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THE PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY
THESIS FOR DEGREE OF B. S.

C. R. MYERS

 

 

 

 

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V J ' "‘ Q

   

T513 903 13. ND 01.14315? I??? TRY

A Thesis Fub11tted to

The Faculty of

LICK GAE STATS COLLLGS

of

53313733733 QED A37LIED VCITNCB

By

C o R. 113,761'8

Candidete for the fiegree of

Bachelor of “cienca

J71. .19 193

3.

‘9.

(L
2
x)

.3

History records that the

W
V” i

were fawilicr

materials. Banning

of mortar binders in what we

aad also a very extcnrive use

1

imlflvlodre

able state of yrarar

...L.. . 15 .,¢.
leDlOG CL s'ucco.

There scans to be

Creek, .3 Own,

type. Rather, thflre early 031hati
linen Had blastero, very
Jortfir biJiGTP may

0139203 - line:

are the hydraulic 11137,

I .‘L,‘
L;~l.t0’)e. C‘)]O;1UFL. 11

“+‘Q.‘ 1 ‘ '-
Ilau u. 3... Run].

classaa -

are tha vwristioaa known as

lugt mautioacd

» 3+ +2
03 1‘35)», v.16

Another "my of divilinj;

structural War: 18

hydraulic. non-hydraulic

, as

and harden under Water; wfiile

either air or water.

early
a variety of mortars and mortar
of vtructures
wnuld call 33
a; $010 kinfl of
‘0: 0 early "OIL-201's
pernngr met O?

vntion C??:

no evidc

or L;""73.7t.1:-n 27017-0:

wimilnr t3 tho 0 in use
at} (‘MW’f‘fiJP 1L3}? (:-
Pfillinm bat
so larr®1y
:e'fzir'a, 3212:;
zgortl uni coruxits.
guzzuolana, $137 COAfilt
the
into two nain
the

hydraulic

DJLIJIl ICL‘

:fiyttians and 730:. :L2

'1"..-Ilfl.-’;"

of there any: rhov the use

scary Cfnfitrnctlon,

9

nartnr in the

perserved no mean

I ': . ,
J.(.L~}.'..Cfd «3‘0 r3 2.131%:-

I" " no ‘N -- 'v :5 -
a.g 0L tle u.ng early

:400, however, that tiero early

79v.
Jun:

used a cauont of tkc ~>03:"Glm1t1

115‘ 'L1‘1‘ufl‘ .1 81. were common

T: {)de o

Ldorefi in two broad

‘oen tiara

used in {Prbfirn

I be éivided into five ~cnerul

IA aiiitioa to these

34d iron

known in Germany.

coacntin: n ta'inlzz urea in

01999.8 ~ n0n~hydrnulic ani

n'u‘- -‘n . u . " . ‘-
uwlfi 1 alias Hill nag net

0370139 will 31rdon in

4
-l

The following is a li?t of tha structwrcl ceicate of conn-
erciel importance:

Eon-hydraulic ( fiytrun ole tore
( Connoa Line

Hydraulic { Hydraulic Lice
(Greg ier Ccicnt
a by-product
( ?uzzolen Benefit
;aturel Cencnt
)ortlend Cr: '19 {It
(qultereted or modified
Bortlend Seieut)
n more extended definition of yono non~hydreulic and
hydraulic cexents follow:
“373? ‘UA 19 u céient of volcanic oricin. Its nene
is derived from *uzzuoli, an Italian city near the hire of

fount Teruvius, where the are ertice of mzzznolene were first

put

dircovcred. The interiel, a velounic ash, we? eulvrrized
and mixed with Flaked lice and e riwll niount of rend to
forfl a hydraulic mortar. ”uzzuolnqa i: e silicate of
alumina in which the silica cxirth in a state eueily atte-
cked b? on: tic elfeliee, Hence it readily eilbince With
line in nortar.

“uzzuolena i-y be ”reduced artificially by burning certain
kinds of clay. The natural material nay frecucntly be in-
proved by burnlnro In fiwcrice, a cement celled puzzolnn has
been manufactured for nany yonrr from line and blast furnace

slag. Th1? 1? described later under "9197 ceneflt”.

-3-

HATTRAL CfiLJHT, as the nqne iipliee, i' eerentinlly
formed by nature. ”ertnin nrrillecioue lincrtones contnin-
ing verione ocrcentdrce of lime, silica and alanine are
quarried 9nd burned in their neturel st te in omen lime
kilns at conneretire low temperaturer. ?hc rerultnnt nrod-
not when reduced to a fine powder 1? the n turel cerant of
C O'Il ’leI'CG o

The finericun ?ocioty for rertiuw .eteri 13 defines nat-
ural ccnent n9 follore:

"Yeturel ceie t i? tbe finely nulverizcd oroduct result-
ing fron the calcinution of an areilleceonv linwvtone at a

tangereture only rufiicient to drive off the carbonic acid

To better illustrate what is meant by éeturnl Cement, a
cencnt rock of the Lehirh district in Jennsylvnnie an; he
need as an example. This rock iv of a caninntcd nature and
even to the unaided eye, and much acre 90 under the microe-
coge, shown vnricue layers or leaves of varying material.

For nrnctic«1 pur Oven, it mey haoyen that one of those snail
leyerc i? 111e, another alanine and anather cilica; or, there
may be a lerrc luyer of lino, two layer? of rilicq to~etber
and a smell leycr of qlunina. This rock when calcined,
either under hirh or low tenpereture, will not oonbinc in

all its certs or clsncnte. Ton coucntly, for ourpOPer of

comparison between natural and bOrtlend ceiont, it may be

broadly stated that from twenty to twenty-five nnrcent of

:1 turn]. co 1"‘213 1.- 1 irrrt or 511:3 1:1 03.12231 1 .131 ‘y t:

H {'9’
i. 3.3
Q

n? the fiertionfi of "ilion ;u1 +lnnlnn thvt .hguld settino
fire vrly With the 111e, 1t flill to team? t3 re are pertain
wrsjortlone 13 exec e an tE-rei-re mace: 1191. lhnro
nut“rw1 ee1ent revfi* “re burn d qt a see mrutivrly 114 heat
with co l, 241 the rev 13133 n.t::i 1 teen drier fro] the
P1115} 3. ° :‘nt wry herd xvi (36:21 U3 redhead to "Jim:- «:120".'dcr “lit?!
co i‘”r tire e;. e. 2

‘1nnr the nitur 1 cexextr erg on ineledcd the well known
0309 of the Re ord~le,. (Ystv YDDK), jetelec, (gzrquad),
Lehixh, (tenur;IVfiu1e}, *xrox (JO .7 2312:], Lcuisville,
(tentucw). "It“ Mica. (Illinoiv‘) dirtrictn ll of these
oe e;t herd e jzyod a rodcr reget't134 mud h-vc been 2 ed
11 izjort2;t flsrk tkrev*hevt the Ytltcd ttntor.

-‘-’~'i},‘-';"‘Z,_2 '21) :3". {3'2 if! :“0 nztzed ltzeemre the ewrly eroflnet,
when rot, 1? cell to h ve re;:1 led 10 color 3 Famous u’111i~
133 rtene on the 1913 o? Vortl me, 41~1enr

“ortl'nl eiiont 19 tfo “reflect ebtv1.éd By fiaoly wnl“er~

fwvien of in 31311‘30 -rt1’121fil 11ftere of ’11213 erewnd

"’ortlpw: {33301 1r tfio 21~:Lx;t oat 21:K 26.1:7 fiwely
gulvorizi1f eliuzer urofiweed b; o lclaiu~ to 1131 1en fur-
10:1 42‘] iii‘tiysts's void m: .1: -‘»rlty 51‘: urticafld 21.1.2‘1'0 0;. er '11].-
ncooue end c;le‘reou- uwteri=lc, With me fifiiitLOJ sub 0 ”(it

to c loin tien exec t ”“3 r 2.1 evloixed or Ulcfilciflcd gypsum”

d

In wenerel, the coneo iti02 of portlend cenent is about
twenty percent silica, ted perceit alanine, plus ferric
oxide, sixty-five percent of line and five! perceit of
other compounds. The required coaoiuition of t o fore-
going materials ery'be obtained by mixinr limestone, chelks
or nerl with clay or whale or other erqillnceoue material
as may be reonired to produce the ere er balance of these
inrredientCo It 19 also made by eddinfi limestone to blast
furnace 919? of low mericeie content. Dnrine Burning, the
conbinetion of the line end silica, alumina end iron oxide
takes place. The eroduct resulting fron proier burning
is c lled clinker. This 001 1 ts of silicates, aluninntee
and forritee of 1116 in certain definite prooortions. The
‘ortlnnd 0010 t of 0012erce ie the erodnct roveltin“ tron
Priflilfl” this clinko to a fine :ovder.

iichwrd to cede, in his book '°orLl 1d ”oxext“ >lecee
materials aner two general heads nceoriinq to how the lime
or silica 31d alanine predoainete.

The following are his distinctions -

C‘I“.;t-¢?‘ i;.uu on MS:

Limestone Clay

Earl rhnle
Chalk late
lkeli ‘erte 1a t ii2rn1ece :18:

[39 If! “to LXOCL
In this cleesificetion er. Leede states th<t 0930 t rock
may be con idored as either calcareous or erwilleceone, but

usually arrillnceous. 3nt in one section of the Lehieh

-5-

region the lime content if no hirh no to reouire on ed-
nirtnre of slate or clry.

Coroernin,; distribntion of mag erielo, ceneot rec: and
liieetene ore found in the Le iiirh District of ’enn~ylvrnia
er .d in Jorthern ieh irsn. In the early days of portlend
codent uwnufncture in thin eeintry, wichir-n, Ohio, Indiana
and centr .1 New York pleats need marl end cl-y or ehnle.

In more recent ure, however, liteetone hoe in tony en es
been snbrtituted for marl. Threurhont the country oeierqlly
there are army deooritr of limestone and rhqle or cley. In
Indiana, Sinnerot“, “bio and “ennrylvenia a true hortlend
ceiont if ninnfectnrcd free bloat furnace 31c? and line—
stone.

F113 CJLSTT, otherwise known he "pnzz vclnn' CSjeflt is
produced by the intimate mixture of Pieced lime and wren-
uleted blast furnace View. “0th notorielc ere culverized
before, dnr1n9, or after mixing. Ylfi? eenent i? not sub-

jeete d to fire in kilns durinc the procevs of 1 nUfnut “re.

Cf

I is in Her or to portlerd ceiont in ytroneth and other
qualities. It found little JSrZCt either in this country
or abroad.

"dIfiBS" {’OZCL JD, or 13% CJJJJT 19 undo in Garnemy,
Where it enjoys a large demand. It is made by eddine to true
portlo.d eeuent clinker, selec .ted blwu t furlace 91mg in prep-

ortionr var; in: from fifteen to tnenty-five percent then

-7-

Frindine the resulting nixtnrc to the fineee reeuired
by the Screen Cove nnent eoecificwtione for oortland
001ent.

SILIC‘ “AID CJQIIT is another tree of nixed ceeent, whose
high grade eilica send or crushed rranite is added to cort-
land ce1ent clinker in quantities v ryine free twenty to
thirty percent, and the resulting mixture reduced to an im-
pelable powder.

BLJSDJD 01133? is a name that was given to eenent which
partook of the nature of puzzolan and portland cement. It
was produced in California in connection with the construc-
tion of the Lee Antelee Aqueduct, being made by rerrinding
portland ce1ent with volcanic tuff. It was known locally
as "tufa" cenent.

CGLLOT C; if? begen to attract attention aboat 1910. It
was a patented eroduct produced by Slowly eouring melten
blast furnace plan, "hen suitable for the cur 0"e, or by
pouring the molten material when fused directly for the
Duracee in a blast furnace, uaon a rewidly revolvine corru-
gated cylinder, which scattered it in finely distributed
particles. 5hjle etiil in molten state, the :erticlea cane
in contact with a enray of relatively c1ell niount of weak
solution of one or acre of the soluble salts of alraline
earths, magnesium sulphate bein3 generally used. The gart-
iclee were then collected, cooled and ercund to a fine
powder. The resulting product differed materially from both

porthnd and puzzolan cenente.

~8-
BASSOH 041331 is a slag cement manufactured under patents
granted to Dr. ?aeeow, one of tne leading scientists of
Germany, after whom it wee named. Ito production in 1nerica

is described elsewhere.

DIPCOVJRY OF POIZTLh“D 0.3133 .

The chronolory of important events leading up to the

discovery and manufacture of oortland ce1cnt is eiven by
Henry Xeid, a dietiir““h d Jnrliah civil cnflii3er a -d
anchor of i1eortant v1rte on ce1ent, in his book "Dortland
Cenent, Ito Yanufacturc and User," publiehed in London in
1877, a? followez- '

1755 - John Tweaton, who tou9:ht a gpeciel ce1ent
for his own purposes.

1780 ~ Dr. Higgins, who was chiefly interested
in € 311000.

1796 - Parker. Importr ant discovery 0: con.erting
the nodules (ae ptaria) found in London clay.

1810 - Edgar Dobbs. Contributed to the mechanical
knowledge of the enbgect.

1818 - Vicat, John, Ereneaart and ‘t.Le9er, foreign
contributors to chemical knowledge.

1824 - Joeephin :Spdin. Ere e~rimente revealed
iuportance of hiqh te Jeratnree in kiln.

1826 - tir C. 10 Ma ley. Conducted neny important
ex erimenta.

1886 - Front. The first to erect a factory near
London for the uanufacture of ~ortland cement
for construction pureocea.

-9-

is will be seen from the above, credit for the direovcry
of portland cement in eiven to John A odin, an Snelieh brick
layer of Leede, who after exocrinonting since 1811, in 1824
took out a patent on an inorovcd cezent which he called
portland cenent becanae it reccnblcd in color the Isle of
“ortland building atone.

In his early excerinonta icodin need hard lincrtenea
found near his plant, and etrnwglcd alone for some time try-
ing to make out of those and clays eonething which he thoueht
would be a hydraulic cement. at this time he did not have
quite the idea of portland COJODt, but he ultinately got it
by burninr his hard limestone at hirher ten eratures.

Other workers in the field of cenent have .ndeavored to
take away from Aspdin the credit for the discovery of
portland cement. In 1911 when the discussion of the subject
wee revived in Ensland and this couitny, nearly a century
after Arpdin had obtained his patent, one, Ieaec C. Johnaon
of dnglnnd, who had long been precinent as a nanufacturer
of ceient, and who was then well alone in hie lDlst year,
wrote to the editor of Conant are, New York, claimine to
be the “first manufacturer of a cenent that eculd p 83 the
test? of the cxactinc eneioeers of British and foroicn revere-
ments”. Johnson 9190 says:-

"I grant that the name "portland" is due to 1r. Jeeeph
isodin when he took out a patent in 1834, but which i? no
more 1139 the cogent that is wade today than chalk is like

cheese."

But in the Buildinr Iowa of London, th?re wee oubli End
in 1883 an abstract of a atwtoient ore‘ared by Lthneen in
that yeer for Go 3- Redfrave, Eritiih Jerioeer 91d onshor

.0 n

of "Ce’eareous deionte", -roe which the 23110 in“ extraeto
are tazezig

3r. John:4 on rtutes that 2‘:bout 1845 y3"n‘ ”udin
(Jillian, son of Jooeph) beean vor: at Rat erhithe in conn-
ection with Homers. Laude and eon on a skull scale, and did
sometioea make a strong cement, but coin: to want of scien-
tific method, the quality as respects strencth 81d durability

was not to be deoended upon.

"I was at thiv tine (about lGéS} oaqarer of the Jerks

h;

0* goears. thite, at ‘wentconhe, nah or only leech ce1ent
and Vrort'e Ce1eit.“

“I; eucloyerr attracted by the flouriah of tr :oete
hat nae then being node about the new OGlCfit, derirod to
be makers of it, and vone eteha were taken to join ';:din
in the enterprise, but no arreeaent could he cexe to, es-
pecially as I advised my e1;logers to leave the 1.Lt"r to no
fully believing that I could flork it out.

"AS I said LeiWHWE,‘“ eie were no rcm any; of info ae-
tion to arsirt no, for altheuyh firsdin hud JOIJF, t ere Has
no persibility of finding out whxt he ”a: doinr, bee use the
place Woe clorely built in, with walls treaty feet high, and
with no Why into the "01 1.1, exec ,t throng}: t}: e office.’

"I am free to confess that if I could have 9ot a clue

in that direction I rheuld have tagwcan :dv 1tare of such an

-11-

Oceortunity, but as I here rinee l=nrned, end frei one of
his later partneré, thfit the psoeere ra' so ny.tiiiad that
anyone might Wet on the wronr scent - for GVCn the forknen
knew nothinr, convideriny that the virt'c con isted in {010“
thing he din did with his own kinds.”

”fhuo he had a kind of tray with Leveral compartxznts,
and in there he had powdered anlphate of COfgCr. gendered
lineet~ne, and VOflG other hattere. then a layer of washed
and dried elurry and the coke had been out into the kiln, he
would no in aad scatter 'oae htndfula of thzee :ordera free
ti1c to time as the 10 din: hroeeeded, we the whole thing
was hurrah? ed by nyotery."

“yhat did I do? I obtained r013 of the ce1ent tint
was in connon ure, and, alth nth I had said :one attention
to chenirtry, I nonld not treat myrelf to untlyte it, but
took it to the neat celebrated on lyrt of that day in London,
and smont :‘one t"..'o d-yz‘ 'ffith his. 3'31 "t do you think was the
princioel element accordine to hi1? flirty n~rce t of chee-
phate of line! fill rifiht, theurht I, I have it new. I laid
all the neighborinr butchers under coatribution for bones,
calcined them in the Open air, orchtinq a terrible nuisance
by the shell, rnd 1ade no end of mixtures with clxy and
ether mutterc contained in the analye e, in different proo-
Ortion? and burnt to different defroee, find all Without any
9303 result.”

Thua accordion to Johnaon himeelf, :spdii was a canopicu-

ous floure in the cc1ent world at the time - one where secrets

1°
- I‘-

Others e:n3ht to diecover.

11-0-21; 901211 ....-D C1; 1;; 2 L. 2T1". 'JLIII'-1D i"]."lTQLi".

A good tra do E eon sprang up in pertlelde next in sablend
and on the continent. For a number of years before the first
pleat was eterted in the Waited 1t tee, foreign made cement
had bee-t1 11:30'1'ted in lerffe (311-1111;.ities‘, snipe 1119' 1‘; tee were
neclirlble ac cenent -qde en ideal ballast for the clipper
ships plyinr betweei Luro;e and ‘1erica - rhipe that ret 7r-
ned With the more profitable cerrevs 2 Wheat and cotton.

'Dheee i 1001‘sz tie: it in the "faulted "thee ere :eeerded a?
fur beck M? leSo The eointe of heaviest ieworte
foreiee eeieite were Kev Yerk, “hiledelehie, CL Ileetcn,
fHVenneh, TEN? Orleene, Galveston tad some jeeifie CDeet
ports. In the lart care not only did Balvi en, fiernnn end
fiaelieh cenente cone to the “meifie Coast 8: b;llwvt to
rrein shite, but also ceieuts frou Jeane and Chine.

is these :hiee had no regular 9.11in~ date“, end bee nee
they were ceiling veryele, had no definitely haoen tine of
arrival, the suecersfnl nirietinz of foreiqe portleed CCJQflt
required fer-eeeiu3 c -lc:;le Lions A ship would be lended in
Leudtn or Ei' Nb 4rgo Its actual errivixt time was reverned by
the elemee‘e, end was a wept uncertain teeter. The eenente

would be CCZ?”1':flOd to v‘u ions iJeortere regrepemtinq the
manufacturers,.eud one in;orter nieht have n c n‘iwenent of
one breed and “netlor immorter en equelly leree lot of another
brand, both on the 9970 vezeelo Thee it b30319 e centeet of

wits to dis ore of the ee egt pron tly.

-13-

This had to be done to secure diech rye fro; the ship
at the earliest persible Home at so 99 to avoid stere3e
denurrere wad otlr: r unnece9enry ex en 69. T20 reezi it was
that each ingorter was ~ongt31tl" endeavorinq to secure
ordere for cerrtes '2 cogent t 9t were to arrive at some
unknown date, ”d ”hen l“ 38 ehienents would arrive in a
hsreor oa reverel vesvele at ecerexinntely the re.e tine,
these retreeeatetivee of foreirn elieoere were eblieed tr

:0 to tric e'lilderc exehen3e to flld cu towers Wie would

5'.)

relieve 3:23 112edi mt 1y of the rhipleate. Thee it c n be
seen that the ourinecs was an uncertain see as to erefit
end oftenmitr=1iled ce1:ideraolo 10:3.

The stories related by Robert 7. Lerley of the early
importers and th ir endeavors to :ec re order 3 euros in-
teresting reading. Ihege iegortere usually were of the
country from which the ceaeet wee ehigged. 50 have the
contract of the 3ern n, a nilitnry ty7e, who controlled
his office with dirciplinc and accuracy, and the old type
9eleemnn, byouent, jo cue, hogcful and always a welcome vie-
itor.

Hr. Robert r. ?ii“lhil, a pronihent fixurc in the ceie t

industry at this tine, new presidczt of the “ark Conni9sion

of fienatk. hes contributad tLe folle in3 lite Htll? nerr“t10n
in Jobt. e. elubr's booh 'Vietory of the “ortlend Vfieent

Industry in the United fitutee"'-

'_‘y nonu211t so with aortluna ceneat 5e311 in 1871,

but grcvicn9 to that ti1e the fire of W111ill & 311107710,
343 Front street, Tow Ycrk htd Econ i1cortinr eortltnd
cccent 11d 33131 cc 01‘1t 1r91 Cl’llfii 11 91 ll encatitieo
old I fancy were the. actual 3101719th Twir ‘o?:=‘i:1or‘9 "Joe-
in anlirh ctiee c1.y, f1re brict9, chalk, Puller? earth,
.1 kiqdred “rticle9 90 it We? cvitc fi
vhenld i11ert cc_e;t. Their call h1i, h2never, bwcn core
f-‘Ir 3011-191, then for cortlefi c‘>:1“'.~1t91 3‘15. LEG former were
placed 1ir9t 3101 tlfir 717% as beinr t7? were iiwortht
in the'r csti11tion. It 19 r3?ra9hiur 211 9557 u1u l in
burinese QAA119 11 our country to find that t*Ee fora is
still 1r°~od in the 9219 buSiLGSS at the cwxc ndirces."

"In 1871, I w.9 a sort of lob-lolly be; for tie firm of
9. Lo Herchaet wed 311,1ny, snip brokers, at 76 €3uth Street,
New York. They had shippin3 conuect1319 in London who occas-
ionally loaded vc99~ls with ecwcrnl our~> for gov York,
consioeing the ski 3 to Ucrchnnt 3 Cent my. It #3? GRJinr
1871 1:111; ther 19119.61 the 9221:.) 59151213 1-; $101113; fo- 1.4..

York. Pm: hcin3 on his to ob ein sufficient {:31 At to hate

3
C51
{.3
"S
*3
"‘3
1.4
m
0
H)
' 4
0
Lu
0
.23.
ff
(D
8‘

a full er30, tHfiy Get 01 53v
Brothers noctle1d cc1cnt, cal$i*ilflr 5331 to t. L. fcrchnnt

3 Eonramy with iaetructioas to sell thee qe adv:1t;3eourly

- -_ a a . _a -’ '._ ‘I . J ' ’_‘_ , a '“z r 4 A ’ fit ‘ .-' ‘ r
33 9°?91U10, CLudit .1» rule '131 1:31 at 01 then, hdd Jnjit

'. i

the erocced9 to the Lo.d31 11TH. T131 irrivnl of the ship.

it was f):.d tr:t litt c wa9 reach of centlwnd ceqcnt. Tlcre

-15-

were no brokers or Coali:810fl houses threuch vMOA it rauld
b0 901d - qu so 5:. Lcrchnnt tried on: 010:: fifter another
in hig eanloy to rot than ta try to $811 fine czgaxt to masons
and contractorn; but they rat out of u u3on one “rctht or
unophcr. H3 finally rot £371 to u) at Lh: ‘zstzn of the lie

aid ordered 39 33 *1: r11 0; p33 ceifiut. thzn I lanai that

O

Q.”
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I was engocbed Lo Jab 36.33 931
jaucndala cuiuut sellia? at sbcxt mgoa , I félt that I wad up

fiEdiflrt the iwiyasciLlc, éhgnscially as I Ermi not ifiyz?:iifihbest

Knowledge of their conymrutive suritso But I T88 so fortunate
as to 0049 iuao cantaC° with 3 acre than 0:1inorily iutelli-
gent nfison builder, Qnrc Eidlitz, who KOQt in touch with
deve10unvnts in building trades in Buroae, and therefore knew
soxothing absit nortlund cuieut. 33 was desirous of tryifi?
SOJG sf it in Hork thun under vxy. Thrnush his advice and
introduction, I was fiblfl to iatcrert others in antinr small
purchwre, uqtil finally 310 entire 533 bfirrsls were told,

one 8313 I retainer Puiag to J. D. jalts l Srstiers, Erooklyn
denlere in build a? n terinls. I do act 33?? vh33hcr that
WHS the first marthnd caaeut bourht b jaw York dealers in
buildin? matfiriuISo ?5% net rntmrnr for the 53; hrrrsls qwrt

have Leon ssti factory to the Landau ytirusr? a: cancr elio~

If)

menus followed 34d in a short til? 2- L. L9rch ad uni 301 any
began iflgOItiUE cu their own acc:unt.’

“In tho gelgtine, Lhu 31? York Dcyir':0n$ 0f DOCLS, 1871-7;
under the adminintratioa of George B. .cClc inn, Chief jiriaeer

had 9 rfacted ylnnv for building a bulkhead mull of gortland

ceqent concreta on the ?0th 31v T but found it immorrible
t0 ohte'in may de- Wild-$131? 0*2"::1tity 07 Of? :74; 1.1 the 3.x“! '1';- I:
martct. “la of tho Dock Sowuisxioucre h-d, as a nii‘hb r, J

'10-- .v
I

I 11%} jrfind. 53(30131 ffi hi nercflymit ZHVLTI“:1 noidlri Office, snui

the Dsfmrt glut le'l'fl'i 'z“:d 'di Eh hit; '30 i :1001‘13 63.33 01.16.3113 for
them, any n3 hi4 three fierceut cognissiono she b54309 inpor-
ted were ’5- 53- ;hibe r”: '31‘01fl'h’fl'1‘," urn "hing-7:10, :mdy ‘00 the
Burhnm firick, Line A $01 at Cri=wny.‘

':chn Jo “chillinmer s ainut the Rune tiqe obbsined a

{wateat fiér :1 C'.

(.2
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t)
:3
cf
m

” ' " I 0'“ ' ' '. "'1 ( "'0 v u. I " '. . ‘-
".Lk.0'.'7-"l1k '1».ng '.L ‘1‘} L' 5 (3349113.. 1 Oil ‘ 311.10 9

I.

I)

and leargiqw of tie Dock Dejnrtléat. arr 00:13nts With J nos

I

brand, he 2190 nrr~1~0d with “raid to iwpcrt ofxint for him
on 8 0013199103 basis. fiarly la 13'3, 0:13? dirrnti fled
with ' o 75.. {‘rchm‘t' 7:; do?) any"? 131191516289 “.zlti’ioif‘, I f7':2"l?.'7“C'£-"-
ted to J 109 3rd d th"t he could build up n vcrth while

P
*-
I

Eurinoss in innorfi an 00ndit 7: 9010 to the ~g00ral trade,
and he at once Cflrr‘lr-i'd 10 ’00 r1~':'1--2--*°, .. Ni: d:r.r:'ro..-.~:r.b of his
bYCiSCESo .0 ii ortéd 'J- 3- =Wioi “ Rvsb*ur$’, “Burn
2-116. ”:0 :50 (I: "" (Lilitrht. 'Bi‘EV‘;:1_ 7...‘ “t77.l""'0)0 31:? {131111798
“row r0 idly and GQISinncqug 0303130010.“

”DuriJ? She {LIFt hulf 02 uhi decade 1873-53, 'y £00011~
action 1; th=t July gn'lish Ufllfiltfi were ligCILcd with the
agesgoiOJ of a T’JdCh eulfllt braurnt Erai 3.010710 0f the

a 3 1.

3019110 Firm CO 1;')’-'1-'1;7 02. 0* 01513721 for 105' 0 in 1190. In those

"I

ygcrr the 3“” YCrk OQ‘fiTC}WHt 0: D03tfi W99 rrvcticnlly the

d

. 1» . -. ' 9 , 4.‘ - .— . -'- '1 1 ,. ..-. _-_ J- 4. .-- J.
0’11; -J’..:§,’L21‘ 13:93:37}.fo u=1 I; (3-: 1-53.11, :finouii an: ST..2L7..)’\.U uO uOr‘uo

-17-

;y recollection is that the taste were only two, HHQOly,

A tensile strength of 253 pounds per square inch after
seven days when mixed neat, and that 75 percent should
pass throueh a sieve having 2,533 meehcs to the square
inch. Captain 3. :. Jacley, test. Lngincer, eu'orvieed the
torts node by the Deportnent, and he probably did more than
any one individual in those early years to raise the stand-
ards of cuelity in portlnnd cenont.

"In the early years, all inportetione 0819 in sailing
vessels, the cogent being cached in barrels bovine a cross
weinht of 433 pounds. Alnoct every cargo had a cortion dam-
ared by water, urine to leaky ships. Occasionally the deznre
would amount to a lerre perccatnno of the entire cargo.
Freight from London to flow York, or ?hilede1)hia ran from 35
to 43 cents per barrel, fluctuating accordino to occult of
chip room evoilnole, occasionally droopinc as low as 15 cents
per barrel. Upon one occasioa I brow ht a cargo of 5,333
barrels fron Huaburg to How York for the nominal sun of one
4011810

"In 1876 or 1877 Gernan cements began to appear, Dycherhoff
{lean and Star (rtettin), and it was soon discovered that
they were of better quality than the Bnnlish cenents, being
finer ground end of creator tensile strength. There followed
a eraduel discrimination in their favor. then tnqlieh menu-c
focturers were inforxod of the superiority of Ger en cenente,
they ridiculed tho statonents and declined to entertain the

Purgeetion t at they should institute eiiilar iiprovenents in

-13-

their own manufacture, sayins with characteristic Jnslish
manner that they were followine exactly the same methods
employed for the past thirty years, and they could see no
reason for ehansins. The result was that the inqlish
cements ultinately were entirely supplanted in this country
by Serena and Belgian brands, the former because of suoerior
quality, the latter because of low price.

"Dnrinr he first decade importation by stealer became
necessary as the deaand could not be snaolied by sailing
vessels alone, nor was their tire of arrival sufficiently
dependable. "he elven Conpany was the only one so far as
I know that attempted shionents in bass. a few shipients
were cede by steamer to new York in jute sunny bass contain-
ing 188 pounds of cenent, two to the barrel, but they were
too heavy to be conveniently handled and the exyerhment for
general trade puroosee was soon abandoned. However, the large
quantity of Alsen cement used by the Florida East Coast Rail-
way in builiins the viaduct toward Havana, was shipped in bars
by steamer direct to {oy nest. In that case the cenent went
directly from the steaaer to the work with the minimum of
handlinz and the bass did not meet with serious objections,
especially as they effected a considerable savinz over cost
of barrels.

"The ilsen Congany was the only one, to my Knovlcdre, to
make the exocrinent of shipping oeaent in sheet iron drums.
They were ch aper to make than a wooden barrel but beins

perfectly straicht, without any tiles, they were awkward to

handle and were discontiiued.

"Darin: the decade 1890-1930 it becaie evident that im-
ported portland cenezt would soon be supplante by our hone
product, and manufacturers abroad we'e faced with the alter-
native of civins up their trade and need will in this country
or buildine a plant in the United Ftetes. The *lsen Coneany
decided to do the latter and on eatenber :3, 1900, there
was filed with the secretary of state in Yes Jersey the cer-
tificate of incorporation of Alsen's american sortland Cement
works, with Heinrich dessel as Crcsident; Heinrich Julf,
Vice-President; Herman baaseh, freasurer; Robert 9. Finelair,
Secretary.

"The incarcerators were Heinrich nessel, Hernan Baaseh,
Heinrich Uulf, hrthur C. Babsen, and Robert 9. Sinclair. Their
mill was located on the Hudson River, six miles below the town
of Catskill, their property immediately adjeinins that of the
already established Catskill Cenent C mosey.

"Importations continued, however, in a shall say until
the war with Cernany brousht then to an Old. 3y recollection
is that importations of all brands never exceeded four mill-
ion barrels in any one year."

In addition to the difficulties of shipment via vessels
described b1 Ir. Sinclair was the difficulty of trfiflSJOrtat-
ion b lend to the interior. Railroad rates were hirh and
the importer endeavored to set his shisnents to land at a
season that made the canals avail-hie for transqortation.

This, and the fact that the railroads were onerating on

r)
.i... -

"gentleman's aerecnents“ orior to Interstate QGflJCIOO cont-
rol, led to price were in the rate field. tale wen would go
to laree jobbers in the central and far west offering their
materials "to arrive" to them. They were aided in this by
the railroads giving throufh rates acrese the fitlantlco

Salesnen scald frequently Spend days with the prospec-
tive customer and a band was formed between i: orter and diS*
tributor which the early :merican manufacturer found very
lasting. Too, an enviable reputation was built up all over
the country for various brands of forcifn portland cenent.

To run up the history of the importations, and the dif—
ficulties connected therewith, 5r. Charles Teiler, of the
Jestern Line a Cement 00., :ilvauhee, writes as follows in
the work of hr. Lesley:-

"Ho loneer do we have to hire execrts to watch our

v

Custom House clearances at flew York or Baltimore or new
Orleans and net all razzle-dazzled with Ocean freirhts and
custom duties and laws of 'eeneral averaees' and when an
ocean-boat is loz't at 9023, not only lo~e our ce neat, but have
to chip in and help pay for the boat.
"whereat, in a fierce voice, I praise God that the days
of inserted portland cenents have gone glinierinr, and that
the sales agents problems in handling ceients new are i.sig -
ficant compared to the tough old dare that we have all outlived!
fill hail! American portland cenents! fill brands, all

wills, everywhere, in the best country on earth, "

-21-
$723 GEO I“? “(33" I”) "GITLALIi 3.-25.'.-L?."i' I1I37“PRY III
333 311310 trains.

In writing of the growth of the portlend cenent indus-
try in the United states the node of desert 4. Lesley stands
forth as the manuiacturer, organizer, salesman and one of
the leading figures in the industry.

Zr. Lesley was born in ?hiladelphia, 1853 and his early
education was in hranee, later at the Lanston School, ?hilaf
delphia. He entered the University of ?ennsylvania in 1867,
but left Collese to engage in business. many years later,
in 1908, the University graduated him with the decree A. H.,
as of the class of 1871. This was an unusual honor that made
his a full alumnus of the University.

fir. Lesley's early business career beran in the office
of the hublic Ledger, ”hiladelphia, of shich paper he finally
became ass'stant editor. He studied law and was admitted to
the bar in 1879. His early association With the eioaeers of
the ceuent industzy, of vnich he was one, have been of sreat
benefit to the industry. He has 1013 been identified with
many scientific and technical societies, and as a mark of
honor and the esteen in which he has been held in the indus-
try, he was elected to honorary meabership in the Portland
Cenent Association in 1914.

In the history of the issoeiation, he heads the list of
presidents, being the first to serve in that capacity. His
term of office covered the year 1933.

fr. Lesley has written much of the cement industry and

to his book on the early history of the oortland ceient indus-

h e.)
‘- LJ

try in the 311ted “tatea may be fIVSH credit fe :Jch of the
material Which smears in thiz‘ ehtz._;-ter~ "Float of thst used
being a direct rnetsticn.

The hietery of s1 i1daatry very are arly boring with the
aeeeu1t of its feseder or founders. In cenpiletion of the port-
lend ee1ent indurtry in the 1 ited It tee oeeie, to ezerees it
calla/"illy Mnewt 'nn a~'i1 t it“ to any who erectly 1“ the
fvunder in tte 1aited St toe, 1101 we the British historians
were in their attenit to identify the JnA ’he first u=1n"ac~
tured pertle1d eeient.

1”}.1 T n‘.~ 1'st
' I .U'--.’ 'n‘

'hen at1dyinr th" 1 ‘ersl eeiafit i dfirtr* i
V11'"' drier to the sfivaqt of wertltnd eel? t into tie w itet
ftptee, n1d of the men ”he had to do there"ith We find David
O. “ayler referred to as a leader. In dealiue "1th the
pioneers of the pe.tl: id ceaeet iedurtry in the 11 ted ”t tee,
"'a-yler (2-72.11 eec'nee pro-ninont as. on es? first and fare-
float in this field. In fact most autherities place hifi as
th e fir t 1'11fnct1rer. he was a f ra.hey, who cw;e iato
“lleut oIH iron the neivhbori1r eonetryride. he bur 1 business
in a 91111 11y nflfl altimetely, in sonneetien 11th fiehrrr
and fellever, ~"rch*eed hr: 2?rty on the Lehirh River shove
Co lay vtztio: e1 tze Te ish vfilley Reilreed where he started
the nunnfneture of n't r 1 eei1it, f1orn eat. wrciei V as
"tucker 3r Ado"

As one of the non who dev1loged t is hm iners, it 11s
but 1attra1 thwt the £510 11 “1711‘1101, +O:ra e aLd deterzin~

A. a. ". .. -. 4. f. -". . .V _.., n .d ,5 7‘ . 'v ~ . -. . _,-. , .
ntion that ur:1.hu a: eesvf,l de~ei~91 ;t or 31050 CMJJrliULtS

-25-

into practical results should go on vaccine further and wider
fields. after several years of work in the small 3111 first
built, Faylor, who had becone familiar with the iitorte
nortlsnd cenent, was convinced that he could menufecture a

similar article. His first idea was that he ecnld take the

[-1

natural reeks of the ehirh district, .nrn the“ at hish

ten eratures to incipient vitrification and by srflndin: the
eroduct make portlend ceaent. The nartievl r characteristics
of the Lehish rocks, which were hich in line, low in nsmnesia,
and low in iron made this almost sensible. ?he rocks were
laminated end not crystalline lies the other natural cezent
rocks found in many parts of the United ftstes. They were,
as stated, low in maenesia and iron content and in some of
the layers nearly apgroaehed the congesition of the jnrlish
and German portland cenents in the cendition in whieh the
slurry was put into the kilns for cslcination.

The first results of the work in the field mentieded
justified Payler's exeeetetions. The reek elinhered, the
burned product resenbled portland cogent clinker, and when
around and made into briquettes have results on the testing
machine also t equnl to the best inperted hrs ds. he naturally
thoueht that he had solved the problem, and in 1871 aoelied
for a patent which is as fellows:

United Vtetes fiatent Office,
Da"id O. nnylor, of Allentown, “ehheylvania.
Ihprfyezeit in the nanufaetnre of cement.

chcification forninr cart of Letters “atsnt
30‘ 119.415. dated 'e4t11her 26, 1871.

-34-
To All Jhom It may Concern:

he it known that I, David O. Paylor, of 'llentown,

0
r—g

1n the County of Lehieh, ”tat o “enneylvenie, have nvented
a new and improved accent; did I do hereby declare thnt the
folIOVin7 is e full, ulcer, and exact description thereof,
which will enable other? skilled in the art to nuke end uce
the sane.

‘

I have dircovcred that hone Kinds 03

n v-1,

n3 errillO-marnesian
and also ergillo~ce1cereoue liiestone fee d alone the Appelnch-
ion range, containing were or lees carbon te of lime, earneeia,
alumina, silica, iron, salts, and elhelies adapted to the
purpOPe, and Which ere new extensively need in the flfiqufnctur-
ing of hydraulic ceaent, 'ill n k', when burned to a etete of
incipient vitrification, r3 he to be arglutineted, warned,

or crecked, by contraction, end pone burned to cindere, a

very euperier and heavy hrdreulic cement, weiwhine from one
hundred and ten pounds to one hundred and tventy pounds oer
buehel, and in every reagent eouel to the nortlend cenent mode
in Earlend end incorted into this youqtry.

Ehe ordinary eenent nev in our J THC; euch es Roeczdele,
Conley, and other inericen trends are buried 71th the least
geceihle derree of hoet. The etere of ceicinetion if nrrceted
before it fueee or is centrected; ehould any of it do so it is
throvn awny a? worthleeso Th1? celent flcivhtc seventy to ninety
pounds per buehol. I promo 0 to turn this stone to the condi-

tion abore indiceted. :fter this calcinwtioa a selection ic

Ha

made and the nulverdlent and ecerified portions 0 the mass are

piched out and thrown away. The reaninder is then passed
threush a crusher; then throush a hill consisting of ordinary
sand, or buhrstone. The ncnufectured nuteriel is then placed
in a leyer of from two to three feet thick over the floor of
a cool shed and loft exoosed to the air for about four weeks
before it is fit to use.

The stone which I use for the purnose co.tnins the some
incredients as the composition used for h kins portland cement,
and the yroduets cannot be distinsuished frog each other except
by treatment.

Having this described my invention, I claim as new and
desire to secure by Letters Patent -

l. The erecess of nekins hydraulic cenent from arsillo-
megnesisn end ersillo—cslcereous limestone, substantislly
as herein specified end described.

2. ts an inproved ertiele of nenufecture, hydrewlic
oenent groduced free ersillo-nernesien end ergillo-eelcereous
linestone, substentielly as herein specified and described.

David O. Feylor
fiitnessee:
Edwin ilbrish
Aut‘ustus .‘.-'ober

It will be noted thet in one perncreeh fir. ?sylor stetes
that, “The stone which I use for the eureese contains the cane
insredients as the con:onition used for making tortlend ceient,
and the products cannot be distinguisoed from each other except

by treatment." This was a far-seeing end prefressive step for-

(‘26
-‘., -

ward in the pioneer days of the wericen portl ed ce10nt

industry. "aylor was einrtentiy at hie iill, elveys seeking

'J

"

to.neke here cement end ce net of e better on lity. He dean -
natured a considerable euantity of this new ccieit but due
to irregularities in tie laminae of the rock the material did
not run regular and for long pwriode of time these tests of
the cogent showed that it would fail and disintegrate. he he
had a loree stock of the accent in his bin? at theee times,
he wee at his wits ends to know whet to do with it. He out
his brains to work however, had enelysee nede of his rock,
found thet the enelyeie of his menufaetured m teriel was
nearly thet of the certified cogent of connerce, end Without
anything but hie native ability to euide h n, ex crimeeted
again b. nrindinr the raw rock into ponder, made the wonder
into brick, built vertical done kilns upon derirne he croc-
ured free -nrlend, followinr the tyne then in use on the
.fedtvey and Thence, burned the brie}: in the "e kilns: to clinker,
and ectuelly mode :ortland ceient.
It will be noted in connection With the account of

eylor'e exgerinente thet the dete of the beeinnine of these
was 1871. In vgefl of the question which has risen in the
writings of the hieteriene of the oortleid cogent iiduntry,
it is unfortunate that we do not Know the date at w.ich Saylvr
actually began to make a true portland cexont. It will he noted
Inter that otters mtde a true ortlend cedeit about thie time.

It was ct about this time thct a hunter of examinations

were made in the Lehifh Dietrict by the “enneylvenia Geolocicel

Purvey in connection With the iron decoeite. The ennlyeee

-27-

were nede at Lehieh University by John J. forert, then a
student at the college. :fter his graduation, he was em-
ployed b; fir. Seylor as a chemist and his assistant in the
Operating of the Ceplay Conant Congeny. In addition to
showine a marked executive ability, cohort proved a nest val-
uable a ristant furnichinr the technical knowledge so essential
to rcyler': manufacturing ability. Po for as recorded, Dckert's
employhent was the first scientific step in the new innrican
industry. Phortly efter fickcrt entered the enploy of the
conpcny, he examined the damaged deteriel in their bins. as
this hed h rdened and was new homoereneoue and uniform, he
eaeécsted that it be burned a second tine to clinker and
around. This was done with the result that the entire deinced
content made an excellent portland cement.

In 1871, Thomas hillen end his tvo eons were curated in

the manufacture of ceqent sewer pipe, artificial stone, side-

f

walks, etc., at fouth Bend, Indiana. Cne of these 501,,
Duane hillcn, ct a hosting of the Portland Cement *rsocietiou
in gtlentic City in 1936, described in an after-dinner address
the manner in which they becemc interested in portlend cement.
is it shows the initiativenees and resourcefulness of the early
menufecturer, I will cuote from this address.

The first car of pcrtlend ceient broucht into Vouth Bend
by the :illens cost them 39.12 a barrel. They often talked
about portlend ceient but could not find out how it use uede.

One day, while Dunne hillen was sittinn in the office, a man

entered and apolorized for the intrusion by etntine that he

-23-

had seen something in the yard which made him think of
home. He explained that it was a vile of empty cement
barrels with the old I. 3. & “ (Enirht, Bevan & Cturre
English cenont) labels on them. He went on to any that he
had worked for this conoamy all of hie life and to see the
old barrels was like meetinc eonoone from home. He eeked
fir. nillen why he did not make his own cenjnt, addine thet
he had seen plenty of marl near ¢outh Bond. The earl around
the lakes at Hotre Dame and the blue clay in the river bod
were the neteriale to use, he said, but he could not tell
how to use then, havinr worked continoualy in‘e einrle deanrt-
ment in the Ehrlich plant. He had heard of e book doecribing
the process of manufacturing oortland cement, but did not know
where it could be obtained. Finally the nillena located the
book through a ghiladelphia house, which obtained it for them
at a cert of 914. After studying the book the elder hillen
would go out to hotre Dame Lakes and bring back two pails 0f
marl in his buggy, and a pail of blue clay from the Ct. Jeeeph
River. They were taken to the cenont pipe shoe where his son
Duane would mix them with his hnnda and burn the nixture in a
piece of sewer pipe. After burnine the nixture, the clinker
in the pipe, when any could be found, was eround in a coffee
mill.

After six months of angerinent and reaearch the Lillens

felt that they knew all there Waa to know about mahina oortland

-29-
euent; so they leased an old eawnill and built a kiln be-
lieved to be larae enough to meet the entire eonent require-
ments of the United Ftatea. It won twelve feet high by four
feet in diameter. They continued buildina kilns each year
until they had four, each twenty-four by six feet. In a few
years deaand far exceeded cup ly, the Jar Departnont alone
taking virtually the entire output. Yearly congrae a were
made with the governnent for all the ceient uanufnctured.
another incortnnt early oortland ceient plant was that
erected about 1875 by John I. Thinn, at fianpum, “ennaylvania.
c‘one have clained that it was in this plant the nenufecture
of paeriean aortland cenent first took place.

after years of ex orinent, hr. China began, in 1874, to
manufacture portland cenent, but without entire eueeeea. Fone-
tiles 3 good product would result and at other times the
produce would be a failure. 10 finally advertised for an ex-
perienced cenont maker and enployed as such, William ?ucall,
of Cincinnati. a kiln waa erected and from thie 1r. Ducall
succeeded in obtaining a portland CGflOlt of uniform cuelity.

It was exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition held in fihila-
dolphin in 1876, and the firm was awarded a cold nodal by the
United Ft tea Coitennial Conniaeion.

In the beeinnine at this plant, nany oriuitive devicee and
methods were used to overcoue the nultitude of difficvltioa en-
countered. The arindieg of the clinker was done by means of
the atove up and of a heavy car axle snapendod from a aorine

'3

pole, the grinding takine place in o hollowed out flat rock.

-50-

fie no app retue for cruehinr lineetono was available at
Hempum, e cerloed of this materiel would be sent to Leetonie,
Chic, there it would be crnehcd at e foundry end ecnt to
Herbert, neer Eaueum, and teken to a eeuuill in which the
owner had rireed up a act of chapoing buhre. The crnrhed
limeetnne was run threueh the e buhre end eround as fine as
possible, and then brourht beck to fieueuu for burninr end
grinding of the clinker as previously mentioned.

The earlier cenent plente were not confined to the East
alone. It was end is e fortunate thing that in the definition
of portlend conent thet no epecific requirenente ere eiven for
the raw materials. This is because cement can be made from a
variety of substances, peruitting use of raw utteriele in
variour pnrte of :"e country instead of only a few leculities.

'ltheueh thie leeWny in allowed in the selection of raw
materials in the definition end new the CGiGHt must pass rigid
specifieetione, theee sane alloweneee in the selection of
materials, before the advent of modern teetine nethode, made
for a ereat activity in the early days when the cement did
not have to stead such rigid GXflRiHHtlonSo

Thus we find cenent plants eeriurine up in verioue purte
of the country. TeXce nae enone the pioneer etetee in nortland
ceaeut uenufecture, the firrt plant 9 tablished there beinr the
ilemo Rertlend and Roman Cement Souenny'e works at fun fintonio.
This wan established in 1879 by an ifleerfiornted conewny, one
of the leaders being William Loyd, en unrliehnun who had some

ergerience in cenent:nm: mg in his native country.

-31-

*nonr the early portlwnd cenent works was one established
at (hogan City, Oregon in 1884. io show a condition evich
existed in many of these early plents where uoney wee invested
not too wisely, I quote from .r. C. A. fieflhell who, writing
of this work in 1913, says:

"The plent was Operated on this scale for a little over
a year when it wee decided to raise the ee,itelizetion of
Q5U,OOO and increase the eeeecity of the p1 nt. But about this
time the directors ordered a survey of the querry, which showed
that the rock was practically exheu"tcd. They had been Operat-
inr on a thin, saucer like body of stone standing on edre
against a hill. The apparently inexhaustible “euntain of etone
use eerely a thin veneer. so about 1890 the m chinery was broken
up and sold."

The Earle Fortlend Cement Concxny was the first to enerete
in the Iichigen field, which has liter becone u ereet cement
manufacturinn district. These vorhe were at fieleneeoo, end
the date of their estublirhment is debatable. .
Ir. iceloy states thet the plent wee established in 1885,
citing £m. Dickinson, "who is fenilior with the history of the

L .-

company", who "stetss that the first dote

, 1885, is correct.”

In the 1916, ”ublicotion Ho. 54, fieoloqicul Tories, Jichirnn
Geoloeicel and Bioloricel Survey, hr. 3. A, Faith, who writes
of the Sortlend Seaeit Industry, says, "iyeereitly the first
etteept in the United {titer to naiufnetrre “ortlend accent
Wes node at Coleuezoo, Liehigon in 1872."

In this connection I have made inouiry from some of the

older residents of Celenazoo, along them, relatives of
Frederick Bush, Who was the only local citizen anong the
founders of the plant. I find several who know that the
plant was in Operation prior to 1875 and who have shown me
the location of the plant. One man, 3 hr. Benj. Tan Bechove,
dietincly reneibcre thet the plant was in oocration in the
string of 1872. As this date was rotten from without any
eureeetion from me that the date was debatable, and he fixed
the date from associction with other events, I no inclined

to believe there is céns’derable merit in the cleim that this

plant was the first plant in the United ftates.

A nil.biA IN T?" ?ORELAKD CQLgJT IWDUQTRYo

The competitors of the first Azericrn nern ctnrers of
portlend codes were ac has been shown, tVe fore i n cedont
makers and the Ancricnn manuf'cturers of nature cexcnt, "hoee
product had the cor fidcnce of c: ~~n3 re and architects, and
the further important advantage of familiarity in u c. It is
estimated that at the time the portlend CGJCfit indurtry was
first started in this country that the United States was
probably uring at least 2330 ,000 barrels of natural ceuent.
Importatione of eertlnnd ccient must have been only a 9 M11
fraction of this anount as the first authoritative ficurce on
imports recorded in 1878 chow only 92,036 barrels.

The folleline table shows thet the ‘mcriein menu? ecturere

of ?ortland Ceient had to overcoxe 3:1 eetabli hed concumotion

['7

of conpeting proziucte e1ounting to more than 2,000,0

barrels in 1878, and whose volumn showed rapid excaneion

before the nerican morcr could eet fully under way.
0reduction of Hetural and ?ertland Concnte in The

United C“teteh and Importatione of fertland Cenent in ”crieds

of Five Years From 1878 to 1925, Inclusive -

 

Year Natural Inverted . Dcneetie
Cogent * Vortlahd ** 9ortland
(Barrels) (Barrels) (Berrele)

1878 ,220 ,580 (321) 82,8 0 2 ,888

1885 4 ,100, ‘4.6,418 $0,000

1888 6,255,2 85 1,855,584 250,800

1885 7,411,815 2,674,148 5:5 ,652

1828 8,418,824 1,152,861 5,682,284

1805 7,050,271 2,251,869 22,:4 2 ,875

1808 1,686,862 842,121 55,572,612

1815 744, 658 85,470 82,087,151

1818 452 ,866 505 71,081,665

1925*** 1,678,656 157,460,256

 

* The @822 of production in n turel CGICit occu1 red in 1889,
Wien the 0U.tuut W18 9 ,808 ,179 berTBISo

** 1&1 ortatio-c of wertland CGl‘nt reached hieh-22tcr mark in
1895, when E,9S7,595 berrele were brought in. Pirurer eivcn
for the 10re recent years include all kinds of cenent inported

but ine0rteticne of gent other than portlend are 88 88211

C)
C.)

as to he prectically a neclirlble fucter.

*** United Ptetce 8001021021 “ervcy fienree for 1923 include
in one total "masonry, natural, and pizzolen ceientc". The
totel chipnentc: are iven as 1,271,674 barrels.

£8 20111d cc cx:ecte d, the early :nericen ;5aufvctnrers

(3

followed very cleeely th Ehrlieh cathode. These ceneieted of

a.

grinding the raw neter1818 wet, mixing then to as pecte, and
then dryinn, forninc the 11} :ture into hrieke or belle, end
charging them, usually by hand, into a vertiele kiln for hurn~
ing. fifter burning, the kilns were unloaded by hand and the
clinker eround by eone such primitive 1ethe d as 15 181tiened
in the fore-noine chapter. This W28 an exzen"ive crocere .

In Bnrlend, labor new very cheep but 3881 wee eXoeneive;

in Amerieen, labor wee exce;;ive and £121 '88 cheep. Tonrtnnt

inprevenente were being node in this courtry in the t mde
used, in an endeavor to adjust the industryt othe etndi tie no

of labor 2nd fuel as they existed.

Among the 108t ingortent and fir ieachirg of t21eee inprove-
meets, inproveaente which resulted in the "renth of the indus-
try by leaps and bounds was the introduction of the rotary
kiln and modern grinding neehinery.

The followinr account of the Rot 8r? filn, er ahlv the
mcct revolutioniziqe of there imqrovenente is deec ri bed by R. x.
“with as follows:-

"The Reneone patents taken out in 1885 in Great Britein
and in 1886 in the United Ftntee are the have? from which the
modern rotary kiln have been deve10ped. The modern rotary kiln
eoneiete ereentielly of a elirhtly inclined steel cylinder lined
with fire brick and err11~ed to rot ate. he the kiln rotates
the raw nix urc is fed into the upper end end trev 12 slowly
by gravity to the lower end there it £8111 out 82 8 turned
clinker. The fuel - gee, petroleuz, or eowdered coal,- is

blown in at the lower end, the flame trevrn win the leneth of

-35-
the kiln.

"at “outh Rondent, New York, it was discovered that nixed
and oround materials could be cherued into the kilns rithout
wetting, thee eliminating a etep fro» the older areeece. The
discovery that nnt“rally wet materiele,- marl end cloy, could
be eneceeefully charged into the kilns without preliminary
drying woe made in 1891 at montezune, new York. Thus oriyine-
ted the two principal methods new in use, the dry process used
with limestone or cement rock, and the wet process, with marl.

"The Ren one kiln was designed to use producer gee but
petroleum was the fuel used in the first kiln succeeefully
Operated in the United "tut,e and we? the principal fuel u“0d
for a number of years. In 1895, perered coal was eubetituted
for aetroleum end woe a very important step in the develoonent
of manufacturine practice. This is new the standard fuel used

n this country, except in the regions where neturel no? and
petroleum abound.

"The next meet inoortent develOpnent in the rotary kiln
was it? increene in size, particularly in length. 3y 1&33, the
rotary k ln had been standardiued to e lencth of 63 feet end,
with dry enterieln; had a rated cupecity of $03 barrels of
cement per day. About this tine the 3dieon plnut demonstrated
that a nominal lengthening of the kiln greatly increered its
capacity and rapid lengthening began about 1905 until most of
the kilns installed new are between 130 end 150 feet in length
and there are new in use a considerable number over 150 feet,
and a few from 225 to 200 feet in length. At present no

standardization of the kiln ie in rieht. “one of the larger

-35-
kilne new in ure have a capacity of over 830 barrels per day.

"The success of the rotary Kiln is attested by the feet
that foreign portlend cenent mnners with cheap labor and high
fuel costs have not been able to cognate in dmericen markets
with the Ancricen manufacturers with cheap fuel and high leoor
COFtSo"

finch could be said of the finiehed product of today - its
cheructerietice, teete, etc. - and of the scientific and tech-
nical corictiee who have contributed in e rreet decree to the
confidence with which it is used for a multitude of iiprove-
mentc which no to more our life of today worth living.

Of these societies perhaps the meet for reachinc effect
has been that produced by th dortlend Conent Association. The
following chc ter will be devoted to a short resume of this
osoenizntion and its activities.

To uroyerly eporeciute the size of the industry today,

a few of the hirh liohte of the industry are :1 on below, as
of 924.

A more intenee heat is required to burn the material to
clinker than is required to melt steel.

One of the largest kilns, set on end, would be as tall
as a twenty story building. n touring car could run through it.

A medium sized kiln has foundetione as heavy as for a ten
story building.

The cement industry in the fourth largest manufacturing

coneumer of coal and the largest ueer of pulverized cool in the
United Ttntee- In 1824 over 11,333,330 tone of coal were

-e7-
‘1

consumed at the various plants, and about 7,500,0 0 tors
of this were pulverized for burning in the kilns, and in a
few cases in the dryere.'

In addition to coal, the plants using other fuel in 1934
consumed nore than 5,000,000 barrels of fuel oil and over
5,000,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas.

Cvcr l7,000,000 pounds of dynamite and other high ex-
plosives were need in ceuent mill quarries in blasting loose
the rock needed by the industry. Over 100,000 tone of rock
were ground to flour-like fineness every day.

* larva crusher may ueirh 450,000 pounds - and crush
1,000 tons of rock an hour.

it least 70% of all portland cement must pace through a
sieve having 40,000 holes to the square inch. This sieve is
more cloeely woven than a fine quality of silk dress coeds.
It will hold water.

In one cement mill, it was found that the materials that
go finally into a cement sack must be elevated 12 to 15 times
to a height ranging from 20 to 90 feet. For every 576 pound
barrel of cement produced this means enough power to lift a
piano from the sidewalk to the thirty-second story of the
Woolworth Building.

Over 2,000,000 lineal feet of belting were worn out and
had to be replaced in American ccnent mills.

In power inetallcd, the cogent indurtry ranked tenth
among ell manufacturing inductriee cf the country, according

to the latest available United States Census figures.

-53-

Of the Census Bureau's 350 classifications of manufactur-
ed products, only two called for more power per dollar of
selling price than ceuont. .

The grease requirements of the ccuent industry would, in
one your, evenly over 25 ,000 high priced automobiles for a
5,000 mile trip. This would supply 3,800 texicabs for thirty-
one years.

?he lubricating oil used in one year on essent usehinery
would caerate over 54,000 taxicabe for a year, with eech cab

using one quart of oil per day. It would suooly anoreximstely

o'

34 ,000 hish priced automobiles for a 5,000 mile trip.

. in other words, the semen industry in one your nose over
4,800,000 pounds of grease and 4,800,000 gallons of lubricat-
ing oil.

In one year of 37,000 miles of cloth 50 inches wide is
used in making new sacks alone. This means that over 65,000
bales of cotton were used, enough to keep more than 5,500
looms busy every day for a year.

Pt the present time enurex_uately 240,000,000 cloth socks
are required to meet the denauds. Over 65,000,000 of these
sacks do not come back to the manufacturer and have to be
replaced each year.

Over 50,000,000 paper seeks are used in chlorine cogent

each year.

-50-
THE VOJTLPTD CHL'NT A“ ”CIiTIOH.

In $02 a sroup of eastira accent n<11W c‘vr‘r“ intent
or are all buwiflfiES neg upon the 101ey marine ride of thsir
lueines“ and in eetablfishisv an 21eric n indlu try a: ureinst
a firmly entrenched foruisn c u>etition, re sanded to a call
for a meeting, issued by one of the number - Kr. B. F. T‘radley,
General Tales 1 Gflu of the Vu101aiee Bortluad Cogent 301113;? -
to discuss and find a solution, if oeceitle, for "She present
methane of handling the subject of cache, union are slouct
universally un*-tirfz teiy." Out of the neetingc call d

deal With this strictly eoa1ere al Mio‘o itiorx crew the crest

.1

scientific and altruistic or3a11izat101 n.o: knozies the Tortland
Cement sesociution.
There are probably for who have not at Pose tine nlttrd
of the sari of this fissociation. For convenience, it niy be
included in that larwe ureup connouly called "tr=de' aa=ocia~
tionSo It is unfort1nate, however, that many speak of the
“ortlaa. Tenant Association as a trade organization without

further exolanation. This causes frequent countrieon of the

”.‘.l

Association with etxer rrouys of manufacturers, which, ltn3"~
in many instances sihilar, are Juite different.

Fuwdonentally, the 0ortlend Selent Association is a service
ore aniz ation. It is not incorgorated and is not a oeu1ercial
err-quiz ation in any °e1°o of 0110 word. 14-3 1901'; hip is purely
voluntary and its scheme of organization and golicies is there
oughly democratic. Each ae1bcr, without reference to size,
has but one vote in helpinr to establish and oroaote its p01-

101880

-43-

Having nothinc to do with the manufacture, solo or
distribution of ccneot, the Portland Cement ieeocietion can
concern itself strictly with the educational research work
for which it primarily exists.

The netionel heedcunrtere of the Aseoeietion are in
Chicago. Recently the offices and laboratory have been move
into a new concrete building owocd by the Aeeocietion.

sane thirty district offices have been ectabliched in
every part of the country. Yheee are in the ncture o? cervice
ctetiona of the Areccintion and have been cetebiivhed as needed
by the grating dennnd for reliable interaction on the many
applications of concrete mode it iflperetive.

Ehe netioeel headquarterc hove been decortoectized so
that verione cleeeee of educational receoroh work in the
intereet of concrete 91d its urea and the diocecicetion of

eulting iefernetion .re done by there nevcrcl do crtceotc.

CD

the r
lee fund of inform ticc which the eortleni Cogent Arvocie-

tion hee eccuouleted is of elnoet inertimoble value beccfice of
tee research work done by the Structural fieteriele Reeeerch
laboratory, Chicago. This laboratory has been accreted by, and
in co-o;erntion with the Lewis Institute. It is uiier the
inmediate cherce of Duff i. }brchm?, one of the most prominent
rececrch workers in the country, whoee etudiee are oenerclly

encoded pre—eoiaeot. The extensive raccorch cod the resul—
tant dieclo are? free the neny yeers of ex erimcnte cerricd on
in the (trwcturcl Teteriele Reeeerch Laboratory, have estab-

lished as feats the velucble infornetion which is the Dortlend

Conant tosocisction's stock-in-t'odo, and 'fii'nich is i‘urn’ehed.
to there interested in making the moot practical e 3pl icction.

In no other laboratory in the world have there been or are

9
t’ore bein3 conducted, ouch noneroue and exheuctive taste

on the grapertiee of coxcnt and concrete, leedinc to o
thorouzh underetondine of these notoriele from the viewpoint

R, - .‘. Q J wwwwww "l ..
413 fuTQCUMJnl rcouirciontc.

Cf

of their adaptability to cor

The activities of the £15233 eti on are ext 1.1 ire, Put
confined within the follovin3 linitttione:

(1) Its aim is to increase the knowlcdre, utility, and
ure 0? DOUtlafld ceoont thronrh 1313 ntific invceticotion,
public education, ‘nd ecoooieted promotion.

{2) It "sells" the idea "concrete for aera=131ce”: in
other words, the ace of ceacnt, not the coniodity. therefore
it is not concerned in the brand 3ft we cut used.

(3) It performs only such functions ac cannot well,
if at all, be ger‘orucd bj ite meibcre individually.

(4) It undertakes only such ectit itiee as a: e for the
cocoon 330d end Whore benefits .vhcn t13.{en adventure of
elite to all contributing neabere.

(5) Its conduct i9 jealously guarded and cede to conform
ecrz julouslv i-1 ell r3‘_>ect9 to t e hirhcst concept of canner-
ciel morality and the otri est "interpretation of the love of
the land.

To confcrn with thccc creosote antes it 3 vidC ttly 1:3»
goecihle for the iceociwtion to anceve in 31y cttenot to solve

individual roomfcctorinc grotlcaio of its ceiborc except where

the nature of each problems is to invest the“ with common
interest so tart thtir volatioa “331d eith3r benefit all
alike or otierwise protect the whole industry ageinet un~
favoretlé reactions that litely 30:13 result from their

nerlect.

FJ

he iseocieticn, with its successful blending of the
t

eelf-intereéted 31d altrt :tic intorer 3 of its 3 where, is

(-5

1nique. It 139 n: czuntergert in ir'ricsn industritl Eietory.

BIBLIOGRA?HY

Portland Conant - Its Characteristics,

DevolOpnent and Lenufncture -
ftone That You Can Lould -
Portland Conent - A Century Old -
High Lirhts On 3he Uortlend Ceuent

Industry -
Concrete Lugineers' Handbook -
Cenents, Limes and Blasters -

History of the Portland Cement Industry
In the United States -

Portland Cenent -
22nd Annual Report - Vol. 111 -

?ortlnnd Cenent Heteriels and
Industry in the United States -

Bulletins f 245,263,531,522 -
Revert of 1920, pert Z-d -

Vertlend Cement Association

'7

n '1

Hoolsnd Johnson

\
.34 0

R.
R.
U.

U.

U-

T

’ O

C.

Ackel

Lesley
Keede

Geol. Purvey

1.1110 .08 o 191].
G901. survey

.3121. 3880

-44-

I H D 3 X

Cenents and Their Definitions

Discovery of Dortlend Cenent

Imported Vortlend Ce1ent in the United
“totes

The Growth of the ?ortlond cement Industry
in the United States

A New Era in the 9ortland Cement Industry

The 9ortlend Cement association

Bibliography

{‘0
H

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VA:

45

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MHCHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRAPES

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