sou. awaawcas EN ammo N w LANDUSE 2N GRENWLLE comm. : ONTAREO: CANADA “Thesis for film Degree of M. 3. EWCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Norvafi R}. Richards $94.6 «.1 1.1.1.1..) 3.113412: ... 1.1. .l...1|: r rl'lJuot 1.10.161 :c” .5440 . .ru .ufr? u.... I: .(fih... u... u. ....‘ur ., . o .. . ...: r...¥:n.. a? 93. :n‘ \1. ,. 114.9. 1111!. ...1. 1H»! PL. 1“me.— lnn div: ......1. 1.:er 14:: humem “Virn11 "AW: , I flaw... iii-IV: 1131131. L o.- . a . WEI). . : an: 1. 11n1urw1uuh1nvg. .H. h: u.'L:.Ilru-.-.J.1».>nu..::1,« . ..L -... . . :1.-. “u ... -.....fi 11......122 ,. . .... N... . . .\l. . o .‘ " . .'f.,-‘ o ., ‘ ...,I ‘ . . _ old-‘7 ’7'” 3 l‘ l V- H” ;:-- a | I"-‘:..... 1’ . U 'H , I I J 1! ,.~ . ‘3'” .yr )1" .; ”my, J‘l . n. ' ' ”J 3 , L. ’ . I l ‘ . r . . Al ' . ‘ 'f‘§ ‘ -. ‘- " 3 . ‘ . 0’\‘)v'- "u ' 7 ml '? ‘4' a 0‘ t. .. t f' ’1 ’1 in l s ‘ '~ ' ‘ ' f ' l ‘ ‘4!“ ' :0. \,' l, '1 'v ‘7 ' . “ '. u 1 ~‘ I . f) 1 ...t- \‘ I - .'. ,\y .I J 4 \ . ’4 . l ' ‘ ‘ " ‘5 ~ , c - - . fl 5 . o t l “ ‘ ‘ 0"" fl! . . .‘I p . ‘ ‘. | J“ 1 ' I “ a H l ' ' o.’./, ' n‘w ' ' - ‘ -' ‘ ' r - h A ‘ ‘ ". ' ..9‘,. , 2‘ I . 5' l‘ _L__. —__. .4. u - _ ..- __4.., _ This is to certify that the thesis entitled 8011 Differences in Relation to Land Use in Grenville County, Ontario, Canada presented by Norval R. Picharos has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for W- ,_degree inJoiLdCience __ _____ -V. ,-_ Iajor professor J ' f | I l i 1 I U i i ' . . i K, . i t . ‘ a n ' ’ . 1‘ .p ‘. I ( 1 ,' I. '( t r ' ' '- ‘v ' i'. I I. . ' ,‘. 3. .‘n .' u - u- .. ,‘ ‘ | '. . . . ' 3., . r.' s :i‘ l' ' ' I I l l {'1 l .l - n .'> I» n ‘_I ," ' F ' ‘ a . 'l _ "v i ' . . ‘|_ t pl . ll. I ". ." a ‘ ‘i'.’ I |~ I . . vl’ ' ‘ l; . H" .{2-,~ ~ , L.-. . 1., r.“ I, k '. V ‘ :IA. .I'. l?“ "':';"",’.'},.I.- [ ‘0'...“fi‘ 1' .n. " \‘I' I)? e .. . vj'u r ' 9 '1 a ‘ ‘_ ‘A "73; ‘~ .“ I 5L 1759591: Elli-1'." i. ll}. V: M- o .it ,lfluggl.¥ I3». I -’*i .‘a‘finawlufi .p r‘ QOTI BIFFCWENCEQ IX RFPfiTION TO TAND USE IN GRENVILLE COUNTY, ONTRPIO, CflNADA By Norvnl P. Pichnrds w A TVEQIR ¢ubmittefl to the chool o? GrpAnnte Ftndiee o? Michinnn State College of enricnlture end Applied Qcience in pprtial fu7?illment of the renuirementg for the decree of MQQTEP OF SCIENCE Department oP Soi? qcience 1946 TH E515 The reteiullv 96* For Militia” ----- j/Lt/ng, fiCKNOWIFDGFXFNT The guidance end Deeie,ence oP Trofeeeor J. O. Veetch is gratefully acknowledeed. To Dr. C. E. Ej1‘or the writer 1% indebted for fecilitiee of tre Soil Science Department made avnjlflbWe to him during the prorreee of tPe studv. Sincere aretitufie is extended to Dr. E. S. Hopkins and others 0? the Exnerjmentel Farms Service, Dominion Department of fiericnlture, Cttawe, Canada, who nrrenfled for the transfer oP work thet provided the onnortnnitv f‘or conductina this study at Micbimnn State Collewe. Tfiiroiuction - ' Wm (fl: LOG” i‘iczfltweo- ' Sail Grows - factors View :‘Ar' 99 I'L'vllln . AS - ‘ " I “9" a. 318% - - "c " We 2 W 5‘” Pi; “lg pave Introduction -------------------------- 1 Geoorsnhv of GrenviWTe Conntv ------------- - - - - 3 Fiflure (l) Locntion of Grenviile Conntv ------------ A irriculture. --------------------------- 6 Climpte ---------------------------- R Meterinis --------------------------- 12 Forest Associations ---------------------- 11 Toils of GrenviJTe County --------------- - - - - 76 Soil Gronns — ------------------------- 19 Factors Affectins Use of rirenvilie County €057? -------- P6 Stoniness - - ------------------------- 7” Dreinase - - - - ------------------------ 79 Texture ---------------------------- ?2 Erosion ------- - ------- - ------ — - — - - - 34 Problem Areas ------ - - - - - -------------- 36 A Plen for the Use 0*0 Grenvijle County Foils for Agricultural Purposes --------------- 36 Land Type 1 ~ - - -A ------ - - - ------ - - - — - - - 39 Figure (2) - Disoram of lend Tyne 1 -------------- 40 Land Type 2 -------------------------- 40 Figure (3) - Dievram o‘o Tsn'q Type 2 ------ - - - - - - - - 41 Land Type 3 -------------------------- 41 Figure (A) - Disvrem of Tend Type 3 -------------- 42 Land. Type A '- «,- ------ - ------ — ---------- 43 Fii‘ure (5) - Dioqrem of land Type A -------------- A? Land Type 5 --------- - " "' -------------- [5/1. Fire (9) - Vim Ergestei L235 y“ its? - - . - . BiIC‘EiOVY‘Qphy - _ Q? 30, 1 .. con :3 ‘:%o_ 2 ' Fons. {1.130. ‘2 _ 901‘ 32:30, L _ Stop ft‘jo, 5 _ Drgf 19‘ KO. 6 _ Tex ‘in $0. 7 ‘_ ETC 312730. 8 - Pm liar 1‘. 40. 9 _ L33 Figure (6‘ - Fiagrem of Lani Type 5 -------------- 45 Land Type 6 -------------------------- 45 Fioure (7) - Diarram of Irnd Type 6 ------- - — - - - - - 46 Land Type 7 - - - - - - - - - — — - - - - e - - - - - - r - - - 46 Fivure (R) - Diagram of Land Type 7 -------------- 47 Suggested Land Use Plan for Grenville County ---------- 48 Summary ---------------------------- A9 Bibliooraphy ; ------- - ---------- - ------ 5] Men No. l - goil Materials ----- - - -------- - Envelone Map No. 2 - Forest Associations ------------- Envelone {an No. 1 - Sci1 Grouns --------- - ------- anelone Map No. A - Stoniness ------------------ Envelope Men No. 5 - Drainnee ------------------- Envelone Men No. 6 — Texture ------------------- Envelone Men No. 7 - Erosion - ------ - - - - ----- - - - anelone Men No. 8 - Problem Arees ----------- - - - - - anelone MW) N0. 9 - Land Tynes ------------------- Envel one A sown ‘mc 55.9. valuable anti I!“ we is best suit fifz‘erences Wt at"! formation cen be ob fiemnsidered in its capabilities 9.1 £th fairly stat}- in stable ind see? its Hell on the ‘ effect climatic a materials é‘lTiTW 1'5? have been 0 economic factor: It wo “it”: the char-am W765 were 69“. . This °f intern? em ‘lse . ' ‘ {"011 S‘orv M “‘t to inter YPrimils e‘! «921“, fln ° a “lube in?4 1'19 tk e efog Introduction A sound knowledne of the ounlity and quantity of land resources is a valuable and necessary requirement in determining the use for which an area is best suited. To classify soil and delineate on a mac salient differences that affect its use is one encroach through which this in- formation can be obtained. Althouoh soils are continually chaning, when considered in liqht of other criteria that might be used to indicate the capabilities and shortcominrs of an area, the soil appears as some- thing fairly stable.‘ Certainly when comnered to economic factors it is very stable indeed. This is not surnrisins since soils are manned in the field on the basis of definable characteristics which reflect the effect climatic and vefletative factors have exerted on the parent materials durinc the process of soil formation. In their development they have been only slishtly influenced by the action of Man or by economic factors. It would appear that once an area was classified and manned and the characteristics of the different units of separation or soil types were defined it should be relatively easy to develop a land use pattern. This is true provided the classification is sufficiently easy of interpretation to be readily understood and used. However those who use soil survey maps frequently criticize them because they are diffi- cult to interpret. If the soil type can be broken down into the various elements of which it is composed the map can then serve as a flexible instrument in the hands of those who are interested in study- ing the effect of soil_differences in relation to land use. Soil is t as? with 5111? PW 3310 future Em??? tiresome as it wiiscuss some 0? mi mapped in Gre 1%. A series c wil formation a; use of Grenville get can well b4 5-35 on presen redial ities Soil is the Greet resource trusted to our custody, to be used with diligence, intelligently protected and conserved and passed on to future generations so that it will be to them as greet an asset and resource as it has been to us. It is the nurnose of this study to discuss some of the significant soil differences that were observed and mapped in Grenville County, Ontario, Canada, durinq the summer of 1945. A series of maps are presented indicating the factors affecting soil formation and the soil differences that influence the agricultural use of Grenville County soils. Assumine that the experience of the past can well be our guide in the future a sussested plan is included based on present knowledoe of the soil resources of the county and their potentialities end limitations for agricultural use. Qgpgraphy_pf Grenville County Grenville County is located in Eastern Ontario and is bounded on the south by the St. Lawrence River and by the Rideeu River to the north. The County of Dundas adjoins it on its eastern side while Leeds County adjoins it to the west. The city of Ottawa. capital of the Dominion of Canada is located some thirty-three miles north of the town of Kemptville. Accordins to the 1931 Census of the Dominion of Canada (5), the total land area of the county is 296,000 acres. Prescott with a population of slishtly over 3200 and situated directly across the St. lawrence River from the city of Osdensburg, New York is the largest town in the county. Kemptville, a flourishing aqricultural town of some 3310 citizens, is located in the northern sec- tion of Grenville County and serves one of the lsroer aoricultural areas. The representative of the Provincial Department of Avriculture and the Kemptville Avricultural School are located here. The other important urban centres of Grenville County are Cardinal, located on the St. Lawrence River in the southeast corner of Edwardsbure Township, and Merickville on the Rideau River in the northwest section of Wolford Township. The population of Cardinal is 1645 while Merickville has 794 citizens. In addition to these incorporated urban centres there are several small villanes, Oxford, Bishop's Mills, Roebuck, Algonquin, Spencerville, Miller and others that serve small aoricultural communities. Grenville County is well supplied with railways and hishwavs connecting the predominantly apricultural communities with the more densely populated urban centres of Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto. The main lines of the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific railways \ LR\. /’1 J52“ / / / " //7' La J/ éfi m 9 so ..r u _ H u—d —- I fillnra.“ can» '21 9‘ 3, .1 (D A l) - Chewing location of Grenville County within the Province of Ontario, Canada . sauna“. .149. Ejvvulfidu‘ - 5 - traverse the southern section of the County and run parallel to the St. Iawrence River. Two other lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway serve the area, one cuttins across the northern section of the County while the other line runs through Edwardsburq and Oxford townships supplyina railway accomodation for the eastern section. Prescott and Cardinal are located on the much travelled and scenic Provincial Hiph- way No. 2 which parallels the St. Iawrence River. Provincial Highway No. 16 which leaves Hiahway No. 2 a few miles east of Prescott and proceeds through Grenville County and the adioinine county of Carleton to the north,thus linking Ottawa, the Capital city, with the main artery of travel. In addition to the Provincial hishwavs there are several hard-surfaced and well maintained county hiohways. The township road system of Grenville County presents an irregular and complicated pattern. This is due in no small part to the presence of several peat boss and the Kemptville and South Nation Rivers. For the most part, however, the roads are maintained in very wood condition and there are few indeed that cannot be passed over by automobile. The total population of Grenville County, according to the latest census figures, is 15,989 persons. Of this number 9095 (approxi- mately 57%) were considered rural population, while the remaining 6894 ‘were included as urban population. The British are by far the dominant racial class with several others being represented in minor proportions. The following figures from the Dominion of Canada Census indicate the racial class proportion: (Indiana—w. Total POpulation . . . . . . 15,989 100% British. . . . . . . . . . . 13,927 87.1% Pint-.7118}? o o o o o o 01:54.2 IriSh I O O O O O O .6811 Scotch . . . . . . .2484 Otherg O O O 0 O O O 90 Total. . . . . . . 19927 FrenCh o o o o o o o o o o 0 J08], 607% Others . . . . . . . . . . . 991 6.2% 1h e..__AEricultura -aflfizeavillafiaunty The following table indicates the use that is being made of Grenville county soils under present conditions. These fisures presented are taken from the Census of the Dominion of Canada. (193]) Total land area -------- 296920 acres Area of occupied farms - - - - 261182 acres % of total land area occupied - 88.1 Improved land --------- 150991 acres Pasture ----- 3926A Field Crops - - —107997 Market Garden - - 115 Orchard ----- 1057 Small Fruit - - - 71 Unimproved Land Woodland ----- 39120 Natural Pasture - 52196 Marsh and Wasteland- - - 18155 Dairying is an important industry in Grenville County. There are several cheese factories and the county has developed an - 7 - enviable reputation for the hish quality of dairy products manufactured in it. The breeding and raisins for exnort to the United States of holstein cattle is a business that has reached sizeable proportions in recent years. In prewar years, cheese manufacture was carried on largely during the summer months, the factories closina for the winter in the early fall of the year. However, durina the period of the war with an increased demand for cheese for the export market, a year around cheese- making prosramme was conducted. Whether or not this proaramme will survive remains to be seen. It is significant, however, that dairying is a dominant industry in an area where the soils are predominantly liaht textured and maintenance oforoanic matter is a problem of con- cern. The manure obtained from the feeding of the dairy herds can be used to a very good advanteqe in assisting in maintainins the organic matter level. Then too, as will be pointed out later, a larva propor- tion of the soils of Grenville County can serve a very useful purpose when growing pasture crops so that dairyina fits very well into the development of a land use programme for the area. Fruit growing is carried on to a limited extent along the St. Lawrence River, but due to climatic factors does not extend very far inland. Vegetables, other than those grown for home consumption, are produced for sale in the vicinity of Prescott and close to the western boundary of the county. They are grown usually to satisfy the demands of the local markets which are noticeably increased during the summer months because of the influx of tourists. Mixed farming, with a predominance of dairying, is the chief asricultural occupation throughout the county. For the most part the -8- farm income is derived from the production of dairy cattle, dairy products, hogs, poultry, cereal grains, and to a limited extent, fruit and vegetables. ...lime 1.2191" _ C: sail-“la. "Cm-9.13:: The influence of climate is very important in that it affects fundamental physical, chemical and biolosical relationships in the soil. Temperature influences the speed of chemical reactions and even after soil development hes advanced to a considerable decree there continues to be weatheriny of mineral particles. Too, of great importance to soil weatherino and soil development is the amount of water that actually percolates throush the soil which is influenced by rainfall, relative humidity and frost free period. The charac- teristic features erpressed in the soil profile are a reflection in part of climatic influences. Now that an agricultural economy has been established in Grenville County, the effect of climate on the use that is being made of the soils is an important consideration. The suitability of soils for srowinq different crons, the effect of the temperature- precipitstion relationships on crop production and the limitations climate places on the use of soils are all factors that merit attention. Grenville County has a cool humid climate. Chapman and :Putnsm (A), in their article dealinv with the climste of southern Ontario, include this county,for the most part,in the Fastern Ontario JPePion. On the whole they consider Eastern Ontario as having a -9- climate of temperature extremes with very cold snowv Winters anfi werm summers with eflequete rainfall enfi little likelihoofl of drought. They also coneiéer the climate ae beinq unsuitable for the nroouction of winter wheat, fruit or tender crons. locoroinw to the ebove authore. the factors that affect Grenville County climate are presented in the following table: 317mm? 12?. 9f. Eager: Afflesficj 3-1:: Etenville 99139337. .01. mate (Eaetern Ontario Region) Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 400 feet Mean Annual Temperature. . . . . . . . 420 Mean Winter Temperature. . . . . . . . 16° Mean Snring Temnerotnre. . . . . . . . A10 Mean Summer Temnrreture. . . . . . . . 66° Mean Fall Temnerature. . . . . . . . . 46° Extreme Tow Temperature. . . . . . . . -400 Extreme Figh Temrerature . . . . . . . 3040 Daily Ranee of Temperature . . . . . . 190 Averave Date of Laet Frost in Spring . May 38 Avereve Dete of First Froet in Fall. . Sent. 26 Average Length oP Frost Free Period. . 131 days Beginnina of Growinq geeson. . . . . . April 15 End of Growing Season. . . . . . . . . Oct. 26 [verane length of GrOWing Seaeon . . . 194 days Averade finnuel Precipitation . . . . . 34.0 inches Average Annual Snowfall. . . . . . . . 87 inches - 10 - Average Rainfall April 1 - Sept. 30. . 17.5 inches Average June, July, August Rainfall. . 9.2 inches P/E Index, June, July, Auflust. . . . . 13.5 'v The only meterolowical station located within the county is at Kemntville where climatic data have been collected for a rather .short and broken period of time. However, weather data is also re- corded at Morrisburp, located on the St. Iawrence River, a few miles to the east of the Grenville County boundary. The climatic data from these two stations are nresented herewith, the Kemntville records indicating the temnereture and nrecinitation trends for the area north of the St. Lawrence River and the Morrisburn records renresentinfi the area immediately adjoining it. Mean Monthly Temnerature for Kemptville and Morrisburg Kemntville* Morrisburq** Kemntville* Morrisburg** January 14.8 15.6 July 69.7 67.2 February 14.3 15.2 August 67.1 65-9 March 25.4 _ 26.8 Sentember 59.8 62.7 Anril 42.2 40.0 October A6.l 46.6 May 56.6 52.8 November 33.3 34.3 June 65.2 62.4 December 17.5 19.9 Year 42.6 42.4 The above fieures indicate that there is a tendency for the Winters to be slivhtly colder and the summers slishtlv hotter at Kemntville * Period 1930-37 and 1940-41-42-AA ** Period 24 years - 11 _ than at Morrisburn. The maximum tannereture on record at Kemntville is 94.30F and the lowest -18.4°F. Ee9n_flonthly Rainfall in Inches for_Kemntville and Horrisbure Femntville* Horrisburo** Kemptville* Morrisburg** January 2.09 3.69 July 2.57 3.12 February 1.41 2.97 August 2.13 3.34 March 2.05 3.09 gentember 3.08 2.83 April 2.31 3.28 October 2.24 3.4? may 2.31 3.22 November 2.58 3.35 June 2.90 3.20 December 2.50 3.09 Year 28.17 38.60 * Period 1930-37 and 1940-41-42-44 ** Period 24 years The above figures indicate that the southern section of the area, lyine in close nroximitv to the qt. Towrence Fiver receives con- siderably more rainfall that the Vemn,ville area. Both the temnereture and precinitation fisures sre,si"nificant in View of the fact that it is in this area the fruit arowine endeavours are concentrated. The main features of the climate of the renion is an averaoe annual nrecinitation of 34 inches, mean annual temrerature of about 42°F, and an averaee frost free neriod of 130 days. The averaoe date of the last killing frost in the spring is Key 18 with the averece date of the first killinfi frost in the fall Rentember 26. The erowing season beoins from Arril 15-18 and ends about October 25. -12.. h'hlteriels: freewhipifinenyill .9. Geneva Soils: hairs. been. Formed Grenville County lies within the Eastern Ontario section of the physiographic resion known as the Lowlands of the St. Lawrence. The underlying bedrock, except for one small Precambrian outcrop in the Oxford Station area, is of Beekmqntown limestone. The followine chemical composition of a sample of Beekmnntown limestone obtained from a Quarry located on Lot 17, Concession 11, Augusta Township, Grenville County is reported by Goudoe in his publication "Limestones of Canada, Their Occurrence and Characteristics" (3): Insoluble mineral matter - - - - - - - - 2.61% Ferric Oxide - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .988 Alumina - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — .82% Calcium Carbonate - 63.89% Magnesium Carbonate 3l.51% Drift deposited by the meltine ice durine the Wisconsin glaciation covers a leree part of the county. The deposit of drift over the underlyinq bedrock is shallow, particularly in the central west and north west half of the area and occassional shallow deposits also occur in the eastern half. In the vicinity of Kemntville there is a fairly extensive drift plain where the till deposits are charac- terized by lack of sortin", and contain stones of varyine size and proportions scattered throurh the matrix of send silt and clay. It would appear that the till composition has been stronely influenced by the underlying bedroch. It effervesces freely with dilute hydro- chloric acid, as do the majority of the stones and boulders found on -13.. the surface and scattered throudh the profile. Only a few orsnitic boulders were nresent in the stony sections of the county. Deposits of stonefree henvy clay are frenuently found in close proximity to the river. The srees are not very extensive and it is rather difficult to trees their origin. By far the most exten- sive materials from which the soils of Grenville County have been formed are the deen stonefree outwash sends. In seversl press and Darticulsrly alone the rivers and streems there is e shellow denosit of send-underlain by heavy stonefree cle at denths of three feet ind less. The presence of this heavy cley layer has influenced soil devel- onment to the extent thet it is censidered of sufficient import to receive sensrete considerntion. There are seversl extensive deoosits of organic materials in Grenville County. Men No. 1 shows the distribution of materials from which Grenville County soils have been develoned. - 14 - Egrest Associations Most of the area has been cleared and it is rather diffi- cult to reconstruct the original forest pattern of the county. This is particularly true of the better aericulturel sites where a very large percentage of the woodland has been removed and the land is now under cultivation. Five distinct forest associations were recon- nized and their distribution is shown on Map No. 2. filteflefiemfled Cedar, 9125?: -PI‘IaPl—e Associwien This association is found on the shallow soils overlyinn the limestone bedrock. On the very shallow soils the vesetation is largely white and red cedar but when the denths reach a foot or more a fair proportion of sneer maple apnears. A fairly larae percentage of the original vegetation remains on these soils since they are not well suited to the ”rowing of cultivrted crons. m’iai‘éenlei Besqh, ’v’v’hiieiQeti8:...Asspaieiiea.-- This association is commonly found on the soils that have been formed from the loamy limestone till. Susar msnle and beech pre- cominete on the better drained portions with the white cedar occurring in the less well drained areas. From observations it would appear that the white cedar on the imperfectly to poorly drained limestone till soils is found in denser stands than on the shallow limestone soils over bedrock. A larpe percentaee of the white cedar on the shallow soils is hollow and the quality is not of as high a calibre as that produced on the imnerfectly drained till soils. When used for fence posts there annears to be a flood deal of nreference in the district for "swamp" cedar. -15— Fine, Soft Maple, Birch Association The pine, soft maple, and birch combination formed the dominant forest cover of the well drained sends. There is only a very small proportion of this association left at the present time. From the nine stump fences that occur on the sandy lands it would appear that at one time there was considerable Dine forest in the county. On the areas that still support a forest cover, the pines dominate with soft maple and birch being found in lesser amounts. Elm, Ash, Soft Maple Pssocietion Elm, Ash and soft maple are found on the imperfectly drained areas. Elm is prevalent on the heavy textured soils par- ticularly alone the stream courses. Tamarack,_Black_S3rucgl_§lderhlssocietion The above association is found on the poorly drained Greenic deposits of the county. On the deen peat deposits the tree growth is scanty and scrubby havine eiven over to a predominantly moss vegeta- tion. -16— The Soils of Grenville County The soils of Grenville County have develOped under a forest cover of mixed deciduous hardwoods and conifers end a cool humid climate. On the well drained, slishtly celeereens loamy till, the soil profile exhibits the characteristics of the Grey-Brown Podzolic soils. The A0 horizon is thin end most of the orsqnic matter mixes with the underlying mineral matter to form the £1 horizon. The yellow brown leached A2 horizon does not show the intensitv of leachine that is evident in the Podzol soils. The B horizon is usually fairy compact. A Gray-Brown Podzolic profile located on s [1 slope under herdwood vesetetion in Grenville County is described as follows: A0 - Very thin met of partially decomposed organic matter. A] - ?% inches dark brown friable loam' stones and boulders present. A? - 8% inches vellow brown friable loem containine stones. B1 - 2% inches reddish brown compact stony loam. B2 - 9% inches brown compact stony loam. C] - Yellow gray stony loam. The soils which reflect the most intensive leaching are located on the coarse, well drained sands. Where the water table is low the sends are excessively drained. They are imperfectly to poorlv drained when the water table is closer to the surface. Podzols are found on each of these draineee conditions. The well drained sands have an ashyvsray leached send layer rensino in depth from 1% to 3 inches. This is underlain by a yellow brown thin loemv send lever. On the imperfectly drained sends the eshv-crey sand layer is deeper, - 17 - ransins from 3 to 6 inches end is underlnin bv Z to 6 inches oP reddish brown losmv send frenuentlv indureted. Soils ere broedlv clessitied by the tvne 0? soil formetion which is common on the well drsined sites, beceuse these reflect the normsl effect of the reaionsl climste and the vesetetion sssocieted with it. These are the normel or zonal soils. Beceuse of imnertect draihese or some other local veristion, the tyne of soil develonment within 9 zone mev difper from that or the zonsl soil. The hesvv lacustrine soils of Grenville County, because of imperfect dreinsse, may be considered as intrezonel soils. Even the well dreined soils in this County are not westhered es deenlv es the zonel soils of southwestern Ontsrio. This, in all nrobebilitv, reFlects the shorter length of time which the soils 0? Eestern Onterio have been subiected to weathering. 9t..lewrence Countv‘New York, U. S. A., is located across the St. Lawrence Fiver from Grenville County. Accordins to Merbut (l) and Foils end Men (cl (Kellonsl, St. Terrence Countv is in the Podzol and Grev-Brown Podzolic Pesion. It would enneer thet a similar condi- tion exists in Grenville County, Onterio. ficcordins to Merbut the Soils of St. Lawrence Countv ere derived from msrine denosits of sends, clays and limestones end sliehtly or non-cslcsreous unconsolidsted drift. Referrine to hen No. l, this is comnereble to the mrterisls from which Grenville County seils hsve been formed. Accordin? to Coleman (2), interrlecisl merine shells ere found at Norwood near Oddenshurg. It is rrobnblv snfe to sssume thet the clsvs of Gren- Ville County mnv be 0? merine origin denosited during the period of the Champlain Sea invasion. -18... In reviewins the renort of the Soil Survey of St. Lawrence County, New York (7), one is imnressed by the marked similerity that exists between the soils of the two areas. The soil rettern of the two counties tehes nrscticelly the same form, nemely thrt of shallow soils over bedrock. loemy limv till soils, end lscustrine soils 0? veryina textures. The descrintion offered for the Madrid loam of St. Lawrence County is similer to the commonly occurrins Grey-Brown Podzolic profile of Grenville County slresdy described. It would appeer that similer soils in the two countries serve about the ssme use and the nroblems confronted in Grenville County ere to be con- ' tended with in Ft. Lewrence Countv. Spil- firs-ms Twenty six soil tynes were recosnized and mapped in Gren- ville County. These soil tyres hsve been placed in ten sroups dependine on texture, drainsse end stoniness cherecteristics. A description of the soil sroups end a discussion of the tvne of asriculture thev sunnort follows. Their distribution within the County is indicated on Ken No. 3. Grpunll :ime sign 21:11:32.23 These soils heve been develoned on msteriels which contsin fairly lsrse nronortions of Beekmentown limestone. Included in the groun is s ranse of dreineve conditions denendins on tonosrenhic location. On the rolling sections the till soils nresent A well develoned nrotile while on the lower lyins more level areas immer- fect dreinese dominates. - 1o - The perent materiel consists of roush unassorted till. Stones of vervino size and proportion are found scattered throushout the profile. The texture o? the limestone till soils ranges Trom a sandy loam to a 109m in the surface soil with the latter texture predominating. With the exception of the lower lvins level to depres- sional troushs, the tonosrephy of the soils included in Group 1 is rollins. Orisinsllv supportins Hood stands of hardwoods most of the area has been cleared. General farmine, especially dairy farmins, is the chief use to which these soils are put. Clovers grow well on the rolling better drained sections and are used to advantese in the rotations in helping to maintain and replenish the orcsnic matter supply and in addina nitrosen to the soil. Since dairy fermins is commonly practiced on these soils, 9 good suprlv of bernynrd manure is usually available and aids in msintsinine satisfactory orssnic matter levels. Most oP the till soils are now used for asricultural pur- poses for which they appear to be well adapted. In some areas where the soil mantle is shallow, adverse moisture relationships exist. These areas, as well as the lower imperFectly drained areas, are usually used for pasture and woodlot purposes. 9mm, 1.1--Stsssirssf-ilts shimmers The stonefree silts and clays are for the most part lo- cated in close proximity to the rivers and streems of the county. The surface texture renpes from silt through clay loam to clay. Level to slishtly undulatins topoirephy characterizes the areas in which the heavy textured soils are found. Due to toposrephical and textural properties, they are imrerfectly to poorly dreined. Dairying is the chief asricultursl endeavour practiced on farms located on the stonefree silts and clays. Drainnse appears to be the qreatest limitation to more successful farm achievements. Good crons of cereal sreins are produced provided the weather condi- tions permit sufficiently early cultivation to permit plantinq. Alfalfa is grown with difficulty because of the imperfect drainage. Group lll Ftonefree pends - Hell Drsinej The soils contained in this group have been develoned from well drained coarse, stonefree sandy materials. The topography varies from undulatin" to steeply rollinq. Texturally the surface soil renses from a coarse send to a sandy loam. In many areas these coarse sends support a sparse vesetetive cover, in fact so sparse in some areas it has not been sufficiently dense to protect the soil from the ravages of wind erosion. The soils contained in Group lll are used for General farminq purposes. There has been a few attempts made to 0'row apple trees but these have not been successful. Because of the loose open nature of the sands they have a tendency to be excessively drained and to lack stamina for the successful production of agricultural crops. A few farmers erow potatoes on a commercial scale and it would appear that it misht be possible to increase the acreage be- cause these soils are fairly well adapted for the production of this crop. Some fine farms have been developed on the sandy loam aress, particularly where dairy farmins is practiced. The ability of the sandy loam texture to better utilize and retain soil moisture and to supply plant nutrients is reflected in the increased plant erowth.over that obtained on the coarse sands. These soils contain sufficient lime for the growth of lequmes provided other nutrient levels are adecuate. The manure supplied from the dairy herds helps to maintain an adequate organic matter content. grailpmlllfiteaeires flames .1 mrerfsstl ..V. Priest; Developed from materials similer to those of Group lll these soils differ in that they are imperfectly drained. The tOposrsphy for the most part is undulating. Frequently the knolls will be well drained while the hollows and troushs between the knolls are imper- fectly to poorly drained. Well developed sround wrter podzols are commonly found on the soils contained in this sroup. The utilization of the imperfectly drsined sends is similar , to thst of the soils of Group lll, althoush the rense of crops that can be crown is more limited. Beceuce of the variabilitv in drsinase conditions, they are somewhrt more difficult to handle. The Open neture of the sand materials makes retention of moisture difficult on the knolls. The depressions usually require drainase, but once this is accomplished the problem of moisture control on the knolls is accentuated. Chould the imperfectly drained conditions in the depressions be the result of the proximity of a clay layer, the dreinese is freouently very difficult to improve. -22.. Grey-p. Y--Sfispsfree_9s. is - ‘iosrly- Dre-.1996 Occurring on level to deuressional topography the poorly drained sends are developed from deen stonefree ssnd materirls. Drain- age is the chief limitation to the successful use of these soils for agricultural purposes. Becruse of the dreinase problem very few wood farms in the county heve been entirely developed on the soils contrined in Group V. Lerpe acreeéec are devoted to pasture land in which Fed Top dress predominates. Frequently it was noted thst in nestures on the poorly drained sends there is en encroachment of willow trees snd scrub tree growth thus lessenins their usefulness as pesture lend. Where drrin- ere and fertility hsve been improved, cood crops of hay and pesture and fair crops of ceresl trains ere produced. Berinning of cultivation onerstions in the spring are ususlly later on Group V soils then sry other sroup in the county on which there is en attempt mrde to "row cultivated crops. The wster table is slow at lowerins and the surfece dreinsse is verv poor. Becsuse of their lateness, fairly lsrce screeces of buckwheat are erown on these soils. The dreinese problem is frequently egpreveted by the Occurrence of clcy layers at three to four feet. This alone with the level to depressional torocrephy ausments the dreinase problem. 9129. 9.1 151933.- 13322119951. 3331831722; $3.153? Along the stream courses send deposits rsnginc in depth from one to three feet and underlein by heavy plestic clev freouently occur. Cherscterized by rollins topography and a sendy losm texture, -23- these stonefree ereas ere well suited to the production of most ferm crops commonly grown in Grenville Countv. The lishter textured surfece soils allows for fairly good dreinsee sod the sendy lonm is not so deep that plants cennot utilize the nutrient supply in the underlying clay. Mixed fermins, with a predomincnce of dsiry fermine, end to a small extent orchsrdinv are the chief aericultursl endeavours prncticed on Group VI soils. Good yields of most ferm crops ere obtsined end there appears to be little difficultv in the production of leeumes. Group VII- Imperfeetly. Drainsjifzepis 9319?- .03 :v The soils contsined in this group differ from those of Group VI in that they occur on level to depressionel topoersphy end are imperfectly to poorly drained. The imped,d dreinese condition limits their use for the production of most ferm crops end for this reason a fairly hish propostion of these soils ere used for pasture purposes. Drainepe will be difficult to improve because of the (depressionel topocrephy which commonly occurs. Where the send de— rxasits thin out over the underlyins cley the meneeement problem is Iincreesed because of the different treatments reouired for the lieht 21nd heevy textured soils. Due to the toposrephical end drainsse CHDnditions. the soils in this Group exhibit hishly mottled and poorly I d eveloped profiles. . -24- Group VIII Good to Excessively Dreined c‘tonv qends For the most pert the soils contained in Group VIII occur on the west side of the county in South Gower Township. Developed from srevel materials, these soils ere cherscterized by rollins topography and good to excessive dreinese. The profile, althoush exhibitine well developed characteristics, is frequently shallow. The soils are used for cenerel farmins purposes. Althoueh the acresee of potatoes srown in Grenville County is smell, there is a Greater concentretion of this crop on the stony sends than on any other soil Group. It would appecr that there is room for exrnnsion in potato production on the soils of Group VIII and those of Group lll. The rollinc toporrephy end loose open nature of the soil materiels present a soil mrnerement problem in erosion control end organic matter meintenence to provide adequate moisture retention. Group_IX Shallow Foils Underlein by limestone_Bedrock The shallow soils underlain b‘r limestone bedrock occupy a izeuble portion of the land area of Grenville County. For the m Iuost pert, they occur in the western helf of the ares althouOh the (accessionel outcrOp is to be noted in the eastern half as well. The (iepth of soil overlyinc the bedrock seldom exceeds one foot. The 't0posrephy is undulatins to depressionel end the area can well be (described as a broed flet teblelend. The dreinsse of these soils is nulch influenced by the depth to bedrock. In seasons of hish reinfell 'Uhey are wet and imperfectly drained. However, in droushty periods, - 25 - because of their low Cipecity to hold any ouentity o? moisture they usually suffer prently for the went of it. For the most pert these soils heve been lett in either pasture or woodland. Attempts made to crow Fnrm crOps heve been rather unsuccessful beceuse of the unusual moisture relationships. Feir pestures conmininrr Ventuckv Blue nress, Csneds Blue “ress end in the lower depressionel erens. white clover ere produced on the Shallow soils. Good stends of white ceder ere gleo supported and there appears to be a ready market for it in the form of fence posts. Frequently ridnes of deeper till nrees, too smell to be included on the men, are found on the shallow limestone till plains. Their characteristics end capabilities are more closely related to the limestone till soils of Groun 1 than to the shellow soils of Group IX. Group X Creepic_¢oils Extensive end deep deposits of Organic Soils are found scattered throughout Grenville County. From Men No. 3 it can be noted that the lercest erees ere locsted in the northwest and centre] Section of the county. Little esriculturel development has taken place on the oroenic soils. Althouoh the mucks end rests were seper— eted durins the pro~ress of the survey, they have been resrouped here for purposes of discussion. -?6- Factors Affectinzihfiflse caesium e. le_npy..\°=.o.1_1: The Factors contributinq to the formation of the soils 0? Grenville County have been discussed thus fsr. Now those character- istics that appect the use of the soils are discussed and their distribution indicsted on mars. The Fectors here presented may well be considered physical festures. They are features recosnized end mapped in the field and are an attempt, in so tor es possible, to break the soil oroup down into its component perts. True, for a complete picture it would be well to hsve other chsrscteristics which micht include a map of fertility levels, a men Showins the need or lime in certein arses within the county, and other feetures that affect the use 0? soils. Csre must be exercised not to break the.s0il down into too many elements of which it is composed. The first consideretion should be to analyse the many factors and deal with the salient determinants as they afdect the use 0? land. To use too many difterentis could easily result in cloudinr the picture to the evtent that the purrose for which it wns intended would be defeated. For this study, in light of available innermqtion the choice of selient fe°tures with repsrence to Grenville County soils include a, stoniness, b, drsinsfe, c, erosion, d, texture in so far as they affect their use for adricultural purposes. - 27 - females-9e Four classes have been estsblished to express the stonine factor in Grenville County soils end their distribution is shown on Min No. A. Comprised of the stonefree send, silts end clcys, this class contains by fer the lcrcest portion 0” the soils of Grenville County. Soil Groups ll, lll, lV, V, VI, Vll, and X ere contcined in the stonefree class. Class ll Few dtones Goil Group Vlll is the only representative in this class. Stones are found on the surpsce end distributed in varying amounts and proportions throushout the soil profile. They are well rounded and “or the most rcrt reuse in size from less thsn an inch to four to six inches in diameter. Stones are not present in sufficiently larre numbers to interfere with cultivntion and seldom should it be necessary to pick snd drew them drom the fields. Class lll'Numerous_Stones This class is mode up lsrsely of soils contained in Group l. The stones Ore roush end anduler, a large percentase owe them beins Frasments of the underlyin'T limestone bedroch. Freouently they occur in ousntities lerse enouch to make pickins and haulin" necessary. Stone fences are common on the soils contained in this class. Stoniness in many cases is a detriment to cultivction nnd Q ‘1 Q ‘ - -QQ- accessionnllv thev occur in quantities sufPicientlv wrest to become the deciding tactor as to whether the soils will be used for permanent pasture purnoses or tor the crowin" o? cultiveted crons. Class I? BedrqcP_Outerog end Boulders coils of srouns 1 and lX are the chief components of class IV stoniness. Frequently in the shellow soils over bedrock the underlyinr limestone bedrock occurs es outcrons. In the r‘vroun 1 soils where lerne end f‘reouent boulders occur in en eree the lend serves the seme purnose es thet of the shallow limestone soils. The uresence of boulders make cultivetion nreeticellv imnoseible. - QQ - Dreinnse In the nroduction 0? most cultivated term crons soil drein- eve is en imrortent f‘ector in decidiné if end how sueoessfullv e particuler cron can be Frown. The soils of Grenville County have been qrouned into six clrsses to indicate the eftect difterent dreinsge conditions mev heve on the use of soils. The extent end distribution of the different dreinese clrsses is shown on flap No. ‘. Class l Ernessive Drninefe The soils 0” Groun Vlll, tosether with the excessivelv dreined stonetree sends o9 Qroun lll, comnrise the comnonents oP this dreineee olsss. The conrse oren sendv meteriels ceuse them to be noorlv edented to moisture retention. Cless ll Good Ursinnse Most setisfectory dreineae tor the production of cultive- ted ferm erors is exhibited bv the soils conteined in Cless ll. Both the externel and internsl drainese can be best described es good. Production of cultivated crons is not limited by the drainare factor on these soils. The soil rroFile is well develoned and little or no mottline occurs. Class lll Imnerfect Tlreinerte <01] Gronnq ll. lV, end Vll ere contained in the imper- fectlv drained class. The number 010 cultiveted crons thet c°n be grown on Class lll dreinese is small. Alfalfa is estpblishofl with difpiculty end winters poorly once established. These soils should " . .3: . .' .n u r‘ll‘a VJ... “IR-alt». - ft 1r.ld~ respond to ertificial dreinese althoush there apneers to heve been very few tile dreins instelled in the county. Mottline frequentlv occurs st denths renninc from eisht to twelve inches from the surfece and increases in intensity with increese in depth. glasstfieorl I: . 93‘5”. figs-1.5.0.1}: The stonefree noorly drained sends 0’ Soil “roun V dominate Class lV dreinnse. Beceuse o? the hieh weter tnble the soils csnnot be cultivated until rether lete in the shrin" with the result that the rense o? crons that con be successtullv crown is limited end narrow. In wet snrinqs it is freouentlv too lste to sew cereal ersins, with the result that e lerce percenteee of the buckwheat wrown in the county is nlented on the Poorly dreined soils. larse screeres remain in nestures 0? only mediocre velue. The profile exhibits character- istics common to a poorly drained soil. Occassionclly mottlinss occur but more often the profile presents a drab dull erey colour directly under the eisht to ten inches of surfece soil. In all nro- bebility drainese would increase the usefulness of these soils for the nroduction of cultiveted crons but it would be difticult to ob- tain outlets beceuse of the denressionel tonosrenhy in which thev 00 CDT . C.l.er~78._V__lery Poorly- PEI-inst? Soils The Feet and husk denosits of Crenville County ere the leroest comnonents of the very poorly drained soils. In mrny cases, for nert of the veer st leest, the orcenic soils ere submereed under water. No sttemnt hes been made to drein the boss and swemos - 31 _ artificially. They serve a useful purnose in the forest veeetation produced and the huntins and trapninr areas provided. No to the present they are of little velue asriculturally. glass‘Yl.VariableIDreinade Althoush a variation to a certain degree exists within all the drainage classes the shallow soils over limestone bedrock present a more variable rense then any of the other classes. Class VI drein- ase includes the shallow soils over limestone bedrock of Soil Group 1X. Because of the shallowness of soil covering over bedrock they are very sensitive to temnereture and precipitation relationships. In the spring of the year they are freouently too well supplied with moisture but durinn July and Aurust they dry out badly Dnd become very drouehty. Althoush they are used for the production of culti- vated crops to only a small extent, the cross usuelly suffer for moisture during the summer months. This lack of moisture is also reflected in the pastures as indicated by their brown and dry appearance in June, July, and Ausust. .. 32.- Texture Map No. 6 shows the distribution of textural groups in Grenville County. Licht textured soils predominate and are present in large amounts in the east and southern sections. On the basis of textural characteristics the soils have been srouned into three broad classes. Oresnic soils are shown on the map to indicate their proportion and distribution in the area. Cl 9 91.1.- heavy.“ lervni .01 av Toms The heavy textured water deposited soils are contained in this class. The presence of larce amounts 0? clay give the eroup the characteristic of beinv well supplied with plant nutrients but cause them to be somewhat difficult to menase. Thev hrve a tendency to be very sticky and plastic in periods or wet weather and conse- quently rather difficult to cultivate. Internal drainage is slow. The hieh clay content and heavy texture increases the amount of power required to cultivate them. Where they occur in coniunction with liohter textured sends and sandy loams the manarement problems are increased because of the different technioue required for the heavy as compared to the licht texture. ElfiilJJOflmf’: Fine 9.9W‘Y.-T_er:ssand Silt Toms " The soils contained in this sroup mieht well be referred to as medium textured soils. They exhibit those textural Charecter- istics which adapt them to the production of most cultivated “arm crops. They are easily cultivated and in an area where the number of farm tractors used is small the medium textured soils are better q a. rnto.rr.lv~.‘~lu.vwmlw.£ - .I.» e E 183‘ L. y - 93 - suited to the use of horse power than are the heavy textured soils of class 1. The rate of moisture movement within the soil profile depends upon the topocraphic location. Class lll_Sands and Sandy loams The coarse textured, lisht, sandy soils dominate in Gren- ville County. Dependins on location and topocranhy the drainnse varies. The linht texture is reflected in both veeetative cover and crop response. The greatest limitation to successful crop pro- duction on the light textured soils is their inability to supply adequate amounts of plant nutrients. OrganicflSoils The Orqanic Soils are delineated on Map No. 6 merely to show their distribution and location within the county. a ate-V ‘\.§II..& $4.1i I . . . 1 v w 52' .... .a‘ . F. iii? Erosion The topoeranhy of Grenville County in General ranges from‘ undulatine to sently rollinc. In only a few locations does it reach ruaeed proportions. For the most part the area has suffered very little from the ravaces of water erosion. however, the rolling light textured sand hills show sisns o? serious wind erosion and the problem should be one of concern. hep No. 7 illustrates the extent 0? water and wind erosion in the area. Class 1.11tfils.9rwNe-ErQsion For the most part the soils contained in this class will have slopes of 3% and less. Included are the level outwash sand plains, the level to undulatins sands over clay, the shallow lime- stone soils over bedrock and the organic soils. glass 11.3112hi Erosion Water erosion has affected the soils 09 this class only sliehtly. The limestone till soils and the stony sands are contained in class ll erosion. Most of the soils have slopes ransins from 5- 8%. In the case 0‘ the stony sands some 30% slones occur but the nature of the soil materials allow for ready penetration 0? water and this alone with the shortness of the slones reduces the amount of runoff. Althoush the extent to which erosion has taken place is not great the thinninc oP the soil on the sidehills is an indication that the menace is at worh. For this reason it was deemed advisable to sound a warning note and draw attention to the necessity of em- ploying measures that will reduce and if possible eliminste the hazard. The limestone till soils of Grenville County are notentiallv the best agricultural soils in the area. It is well to attemot to keen them in that rreferred category. 9.]. ..1112198 err: e.:c.o_ .ieveMi-nilerh aim: The excessively drained stonefree rollinq sends have suffered extensively from the raveees 0? wind erosion. In their natural state they nosses low fertilitv levels as retlected in their inabilit‘r to “rovide a vesetative cover sufticiently dense to nrevent wind erosion. .Althoudh under nresent conditions the nercentaee of moderately to severely eroded soils is smell when comnered with the total land area of the county,nevertheless this eroded area is in- creasins. The slow and relentless action with which erosive forces orerate makes it difficult for peonle livinq in a community to realize the mapnitude of the hazard. The denuded shiftin" sand hills be- speak the necessity for action to overcome the problem. " . “wig . «a... .dwt‘wuflflllldfi - 1|--Fl‘ln . . {N '3‘ D <1 0 U‘ ‘D D .3 Q.- P. U) 9 .3 I) .D -.21 93 :3 CL (+- 3" rD d .3 ”'5 Ho 9 3 .3) .3 fi—J H. ’D :5 C4" =w .3 0 d- O '1 ".0 03+ {-3 d- 33 . *3 “'3 (D O C+ their use 1r‘or esricultural purposes have been indicated. Men No. R is presented st this time to illustrste the locdtion and distribution which, in lieht op rresent knowledse, the writer considers es the main problem areas ePfectin" the enriculturnl use 0? Grenville Countv soils. These teeters have been discussed elsewhere in the renort and Men No. 8 mev act as a summerv indicstine the distribution of the nroblems in Grenville Countv. .13 flan for their.e‘l-:1:en.vi.lle-.Qrmtx.C‘mls For 1"1ri.’211‘-.’ca1r°l. Pvrmses The nurnose of this study is to enalvse the eftect 0P verious soil ditperences on the use 01“ Crenville Countv soils. The results of such a study may be exnressed bv nresentins a succested plan for vthe use of the soils For aericultnwol nurnoses. In develonins e sunsested plen the writer hes been snided by observations made while mannine the soils 0? the erea. Too, he has been eble to note the experience 010 the nest and the effect it hes hed on the esriculture of the 9res and this is valuable eid when nlennine For the future. Onlv indirectlv are we able to note whet the influence of Man's nresence has been. he wes 1c‘irst resronsible For unsettins the natural belence that orisinallv existed bv denudins the eree of its forest cover. That this was iustitied is srsnted, becsuse to mein- tain an sdeouete standard of livins end to care for our incressed numbers of reonle it arneers necessary thst the soil be cultiveted - 27 - and revenue in excess of what forest cover csn nroduce be Provided. The destruction of the natural harmony has not been without its ill effects. The shiftind, wind eroded sand hills anneer to be the result of an ettemnt on the nart of Man to chsnse the natural nattern and force it into one that would better serve his immediate resuirements. Under natural conditions the moisture content of the soil was in her- mony with the type of vesetation nrovided for the area. On the high moisture soils the tamsrech drew while the nines located on the low moisture well drsined sends. Vhen the land wss cleared the moisture- vesetstion balance nrovided by Nsture was chanced end for hen's nurnose it became one of dreinsse that would "row crors to his satisfaction and advertsse. Thus Man's influence is seain reflected , necessitatins the need for tile drrinins if the area is to croduce adequate yields of cultivated farm crops. That Grenville County will continue to be a basically asricultural community in Eastern Ontario is not doubted. That it has close to a century of exnerience to its credit is certainly to its adventsse. If. throneh this nresentstion and sussested nlan, a wernins note can be sounded that all is not entirely well for the future the nurnose of the study will be served in hart. In lisht of observations and informstion collected, a rlen indicatins to what purrose the soils of Grenville County mirht be utilized if it is to continue as a prosressive and sound asricultrrsl community, is herewith nresented. The soils of the ares have been divided into seven lend tvnes. A plan or sussestion indicatins what is considered the most useful purpose the soils can serve is built up around these lsnd tyres. Their distribution throushOut the county is indicated on Man No. 9, end a descrintion and discussion of each lsnd tyre follows. LandHType l In percentage of land area of Grenville County, Land Tyne 1 is by for the l°r"est. Dominated by send end sandy loam materials it contains several other components. Wet clay and clay loam troughs are contained in this type as well as the occassione1 well drained stonv rides. In the flat depressional areas muck and pest occur. Tonosraphically the type varies from level to stroncly rolling. Most of the land type is clesred. Roads, schools end churches have been established and en a"riculturel community of sizeable extent now exists. However the chief problems limitind the use of the soils contained in this land tyne for continued ssricultural endeavours are (a) drainsre, (b) erosion, (0) low fertility. The poorly drained depressions] sandy eress under present conditions are used lcrcely For pasture purposes. If drained, more nutritious end satisfactorv pasture mixtures could be introduced and the capacity of the poorly drained areas to fit into an asricultural proqramme would be increased. Erosion has reached serious proportions on the rollins sandy knolls. It is doubtful if a sound agricultural proprsmme can be established on these srees. Probably a very useful purpose for such areas would be the re-estnblishment to tree cover. As previously indicated, the dominant textural cless of the area is send and sandy losm. The coarse teYture is rePlected in the frequent hunser and low fertility sisns indicated in the crops that firow on the sandy soils. This is a problem of considerable meonitude and concern. The organic soils included in this land type are for the most part too -40.. poorly drained For the production 0? cultivated crops. Under present use they are nrowino tree cover and it would eppeer that in this capacity they ere servinr their most useful purpose. :.tronslv . Level to . Undulatinp to ,Stoninley urolling I depressionel rollins sand uridve‘trouoh :"and : send 3 ‘ , I . o 0.. o u" —A_. .—----— U 0’ . .0 . Firure (2) Tirsrammatic representation of the components contained in LAND TYPE 1. Land TY?e_ 2 Lnnd Type 2 is characterized by undulating to level toposraphy. frhe texture in the surfrce soil rences from loam to clay loam. Level CIEy'loam areas Form the principal component with the occassional included 'wefll.drained stony loam ridge. In the north-western section of the county,' gaeer Eestons's Corners. the veneer of heavy textured stonefree material :18 of verieble depth. Underlain by stony till, the lacustrine wash (accessionallv thins out and the underlying till protrudes. - [1 - In this district where the clsv loam is underlain by till, the internal drainhse o? the soil profile is improved on the undulatins topoeraphv. Lend Tvpe 2 is well suited to the srowinn of most culti- vated farm crons and some of.the better farms of the area are located on it. Its chief limitation is imperfect drainase on the level heavy textured areas. Shallow clay .Stony veneer over till level to slthtly Btonv - I undulating ' lorm loam] //P/ M/ ”HZ/W P/H e / p/ / /(’/ p/p/fl/ // ,Q/f/ Figure (3) Diagrammatic representation of the components contained in LXND TYPE 2. Lend_.TY?e 3 Rollins topography with included areas of imperfectly drained ' sandy trouehs, and depressional areas of muck and neat are the chief components of Land Type 3. The texture varies from a sandy loam to a loam on the surface. This land type contains the limestone till soils _ A- - and these occassionally thin out over the underlyina bedrock. When such a condition occurs the soils act in much the same way as the shallow soils over limestone bedrock.' Some of the best farms in the district are located on this land type. Well suited to the production of the crops commonly grown in the district, the chief problem to be considered is the suscepti- bilitv of the soils to erosion. Althouph as indicated earlier in the discussion erosion as yet has not reached serious proportions, yet the dominant component of this land type has the hichest potential value for aericultural purposes of any land type in the county. It would be well to attempt to conserve it and have it continue to serve its most useful purpose as valuable aaricultursl land. Phallow over bedrock muck or peat Randy troush Rollins stony loam 6/? [STONY TILL /]P/ f/ 79/ ”/1 ¢/ /¢// e// 0M? / Brnaocx £3 1% /¢Plp l/p/// Figure (A) Pissrammatic representation of the components contained in ITNU TYPE 3. _ A? - land Tyre -4 Limited by shallowness over bedrock, variable drainage, excessive stoniness, in most ceases the soils contained in Land Type A are ill-suited to the production of cultivated crops. Soils with depths less than one foot dominate the land type. Included are de- pressional areas of peat and muck and the occassional loam ridge. The tOpovraphy varies from level to nently undulating. Land Type 4 occupies a considerable area in Grenville County. As has been indicated, it has definite limitations for the production of farm crops. Probably if used in large units it could be well utilized for pasture purposes. Dairy farming is a large and important industry in the county. The shallow limestone soils pro- duce fair coverage of Kentucky and Canada Blue grass and would provide pasture land in the errly spring season. The included muck and neat areas misht well serve the same purpose as that indicated for land Type 7. I Challor over : Bedroeh : Muck or Peat I Shallow oven I bedrock l outcrop I : bedrock : I I ' ' l l ' I ' l . l 0 / W N’ N! w: «I \w / Q 64?? P, 65 7 0 \w «I \w w I’fl’ é/O/é ’ f// / D F o “” 4” [ BT‘DR CK L; w M ‘ r Fisure (5) Diavrammatic representation of the components contained in LAND TYPE A. - AA — Land. Type .2 The soils making up land Type 5 are underlain by clay at depths of three feet and lesS. The texture of the surface soil ranges from a sandy loam to a fine sandy loam. Level to gently un- dulating topocraphy dominates the type. Included with this land type in minor proportions are areas of wet clay land. The drainage varies from imperfect to poor depending on topographic location and the proximity of clay to the surface. Only a small percentane of woodland remains on Land Type 5. Most cultivated farm crops are grown on the soils contained in this type but the range of different crops is somewhat limited by imperfect drainage conditions. Provided good farminq practices are employed, the type is suited to agricultural endeavours. Its chief limitation is imperfect drainage and tile draining should merit attention and consideration. In areas where wet clay land is in- cluded, the potentialities and possibilities are similar to those indicated for Land Type 2. :Undulstina, imperfectly Level, poorly drained :drainnd sandv and fine sendv loam .0 r-' we m y' Lem? - /s _ ! sandy and fine sandy : loam: included clay I flats l l I ‘-—-- I!" Fisure (6) Dia Land Type 6 qrammatic representation of the components contained in LAND TYPE 5. Land Type 6 occupies only a small area in Grenville County but it occurs extensively in the adjoining county of Dundee. Charac- terized by undulating to strongly rolling topography, the sandy loam surface is underlain by fertility is maintained substratum of sand and aravel. Provided and consideration is given to the control of erosion the soil of Land Type 6 should adequately repay the efforts of individuals to successfully Operate farm units. _ A6 - Ficure (7) Diasrammatic representation of the components contained in LaND TYPE 6. Land. Tyre? Comprised larcely of muck and pest swamps the organic soils have been little developed for agricultural purposes. The peat swamps support a cover of moss and tamarack while on the mucks there is a noticeable increase in the percentase of elm that occurs. Occasional ridses of well drained stony loam and streaks of poorly drained sands occur in land Type 7. Because of their association with the poorly drained orsanic soils and the fact that they occur in small isolated areas it does not appear economically sound to attempt to cultivate these small included areas. Whatever may be considered the best use I for the organic soils mieht well be applied to the loam ridges and - A7 - sand streaks. lnder present conditions because of the cost involved in draininc and developins the orrsnic soils of Grenville County, it is considered they serve their most useful purpose for timber produc- tion and for industries other than acriculture. Orcanic soils 9tonv Otony Orsanic soils rj flour-- T‘ifl ”‘3 i‘ftnfl trouch All wt W an Ficure (9) Diasrammatic representation of the components contained in LAND TYPF 7. . Initllnl lll- |.1!IVI.IJ |,I ..m- Sucsested lend Use Plan for Grenville County i. mamm'rusm mm (1) quited for the crowinv of cultivated crops provided (a) erosion control practiced land IXE§.3 (b) drainare improved [epdfllzpeflg (c) adequate fertility levels maintained, well drained components of Land_Iypes‘lnand_5 and Land Type 6 (d) drainare improved and edeouste fertility levels maintained, imperfectly and poorly drained com- ponents of land Tvrpq Twang 5. (iil Suited for pasture land (a) Poorly drained components of Lend Types_l, 3 end 5 (bl Shallow soils of Lend Type A and the bouldery and shallow components of land Type 3 B. NON mums pantxwu (a) Land_Typefl7 and the oroanic components of all other lrnd types. (b) Shallow over bedrock of land TY?9.' (U (5) (6) - 49 - C UI‘FM WY Grenville County, Ontario, Cenede is loceted in Eastern Ontario and occupies ennroximetelv 296,000 acres. 9lishtlv over 89% of the totel lend erea of the countv is in occupied farms. Woodlend occupies about 13% of the lend ares. Dominant tyne of agriculture From which the fsrm income is derived is the production 0? deirv cattle, dnirv products, hoes, poultry, cereal qreins and to 9 limited extent fruit and vegetables. Grenville County soils have developed from stony till, stonefree send. stony send end heevv stonefree clay and clay loam. Climatic characteristics of the area are aversre preciritetion of 34 inches, mean annual temnereture of 420?, aversne prost free period of 130 devs. The everqre dete of the last killing frost in the spring is May 18, and the first killind frost in the fall is September 96. Sends and sandy loam texture dominate in the ares. Light textured soils when used for asriculturel purposes usuellv do not contain adequate plant nutrients to provide satisfactory yields of most cultivated farm crons. Stones are present in sufficiently lsrre numbenéto limit the use of certain areas for aericulturel rurposes. On the bouldery limestone till soils and the shallow soils over limestone bedrock the presence of stones and boulders or the influence of the under- lying bedrock mqkes cultivation impossible. Impertect end poor drainage attects the use of a larse proportion of the soils for snricultursl use. Tile drainane should creatly ..1.~F..Qy r4 ‘lls shi.lyk.s L . «I00... h; ..V. J... 4“ (8) - 50 - improve the use capability of these soils. Inadeouate drainage is one of the greatest limitetions affectinn the use of Grenville County soils for agricultural purposes. wind. erosion has reached serious pronortions on the well to emcessively dreined sandy knolls. It is doubtful if successful asricultural endeavours can be established on the eroded areas. To control wind erosion and at the same time have such areas serve a more useful function it is sueeested thev be reforested. Water erosion has not effected the area seriously. Because of existing drainage conditions and the cost involved in drainage improvement, reclsmmation and development, the orsenic deposits are considered more useful for endeavours other than agriculture. The use of the shallow limestone soils over bedrock for eericultural nurnoses, other then nesture, is limited bv depth of soil over bedrock and inadecuete moisture retention relationships. BI 811me fitles of l‘mericen fisriculture, Part III. 19l5. Soils of the United “tetes. United States Penertment of fisriculture, Bureeu of Chemistry and “oils. Colemen, P. P. 1941. The Inst million Years. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Crnndn. Goudse, M. F. Timestones of Csnede, Their Occurrence end Characteristics. (Terr-1dn T‘t.=.>n—M.“tmer1t of Sines end pesources, Ottawa, C°nude, Putnam, D. F., and Chapman, 1. I. lQQR. The Climate of C1outhern Ontario. Qcientific Aericulture, 182%. Seventh Census of Ceneda. “910. Dominion Bureau of Qtetistics. Ottawa. Canada. Foils and Men. 1929. U. S. D. A. Yearbooh.i _ . ,1- ‘ 7’ 17,"; Qoil gurvev of 9t. Ipwrence County, New York. United States Department of Ar-*r.iculture., Bureeu of Chemistry end doils. Number 31, Series 1095. G RENVILLE COUNTY Oniorio _ fl SCALE? 0 E i/nncrk Co, .... LeedsCo. SOIL MT ERIALS Stony, calcareous, loamy till. Stonefree clay and clay loam. Stonefree Stonefree sand underlain by Clay. Shallow stony loam underlain by limestone bedrock. Organic deposits. (MAP NO . 1) ~ ' GRENWLLE COUNTY Ontario ,5» SCALEE o 2 4 ‘éM‘i—ES / . ——Jo——.u—a— ‘.'-———— ~a— — a” umw“... d ”hw‘l— —-—- .---“m. ’_ ‘b-WU‘I‘T‘ ‘._.. ...m w CorleMnCou N / ‘1, 9r . [114 4 . .,n\ {,1 ify‘hf I .. Jfi’ . ,. l - Leeds Co. FOREST AS OCIATIONS White cedar, red cedar, sugar maple. Sugar maple, beech, white 080.611". Pine, soft maple, birch. Elm, ash, soft maple. .. '-‘,r(.‘{. a} '3‘ figkfi‘ .k if": :3. ~ - negsfig%flfif Tamarack, snruce, alder. - ! ensign: . new-.1339. . ‘ MAP NO. 2) GRENVILLE COUNTY ' ‘ Ontario MILESS SCALEE O F Lenork Co. Dundas Co. EC]L GRCNPS ~AJ Rolling, well drainec limestone till soils. LeVel to undulating, stcnefree . silt, clay loam and clay. -5. Level to undulating well —’- drained stonefree sand. Level to undulating, imperfectly, drained stonefree sand. Level to depressional, pearly drained stonefree sand. engvvuggi' Level to undulating, good to fig;9;;:;, imperfectly drained send underlain by clay. LBVel f0 Genress n.1, Poorly ic e drained sand underlain by clay. Jnjulauinfi to rolling,'gcod to s Siallow soils underlain by limestone bedrock. .;_g_f wj Organic soils. (MAP NO. 5) \ . COUNTY Dale?" G RENWLLE .--...——.—~——v— —-- “my—~— ~ ...." -..—”c- ......- O _——-——n— -——-— _ _.__.-.-——--__.—-- Jfidos Co. q onOFK I ? dsaCxi z. .' 1' ,e ‘ E, . Lee and boulder S. 18 stones. \ TONINESS \tonefree. nero' stones L1 pedrock outcrop, larg (MAP NO. 4) 8 n O t S W e F Nw (\ k, (n - GRENVILLE COUNTY ‘ ni'orio ... ._ .4 wvmwwvvmwvw rm- «M , Imperfect to poor. Poor. s 1, —. .. may Variable. 2 1: 1 f .4- 5“ Viv r'w ,3 . . 2:1: 1 T187.- u—ma—r- m—fiunmu‘ T .. Sands and sandy loams. Organis soils (MAP 25c: . 6 ) neavy clays and clay loams. LeedsCo. cams and SCALEE G RENV‘LLE COUNTY Ontario MILESS .“~ r G RENVTLLE COUNTY ‘Oniorio :10er v‘ Mil/5 {13*0 m X F ‘ Dufldos v, . ’r , .. C O . '\ .9. Leeds Co. jhOSlCN W Little or None. ‘z‘.;'.-_ j._ , Egiéit}:fi~em 5- . V, ‘ .' ' . ' Slight. Hoderate to Severe. {Lominantly wind erosion) (MP no . 7) G RENVTLLE COUNTY c . ' Oratorio SCALE: 0 ’ 4 if-WLES shallow soils over bedrock resulting in submarginal agricultural land. vary pearly drained areas. Severely wind eroded areas. Organic soils. Dundos G RENVILLE COUNTY niorio 5 SCALEZ O 4 DMLE“ 1— :efi-Ezéf i=________=l'— ..- z’ 95.5.34 .‘ “1:.E , 4- a, e,“ _ not {"31- Leed Co. Sand and sandy loam dominant; ”3 topography varies from level to strongly rolling; inclusions of wet clay land, muck, neat and the n .. occasional well drained loam ridgeV , .,gn Loam to clay loam surface; good tc” ’guvfiyup‘ imperfect drainage; level to undulating topography; included ,7) well drained loam TlC?€S. \J . .‘m§¢.\,;('..—mg Sandy loam and loam surface; good drainage; rolling topography; inclusions of wet sand areas, peat and muck as well as areas of shallow soil over bedrock. Soils less than one foot in depthfi over bedrock; topography level to “ gently undulating; inclusions cf muck and peat and the occasional loam ridge, Sandy loam and fine sandy loam surface underlain by clay at depths ranging from One tothree feet; level to gently undulating topography; inclusions of wet clay land. Sandy loam surface with sub- ; stratum of sand and gravel; good i to excessive drainage; undulating; to rolling topography. nainly peat and muck swamps; inclusions of well drained stony loam ridges and streaks of poorly drained_sand. (MAP NC. 9)