
in the early history of the country. Killions of acres of Valuable

tinter had been loot before the Government became aware of the need

Ix

of care in order to check eventual depletion. Bdflee who were interested

in timber or timber products were ruthless in txoir destruction and re-

 

980 IAC‘Jld. Office neport (1.665)’ 1). 5‘}.
93. Ibid., (1386), p. 53.

(:1
to

sorted to various schemes ii order to profit by the commercialEZstion
of the timber. rhe Government tried in two ways to preserve timber
for future generations, the first was by the Timber Culture Act of
1874, revised in 1378, which provided for the planting of trees upon
homesteads as one of the requirements for final proof. Jhis measure
was for the purpose of increasing the timber acreage. It failed com-
pletely because so mary conditions of fraud arose. Bhe act was re-
pealed in 1831. fhe secon EBLDS was the provision of the repeal of
the fimber-Julture Act which gave permission to the President for the
creation of forest reservations. these reservations denanded the or-
ganization of a new division in the General Land Office to attend to
the surveying, patrolling, and general supervision of forest reserva-
tions. It also had to attend to the leasing of land for grazing pur-
poses and to the cutting of timber. The latter duty was provided for
by acts of Congress in 1397—1898.

Both harrison and Cleveland made use of the forest reservation
clause in the creation of areas reserved for the growth of timber.
About thirty areas, comprising a total of nearly fifty'thousand acres,
were set apart for this purpose. Cleveland was the only President
before Roosevelt to take serious measures to retain public lands or to
recapture lands that had been entered illegally. fhis established a
precedent which vas to be followed by succeeding a*xinistrations, the
develOJment of a nationslconservation progrma.

In an attempt to develop the western country, the United States

f .' ‘\ ‘ l ‘ ‘ a"- .’ " r' J' " 'r‘ ‘ 41 1‘, ‘fi . ~‘ 1“ a' . j ‘;Vn‘ -- _ , 'l ‘\ 1‘, ‘ . .
GOVG’I‘ILnJAt 51‘ .2111] 3L1 large tracts 0i land to V“; lu-rle rialJ—uLuy' Chunk—411133.

(3-1
L?

These 12nds were to be used to help the railroe .ds finance their con-
struction. Certain conditions were, in each case, atta cliel to the
grunts of land to the r ilrcsds. By the Opening of the Cleveland

_ra, shy of these 'rants h:d been enlar°edL c, de3;rthent interpreta-
tions of law, and thereby 1;.nd hcd been cle ined far beyond the limits
of the ori;inal grants to the rend. at the ssne ti e,the r ilroads
had often failed to live up to the time limits of the grants. ihe
effect was that the Governmeit wus losin; possession of puolic L nds
by not insisting that the railro,ds c»1)ly .ith the provisions of the
grants. Such was the cage of the ;t1antic and Pacific Yailwoy Cm13u1y
in 1885. Toward the close of the Arthur administration, the lovernment

O

started to investipete these irregulgrities and under the Cleveland and
harrisen administrations, this program JfiS cont nued. Jhe rCS‘lt was
that millions of acres were reclaimed from the railway grants and were
added to the public dentin. TJUS additional lands were made imaediately
available to actual settlers as homesteu' entries. The effect was to
hurry settlement and to reduce the cost to the usual homestead fees,
instead of paying a set orice to the railways.

Jhen goon e'riculturs~ 1 L nds began t0;”8t scarce for homes tends,

the ;uest£en of brertii' up the L dd n1 lands arose. fhe Dawes severalty

not vss an att apt at the solution of this troubleSChe irob lenz. Its
provisions seemed to be a good thing from the hi oi_1t o? the "his,s.

fke Indians were wiring it: e agricultirzl use of their l:nds. she;
Vulued it large y for the pirioses of hunting and lishin .

. . a __ _ . .1 r ‘_ I i‘w .' a‘ a "31‘ -“- .'
thought that better use should be mane of it. Susy added to this the

thou;ht that the Indion could be nude a citizen and so have an induce-

~ - J- . ,7 ‘r- 4- -\ o ‘- ,-.~q "‘ 7| 1 I. a --- -~ '~. , 1r . ’- ' l‘ . .-. . - .‘" var
LGflt 00 nine materiel progieSs. Enose «nu studied tie Sitdntion iron

ieved that the red men did not core for

._J

the Indien's point of View to

he unite des of livin: and further thnt he wee inherentl‘ untunli-
u .1 , ’ ‘5

(-1“

A 4.1,. A1.

fied to live sdch a life. rhey also thought onto the Indian had the
right to use his own preperty as he wished so long as he did not inter-
fere with the rights of others. Since opinion was divided upon this

0 ‘

issue, it is likel; that there was some truth in both Sides of the ques-
tion, and that some other solution, or some modification of the Danes
plan might have worked 2:1re sntisfnctorily. Bhe experieycbof the notional
administration of the Dawes act to 1906 (Burke Act) has confirmed this
opinion.

It is to be noted that since 1863 the political parties have paid
attention to the question of the public lands and have tried to gain
votes by incorporating public land planks in their platforms. These
planks had been shnilar in both claims and demands. The public lend
continued to be a prominent ;uestion until after 1392, when other 'ssues
suoerseded it. Due two leading parties eedi claimed credit :or the re-
forms and accused the other of‘beinp responsible for the evils. It is
evident thut both c1odit and blame were die to both of the great parties.
is the situation is new viewed, it appears that our lovernment was too
read; to dispose of its lend. Ehe resiit is thyt practically no desire-

able arable land remains today for the honesteeder. If all of the lend,

thut was obtained from the Governnent by fraud, could have been retained,

(D
\\
p.
m
0

r.
| d
t-

(D
H
(D
I

' -_. J ‘ ‘, ,,,-.;_.L,.,.." ‘ .,-_, .-~ 3." -- . .7 r -,- .fi- .‘ M. i!
it wou_d nave 'einiutsd wand adulthflul doles ioi nomest (

01
U]

cord shows that the actual work of the Cleveland Administrations was
more conducive to the public welfare than that of the Harrison period.
This is indicated, first, by the very careful investigation and cor-
rection of all kinds of lqnd entry frauds; second, by more closely
examining the private land claims; hird, their denanis upon the rail—
way corporations were more strict than those of the Harrison period in-
sofar as the rai ways were obliged to Conform to the tenis of their
grants.

fhe Democratic Administrations made it harder to gain final posses—
sion of public lands than under the previous Republican Ldministrations.

Phi-

(I)
H.
L.
E

'—

L)
:5
p.)
.

I I
P
H
L“

“t, bv the tact that the railroad g‘ants were made by

J

nepdtlican Adninistrations and largely regained by the democratic;

second, a lar or number of individual land claims were held up under

Cleveland's Administration than under any previous administrati,n. Lost
of those tgat were still un.ettled at the close of Cleveland's firs

n n a h "ui k v 13‘s 3; or. ‘1 izv Ha L o ‘ c m° 1‘
ter ere r't er c lJ g 5 ed to . text dir Le rr 3 n's t=r , txird,
l ,— ia a;’ Lims so is 7 nos '1 the - ' o 7 a " '
tie 8‘00 1 1 1d cl: , e Leo ll, t e 11 = torrit r. ncduired
from Lexico were subjected to close scrutiny under Cleveland, but passed
quickl; under garrison. further proof is found in the claims of the
Democrats that they remedied illegal entries, and the correSponding
char; made by the Republicans that the Democrats caused much distress
to honest settlers by delay in the completion of their entries.

Cleveland and Karrison were not esyecielly interested in the pub-

lic land Question until it arose in the regular discharge of their

duties as President. She; had net had any occasion for making a care-

ful study of the problem in their tasks previous to their election

to the presidency. Thus, to a large extent, they had to be directed
and advised by those into whose authority they had placed the public
land administration. During this era, the need of public land admin-
istration changed greatly; desirable agricultural land disappeared;
the Pre-emption and Timber-Culture nets were repealed; much of the
railroad grant land was reclaimed; and likewise, the evils end abuses
of entry were greatly reduced. is a whole, the work of the Geno‘el
Land Office was reduced, although the odestion of reclniation, irriga-
tion, natiorml pirhs, national monuments, and forest reservations to-
gether with the added question of the public lands of glashs have been
added or enlarged. Each of these has brought about new problems and
these are certaii to chsnje with the passage of time.

Dhe Cleveland Jra found the administration of the public lands cen—
tered in the General Land Office. This office was improper y housed at
Jashington. There was not sufficient room Space to accommodate the
necessary force of employees who attended to the vast and complicated
amount of work. Records in the past hbd been imprOperly and incompletely
kept. Storage room was so inadeouste and poorly arranged that the ex-
amination of records was diff’cult if not completely impossible. During
this period, the office space was enlarged, the personnel was increased
and the individual efficiency placedupon a higher level. Business that
had been far in arrears was brought up to date so that the work of the
office finally ceme to be the business of the current year. Dhe evils

of improper entry and patent hLQ been largely overcome, beceuoe they

a 7

were checked at once.
the

Llucli credit should be given tc/Cecretery of the Interior, L. e. c.
Lmner, and Commissioner ’. n. Sgarks of the General Lfixd Office, :or
initiating the reforms duriig Cleveland's first ten . They were the
first men to really sense tne need of increased attention to the proger
administration of this w rt. Bhen, too, the; had tie courage to under-
take the task earnestly and established a record the: was emuluted by
each men as secretdries Jertcn an; Hoke Smith. Such credit should be

jiven to Jon:ress,for its nenbers were fonmi 5en3r ll; resgonsive to

~ .nm -:.+:m.n n Lx \- L: ‘ -;-- .: fin .3m : .L'~m
tne rBCOmmGerolvdu On one exccloive LLJW:UHC.V -ur J9” leleluulu“, or

tle repenl of tfle old measures. It is evident that in seme ceses,
there ups considerable delay id their LCtiOfl because the suge recomnen-

dutions were often mnde cever 1 years in cuccession. In tgis getter,

ConJress was witnin its ri"ts when it delayed action in order to inves-

tigate the need for such legisletion. In most instances deliberntion

.\ .1. l 3 . 4.x .‘ 1, L,‘ 4.'
VIC-S Ll L184U “er ‘4" lLCJ’ U¢¢JJAI L‘LQ‘LS UV C-ucUJ— 0.1.

)

BIBLIOGnAPHY

OFFICIAL JOCUQLJBS

 

American Historical Reports; Vol. 1, p. 155-
(1897) p. 101
(1898) p. 221,~
(1905) p. 231.
(1911) p. 127.
(1920) p. 257.
American State Papers: Putlic Lends, Vol. 1, p. 4.
Congressional Record: Vol. 22, Bert 4, 51 Congress, 2nd Session,
pp. 3611 and 5894.
nephrtnent of Interior : Circulars 474 and 541.
General Land Office Reports: 1385-1897.
House fixecntive Docwn‘nts: 43th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 12, pp. 1-535.
49th Conqress, 2nd Session, Vol. 9, pp, 1-560.
50th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 10, pp. 1-500.
Blst Congress, lst Session, Vol. 11, pp. 1-400.
Slst Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 11, pp. 1-475.
52nd Congress, lst Session, Vol. 1%, pp. 1-414.
55rd Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 13, 13. 1-598.
55rd Congress, 5rd Session, Vol. 14, pp. 1-550.
48th Congress, lst Session, 701. 27, No. 160.
49th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 2%, £0. loo.
50th Congress, lst Session, V01. 28, No. 232.

Kesseges and Papers of the Presidents, (J.D.Richerdson), Vols. 3,9.{1304).

 

. The Euolic Land Cor n issi on deport (1880).
. "fine Public Domain".
Senate Documents: 50th Congress, lst Session, Vol. 5, p. 221.
r-~~’Lth Congress, lst Session, No. 151.
3LC£IS
Allen, f. 3., "nsssys eni {onographs,c igin of the “reehold=r”. (1330)
Biznell, .3 3., "Lend Jenure”. (lQEo)
gogart,r1est 1., " "‘1 Aiv Tietor? o; tne tnited Jtstes”. ( 307)
fiibterd, 3. '., "Xiator 03 the Zdblic n:nl Policizs in the Cnited
Ttetes”. (1923)
Hill, Robert 3. ”Ike Pg: ic Dom in nil 8h .oerecp' ’. (1910)
Llowe, E. 3., "' ne L nd and till-=3 ”Soldier". (11:13)
Levelege, Emile, ”drinitive Property”. (167d)
levee, 3., ”L. ;. C. Lnfltr". (1336)
memester, J. 3., "12'ster; of tne Pesfle of the In ted States frag tie
Revolution to the Civil Tar”. ( 83;)
Olmstead, 3w th. 3., 'ge;orxs in Land Drensfer". (1333)
Urfield, Isthias, "Federal Lon " ants to the States”. (131 )
Bc-xson, '., ”Recent Histor, of tne finite; 3. tee”. (1938)
S»to, inuosnns, "Iis or;'(xf the lantl ,uestilni in the lLiited St trmf'. ( 336)
Senborn, J. 4., ”lrsnts of L;nd in Ail of Reil“o:ls‘. (1;-3)
Smith, Teorge 0., file Jlessificetion of tne italic Lnnd°*. (l; 5)
thmi‘xood, .‘., "first-Jr; of t:;"l3'1‘e:3-:lenc;,"'. ’l‘Jlo)
selling, I. 3., ”31c L.nd relishes of the finitsd Itatgs". (lsti)
"est, ”Sex, "3-13 L 11.5. 30;: in of the United States". ([899)
Jrrto, ‘zgscn I. "Jfle Tstieinl 1 n1 Tgstet’. (131x)

‘ .3 ~ .« J. o n», "1 ,3 ‘ ~ }
is‘i, -u)39rb =3. tnrr.sedinwui L.;nus‘.

 

$3;toricel Review, .01. o,

“‘5

‘.. - ~ a- ,: . s. r)”, :.~
$1.;g51‘lCC13I1 .'_.n..nl' ..'..‘V.L'-:-a , In‘l. A’J’ I). lJU.

“, - V ‘ .‘YN' I—II‘H
. I | A II I ‘ _ ‘.
1. ‘31 11..., 4J1? k... ’ P. tJL‘I’ o
'1 -.'. " ‘ Ij-rz ‘ l .r. .1
.‘Oru..i, JD]... uu, 3;). ov- v‘£o
, h . ' ‘-", ‘r ‘1 ‘V ‘ ‘ ‘3 ‘ ' I}
. s.\ ‘ It“ ..\. .v 0' . w\- . ’
A»..- ‘)VI\J J'JaluLd ’ VJ.~. ‘.."J ‘21.). m. JJ.-'—£ I'd.
- u \7'\ ;(\1\ j.) l~r ' I A ’1 .1 l -.‘
-L--l;4.o..u ”Kay-e . ’ .‘J 0 .’~*, ._J J. “\‘n p.
-u r- v "/' r“?! \
‘ ’3 " ‘ \‘i \l ’ ' ~
.LMU Jb.5\].4 AU , J‘U 0 U2, $5.5). bel-J.

ru"

Indepegdeit, ycl. 5%, pp. 71-1-.

- " ‘3“; , s ".1 ‘-.‘r9
mdnse., vol. es, “3. est-sol.
,. ‘1’ , a“ . ‘-.‘ ‘r‘ A ‘ 'F" \.
Llortdl ;-.A‘-£‘lc.~‘i, ‘Ul. l‘A.O’ k). k-'L.
.A""|)

Ontloon, Yul. C3, p3. Qua-53.

a.

outlook, Vol. 63, pp. 297-10.

.— w‘a _ x . I a ' _‘ V./‘ ~ '—
L’ 121;..‘3 Vilils dd.’ .‘Vlo u‘, p. 5.:70
‘« . 3. ' '1’ 7‘7'?‘
Pdolie Cpinion, Jol. u, 3. duo
--. - .. .0 ‘~-. .3 . -.-,. ~~ r124 .‘
._{CVleJ OJ. Alt: .LC..S, Vvlo .1, ‘J‘). \..I’;-.-

(19

H
(f~

‘

b‘a

3)

 

Feb15’39
:E“ 99‘
fob20'42
Jam '6

 

 

”'lifiiiiigilix(((iiiiiiiiiflEs