lllllllHHi H II

1 19
404
~1TH S,

SNOW ' MECHANICS '

Thai: for the Degree of B. .S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE_

William Ls Myers
I943

 

 

SNOW MECHANICS

A Thesis Submitted to
Tho Faculty of
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
of
AGRICULTURE AND APPLIEL SCIENCE

by

\‘5"\.

0 f
William L? o a
Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of science

March 1945

TH E513

o
0"“,

 

INTRODUCTIOD}

Snow mechanics, or the science of the lava
of matter and motion in relation to snow, is the
problem on which I have been working. The purpose
of my study has been to compile and determine data
to give a basis of scientific study to snow remov-
a1.

1 wish to take this opportunity to thank Pro-
fessor C. L. Allen, Head of the Civil Engineering
Department of Michigan state College, hr. E. A.
Finney and Mr. Burke of the hichigan State Highway
Department and ‘r. G. W. Radimerehy of the Foreign
Language Department for their valuable aid and ad-

vice in the preparation of this thesis.

14“}47‘47

ACCUEULATED DAT A

In my search, I was surprised at the scarcity of data
on the mechanics of snow. Most of the heads of state high,
way departments recognised that there existed different types
of snow having different characteristcs, for their reports
on the costs of various snow removal Jobs varied with the
atmospheric temperature and type of snow. V.R. Burton, of
the Kichigan State Highway Department, in a report, "The
Cost Analysis of Snow Removal,‘I "found a remarkable var—
iation in cost per inch mile as shown by the classification
according to temperature. It should be remembered that this
cost variation is due to the product of two factors: first,
depth of drifting, and second, the cost of removing the part-
icular class of snow encountered through the drift. it can
be easily seen then that there may be a temperature at which
a minimum.cost may occurs due to the minimum.product and not
the minimum of either factor.

Throughout all ranges of topOgraphy and wind conditions
the cost per inch mile from seventeen different counties
with a mean daily temperature of 20° to 22° is consistently
less than far a temperature either above or below this temp-
,erature range. Drifting is not so serious at this temper-
ature as it is at the lower temperature, and the cost of
moving an inch of drifted snow is not so high as it is in
the temperature above. We have here then the condition of
snow removal at the minimum cost per inch mile.

1hAs the temperature drops below 20° the amount of drift

increases faster than the decreased cost of moving a lighter

snow and we get increased costs. is the temperature goes
above 22° the snow gets heavier and more difficult to move
since thaws are more frequent. The cost of moving this type

of snow increases faster than the decreased amount of drift-

11180.1

In 1936 the Four Wheel Drive Auto Company, a manufac-
turer of trucks for snow plows, emperimented on different
shaped plows to facilitate the removal of snow. J.R. Shannon
of the Engineering Department of the Company, who wrote the
article mThe Truck hanufacturer Looks at Snow flows,” was
interested primarily in the snows of Wisconsin. The counties
there own most of the road maintenance equipment; therefore,
"the state roads are Opened first, the county roads next,
and where the townships have no equipment of their own, their
roads are opened last. As a result, the latter sometimes
remain closed for a week or more during which.time the snow
become. hardpacked. Often these roads have high frozen banks
on each side caused by previous plowing. This condition
is one of the most difficult that a snow removal unit is
called upon to meet. it requires a truck with.plenty of
power and traction and a plow with the right mold board shape
to lift the snow over the bank.

It was under these conditions that Mr. Shannon studied
the action of a number of makes of plows. he took measure-
ments of them and built accurate models on a scale of % inch

to the foot. Powdered air-slaked lime, slightly dampened

 

1Burton V.R. ”The Cost Analysis of snow Removal 'kmerican City,
' ' April,.19§6.

with kerosene, was used as snow.

A long narrow box, having no removable partitions run-
ning lengthwise, and made to represent banks six feet high
and fourteen feet apart according to the scale used, rep-
resenting a stretch of snow-blocked highway. The bottom of
the box was corrugated so that the plowing medium would stick
to the bottom and not slide endwise under the pressure of
the plows. The artificial snow was packed between the model
snow banks to a uniform depth on each trial. A stout cord,
wound onto a small winch drum, operatad by an electric motor
through a reduction gear, pulled the models through the art-
ificial snow at a uniform plowing speed. The spring scale
used to obtain the reading was interposed between the models '
and the winch. Five tests were run on each model. The av-
erage pull required was as follows: Plow A - seven pounds,
B - 7.6 pounds, C - 9.5 pounds, D - 9.6 pounds. The widest
plow, D, required the most power, while the narrowest, A,
required the least.

Another model was constructed of plow D but narrowed
down to an eight foot width at the cutting edge, the dame
as plow A. Upon testing this plow, he found that it took
almost as much power as the full size plow D model. From
this he concluded that the power required to push the snow
plow depends as much, if not more, upon the shape as upon
the width at the cutting edge. as concluded too that it
would be possible to build a ten fool plow requiring very

little more power than an eight foot plow if the shape were
correct.'2

While the Four Wheel Auto Company held the snow constant
and varied the shape of the plow, I decided to have a single
shaped plow and to use it in varying density snow. This art-
icle is of interest for it gives data on snow removal equip-
ment.

Dr. J.E. Church, father of snow surveying and meteor-
ologist at the University of Nevada, in his article "The
Human side of Snow” tells of the eXperiences of J.D. lacVicar,
Haintenance Engineer for the State of Wahhington. Mr. Mac-
Vicar found that the highest sliding resistances occurred
when snow is ilightly wet and still retains its needle-like
structure. Upon.losing the latter its sliding resistance is
low. Still higher resistances would probably occur at very
low temperatures.

Dr. Church had included in his article the recommenda—
tions of George J. Klein of the National Research Council,
Ottowa, Canada, for improving the snow characteristics of
skis under all conditions. These recommendations, I be-
lieve, could be applied to snow plows.

'1. The skis should be made of a material which resists
wear and has a low tendency to wet, and which gives a low
surface tension drag. Bakelight fills all three require-

ments most satisfactorily.

 

QShannon, J.R.,'The Truck Manufacturer Looks at Snow Plows,‘
Roads and Streets, February, 1937.

2. A high unit loading improves the snow characteristics
of skis under all conditions. A unit loading of between
400 and 500 pounds per square foot is recommended instead
of 200 pounds per square foot, which is the present general
practice.

3. The ratio of length to breadth should be at least
six. high ratios are particularly important for highly load—
ed skis and low temperature snow.

4. Flexible construction assists unsticking.“

The first requirement is the main disadvantage of steel,
for it has a high tendency to wet and a high surface tension.
Bakelight is too brittle a material to use for a snow plow.
It may be possible to use a plastic glass that would have
the required properties but not have bakelight's brittleness.

I read an article headed "Glass Replaces Vital Materials“
that told of glass's new qualities. ”One reason for the new
importance of glass is the shortage of many materials.

Glass by the nature of its ingredients is plentiful and will
remain so. As a result it is being used to replace such
varied metals as steel, stainless steel, iron, tin, slump
inum, nickel and copper.

Tough, fine fibers of glass, stronger than steel wire
of the same dimensions, are now being woven into a fireproof
fabric for covering th wings of light trainer planes. Walls
of glass blocks are daylighting new war production plants

and are also used to replace worn-out steel sash in con-

verted factorie.,; Concrete is being reinforced with glass

instead of with steel.

’

The same glass that goes into the most delicate of
hand-blown stemware can be made as heavy and tough as cast
iron, volume for volume. It can be transparent, translucent
or opaque. Glass can be taken from an oven and plunged into
icy water without breaking. *t can be toughened to a point
where it will stop a machine gun bullet fired point blank.'3

There also appeared in the article the statement that
unconsolidated snow weighs from five to twelve pounds per
cubic foot, whereas compacted snow weighs from fifteen to
fifty pounds per cubic foot:4

J.D. hacVicar, who was mentioned by Dr. Church, pub-
lished an article, “Show Types Encountered in Highaay Rem»
oval.” He found that snow weighing 6.?5 pounds per cubic
foot, with a water content of 10% when pushed by a plow, is
so compacted that its weight increases five-fold. The weight
of the compacted snow is 29.5 pounds per cubic foot and its
water content is 46%.5

E.A. Finney, head of the Hichigan State Highway Research
Department, has performed many experiments on the drifting
of snow. In an article, ”Snow Control on Highways," he
branched off a bit to touch on snowfall and density. He
found data to the effect thatufreshly falling snow l'maybe

 

3"Glass Replaces Vital Materials” The State Journal of Lansing
Michigan, March 7, 1943.

4Church,J.R.,'The Human Side of snow,"3cientific Monthl ,
March, 1942.

 

5lacVicar,J.D.,"Snow Types Encountered in Highway Removal,"
Roads and Streets. September, 1940.

of the light feathery type, the powdery type, or the set
clinging type, depending on local conditions at the time

of the storm. The factors which affect the type and den-
sity are the temperature, altitude, time of day and season
of the year, compactness of the snow crystals, water content
and foreign bodies collected by the falling snow.

Freshly fallen snow rill have a water equivalent of a-
bout three to ten per cent, depending upon the type of snow.
The light feathery type will have from three to five per
cent, the powdery type, five to seven per cent and the wet,
clinging type, from eight to ten percent. In terms of den—
sity the range may be anywhere from 0.03 to 0.2, depending
upon altitude and air temperature.

Accumulative snow rapidly becomes of high water equiv-
alent because of compaction by its own weight, absorption
of the sun's rays, settling by wind and heat from the earth.
Tests show values of_water equivalent from 20% to 60%.

A curve showing the relation between the depth of snow and
water equivalent is given in Figure 1. This curve is based
on readings taken at summit, California by H.F. Alps.

There exists a relation between snow density and air
temperature. It is quite apparent that air temperature has
a decided influence on the density of freshly fallen snow.
The light feathery snows occur under low temperatures,
while high temperatures produce heavy snows. A curve show-
ing this relation may be found in Figure 2. This is an

average curve based on the results of A. Lancaster, and

 

 

 

 

50
56 40 .. as
I}? ./"
3 /
p v/
c 30 /’
e ,/
z /
:5 2Q
e g - 1/
. CH } [1'
0 10 /
.ES".
‘9 2 11.,6 .8flO 12.14
Depth of an W'in feet
Fig. 1‘
Relation between depth of snow
.and water equivalent
~ r
0.3
' e02
+3 r
.4
U)
G //
0) r
3 /
g 001 ' {I’d/f
’ tn .- - ....-—"”M
‘0 4X3 12~16f20 {$523545

,Air_temperature,degrees farenheit

Relation of snow density to air temperature

«L

Fritz Wengler, who have made a study of this relation over
a period of years. Their observations were made at differ-
ent localities, but check very closely.“6
Snow density and cohesion has been made an active pro-
ject b*r R.A. Wock of the Division of Irrigation. In a report
written by him of the Crater Lake Experiments, he observed
that building up of ice on the ground under conditions as

shown in Table I.

Table I.

 

Soil temp. Thickness
Snow Range Temp. 1%' below of ice on
Date Depth in snow F. surface F. ground ' Remarks

Apr.15 103.0 51.7-32.0 32.6 none Amount of
water from
snow beginning

Apr.28 83.0 31.8-32.0 52.3 0.25 Amount of
water from
snow under-
way

may 13 68.0 31.9-39.0 2.0 o.':>'2'-o.50'I

a- with some parts of ground-surface not covered with ice.

 

Ir. Wock writes “the ground was frozen under the snow
on all of the above dates. The ice on the ground on May
15 was porous, that is, water passed through it. No doubt
there is some simple explanation for this icing phenomenon
but none occurs to me Just now. I might add that this ice

building on the ground has been previously observed by snow

 

6Finney,b.A., Bulletin #57, Michigan engineering Experiment
station.

surveyors in this state. I have observed it myself oh
several occasions; however such ground-icing does not 31-
3313 occur.'7

The previous data has been more on snow density, gen—
eralities and observations of snow pecularities. It has
shown that there exists some relation between dnnsity,
compaction and temperature of snow.

The deformability of snow and its variation with the
depth of the overlying snow have been studied by Hr. Kuroda
of Tokyo.

Mr. Dorsey's review of Mr. Kuroda's work is as follows;
'For measuring the tensile strength he used telescoping sheet-
metal forms of the general shape of the axial section of
metal specimens intended for similar tests. One of these
forms was pressed into a layer of undisturbed snow carefully
taken up on a glass plate, and the force required to pull
it apart was measured.

For obtaining the shearing strength he used a flat block
sliding snugly in a slot cut in another block; through the
center of the compound block and perpendicular to the plane
of the sliding one was cut a rectangular hole. By means
of a suitable sheet-metal form, prisms of snow that filled
the hole could be cut out and placed in it; the force then

required to withdraw the sliding block was measured.

 

7Work,R.A., A report in the "Transactions of 1941 of the
American Geophysical Union".

He gives curves showing the grain size, the density,
D, and the temperature, throughout the thickness of a nat-
ural snow-blanket 9 meters thick. The size of the grains
varied but little until the ground was approached, where
the snow was several months old; the density varied brom
0.35 g/cm3 at a depth of 50 cm. to 0.65 at 700 cm; from a
depth of 200 cm to that of 700 cm. the hardness was essent-
ially constant; the temperature was lowest (-0.9°C) at mid-
depth.

The variation of the hardness of snow with its depth
in a snow blanket is indicated by the surface diameter (D)
of the conical indentation produced by dro pping a brass-
tipped wooden cone, vertex angle = 90., from a stated height
(h) above the surface of the snow under study. By carefully
removing the overlying snow, that surface was placed at
any desired depth (d) below the undisturbed surface of
the natural snow-blanket; h.' 0 indicates that the cone was
placed gently upon the surface and sank under its own weight.
Values are given for two blankets; those in the first col-
umn hvl 0 refer to one, and the others, to the other. In
the original papers the values of _h_ and _d_ for the second
blanket appears to have been interchanged. They are the

reverse of those here given.

Table 1. unit of h, d, and D 3 1 cm.

h 0 0 5 10 20
d D D

0 16.8 16.0 19.2

2 14.0

10 10.0 4.7 9.1 11.7
15 4.4

20 4.5 4.6 8.0 12.0
50 4.0

40 4.5 6.4 7.6 12.0
50 4.0

60 5.0

70 5.3 5.0 5.4 8.0
80 5.6

 

To determine the effect that tamping has on the hard-
ness of snow,carefully remove the overlying snow so that
the surface under study can be brought to any desired depth
(d} below the surface of the natural snow blanket. The hard-
ness of one portion of the surface so cleaned was determined
at once; another portion was tamped by dropping from a
height H of a load of 2700 g with a rectangular base 18127
cm, and the hardness was then determined. D and h have the
same significance as the above table. Tao snow blankets

were studied; temperature of the snow, about bll°0.

 

Table 11. h,2 20 cm. Unit of H, d, D 3 1 cm.

a U‘ 20 U“ 40 60
a D D

0 4.5 14.0

10 8.5 8.0

12 8.5 4.0

13 5.5 2.0 1.5
16 6.0 5.0

19 6.5 5.0

20 5.2 4.5 2.5 2.0
22 5.2 4.8

25 4.5 4.0 5.5 5.0
26 4.0 5.5

50 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.5

46 4.5 4.5 Ua I untamped

strength and Hardness of Snow.

T I tensile strength, 8 3 shearing strength, D 3 hardness

as in Table I, t.°0 I temperature of the snow.8

Unit of D 3 1 cm., of T and 3 = l gn/cm2

snow A B O D A.3 fresh and

t: 9.0 0 -2.0 Powdery.

T 65. 55. 95. B 3 wet and soft.
3 5. 2.5 20. 45. 0 3 surface crust.
D 20. 20. 155. D I surface more

crusted than C.

8. Ernest Dorsey also wrote a short article on the
density of snow.

I"Ji‘he density of freshly fallen snow varies greatly,
depending upon the aerodynamic conditions attending its
dposition; the density at any point of a snow blanket in-
creases with the age of the blanket, even in the absence
of fusion._ The density in a natural blanket of snow in-
creases nonlinearly with the depth. Values as low as
0.004 have been recorded for freshly fallen snow. 4

The density of the persistent néve in the Pyrenees at
altitudes of 2.5 to 5.4 km. varies from 0.51 to 0.59 g/cn5
in August to September, and from 0.55 to 0.65 in October.
Devaux thought that this apparent increase was real. The
simples were probably taken from the near surface. E. Serge
has found that the density of the néve on the inland ice-
sheet of Ereenland is 0.51 g/em3 at depths of 50 to 118 cm,

varying inappreciably with the depth.'9

 

a‘gborsey, N.E., Properties 2; Ordinary_?ater §ubstances.

 

 

Mr. Dorsey also had an article on the adhesiveness of
ice.

'J.W. ficEain and D.G. Hopkins have reported that the
freezing of a thin film of water between 2 plates of fused
silica produces a Joint that is ”very strong" in shear.
The freezing was done with solid 002, and the test was
presumably made at that temperature.'10

The Department of soil Mechanics in the Research In-
stitute of technology at Zurich, switzerland has gone far
in their research on snow. Their main object was to combat
the avalanche menace in the swiss mountains. In order to
do this they have Spent years on snow research. The find-
ings of the institute have been published by B.Haefeli
under the title "schneemecanik' 10. Snow Mechanics.

The book which is written in scientific German, covers
very thoroughly the subject of snow mechanics. A trans-
lation of the contents is given below;—-
gaboratogy Experiments;

1. General conditions of experiments
a. testing room
B. testing materials

II. Plastic deformation and sliding of homogeneous snow
specimens under the action of known outer forces.

a. compressibility

l. arrangement of tests

 

10Dorsey, N.E.,Properties‘2£ Ordinary Water substances.

6.
7.

General behavior of settlement

basis of comparison

influence of forms

comparison of compressibility of different
snows

influence of loading

influence of temperature

B. Extensabiliity as compared with compressability

1. arrangement of eXperiment

2. general characteristics of extension as
compared with settlement

5. basis of comparison

4. comparison of extensability of different
snows

5. ration of extensability to compressability
for differegg snows

6. influence of loading

7. influence of temperature

C. Sliding

l. fundamental conceptions

2. arrangement of experiments

5. comparative investigation and general char-
acteristics of sliding

4. influence of shear stresses on the veloc-
ity of sliding

5. influence of normal stresses on the vel-

ocity of sliding

D.

6. special cases
Sliding processes and discontinuation planes.
1. fundamental conceptions and arrangement
of eXperiments
2. friction as a function of temperature
5. friction as a functicn of velocity of sliding
4. friction as a function of pressure

5. conclusions

III. Strength characteristics of homogeneous snow specimens.

A.

B
C
D

General data
Strengths in compression
Strengths in tension
Strengths in shear, cohesion and inner friction
l. fundamental conception
2. arrangement of experiments
5. measurement of cohesion
4. shear strengths and the seeming inner fric—

tion as a function of pressure.

IV. Comparatuve tests with ice.

A.

B
C
D
E

General fundamental principles

Plastic, compressibility, extensability
Plastic sliding

Strengths in compression and tension

Possible applications

manages.
I. Measurement of the resistance to ramming and the tak-
ing of ram profiles.
A. Purpose - fundamental conception and arrange-
ment of experiments
B. Theoretical bases
0. Applications
II. Creep measurements.
A. Purpose, fundamental conception, methods
B. Measurements on snow surface
0. Measurements on inside snow
III. Measurement of snow pressure.
A. Arrangement of tests
B. Variation of pressure in time

0. Effect of pressure

Investigation‘gf the seeming equilibrium‘gg snow.

 

I. Physical underlying principles.
II. Stress theory.
A. General characteristics of stress
B. Dead load stresses of horizontal snow
0. Conditions of equilibrium of inclined snow
1. special characteristics of stress in the
case of snow with low cohesion
9. general condition of stress prevailing

with cohesive snow

D. Dead load stress characteristics of inclined
snow.
1. special case of stress
2. general case of stress
5. influence of topography
4. various influences
E. Example computation of snow pressure
1. continuous wall
2. isolated pier
5. applications and general rules of levying
prevention
III. Investigation of a special type of reviena.
A. Reviena - Hauptertali
. Reviens - Weibfluh
Reviens - Strelahalde

Reviens - Schwarshorn

Reviens - Scheahorn

WWPOU

Final remarks.

The following are some tables and graphs taken from

'Schneemecanlk'.

 

Comparison of'aifferent types of snow from the same
snow profile.

Average txperimental temperature, t1 3 -5°C (air)
6 - 5 kg/dm2

Depths of Snow Age of Vertical Space Index of S of
lower temp. in snow pressure weight permeabil- com-
surface profile in snow ity by air pact-
cm. cover ion.
cm. 0° Kg/dm2 rig/m:5 cm/sec S
0 0 0 49 67.0
55 ~5.8 18 0.70 508 47 8.02
67 -4.7 54 1.60 507 182 2.24
99 ,-5.4 56 2.75 421 44 0.97
151 -2.2 100 5.85 562 155 0.69

As the age of the snow, the number of days between snowfall and
beginning of the eXperiment are designated.

 

Index of compaction for various pressures.

Exp. Average Average Average Temp. Index of compaction
no. space porosity air per- of a1 in S (2% hrs) for
weight number meability air 6 in kg/dm

I. KO t 2 510 2040

k :2 % cm/sec 0%
1 576 59.0 2.67 4.56 9.24
2 506 66.6 8.5 -4 5.90 10.05 10.20
5 292 68.2 69 -5 3.48 6.45 9.25

 

Index of com action in the function of the temperature
for 6 3 6.4 kg/dm. (compare fig. 8)

Exp. Sp. Gr. Air Temperature Index of
number permeab- of medium compaction
ility.

1 518 125.5 -1.6 5.46

2 518 127.5 -5.9 4.16

5 515 125.0 -5.5 5.08

4 . 516 128.5 o8.1 2.75

5 519 120.5 -1l.0 1.88

6 515 156.5 ~17.5 1.28

 

Compaction.5.in.%
‘per 24 hrs.

Degree ofcompaction 5, in. % of .

beginning height of.sample.

'c>a ' ‘ 10'” '20 ' 40
“pygmy 6.31-3 ear/<152

M ~§.o~q- ‘. r
\‘\~ - - - T
K "x. v
\.\ _ _
\ \\~ \\
.1 \H\
\\\
\ \

\\ 4

.
, V
“t-

 

 

 

535855556

 

-L~.‘Mvw .Jpauan‘an—Mm. ,. ..--—~‘n.---.-~—.. .

, Fla-7

Index of compaction drain the function of '
normal, tension 5 for various types or snow.

 

A?

a»

"v

u ‘ ——w

M

 

y

 

 

 

 

1

'LV ',_II;iI"'__4
14:3 51. 91111131517 3:9-
Immature :0: sodium in contigude

Fig.8 '

4

[,7 f" , J J .r \
. i . “'5‘ ‘ ‘
2 , ,3 -' . .
v.1 4‘1"}..7 ‘1' 'A‘
'w z I f 3 '
xi fi 1‘ . .3 - \
\ g ’.
*6” 3
J ’5 . 'fl 'C‘L ‘ _' .‘r-’ t
, A: - ’“ "' . .
.165. '

 

2
‘1
sh
Ly"
\
5*
. .‘
1‘!
l ..

 

 

Sliding route X in mm.

 

 

 

 

10 20 30 40 50 60 1'0

. Time in seconds

. Fig. 24-

Gliding eminent with snow on glass
temperature'IOO -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American City - v.2. Burton - April, 1926

loads and Streets - J.R. Shannon - February, 1957

Scientific Honthly - J.E. Church - fiarch, 1942

Roads and Streets - J.D. lacVicar - September, 1940

Bulletin No. 57 - Hichigan Engineering Experiment Station -
E.A. Finney

Transactions of 1941 of the American GeOphysical Union -
R.A. Work

Properties of Ordinary Water Substances - H. Ernest Dorsey

Schneemecanik - R. Haefeli

State Journal - Lansing Hichigan.

EXPERIMENTS

There entered into my experiments many offshoots which
went more into the physical properties of the snow than the
mechanical. The mechanical properties are directly dep-
endent upon the density of the snow and the atmospheric
temperature.

The first draft of the outline of work that I proposed
to accomplish, as I soon found out, was too long for the
determination of definite data. The time required for dev-
ising and constructing equipment and in preforming the es-
periments proved to be far more than I had allowed. There
also entered in, the disappointments of the inability of
equipment to perform as desired. 1 did however obtain from
these failures, negative knowledge. I have included herein

the experiments that were failures.

 

Cans used in the experiments.

Number Weight in Depth Diameter Volume in
grams cu. cm.
1 94.0 7.78 12.70 985.05
2 95.6 7.78 12.70 985.05
5 95.9 7.78 12.70 985.05
4 85.5 7.78 12.70 985.05
5 94.0 7.78 12.70, 985.05
6 94.0 7.78 12.70 985.05
7 94.0 7.78 12.70 985.05
8 96.0 7.78 12.70 985.05
9 96.0 7.78 12.70 985.05

 

 

Hethod‘gg Obtaining a Sample g£,§§9!.

There are two conditions under which samples were taken:
1 - newly falling snow and 2 - fallen snow. To collect
newly falling snow, the cans, chilled to atmospheric temp-
erature, are set out during a snow etch? in a protected
place so that the wind, will not blowignow out of the can.
In the collection of fallen snow more skill is required.
The equipment, ie., cans and a steel plate ts which is wider
than the diameter of a can, are chilled to atmospheric temp-
erature. At some level place the can is carefully pushed
down into the snow with a rotating or twisting motion, open
end first, until the bottom of the can is level with the
surrounding snow. Cut the snow away from the sides of the
can until about one-half of the rim is visible. slide the
flat piece of steel along the rim of the can, using the
other hand to prevent the can irom being disturbed. Remove

the metal plate, can and snow together and turn right side

up. Remove the plate by sliding it off.

Temperature Reading.

The temperature readings marked trailer were taken
from a thermometer hung inside a non-heated trailer owned
by the fiichigan State Highway Research Department. The
trailer protected the thermometer readings from direct
sunlight and direct winds which would have caused var-

iations in the temperature readings.

 

 

The trailer in which temperatures were

read and some experiments preformed.

0'3 0| lb 01 N P
I

Types 2; Snow.

dry, fluffy snow powder
dry, heavy powder

damp powder

wet snow

thawing snow

slush

These types appear under three conditions:

1 - newly fallen snow

2 - old snow

5 - drifted snow

 

 

 

A group picture os some of the equipment

used in my eXperimente.

EXPERIHENT NUMBER 1.

Density and Water Content i2 Snow.

OBJECT: To determine the density and water content for dif-
ferent types and conditions of snow.

EQUIIMENT: Cans of known weight and volume to put the snow
into. A flat steel plate (approximately 12' x 6').

Scales. Thermometer.

EROCEDUREg A sample of snow was obtained as described under
“Method of obtaining a sample of snow'. Record the atmos-
pheric temperature at the time the simple was taken, and

the type of snow from which the sample was taken. Wipe

the outside of the can to remove any clinging snow. Weigh
the can and the snow and subtract the weight of the can to
determine the weight of the snow in the can.

COMPUTATIONS:

: weight of snow
volume of snow

volume of water
volume offisnow

Density of snow

Water content in % I x 100

. - volume of water
water equivalent in cm. of depth ' cross-sectional area of—EEE

water equivalent in inches of depth

: volume of water
cross-sectional area 5? can 3 2:59

Date W

Temperature in trailer

Atmospheric temperature in

Snow storm -. when

Snow characteristics

0
(1E-

 

.JanuaryfilB & lg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type of snow in sample magulggg
Remarks—premenwathengé Die -lOOFe
DATA:
Wte
of‘
DENSITY an a: 1 WATER CONTENT t
can vol. wt.of wt.o'f grams #fit. vol. water water $01?
trial no. can can+ can pee grams water equiv”. equiv. water
.c.c. snow grams as.‘ per c.c.- 91111.1“i in.“ by
grams 0.0. zyrpeh (unfit! vol.

1. 1 985.0 159.0 94.0 75.0 .076 75.0 ’39 '22 736

2

3

u

5

6

7

8

9

10

ll

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.
.
. at o .. . . I e u
'e -u. I I v a . . a .
a 7 n I r - 4 Q
. . a n .
. . _ u. c .L a s . . . . . . .. . .
. l . . . la.
.1 '- p I. O . q ' ' a D
.. I. . 1 . _
. o a . .
2. u u
. .. u a. . u a
. . A. u ‘7.
la ll . 9 I ...I v . . . I .1 . un. . I
. u I \J , U . . u . .
I e .c e A I o u
.. ,1. I. . ... e . . . .
4 . y . . .. . .
n l o -
Va . o O
.
. . s .
.4. . . . . ,
. I. o . .
. .. . . . . c . . . .
. r . . _ _ i n
I. -
. .I .J
. ..- . u _
. e a
. v . - u r e e ' .
I I . . _ .
i . I . . . f . . . .
pl. . e .
J... v.. . . . .
. . . .
I . ‘e O . . .
O -.J #9 I. . .
v . o . s . . . . .
f. . i .:. .. -- - a. v.. - u . 1x- :..! .. ..
a r O l — u a
. v. . . ..
. .ve fl. o . . t . u .
h. . . . .e .p
e w
. v! . .5 e s u v . .
ll . n! C a % . . .
l. r, u n u .
..et . a . . .
. .. w u .
. . b. V F)! . . . . t
. I . u u .
. \v .4 I. -I I . . P a u . .. .. . . . . . .v . .. m. .. I . . . i . 1
. .
. .110.
n v a
u A . - I .' I .
— .n . e\ . , .
e . . at. 1. I... n h .
. .o. . . A .
_ . \.. . a . —
. . l . . . ,
.
_ . . .1 f i . . . .
c I. e
. . c . u
. . .v. .. . .
. . . H n. .\ . .
. . . . .
, a _ .
. . a I ,~ I. . . . . O n V. v . ..n _ n. ‘ . all: (. n V. v.
. . .
. . .w _ _
a , .. .
. . e —t —
. . .n . O
_ Q .
.u v I. .
e 0. .
.u.
u . . . ..
_ . , . .
. I
l .. .
a H I . u
. .
. , _
. .
i o . . .
I- u a
_ . . .
a . e
. . e e
e .
_
. . .. . i! I . I .1. I u .7 i y 51". V .. n . . . . i .
. . . i
. . . . . . .
o . . u” C u . . e o ,
I a < e I o g l e
.. I . u
. u .. .3
. v v
. u. . . r
. . ... . I .
. I . .
O . . O a
'.
a .
‘ 4 u u
at .1. .I. . LO . . u A e l 1. (7|. ,. al.v.. . 9 v. ‘. 7 . . . . 1 . . .7.. . .
' .u'- l I H b
I U .
. . . D '1 I . .
. . .
. . o a. e . .
. . . .. .. . . a . .
. . s . . .
I
. . :0 :4. D H .
o a a i .
‘. . . . . . . . .
n u . . a nu .
. .
. rL o .
v x 1 a _ .. c
s a.» t . . .
.. n . . .
a a. | I. n a: t v); v a l. .a . -‘e > a n . I .I 4
o ..e. O . I s a o .
. n u a .a e
. In a . i .
e C ‘ F
e i e .- - W e
. . I. .. e . . . .
. . n
v a I i s
. . . .r& .. .
e . .
u (I .0 c n u .
e . e . . . .
I a .
. e , . . .
e e n
n v I a
. .. . .
‘ t . .lo YA!- .. . van o p .. . . I > I a A 7.}.. . q ,
a. v u n > r
s.
.. n . o . .
u . Ie
. s . . .w I." We . . . .
I A
. n b I V e
. es .| Q
. 4‘ .1
U I I. a
. .. I. a
l .
. c .

Date W

Temperature in trailer
Atmospheric temperature
Snow storm - when _._.Iamiar;L18 a. 19

Snow characteristics

10 ”F1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type of snow in sample regular
RemarksWatthOF-
Dwflu
. Wte
of
A DENSITY SHOW densit‘n WATER CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt§3f grams #flii. vol. water Jwater giof
trial no. can can+ can pee- grams water equiv... equiv. water
c.c. snow grams 0.0. per 0.0. cm.of in.of by
grams c.c. depth depth vol.

1 2 985.0 209.0 95.6 113.4 .115 113.4 090 .35 11.5

2 1 " 219.0 94.0 125.0 .127 125.0 -99 ~38 12.7

3 5 " 209.1 94.0 115.1 .117 115.1 .91 .35 11.3

h 4 “ 205.0 88.5 116.5 .118 116.5 .92 .36 11.8

5 6 “ 211.8 94.0 117.8 .120 117.8 .93 .36 12.0

6 “

7 It

8

9

10

11

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.- ~~9 u.-

[131";

«fa

r...

 

 

--—.-..-.~-.-,.,

..--..-.

I! a.—
- n
u I
. Q.
o
L
—
. . I.
.h ‘
-Ie I v
. a! ..v
a . 1.
ex...
.
.u—
.1. \1

. II
..
. z
.
. I
e a
‘ D 1. ‘.n
n v .
. o a
. . .
e . .-
_ u: .2
. .. -. -....
Q t
-.
. I . .
.
.
O .. I n .
e5.
I e. t
. . a

 

u _. 1..
... . . ... .5.
.1 “r
a . I
e
l 1..
.. . 0.1L.
. .I r.
r . .
-
.
.
a I a I
' I e

I.
0'...

 

. l . . .
..
. .
.
.. s .. .
.n
.
my)
' .
. .
r
w p I
.
, . .
a:
.
. l.,‘le’..-.
.. u
.
O
. a
.
o
.
0.1.. I‘Ll‘.. lvx'l‘n
. .
<
‘ u
.
w .
O
r .
a 1 u. .1 Of It
. .
u
.
e .
a

. .
. u
- .
.
.v . . : .
_
.
. w
. .
.
. n .
e -
. s
~
. av
—
1 o . a.
.
e a
v

C D H
.
.
.
I
y I
A
. ..
. .
.
e .
a, .1 l.
. .
.
_
~
5
A .
.
., o . .
I a, *‘la
_
h a
a e
y .. .. . In.
I 0 .
. w
1 I 37.1.11 .
, .
.
. n
-
.
e e
... .
e u w
.
' .
n
v ..
i I
a .
' I
o
. ...\. 1.: .C.
, I.
a . w
.
. a
. a
m
. .
O I

 

.. .‘

a

I

..
rifl:
.

~

.

.

..-

_

I. .u.
u

.

.

.

.

.

.

... .
.

.

.

a
31,4, .

....

 

Date W

Temperature in trailer

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm - when

Snow characteristics

Type of snow in sample

I)

C)

13‘

LA

 

January 13 8: '19

 

regular

Remarks .. preyigua Heather -fioto -1008“-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DaTa;
‘wt.‘
of
DENSITY snow density NATE CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt.of pgramad ##ft. vol. water water %~of
trial no. can can+ can per- grams water equiv. equiv. water
0.0. snow grams 600's per c.c. cm.of in. of by
grams 0.0. depth deoth vol.
2 4 " 228.5 88.5 140.0 .142 140.0 1.11 .43 14.2
3. 6 " 221.5 94.0 127.5 .129 127.5 1.01 .39 12.9
4 5 " 224.0 94.0 130.0 .132 130.0 1.03 .40 13.2
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll

 

R3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'I

L

‘
I
'1.
'
-

 

as...

 

 

 

m
.

...'w

 

1.4..

 

 

. \.'.,

.w—o..-

-1‘,

.~-.

...-~

mte

Temperature in trailer

Atmospher ic temperature

Snow storm - when

Snow character is t ice W

TYPO of snow in sample Vdgifted

Remarks WWWL:

 

V 13 L-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DATA:
wt.
of
DENSITY snow €2.an it WATER CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt.of gene «Hes.- vol. water water iéof
trial no. can can 4- can' piss-- (mas water equiv. equiv. water
” c.c_. snow grams also. per c.c. came? in. 01' by
. .. grams 0.0. ‘ fie-52th 13.6!th vol.
1 5 935.0 21.9.0 {34.0 125.0 .127 125.0 .99 .33 12.7
,2 1 ' 239.0 921.0 134e0 e136 likeoi 1am e01 1305
3 3 n' 25’7“) 95.5 131.4 e133 31a“ 1.04 .40 1393
4 4 " 213.0 88.5 120.5 .131 129.3 1.03 .40 13.1
5 6 " 234.9 04.0 140.5 .142 140.5 1.11 .43 14.8
6
7
8
9
10 7
11 fl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-. --..

‘ Q...

-.
. c.-
.
'1
.
ll
.
.4 .
. l -
I I
.
.1. O
i
. v . ..n -
e .I. u
. . 1 .

. ; .1
A O
u
. . .. 1 .l .
. . b. 11
. v ... .
. 1. e.
u.. . e t
II i
. o 1.. 1 y
u u
; l 0
~ .

.‘l l..l.. .e...

7 .l
(a. . ..
r .
u... I. .
. v.
.
O D
.—
l .
I n sf
. I.. .4 I
y ‘ . l A
u . ‘ n.
. o
O. Q
. I .
... . .u
c '0
r K
. .I I O . .l’

 

gt!!! 1.

,_-_,

x. 1: . I. n . .
.
.
. .. . 1,.
- -
0| 1. . In I» | ..
.
.
d I 4
.
I- .. .. ..- I . . . .
O .
,
n n
_
. .|.. n... ,p b.11 00,... It 1.! o;
.
Q
.
.
e I 1
O
.. u -.|o1r10. II. n. . . 1. .3-
. .
. .
1
. 1
. 1
7
n I
I g
‘
Q‘...I.lvl. ‘el.3. i.
.
I A
o
.
I. . -.|.O lu. ll. . ... “- .so
.
. . u .
m .
§ 1
_
.i 1- .1. 2.1;-.- 1-..,
. 1.
..
o a
_ .
. a
. . o
p h . .
v .
_
.
I y 1
1. .
.
J1...1.1 T. I ..1_ .0. 1 1-1- . .
I
o
.
. . .
. 1 .
1 .. 1.
.
O I a
. .
. u
. e .
. . 1
.. .21 6 h...|1r:.... 1 L 1|-
.
.
.
. . .
D . u. I ‘ .
.. -
o u
n
i w .
1 .
. I y
a . ..
. . — n
. —
.
\.x.lb:l .II‘ .. r305 .‘.‘ I .
u ,
- u .
I I
1 fi
1 u
.
o .
o
.
. .
.
.11»! [0| I c. 1.. .. .{...vul e

1r
.
u e
.
. .
.
.
n .i n
a
.
fl" .-
.

\n vlvy. .l

.
0‘ 1 .
.
.
,
.
1'. l .
u
|.' I.

1 .
a.

.
!.v
I!
t. .

1-I .‘..

1331;. January zygozss

Temperature in trailer 1505”?-

 

c?
m r.

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm .. when 1’}! 30 A 1.". Jauuary 21

Snow characteristics Pg; £031.ij you: or

Type of snow in sample (Flight. 1?“: cm:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks canoe flares 11:91:}. :efirfitely a? flier}. crgetals
DATA:
Wt.
o:
DENSITY' snow Gomltmrm CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt.of m ,fl‘rtr vol. water water féof
trial no. can can+ can pu- (Srn-T'W water equiv. equiv water
c.c. snow grams can 35-39" c.c. cm. in.° by
grams 0.60 6.03391“: {101323;} vol.
1 7 5’79.2 133.3 95.0 59-3 .073 59-3 .5517 .311 Toe
2 8 {319.71 1(1‘7.0 {THO 6.1.0 .075 61.0 .431 .1336 7.5
3 9 F'EQJ, 152.5 9‘43 56.5 .075 55.5 .513 0203 795
)4.
5
6
7
8
9
10 W
11
12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

r :f‘

\

av

 

v

. .d

..--

 

1»... T.
1.. my.

~—

 

o-

. . . 1 . . u . . . v 1
I . . .
. m
D I
u .
_ . ..
. .1
I o . ‘ I .
. a a . \ ‘-
. .
o 1.. g
n 1 . a
.. .
1 . . 1.. . .1 , u. . 1.1
. 1 . .
v -
J . L ..
. 1
e. I. n a . .
. . .
u 1. u l
. .1 . .
.
o

h ~r. . .
. 9 fl
. . c .
. a . . I 1 ..I . II. ... I o . . . a
_
II ~ I .

. . . 1 .

. r . _ q
... .1 v. _

I a . n .

u u c I
1 o 0 . _

. .

. . . . . _

. lui .v:..ln..n I! . .u. .n.’ .1 u‘.o-..sl\.v.o|... 1. a i.
. .

.

7. . .. . a .

_ .9 . .
u .

. . . .I .

u .- , .

.1 . .1 . 1 1 _
_ .

N c . .1 1... 1. .. .
. a 1 u .

a . . .

I " . u I

. - .s .1 . a 1 e a n
a n. 1
. . l .- ~ . v
. _ .

v n t. -1 04.00- ‘1... I. II.- I ’1 I VIII...‘I .310; *1 o
1 .
1 1 .

l 1.. 1 1 _ n

e. d. n ... . . .

.4... an “I“ . . n . 1
_ . . 1. . a . u
.1 e .1 1 . . .
u .1. 1. . _ .

(I n . . 1
. at .1 . . n . 1
.. .e. 1 . .

. . 1 . .
U . I

W o

.. . 1 y

\ I.‘....III.I... .IIIK.....OQQ..I .107... . . . i... t1-1| .. ‘u 3..
s r .

. 1 .
u . c. \. .. . .

. n a . . .

.. u .. »

. . . a .

I .8- . .
m . o. .

1e . . a 1. .

. . . .

. 5.). . .

_ 1. 1 .

. .
. - pl I1fiux... It. .1. . 11.... .3 1... I. O. . .I .
1 . v

p . . ~
. ~ 1 .
. : . n 1.. o 1
a! e - ~

. _
g . . .
.1 . .. 1
. .
.
. . . . n
.l .‘.. .I . t. 1.... 'I... I. ‘1. 1. .ul. .
u C A
't . L n . O
. .. . 1 a
.
. O
I v
. %. a .
‘ .1 O 1
. . . o 4 a
ll.- .
. r
.1- . I. .-I . . av . . . 1 v I J. n. h 1 t! .1... .I

.l .. ‘9. . a

.4. V 1 1. n

l

1. 1 1 . . . . . M

v. 1... O a 1

.n - n

. .
. .3. .
e . n
_
O . . 1
. . . .
. .1 34.. n .1 I. 1 1 . I... I... . a. o.!. 1 '11. n

.1 .‘ ll . .

v 0 u
. . 1. an. _ .

.- .. 1 a . . 1

-.- ‘0 . 1 1

.
. 1. .—.. 1
. .. . .
. e1 Juv .- e
. _ 4
. .1 . ..
. .
.. 1.11.0.1?.. 3... 1. .i: .3... I... !.I. I. .. . 2.. P1. 1
.
v . . .
_ u 1
,. . a 1.
s 3‘
f . ‘ . 1.
u 1 I I .
. .
. I t r O I 1
n . I .
. . . . c
. 1
. c .
1 . a
_
. .c1.l0\ . ’0‘! 1 | ., 0' I 1 . 1.)- .1 1 a1. . 1p. 1

 

 

 

 

 

1
.
.

”a .1.

~.¢.--

 

.. I... n “a.—

 

.

-o --l---

.9 -—o--

s .
a
.
..
.
.
cll . .
.
.
v
i
_
. .
.
o .
_
. .. .1 .
a a
.
.
.1 1...}:
.
.
.
. ..
.
.
1.1.. 1 a...‘ u . .
m

|.

ll

u .vlo . .31
. . .
. OI . u s4

«p. .::*.I.
u
1.
. .
.
.
.
. . . 1r),
-
.
.
.
y
u
u .l l .1
o
_
.
.
.
.
.. 1 1

__.._1

Ete

“‘30

Temperature in ”anon—Algal)..—

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm - when

Snow character is t ice

Type of snow in 3&1qu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks 1
DAM:
‘fle
of
DENSITY snow HWItJJATER CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt,of beau #534. vol. water water fiof
trial no. can can* can you» grams water equiv. equiv, water
o.c. snow grams em ”1' 0.0. cm. in. by

grams 0.0. vol.

2 98500 21005 9506 11‘.“ .117 11"? 091 .35 11.7

2 A a 207.5 88.5 119% 6121 119! 09‘ a” 1201

3 7 " 210.5 94.0 110.5% .112 110.} .87 .30 11.2

h 6 " 209.0 94.0 115.0 .117 115. .91 .35 11.7
5
6
7
8
9
10
T11
12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. . .. + v i . _ _ ‘ .
It .. . _ . .. . ,
1.. u
.t: o . . . h. m w. .
. . . . .
‘ I
‘I . u . “I h w . .
‘ n . n o .
. d . . . c . . ~ .
. o, f‘ C . a... .
r, . . .
. .3 1 .. .U J A. . . .
n T .. .. .H
. . a
. T.
t . v. A. A .‘
l a . . .\ .
1.. . . .0V 0
. u . . O.
.J . .» . . .
v . o
u .. . . . ,U ..,,,..n‘ K . .. (i .
7“ EN n.
u. . .u .. .
. . ‘ . f m . . x n
‘. f .. .. .. p
. ,. . . u I .
..o J - . .
u. ,
all. r. . n. \v, . O O . .
. 9‘. i. ...
v . 1 . .. Ilb.. $1 ‘A.v t I
. p . I
o . . . . s
r... 0.1 , ., . _V . v .
I .. . . . . . . . . .L
. . . . \ u . v . _
yr .1 «I . C n.“ I’. h .
o .
. ul . . c .1 1| .0. o
.V .. u . _
. .u. n a: .
. . c .
. . . ..
I I II I4) .Ci '|.LI - a| \
‘ II I
. . I . . .
_ -v I
. . ..| L
. .0 .. \n.
- . . 4 n
‘ . . .
. . .. . a O : . .
. . . ; u , .
.. . a ... .
. . .
. a - .
I . u‘. 5 t ‘-t .. I . A‘\ A w ‘ '\¢ux\r
. l .- y
. . . \
‘ . . ,._ ¢ .
n . '5
. l .
, ¢ _ .. D
.
' s 4
w. . 4. . n .I: I
r
.
.. . . .
r
l
. - . . 00a
- n
u . H O .
. h . , .
o 1 . AII : lib. n ¢
1 .
. ~
. .
. . . v.1. .
. _ . ..
_ r I u
. ‘ X 9 .
M . a ”I v .
.. . O . .
. . r o . . .v . t .
..\
n 4 D I ~.
. . .4 U m
. _ . . . .. _
. I I _
. .. I.
. .
. H .n. 2 .
. . —
. p.. O ;
u . . . .k . .. . c A.r
. m n .u.. o. .
. h .... f O u
. . . . ... _
. . w. . .‘ ..
. ,, . n .v
. . ‘ i .. m _
. . u o .
. .. .. ‘
_. .. .- - . 3?. 1:..-
w ‘.
. . ,,
h ~ 0 v
. .
u U 1 . ' I h
. .. ,tu . .,
.. . - J I .
x . . .
n v I. 1:» n
. .. . ..
~ . O
. .v C
.
H .
...,..t... 1. $21.? . ,3. . , ;|

.
..‘
c
.
.
.
.
.
o
,I .
<
.
’1‘!
g
. G
\.l
.
5
.
.
.
.
u
u
.
.
o
. o.
u
_
r
y

.
.
..4
.
.
.o
.
.
.
‘
.
.-
.
n-
‘

 

. .c: . . .
,. . .
.
. .
. I.-
u ,. . .
p . .. . \ . r
. .
.- ..l c.... \. . -
.
.
. .- o
. .
, c
. .
3. Li-.. .r . . ‘... b
.
_ u
r
.
. g n
, .
, I
-1 .J.:-.... I... - L, ' 3.
‘.
.
. .
. . .
. _ r
I V
~ . . .
. . , -
..... T)‘- w...o1 . 1... v.-
.
. .
y ..
. .
a
. ~ .
. .»
—
_
.
_ . .
u ‘ . .x r!) . . . . ‘ u .. .
.
.
w u o
‘1 .C‘nt..| ‘ put! I ~c'. I. .c
U
. ‘ . u
q u .. .
. m ,.
. . _ .
h u .
‘ .
. ‘ m
V .
y -‘at: ‘. . |~:. .{ o
. .. . .
.
.
O
. . .
.
‘II 1......! I K.. .u‘ . . u.a.l
. .
. o . o .
u
.
, ‘ .
v v
‘ .
[I I I 011..., .-I. I . .5. ..l .
.
. .
m . .
. o - .
.. I u..- .:,..l .....
.
. .
o a
. o ......I l -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Jaztmrlfii 195.1.
Temperature in trailer 1705 2‘"
Atmospheric temperature
Snow storm «.- when
Snow characteristics
Type of snow-1n sample mum
Remarks
mm: m"
or
19311511? “10" 49533-111213 CONTENT
can v01. wt.of whof WFW‘: vol. water water $01
trial no. can caIH— can per 3” water equiv. equiv, water
c-C- 2:12:11 grams 8.3: 5'3. c}.c.s cm. in. 3:1.
1 7 985.0'259. 9b.o 165.0 .16§16§.¢ 1.3g .50 16.8
2‘ 8 " 249.? 88.5,150. .15# 160.? 1.21 ..49 16.3
3 5 ' %¥ 91.0 1§e.§ .151 150.5 1.19 V.46 15.:
u 1 ' 235.5 91.0 141.0 .14fi 141.9 1. 143 1b.}
5
6
7
8 o
9 .
10
11' fi
12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o 4
4.. A?
I ..
1.1 .
II

. ;'

 

..
.
. 1
.
‘4
..
s
‘0
. .
a
. .l
:n .
I.
.-
D
...
‘1
.
.
.
.
. .
.
e
-
.
.
. .
.

...-

 

 

 

 

 

 

: 1 . 4 . 1 l . v .. a 1 1.
. .
_
. .
. . ,
n . . . . a, 4 .
. . .1 I - o ..414 . a ..n . .. .
. _ . 4. . e, .
. . .4 . . . . n .
o 1 1 ..-. v4. 1... 1 .1 0‘... . 4r. . a. .
. . .
y 4 u A ..,
t I I 1 u I . o
r 4 4
.. n
0 . . . .
. ..
.
e _
. . . I . ..l- . . 1‘ 1 n. .1 , . .4 l 4 u n - 0.-.. l. 1 . n. . . I
I 1r . . . . .
v f . . .
o.. .. .
.. 1 I. i 4 a. . . .
.. .. . . _ . a
' . c .
, .- n . 4
. . .
e . . - III! . t . .0 o 1. . . . .. * 1.11.1! .... .(n. 1 v . . .-
.
. I I H ‘
. I .1] .I 51 e . . n .
11. .... . . a 1. . u . .. ..
. .1 4.! ... _ . . 4 .. . .. U
. . v . . . A . 4
... ..4 . . . _ u ¢ 1
. .. ., . a. . . . m
4a . u . . . . . _
I I 1. . g o . _
.14 4 a 1 . .
» 1. .. . . . .. . .
. ... .. .. . . .
. _ . _
. .. . - 2.1... .1 11.11.11. 1. .1 . .1. 1... a T .1 4414.... .. .. . .. . ..
n . r _
0 .... . .
l e. u . _
. v . .
.41. .n a . .4 H .
. O 41. 4 .
. I n
. .1. .. .
.4 . n o . s
.. e . ...J . . . 1 .
. 1 .
a .
.
. p ,
. 01.4.... 1.1.1.11 111. . ..Ine!. . .I..:4. .l in: T. .-..
. . ... II o. , _ .
.A . . . . o u a .
I I. §
1 4. l I. g .1 .
4 . . .
v. . 1 . v
\I. u .
.o . . .
. .
. I r .0 ...lllkl'..l, l s. 1 x l 1. a? . 1"; vll ,9 .111. 29.112} - 1 .u 4‘ . . 1
1 . .
.. _ .
.. ~ _ . .,
‘1 n . . .
_ . . . .
u . . . .1 . .
V. 1 v
. .. . n
, . 1
u _ . 4
~ , I .. .I: 1 . 1.4 '15,! ... .51.... . .. ..Ir .I ..IV4 11,-. . _4 4 u. . . v
. . . . .
u n ‘
4. u .
u. 5 IA . . .
\ i w I I . 1
. . o . n . u
. O . ., . 4
s b :t .111 H 1 1 ..
.
. .
. 9 . O . .. x . .
4 A .
. . . y u
0 ~ 0 v
1 VOVI.I .11 l'. .I. 0 I. 1 4e . .1: ‘1 i,,~dl|7.1 1P1» v‘14l‘u. . .Y . - 4 1.». u
. 4
9 c l - ~
. . ... 'l . M .
o l u u
. .. p. .... r .
.. . u 4
, v. .
. I. ..J O o e. . . .
‘1 a i , a 1 l a
v.
\ . . .
.._ 3 4 . .
.
.. .
O 4 . a . . .
. 1 .al I ‘l . a . . 1. 1 .I . 4v 1 [u 1..l ..-.4. 11’! .. I: v u I .41 '4 l, .‘a
. A .
.I . . 4 ..
. .4. .2. w . .
u | 1 .
. .‘l ., . 1 . 4
_ . . .x . . 4 .
i 11. r 1
. 1w. r‘. O u .
u . 1
. .H\ 3m n m
. .14+ .u. . ‘ . .
w . . n
.
I a . .
v . .
4 >
...... 41' ..-. .11.. I) ’4 . .,4 c 4 . ....l. n .. .... v . 1 3.1 .4
. 4 .
. . . w . .
- I. I l _ o
4 , .
r . v . 4 .. .
. . v
f. a J .. . u .
. . . . .1
. .I J a .4 .
l . 1. a
. . .. 1
.. ..L v e . .
. w _ ..
' 1
.
.
. .
. . 1 vv. - 1 1 IDA 1 u D 1 0.1 a .1 1 441 ) , . up. 1,. 1 O. .0. o

. a
a
. .. . . : 1 .4 4
4 I :
. .
Q
.
_ .
p
. o . ...... I
.
I: 1 (4... 4 . .
.1 U
~
. . 4w
.
1 A
a
4:! . . . :1..- ..-..
w
.
,
..
.
. . ..-: 1.4.1

 

.
.
.... I . 1...;
.
.
. .
a I ‘l‘l. I.
1
- a .. .., .
4.1 Ilc.1.4.4 . .4 I
.
.
.
...4..4. ...., .
, .
... 4 . ..

Date W

Temperature in trailer

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm -. when

Snow character is t ice

Type of snow in sainple

320E .

 

 

 

01d m

r

 

 

Remarks M" think

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DATA:
Wt.
of
DENSITY snow dens 11;,1 WATER CONTENT
can v01. wt.of wt.of grams 4". vol. water water 3501‘
trial no. can 0311+ can per grams water equiv. equiv. water
0.0. 311011 grams 0.0.. per 0.0. cm.of'1n.of by
grams 0.0. ' depth deptlg v01.
1 5 985.0 301.5 94.0 207.3 .210 207.3 1.64 .63 21.0
2 7 " 300.0 94.0 206.0 .209 206.0 1.63 .63 20.9
3 7. " 307.0 94.0 213.0 .216 213.0 1.68 .65 21.6
h 8 " 295.0 96.0 199.0 .202 199.0 1.57 .61 20.2
5 5 " 300.0 94.0 206.0 .209 206.0 1.63 .63 20.9
6
7
8
9
10
11 fl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

v.1

 

 

.
. n
.0. to
.. v a
u 0
\I s
A nl I.
x J.
. J.
.
_-I.lh‘ I w r‘l'\ 'A
.
r
\ . I'
. . .
. .
Du. .v
u 0 p .1
.0 ' .
.
D
\
..o
.1 .OJL.A‘ ul
.
.
.7..\
p I
.fi 3
u u I
.
. I . .I c n
u v
a. .
.
... .
.
O y .
.
.11.... .u ...‘_. 1‘
I - ’
1 1
, . I.
... 1 ~ 0
an.
a II
I
V
n . « .. ... .‘1
. .. I; .
n. .. Uni
.. ~. ....
. o ...
l.- .
I U ..l .
. ... .7-
.I.

 

 

I ‘ I
.a x

. . .1

It '.

... .... I;
I. I
V.

.
. 11a.....o

 

 

'.

u

I. .u. c

. n- \.
.1 .

..n- . ..

J. {I

u
g
Q .
. no
.
.lu’
¢
.
.
.
p
a
.
.
.u .

...v

I...|

_
.1 x
.
. .t .. . .s
‘
. .
.‘ .n .. ,
s
.
.
.5 . . . w l. i .0 n .
_ h
I I
4 v
. _ .
o
u
4.. it . .1.. l. I file.
. .
.
_
.
.
. . ‘ .
~ ~
_ .
~
.
4-. u . . .p
u
, .
I I
.9 Y ...}. ... :.. .Vl-
. O O x
n t
.
. - ... 1 . ..Frl‘ .v
.
_
Q
. ,
.
u . a
..
. a , Q
g . .
., .
_
m .
.i. I ‘3 . .‘ .. 3! ¢‘ «
. u u
m ‘
. . .
‘ . .
., .
‘ . .
n
. I u
A,
. _
. ..
.
c
n u n l I n .h v — Illl
H I
—
a
. i
J . o ‘
~ .,
a
.
‘ —_ .
.
. . . ... { ... ... . ..
. ,
. .
.
. .
.
. a O
r
. i . . . .

yua-

W
Snow Mechanics -»Willain L. Hyers«
The Design of a.lun1c1pa1 Airport - Harlan E. Pitcher

Steel Design for Extension of the Boom of Steamer Carl D. Bradley'--
Frederick.fieil Jackson

A Design and Cost Estimate of a Trailer Coach Park - Malcolm E. Cooper, Jr.

Date W

Temperature in trailer

Atmo epher ic temperature 1

Snow storm -. when

Snow characteristics

16°F.

 

 

Type of snow in sample

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

warm Jan.23 & 24;cold Jan.25 &26
Remarks canWWeuW
DATA:
Wt.
of
DENSITY snow dengity‘V-AT‘ER CONTENT
can vol. wt.of wt.of grams -#]£t. vol. water water % of
trial no. can can+ can -per grams water equiv. equiv. water
0.0. snow grams -e-.-ew_ per c.c. 0:11.01? in. of by
grams 0.0. depth depth vol.
1 1 985.0 301.0 94.0 207.0 .210 207.0 1.63 .63 21.0
2 2 " 284.0 95.6 198.4 .201 198.4 1.57 .61 20.1
3 4 " 312.0. 88.5 223.5 .227 223.5 1.77 .68 22.7
4 6 " 324.0 94.0 230.0 .233 230.0 1.82 .70 23.3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fiuY up” a. .- m I.
I . . 1. ...
. . . .
. .\ .1 . e

-

. -
. o .. . a
V. ..
v
.... . ,. . .
1 I f i
I. I . e .. .
I
\.
a ..
.... . . . ..
.
. . . x
. I .0 I . a
. . 7 . .. I
g _ . . . I
II '
. .
a . fl. . O
I
. v . n
A A v .
I . . .. . . .. \
. I .9 up .
... u 7. . . . .
~ . ..p
n . . I
a... . . . I . V . I
. . I .!I .
c . .¢ .l
. _-.o . ”A
. .. ... In.
. In I h
u . QI
. a » . Ii.- 6 ‘
o o.
. .0
§ e I
u .11
. nu -\ w .
\ .u-
’1 . .
. .
. O .. .
we .
. .
. . . . .... .1
. . [e u.
. .
m .I . I
- I4
I. . . . .. a
, . .
. 1
. _
.
v .t c4 .
u . . . I:
a I o
a -
n n. O
.o
I
I v “ ‘ I It
. 7
U I
n I
. .
1 .. a
. .
\
.
. . I
a
‘
. v .
A. . . .
. 0
. .I
v . . .3 I]
.
1 C . s O
. .
. t
. .
, r . . I
. . .l
. .»
.... JO .0 II
. ... .I
u .. ‘ l
1 . I
. o .4 c u
. . . .\. .
. I ~
. .
. . -
I u l
. .
O
n . .“.lvll‘ 11“.
I | l .
. 4
n ..o I,
. . u.
. .
1 ..
. ... .1 .
.
I . cl”
. ..L {I
v r i
n u
_
e . .v n ..l. .
.
. , I.
. .
v f. . .
. .. '4
a J :\|
v . \
n 4.. . . I

 

I -‘lll....o..

.~..

...... -...

I

..1.

mte W

0
Temperature in trailer 24 F-

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm - when “KW—41,1945

Snow character ietice W

Me of snow in eamPle drifted SHOW

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks strong, wind
mm:
' Wt.-
of
DENSITY snow densitflATER CONTENT
can v01. wt.of wt.of grana— #}3.‘1. vol. water water 77: of
trial no. can can+ can per- gram water equiv. equiv. water
0.0. snow grams CrOv- per 0.0. cmoof imof by
‘ grams 0 QC 4 1 “nth ‘mth 701 e
1
1 4 985.0158.0 88.5 69.5 .071 69.5 .55 I21 7.1
2 8 " 157.0, 96.0 71.0 .072 71.0 .56 .22 7.2
3 5 " 189.04 94.0 95.0 .096 95.0 .75 .29 9.6
h 9 ' 198.0 96.0 102.0 .104 102.0 4.81 .31 10.4
5 4 " 188.0 88.5 99.5 .101 99.5 .79 .31 10.1
6 5 ' 195.0 94.0 101.0 .103 101.0 .80 .31 10.3
7 8 " 195.0 96.0 99.0 .101 99.0 .79 .31 10.1
3 9 " 201.5 96.0 105.5 .107 105.5 .83 .32 10.7
9
10
11 7 f
12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

)

\

J

. I 4, .

.9 . ' "
a...” l'

n.. 51L..."

V‘

... _.

.. ....

n." .. ..- .

~.- .. u

w .- v . . x . .-.?!
a .. . _ .
. -‘ — r
o . .
o _.
u . . ~ . I
u v.4 _ . u . .
o I l . _. . u. o . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . _ . . . r . . . r. ....
_ ’ . . . .
. J . . a . .
. . .
r n . . . .3}. u . \I.. .11. ... I o I ... . . u. . .
. . .
. . . . v
.I a...” _ . . . . . .
O a a
I . .
. .. 0 a
. . n
. _ . .. .
N I Itl 8 I. l -.. J. - : " I t t D c v“ I (IQIpI 1! ' 0 a '
o . .
. .... OJ . . . . . . _ .
_ v I
. . .

U
.
'.‘
I.
'Q
a
a

. .
. . . ,
. . . . . ,. . . .
- .... .I . ..lv... . I... .0. a. .. ...... .. . . .. . ell I. .l t... .1...» I.-O.. ....I.I If I....* a. . ...-u v.
. . . u . - .
. . . . .. .
a I! J ..‘. . . .
I\ U .. . . .. . n u .. a
.0. a .8 . . u _ . 1.
. 0 a 1. ~ 0 v . . H .. _ . ._ _
..." .J ... . . . . p
. o v... ... ..0 . w u . . .n
.I .D I . u
. q «.0 v . H . . u a .. .
1 , ... . O c O O _ O . o e . . . I .
I . n... . .. . . u .
. I _ . . . ..
. . . . . . ., , .
v ..1 .I. III ’..Iv.|... .. 9‘1 .. l.~\.O.Il'-O‘ ..--I. . .1 ........l .I .... .00.! . .... ..1.,.....||0s.... 6.-.
. . . .. . o .
. . . . , . . n
\I .1 . . . . u .
. o . . .
W. VI “.00. . . ., .. .
. \ .. . . . . . a
l u I I — a
O n . u . .
.
— \-. . . _ . . , _ .
1 .0 . . . . . .
O I n I .. O . o a . I _
_\l.u . . . h
.. v. . . . ,
.. . .
. . . . >
. . . . .
v . u . . a
I, .0. .0. .-II III... p. .....nv...1. ...-ll.1.|.‘i ...". ...-... \n‘l.l. I 'I. . . .. «O1. ..Ilt' l. ... . v .0. . u
. .
. . . . .
. ff 4 u . .
. .
A . .. .n . .
u . Q
.1 8 .
a v . .
. do. 0 . . .
0.. I. ~ v .
I v
. . D . O O u C . v . . Q 0 . .
_ p
. I .
.0. . . . . .
.
1 0
ll 1... no I. . I . 0' l. I:(¢uttl.9.l.. ...!» III.‘ .411. Io..f» V. v. D I. .u v . - . n Y. I .1. ..-- v.
. . ..
Q . . —
. . .
. ... . . a .
. .. c u
. . . . 0 I I 1 C
:1 u a .
. n .
. . .
v
o 4 ~ 1
r .
. .
. . . . .
. .
. v ..... 1... 7... . ..y I. 1 .0 .ll... . . .I i. u. -I . o v ...
I 0 1 ~ ~ I
_
u _ e
. ... I. ... _ . . .
.. . .
. o . . . n .
. . u . u .
t . . .
. ul- . l D o . . H . . 0
' . O I O . I . u 0 . u u a
a . n . . . .
. I O m 1
. . M .
.. . c. . I .h . . . 0 II . t .. 010.-.... .lcu 0.0 ”llnrfil..ull .UO .|0. . . . . .. .. . . .V 0.....v.
. w . .
. . . .
n h
I. o. O . M . . w
- o . .
1.... . .. I b . e u . u v o s
. . . .
In, r
7.1. o D . . r .
\. . a . .
. ...— _
. - . .
.-A. ’0 . .
. I .I . v .
u . . c
. .
. Q . . u .. . .
c. 0 ...-l1 . I. 11.. .11...- [..--v0.’ 1.;I VI 1. .. OI . . v . I .0. I I . . Q. I. . t i I
.
.
. 3 . . 5 . - .
. . . .
., . O a a . .
N. I . .... . . . a . .
. .. . .
.a. O . . .
. S ... I . C . 0 H a . 0 v . Q . t
. .. . .
1. .1 . n .. . m
.
. . u a .. . .
c .1 ”we 0 . ... n . .
. . I u
. C . . .
. . p. .. ...
7.1. . 1...}..V. . o . . .1 I... ..O ......I .-.-.z: I . .. r . . ... .. I . .. . 0. ii ....I
. . . .
u . O . .
' . .. . . . .
. . . q . .
n .. .
: .... .. . . . .
1 t O r
u D u -

1....ol II.'.,.‘oII.OuI. .,.‘ ,q .... I ‘ . n .4 I 1!. It .I...... , . I:

.w.

0.3.

0.2

Denalty.

0.1

 

 

 

,1;«
. "kl/f
. "f‘-- 'I
. ,r
r",
,'-/ -
//
. /,/‘ , .
//"
/I/
a/,'
f, I
1 T T ‘F ----
‘ Age in day. "

Relation of snow density to age in days

REBUDTB: The curve obtained by plotting density against
age in days is very similar to the curve obtained by H.F.
Alps from his readings at Summit, California. His curve
was a relation between percent of water equivalent and depth
of snow. His percent of water equivalent corresponds to
'U density and his depth of snow is similar to my age in
days. The further down you.go in a snow drift the older
the snow. My data showed that drifted snow is from 1.6
to 2 times more dense than non-drifted snow.
CONCLUSION: The curve obtained can be used to determine
rapidly the approximately density of snow from its age.

I was unable to obtain a relation between the density
of snow and atmospheric temperature for I did not have the

equipment required to control the temperature.

Sidelights gg‘thg Lensity and Water_§pntent Experiments.

In a pamphlet published by the 0.8. Weather Bureau,
the following was given as a way to measure the density
of snow: "The snowfall collected in the overflow attachment
is measured after placing the vessel in a warm room until
the snow is melted. The water is then carefully pourdd
into the measuring tube just as though it were rainfili.’

The process of melting the snow to water is very slow
and an error will occur in the determinations due to the
evaporation of the water at room temperatures. J~t is suff-
icient, knowing the size and weight of containers to measure
the depth of the snow in them and to weigh the container
and the snow. The weight of the snow is the volume of the
water in the snow. I recorded a few smaples of snow to

determine this:

 

Can Egight of can and snow Temperature of water
before melting/after melting

#6 219 218.6 88°F

#1 228 227.6 71°F

#2 227 226.6 82°F

#4 218 217.4 73°F

#6 234.6 234. 72°F

#7 259 259 12°F

 

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2.
Compactibilifix.

OBJECT: To determine the percent of compaction of snow of
different density and type when it is confined in a cont-
ainer of known size.

EQUIPEENT: Thermometer. Cans of known size. Scales to

 

weigh cans of snow. steel plate. Scales to determine

load applied to snow wooden plunger. Ruler for measuremng.
Clamps to hold equipment in place.

PROCEDURE: The simples of snow were obtained as described
under "Method of obtaining a sample of snow". Record at-
mospheric tenperature and type of snow from which the sample
was taken. A can of snow was placed on the scales and the
scales balanced. Place the plunger carefully on top of the
s new and add a weight to the scales. Using the arm, apply
sufficient pressure to balance the scale. Remove the plunger
and measure the distance that the snow was compacted. Re-
peat for different weights. Weigh the can and the snow and

determine the density of the snow.

 

ulsl. Ill-1'3!!!“

 

 

The apparatus used to compact the sample

of snow with a known weight in experiment

number 2.

Date *‘swry‘i' TVS—“—
U as 11...: L. . , r

Temperature in trailer 0
this 1' e
Atmospheric temperature fit)???—

Snow storm - when

 

 

Snow characteristics

 

Type of snow in sample

 

 

 

 

Remarks

DATA.:

can no. a? depth of cum
volume of can W310 density of “WW

 

 

w t . - , compac- 5,}0f
applied tion ddmpaction
kilo . in in,

 

 

 

 

WM: ALE
34,453 3!. E}...w “47
+—3+1e

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.--._~.e.-

nu.-

«I .-e

'aO-e'

.. x..-

H. ....

 

 

..
..

..-"

...

..
I

v II
r h
-
—
.
h
.
u
M
u
i
la H.
. ...

 

 

»o.1

.

. r

_.
s
.

e

.

: ‘r.‘I4

.

.

.

e

.

.

.

flir. .l.
.
.

.

s
A v .IO.

.5 .Iv. .
a
a
'1‘ C V
‘.. .
.
o
.
.
. .
n e
w .
. _
. n
m
a.)
a
i
H u
I
a
.
b. ..i‘aou-(‘A
_ .
a .
A
.
.
.
.
.
.
.1 {an}. .-..

...
av
\‘
\
.

 

.
..J.
.
.
.
.
A
..l
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
J 1.. |
u
.
u
.
.
.

 

Date 3 1411-3 21:19:33

Temperature in trailer .1!£.50F .
\

Atmospheric temperature 10 0F:

Snow storm - when

 

Snow characteristics dry 31954133! girth-'35:?

Type of snow in samplew

Remarks

 

 

 

DATA.:

 

can no. 9 depth of can '2,

volume 'of can Wain. density of snow_____:QZ5__ .

 

wt. compac- <5 of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in ine

 

L- lejfj 1h,1/3.!3 31.8

 

1 M16 45.5

.1 1 5115 #7.?

14. 21.159 1 8/16 54.5
I 1
1

 

 

 

{3/15 56 J3

 

2115 561-8
l- 9118 ;__1__i_/16 61.1:
$11.1 1 11115 61.4

911.13 1 ;2[16 63.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'V‘ us All .- e
.
‘\ ' ” . 1“ '
v . _ . . . . . . . - b. "‘ .‘t .. i I
.
4.
. ‘«\~ ..~ CA .I‘. g‘ A — . ' e i av ’ .“'
I
.I a“ I. . -‘
1V... -— .. .<~.‘-... ... -... . . .» ,,_‘,, , ‘,--._.&I-,.
' t " 1 3
4. r..-...- .. a. ......g.. 4. ,u. ..., ya... . ' . . I) A.‘ ‘ee'.f
--> 'A" LI~¢“¢~‘-"A."I‘ ,. I I h b - .v- I. Q G ~l -.l> v<lol90 ..- h
u
- 'e.‘ “r. '{': ‘.
p g A .- ’ .' «s1 - ’ —.
‘ o '
.' ‘ .'(') I 0‘: " ' ;' I -.
"“el‘n .‘J 3 n a. ' ‘ .- .--”..-H...
-.‘ . . . . ..i-. .. , . , . .. . v ,‘ 1. r..." ...s.'<-..
‘ ' s .
n . 1
‘. ".. ' ‘ e , ' ' ‘
o ‘ 5 ' .
. I
a . ' w
‘t 7 U‘ ....Q ‘ : ‘ . ; ‘. .
. . .e~. e 4 - v‘
V U
r
. r
' . .
. . | f

‘1
e‘

...,
.0
-e
l

..
......
l
.. '5‘
-<
.
I
a

.
e g '
l .
.
u
.‘ i
. ’ g
. . ’
- . . .-.. . . . .. . r . . . _ .... .. . . . . . . .
_ n I
‘ I
n , .
, l
. a
‘ .
'.
n. ._ ... .. ._ . . ~ ' - a .- ea -
‘ I A
‘ A
, .
I ‘ S
. x
1' '
I e \_, 1
...- V ---.... -. \-.‘. 5-: _. ...u I . - ‘ . . - poor—s!
. l ‘.
I . l
l ‘ v
I . f
D
, . e .
, is
\
, . -...--1 . . .. .. — .-....
7 ' - '
. I ‘ 7 .
. . . . I
‘ l
a -‘ l
. ._ _
. .. . . . . . .. .. . ' - .. 1., ,-.... l
l f l 1
, .
I e
_ _.
.
l ' I
. ‘ .
.L ,-.- .. ... .. ... .. .. . .V. .-
t . .
e
e
.
.
(e C“- “.14.‘1 quon -" » ,,, I . . ' > . e.
. e
‘ I
‘ .
, . _
‘ ‘ L -
0.. -.. . .-. ..1. .... ......1 .. _ , .... . --. .-_.. 7.. .. .. ..
\
. 1 Q
. ‘ I
1 .
,_ n
, § - .
L . - ‘
. - - ..-. A.-.-..1.~o..c...’..- ,,,~ own ...,c~~.»..,. , 1-1.. ~e ...
. ,
‘ .
| . 1
. ' '. .
I z 1
e . w
' ' O
V ‘ V
. . ~
-. -...‘..-‘ . a -.nv... ... _,x,.. . .. w... ...-. 1.. .7. 41., a. ...» .,.. _ .., a -.
. 1 .
l | .
. I .
.
, . f F 4
- I I ' -'
, ..A... .- A. . - .. A... ...... .n. ... -. .. . . . ..1---..,1.._~... , ..
. Q
I
an O
. 1
A
. . ~e< a...»-. - .' - «I .. >I---.- 4 .-.....o.-..--.aa- -. ...- ... - -.. - .

.A
..

’.

e

l
.
.
. e-
e 9'! e
o.

 

1__.A_,____.

Date 1"1a"'_.;:* 21

0
Temperature in trailer—liaELL

Atmospheric temperature 100?:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Snow storm -. when _ ;D:3Q A133- January 21

Snow characteristics " ‘3“ .

Type of snow in sample mfiljé‘Lifi gags

Remarks

mean.

can no. 8 depth of can—Mina...
volume of can .....Mn. density of snow .025

 

wt. compacu 550f
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1-1.1>‘:k 19/16 30.0

 

2" 2.11 1 111/1“ 50.0

 

 

3» 35.15; 1 6/16 55.0
km 1 7/15 57.5
5» 5.153 1 55/16 60.0
6-. 1.1%). 9115 762.5
- 1 1 9/16 62.5
@114 1 9115 52.5

94.3.1 110/15 65.0
10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ll

 

 

l2

 

 

 

 

 

5 y

r- ....—

] o‘l.a

 

..
.. p.
- ..
._ ..v.
. ..
. .
. J
. g
. I
f v‘ 1-
.
v
v. P
. ..J
. .
‘ a are
_
It.
1
a
n
n

‘0‘

I 1 3
.
. H
. ‘
,U" ‘~:l,‘
.
.
I u
.
IQ!|II(.V.:
a
.
.
e I
a
.u . Io . A .v

Date W
Temperature in trailer__;12fhi.__.__ .

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm . when

 

Snow characteristics

Type of snow in sample—alum

 

 

Remarks Mt é" thick

 

DATA.:
can no. 7 - depth of can—Ml...
volume of can.___fifll;12LJfligiJ1. density of snow__n£KEl____

 

 

 

 

 

wt. compac~ of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.
Zip-2.18 1/16 2.1
3.4.18 1/16 2.1 _

}-6 .18 8/16 15 .3
mans 14/16 as .6
310.13 15/16 30.6
6.12.18 15/16 30.6
J
8

9
10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

12 I

 

mte * m , r) I

Temperature in trailer _z.z_r_.____.0
Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when _

Snow characteristics

Type of snow in sample—m

 

 

 

Remarks—”WM
DATAJ
can no. ? depth of saw

 

volume of can W density of snow__4215___..

 

 

Wt. compac- fifiof Y
applied tion compaction
‘kilo. in in.

1- gas none Bale

 

2- 4.1 1116 2.;
3- 6.1 10/16 20.4
n. a. . 11116 p24
540.16 13/16 26.5
.__6_-.12.1 13/15 20.5....

V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J
_8
j

 

10

 

ll

 

 

.12

 

 

 

 

.e .. eon-...

-re

......

c uo-n

....

--.

......... ....
......o ....
— ...... ...—c.

-..
-.- . . .
. 1
. .
t“ ...
.‘.I ,~..'\'
I
. I I
..V -
. I
-\ ‘ 0
9 .-.. -.-
. . . .,
-— . .. -
. u. .
l
. .. .

. ..o- . . .— .
-

..‘g . ..'; l
~ .4 ' 9‘. no

. _ .

I
; . . ~
. .

 

 

 

- .
- e ‘
. .L
. . '- o
. ' I
.- 7 . . “ 'h'
._ -..a’.
., A ...- -
. . ..
_ . Q - ‘ h \
.. I-. . .. - I
I
(I y
C‘- '
I ‘ '
. n t
- 1.", . 6 "
I . .. . '
l
> I
~ I '
. .t'l~ l..-
-s — . .. .
f
'
.
l
O I ‘. O ,
j I
.
é ‘ ‘
,. .., .. .
.
‘ .
O .
I
. ‘ V
L
v
r .
a
‘. . . . ..
. .
a
l
.
. .
' I I “t. ‘
. .
I
l
I I
.
I
I
.’ l
I'
; ,
0' ‘
. —' 5
. _ 'e
' I
.
' \
I t , .
'dr
., o. ... .. . z
1
s
. I :
- I
. .
.
' a - I e .... '
I
I
I ' 1'
1 I
1.
.. .... .. .

.... I .4
I ~
. I
II .

alt. '
. , '
I g. .

”...-n.

H...‘

 

 

Date rent-erg 5.123.17’3-3
Temperature in trailer 4...: . e

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when

 

Snow characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type Of snow in sample 01“. snow
Remarks S's-m4 emst .3" t' 1.61:
DATA.:
can ’10- 3 ’ depth of can 3 1/13 in.
volume of can ’70-'17? on. In. density of snow .2232
“’15- compac— fof
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.
1.. 9.1 , none none
2* #018 1/16 2.1

 

3., 6.13 1.5/16 28.6
I- m: 13/11 30.6
5-101.125 1 1/12’5 34.?
5.12.1. 1 1/16 34.7

 

 

 

 

Y
8

9
10

 

 

 

 

11

 

12

 

 

 

 

 

o. |.. .. ‘
u .
...,
.. ..m
u f... U.
..
A O
u
.
n O
. Alt-Ill:
..u
.r.
l‘
r o.

 

‘cl

....7

..-III.‘

Date

Temperature in trailer . “33°; .

Atmospheric temperature
Snow storm — when

Snow characteristics

Type of snow in samplem
Remarks “gimmick” . .

DATA.:
can no. r;
.1

volume of can

I‘r-

 

 

 

 

 

depth of (38.11%
density of snow 399 _. .

 

 

 

 

W.
wt. compac-p g of
applied tion' ompaction
kilo. in in.
g}; 2:]_ 1:533 none
L——;~A=L» l¢l5 2:;
3: 6.1k‘J 3/15 5 .l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

54.19.; 115,415 26.3;
+——6-;a w 33/15 26:;
I
5
9
10
O
11

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

.....4

 

 

.--.

 

I:
u
o.
...
u
3.:
tr
.In.
t,
.
ll. .
n
n
.-
I
.-
it
.
.,

.10.;

Date W94;
0
Temperature in trailer_____;15_J3.__

Atmospheric temperature

 

 

Snow storm - when

 

Snow characteristics

Type of snow in MpleW snow
RemrksmWW
DATA.:

can no. 6 depth of can $4,116....—
volume of can ___5_Q;12___ density of snow.__.233___.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wt. . compac. 2 of
applied tion ompaction
kilo. in in.
1-2.13 none . more
2 4.18 1/8 3+ .1
3 -6 .18 3/16 5 .1
“28-18 113 12.2
5 -1o.1L§ QZIS 1 Q .4
@3124 4313 21.5
.7
48
9
10
11
12

 

 

o-

L...

r.....

 

 

 

 

I. ..1 (.0 I: ..u.‘
.
a.¢ .
4.. .\
.
.
i u
a
v C

 

. v! I? a. 0'
.

.

_

.

-

’IP’-II.nl-l. v.1.-
o

 

..vo

«-.~u

 

Date W 1945
Temperature in trailer 1505‘.

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when

 

Snow characteristics

 

SGOW

 

Type of snow in sample

an 2 i“ ’31} '; - ’

   

Remarks
DATA.:
can no. 4 depth of canimfi.___

volume of can 6")le Quill in. density of snow .22?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wt. compac— g of
applied tion ompaction
kilo. in in:
, 1 2 18 none none
24.2.; is “Ll-—
‘ 3 5 33 Ma 8.2
h:guag 1%2 16‘}
5,1Q:_;1 7!; 28.5
64151 3‘ 31:13.: $0.6
—&¢:ra. 137;“)
‘l
8
9
10
ll
12 A

 

 

.rcfi

\ u
., .l
R . .
t fit;
I
. . st
. .u.
0
Cl
.
.
.... .
_ . V
.
f
. .
. . .r
.
~,
n l
. .. . . A
..
v . .3,
1
a .. 5..

 

_. ...I..o...
—

. .
.
x n

_ ..m .
. I o . a

.

I: n n

O ..
.I.A .
. .t .
.
.
v s
—
A a -
u. I n n?
.
o
. . 3...... It
. .
u
. . h
n
r
. .
. .
n .
.
.
cl! .! It I .

.Il7ll

.Ion

,4

n~nn

.-..

...

 

  
 

Date

      

o
It

 

.r

. 0
Temperature in trailer___;ép4;r____

Atmospheric temperature

 

 

Snow storm — when

 

Snow characteristics

 

 

 

 

Type of snow in wPleGruetefiaem—filfi—momm
Remarks

DATA.:

can no. 2 depth of canW
volume of can 5W1. density of snowfiegifi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wt. compac~ of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in. qr
‘ 1 2 a a ——l/8 4.1

Ziggy“ 177/15 14.3

3-6.13 3/4 2&5

L3 :19 133/151 30 .6

5.13.1?“ 1 " 32.6
.Jigpy a; n 32.5

I

8

9

10

ll

 

 

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

I. . t- t
.
~
..., d I.
. as ,.
V
.
o
.
V I 5. I no . s
.
Own}-.. «.be . .
—
$
.
to! .I.. ..1.-.

I‘.’n

 

 

u... a

 

‘”'~ fl?”
Date 1" vi . \ ... ‘A— I; t". v‘ ' I ”3,; k)
. yr
Temperature in trailer .1» 3’.

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when

 

Snow characteristics

 

neutrflfivlfir

I?” f; nu", "Vfl"‘.f.
:1.‘ ..': It“. '. - '

   

Type of snow in sample

t. _
Remarks mm Inf-1.21 ' Reynold 393.25 6: 9"»

 

 

 

DATA.;
7 14 4
can no. 1 depth of can .1 3/4” ....-.
(C03? (3119.15! 9:?

volume of can

 

density of snow '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wt. compacu ngf
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.
yo 2.113 more) none
2- :31“ 6/35; 12.2
3- 6.1} 7711": 111.3
u~ 3.1% 9/15 18.&
5-10.13 lflfig 2&05
6-122.1‘3 1:7, .3 24 .5
'l
8
9
10 n
11
12 A

 

 

 

 

 

0
.0
s. .
.
o .
.
..
....
..
..
o
.n
1.—
. . u .
. s .
o . .01.. . .
.

.n o
. . .
n L
A
.. all! .. -.
. p
. .
«I. ..m
p. o) .
. V
b .V. n
.
~ is ..J
. . c t a
n
i; ...
. ._
.. . C
o
.. o
-
.‘OI II-V 4. a

. .
r. .
a . .l.
.1 I .
r. .

. . .
. a . .

J

. ,. ..... It

,I...

o,
O
.
.
.
. :1 I
.
.
.
.uI.u ..Ir..t
.
a
v
.
.
.

 

Date

 

,0
Temperature in trailer 24 F-

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when i Fair-nay} 11=19213

Snow characteristics W

1

Type of snow in 881111316 7 r -.-, p

 

 

Remarks 1‘: if (:3; wind
DATA. 3

can no. 9 depth of can .__3_1LL5__LI:.
volume of can W. density of snow -10?

 

 

 

Wt. compac- Yof
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1.. 2.19: l 2116 55.7
2.. 4.1“; 1. 33/16 242.9
3- 6.19: '1 3/16 49.0
h- ear-1, 1 9/16 5.2.2.0
5.10.151 l 3.0/15; 53.1
6.12.1 liq/15 5;.1
J
5

3
10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

 

 

_
u
. ...
. n' .
.. u.
4 O...
y .
|
.4
.. on
. ..Ir‘
. a
‘
.
. .. ...-I
.,
. ~
. t
a

..l. . It.

Date F‘n‘tmarl' 11919313

 

. 940?
Temperature in trailer ‘-- '

Atmospheric temperature

 

Snow storm - when February 11’1943
Snow characteristics '31"? fluffy Show

Type of snow in sample flrif‘tod snow

o- .. ,
Remarks 3 30...": Wind

 

DATA.:
t" ~..
can no. 8 depth of can 3 1/10 in.

volume of can 60012 01191310 .101

density of snow

 

 

 

wt. compac— 5fof
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1. 2.133 1 2/175 35.7
2.1.13 1 7/16 45.9
3- 6.151 1 9/15 51.0-
L:— 8.1d 1 10/16 53.1
5.10.13: 1 10/16 59.1
6—12.18l 1 11/16 55.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

11

 

 

12

 

 

 

 

..-r

 

. .
..-.
.l.
x .
\1
t.
.1.
I
,
_
.. I. \4.
_
a
k I. f
1
.. .rm
. . .
.. r:.
u
a ...
..
r.
o
.
.fio.|.6
..\ a.
U
r
.
. ...v(

.-.-v I ts!

....

 

 

Date

0
Temperature in trailer 23} F1

 

Atmospheric temperature

Snow storm - when Palomar; 1141943

Snow characteristicsW
Type 0f SHOW in sample-.. £21213!“ awn}!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks 3 firongévfaa‘l
DATA.:
can no. 5 , depth of can 1 1116 in.
volume of can 60.1? Oil-":1- density of snow 9103
Wt. compac— f of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1-2.18 '1 3/16 33.8
24.18 1 7/16 45.9
3-6.18 1 9/16 51.0
11.8.1.8 1 10/16 53.1
5-10.13 1 10/16 53.1
6.12.1. 1 11:15 55.1
I
s

9
10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

".4 o'—

D
.. i .. a
’ u .
A
.
. . .
. .
. . ,.
.
.
.
. ._ .. oo .
I
. .
A
.
. .

i
a
. .0
0 .
. ... IA .
0’ . n
.
w t ,
r.
-A b.
. ~
.
a cs
‘ n I
I
. .H ,
. .
_
.
l
.
. .
o
. .
. .
. . .
. t c v
I:
7 a . .
u . .
. a
. ..
x. D t
.
L
.
.
.
\
.
.
. .
.
- g
a o
. .
,
, '

 

.’\.

I. n

.l-l’ ‘I

lit

..0:’

Date T? 7‘.
0
Temperature in trailer 12.21 1?.

Atmospheric temperature

 

 

Snow storm ~ when ...—Eabnuary 11:15;me

Snow characteristicsW
Type of snow in sainple___d.r_1£_ta.i_nnnu

 

 

Remarks strong yinzl

DATA-3

can no. 4 depth of can We.
volume of can 40.1mm“ density of snow—.0911...

 

 

wt. compac— g of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1... 2.18! 1 8/16 49.0
2. 1.1d 1 13116 59.2
3- 6.15! 1 15/16 6}.)
34.3.13. 2 115.;
5-10.13 -2 1/16 61.4

2 1/1 ELIL

V—T

 

 

 

 

 

 

312.1
7
8

9
10

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

“
~
.

 

lillll I.

... IL ’1‘!

 

'

..- .

 

 

r

Date __ F. gum 11.13!11_____
0

Temperature in trailer—M

Atmo spheric temperature

 

Snow storm -. when Fabirarg 114194;

Snow characteristicsw
Type of snow in sample—WWW ,

 

 

Remarks among; Hing

13112111.:

can no. 4 depth of can W—
volume of can ““0. density of enow_.-.1QL___

 

 

wt. compac- 5 of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1- 2.13 1 r3/16 38.8
a. 51.1 1 U16 46.9
3- 6.18 1 9/16 51.0
14. 5.1 Lloflé 53.1
510.18 1 11/16 55.1
6- 1 1.1/16 55.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

11

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

V
a . , a .. .. J
. . .
_ .
. 4 n . . . .
r. - t
- . . . . w
. i . .1 . .. . ,.
. . . u . . . o . ~91.
. . . . - .
u . .. . . I.
n
. v ..
I u . ‘o z .
a ...
. ' .. 1‘.
Q . l
. I. ‘1 .V . O
4 .t a u
,I . . ‘ .
x p. v . .
. n . . y
. v.
.- .. .I . u
\
.. . . . a . r
f a. . .
n ..
\ Us
r: .
.. w .. . .... .... .I.-«. 1...-.. .. .z --.
,. . . .u. .
. . . . utv , . :1 . . .
. . . . u .. .
x a .... ..u . p . .
l o .. 4‘ . MIN . lulu _. .
I . l- u . 1 . I
. . . a. . . u .1 \ .--.
n *s . I f. . .. ‘ ... . . ..
5 ‘ . v .
Vt _ I: .
II . . .
~ 1
. . . . .. o u. 01 .
. i ,c . . .
_
‘0 ._ . l \. p . m
I .
_ . V
. :I. I. V 1 a a
.
. . . c o
. u . .4 . .
u A . . .
0 , a
t I
. .. . . . . .
. 1 . . .
Q C‘l‘.l .‘ol 1.! .-. 1.... 0'! ' ... I"-‘..-\I I '. I r ..~ ' 1: ..tlv '1‘. l.‘ ,l~
_ . . . , .
y _ . 1 . . o
4 x
. . .
t v 1 . .
. . . : , . . _
. . _ . u r 3-.. . .
. u . . -
. . n _ a. .u . . a.
. . ‘1. .... f.
.4 n ,. .1“ . ..
. , . ~ . .... _ .
. . , . .1 .
. r u. u D. .
. . . . . .
. . . . . a .
. . 1: . .
. . . . . . ,. I . . _
. . V .
. . H n . . .
4 . .
, . . n
.
a u u . a A . . .
a . . v . a u . .I ynlr. Incl . . .l. .-. pt .‘6 ‘t|-O:u lye-la . I .r '3. 1|). .c . II ‘4.
A ._ .. \t J . ..
. .
. . e
a z . 1 .
. . . t ,
. . ... . . v . .
v\ . .
. . . .\ .1 F 1 . .
. . .p .r. 1, a .
. . ,
I ,v I _ n
. . . o .
' \ 4 w v 4 1 e I
. , . I o . v .. n
. a . .
. _ .
I x. . a . .
.\ ' I u a
\ .. . .
s: .
u l w a \ . u _ u
. I. . . .
, . . .m .
v .. .
_ .
. . .. 1 .
. , . ,
I u l
l . . y. .:.l.\ ... :1 .....P :I.f.r|.,-un.... I. 410.... u 0.1;.
V .
. . _
n
.
~
. . —
1 .
. . .
. . . .
.
.
.

 

V ..
Date Fable—r; 11.31922
0
Temperature in trailer 21} F.

Atmospheric temperature

 

r

Snow storm -. when W

Snow characteristics W
Type of snow in samplew

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks BLI'OI’L; wind
DATAJ
can not. 9 depth of can :5 1116 in.
volume of can 60.12 @1111). density of “101514104
62:1...
kilo. in in.
1.- 2.18; 1 2/16 36.7
2.21.13 1 6/15 a4.9
3- 6.16: 1 7/16 46.9
LBJ-“i 1 9/15 51.0
5.10.15: 1 10/16 53.1
6.12.1d _1__1_1115 55.1
7
5
9
10
11
12 A

 

 

 

 

 

 

I".

 

Date W
Temperature in trailer_2_4:E.._____
Atmospheric temperature
Snow storm - when W

Snow characteristics—423W
Type of snow in mplefl—drifim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks Wind
DATA. :
can no. 5 depth of can—3mm.-
volume of can We density of snow 4095
wt.V compac- V of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

1- 2.18 1 3/16 3-3.8
3- 4.1 1 7/16 46.9
3- 6.13 1 10/15 533.1
.____1_&. 8.1» 1 11115 55.1
5.10.18 1 12/16 57.1
6.12.1 1 12145 57.1
7
_5

9
10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ll

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

-.r

u
u.
a ..
q
..
a:
I
1 .
.
u
.
b
_ m
a .
,
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
.

..- ....
. ,
.
C
. . I u
I .
'
.u
...
.o .
o
l I

. .
, V
n U
I
..
.—
Q
. fit...
0 ...

3|.-.
r. ....
to u .
... . ...
a4; .
I .I.
c. .
r I
.
I
.
.r n.
‘ .
.
e),
u
3
.’
1.
.

_
.....
3..

..

...~

I'v.

 

-. . | .1 .11... .
I.‘ "I v»,
~ , I . vi.
I, I» u
. ...
‘
c
.
_ a
. a .
.
.1 . . . . v
r
. n v
. n
-
. ~
.
. . .
. .
.
I. n. n I. ...u . . . In .
. I
. w 1
.
. .
. . . ,. .
.
. . .
.I u
. .
. ,
e .
.
. .
w
.
n O
.1...- . . I . . . 1.x .

 

 

Date ”7.53 12;!“14. 112L}
0
Temperature in trailer :31; '91

v

Atmospheric temperature

 

Y

5‘10“ 8’00““ - When WW“

Snow characteristicsw
Type of snow in smnplehm

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks a wage; 311 nd
DATA.:
can no. 8 depth of can W...
volume of can W density of snow £1332
wt. compao— . of
applied tion compaction
kilo. in in.

 

L- 2.1- 1 age 44.9
_2.. 11:1 1 11/11; 55.1
3. 511 1 1.2/16 57.1
.__H.. 5.3.1. 1 lla/lé 51.2

Y‘

 

 

 

 

 

1. 2. .65.:

 

 

 

KO

 

10

 

11

 

 

12

 

 

 

 

.,,‘
d

 

e.-

...“

.IO

.. . t
. ..
e .

a

or .
w '-

 

.l.
.l
.I
..am
. .... ....
. u.—
..
.. ..A
I
o .

.n.ut-.'. .

' 0.3"

Deneijf _

 

 

0.... 10 .20._ so, 40,. 50,..60._.70§
z ,
ion using 2.18 fa.

g?

.Amount of compac

0,2. '

 

Density '

0.1

 

 

 

.30 . .40 _ _50 _ .60
fl .

Amount of compaction

o _ p 10 f _ 20 _
using “018 K80 '

0.3‘

0.2

Density:

0.1

 

 

 

20 30 to .50

. 7‘
Amount of compaction using 6.18 Kg.

-50.

- 7°.

Density-

 

 

 

0.3‘l
.‘N.\.\ ‘
.\\ ,
0.2 \ ’
F
i 0.1
o .10” 20 *30 1.0" so jsoljo

Amount of compaction using 8.18 fig.

1|

4

111:

a

Density

0.2

6.1

 

' 10

 

20 30 1+0 5°

If
{I}

I
amount of compaction using 10.13 Rs.

60

'70

 

 

 

 

I‘ll

{Isl

6031'

0.2

Density

 

‘F‘An-a- -. ~ - ~01 ‘

10

 

20 30 4O 50

55

Amount of compaction using 12.18 Kg.

50

7'0

Ii

J‘JI 41's.. W4 I

Isl {IJ Jill

..I I... «All A a. 1

RESULTS: The relation of density to compactibility is a
straight line curve.
CUNCLUSION§1 The older or more dense a snow is, the harder
it is to compact and therefore the harder it is to push
off a road.

If the amount of compaction of a snow is known, then
the space a given amount of it will occupy can be deter-
mined and the size of equipment needed to move this snow

can be approximated.

EXPERIHENT NUEBER 3.

Snow Plow.

OBJECT: To determine the forces acting on a V-shsped
snow plow.

EQUIPMENT: Model V-plow. Spring scale. Thermometer;

 

Gene of known weight and volume. Scales.

PROCEEURE: The V-plow was allowed to come to atmospheric
temperature. It was then placed in a level stretch of snow'
of a meaured and recorded depth. The spring scale was at-
tached to the eye in the nose of the plow and a steady
pull applied.

CONCEUSION: This test proved a failure for the plow had

a tendency to veer back and forth.making a wavy path in

the snow. The test was discarded.

 

The model snow plow used in experiment
minber 3.

EXPERIMENT NUEBER 4.
Coefficient 2;.Friction.

OBJECT: To determine the coefficient of friction between
snow and steel.

EQUIPEENTz Thermometer. Sheet metal with a device to mea-
sure the angle at which the metal is set. Cans of known
volume and seight. Scales. Scale.

PROCEDURE: The equipment was set out in the trailer so

 

that it would be at atmospheric temperature. The temperature
inside the trailer was recorded. The sample of snow of
known size was placed on the steel plate. The plate was
then slowly raised until the snow sample slid off. Th0
snov.sample was again not on the plate and the plate care-
fully raised and held at each successive degree. The snow
was carefully slide perpendicular to the angle of inclin-
ation brought to rest and released. The angle at which the
snow slid off the plate was recorded. The snow was put in

a can and weighed. The weight and density of the sample

were determined.

 

 

 

 

The equipment used as a sliding plane

in eXperiment number 4.

. "
DATA: Temperature in traeten 3 52°F.

Angle of Coefficient

Can Sample Can weight sliding of
no. size + of place rubbed friction
sample can on before
plate releasing
1 23211} 125.0 94.0 50° 45° .119
4 21211-3/8 119.0 88.5 54° 90° ° .138
9 2:212-1/8 155.0 95.0 54° 44° .068
36° .073
57° .075
8 axzxi-s/4 124.0 96.0 46° .105
53° .06?
5 2x211-5/4 128.0 94.0 57° 80° .075
59° 55° .055

a At 90° the snow didn't slide.

CONCLUSION: The variations in results was due to the temp-
erature 32°F. At this temperature any sample of snow, if
allowed to sit on the steel plate, formed a film of water
with the plate causing adhesion between the snow and the
plate.

The samples that were slid perpendicular to the angle
of the plate form these films of water and had a definite

tendency to adhere to the steel.

EXPERIMLNT NUMBER 5.

Coefficient gf Friction between Snow and Steel.

OBJECT: To determine the coefficient of friction between

snow and steel.

' .: (
farm's.

EQUIPEEET: A steel platedup at one end so that it looks

 

like a sleigh. Weights. Spring scale. Cans of known
volume. Scales.
PROCEDURE: The sliegh.was allowed to come to atmospheric
temperature. Atmospheric temperature was recorded and a
sample of the snow taken f3; density determination. The
sleigh.was carefully placed on a level stretch of snow and
weights applied to it. The spring scale was attached to the
loop provided on the sleigh and the pull in pounds required
to move the sleigh at a uniform steady speed was read and
recorded.
Efigfij Temperature of snow I - 4°C in all trials
Temperature in trailer = 17.5°P
15.2.91.
Sun shining on snow; 3 trials; sleigh and shot weighe
ed 3 pounds; pull required 3 3/4 pound; density of
snow 8 .168 grams/cc.; coefficient of friction
15.1522.
Performed in shade; 5 trials; sleigh, wood and shot
weighed 3 pounds; pull required = i pound; density

of snow I .163 grams/00.; coefficient of friction

anus.
Performed where sun shone on the snow; 5 trials;
sleigh, wood and shot weighed 3 pounds; pull re-
quired 3 i pound; density of snow 3 .153 grams/cc;
coefficient of friction

we
Performed in shade; 4 trials; sleigh, wood and shot
weighed 3 pounds; pull required 3 k pound; density
of snow 8 .143 grams/cc.; coefficient of friction

was.
3 trials; sleigh, weed and shot weighed 6 pounds;
With the weight of 6 pounds the sleigh sank into
the snow. Remove part of the weight to make the
total new weight 5.47 pounds.

25112.26.
5.47 pounds; pull required 3 1 5/16 pounds; den-
sity of snow 8 .117

15.927.
5.47 pounds; pull required ' 1 5/16; density of

snow 3 .121
2.515.118.
5.47 pounds; snow wouldn't hold up sleigh; density
of snow I .112
2.131599.
5.47 pounds; snow wouldn't hold up sleigh; density

of snow 3 .117

 

 

The sleighuaet up as used in experiment

number 5.

It had been warm for 2 days; there was a crust of i"
thickness on the snow and the temperature in the trailer
was 32°F.

2.5.1.5111.

Weight of sleigh, aood,and shot 3 4 pounds; 2 trials;
average pull I i pound; density of snow 2 .210

11329.2.

Weight of sleigh, wood and shot 3 4 pounds; 2 trials;
average pull I % pound; density of snow 3 .209

llitL 3.

Weight of sleigh, wood and shot 3 5.47 pounds;

 

2 trials; average pull 8 3/8 pound; density of
snow I .216

2.314.24-
Weight of sleigh, wood and shot I 5.47 pounds;
2 trials; average pull I 5/8 pound; density of
snow I .202

13159.6.
Weight of sleigh, wood, and shot 2 5.47 pounds;
2 trials; average pull I 5/8 pound; density of

8110' = e209

RESULTS; Coefficientl of friction.

 

Part 1. Part 2

Trial # Trial 1
1 - .25 1 - .125
2 — .167 2 - .125
3 - .167 3 - .069
4 - .167 4 - .069
5 - 5 - .069
6 " .24
7 - .24
3 - -----
9 - -----

fly results have a reread range from .063 to .25.
They range mainly about .07.

QQNCLUSIONS: The coefficient of friction between snow and

 

steel depends upon the temperature because of the adhesion
of the snow to the steel caused by the creation of a water

film.

EXPERIEENT NUEBER 6.

SHEAR.

OBJECT: To determine the pounds of force necessary to shear
one square foot of snow. The snow at different densities
and atmospheric temperatures.

EQUIPEENT: A box-shaped affair without top or bottom made
of sheet metal. A spring scale reading 60 pounds maximal.
Cans of known volume and weight. Thermometer. Scales.
PROCEDURE: The equipment was set outside to allow it ot

be brought to atmospheric temperature. The thermometer in
the non—heated trailer was read for atmospheric temperature.
a small thermometer was stuck in the snow to find the temp-
erature of the snow. The snow in.ahich the cXperiment was
performed was deep enough so that there would be no inter-
fe rence between the earth and the snow. The box-shaped
affair was placed on the snow so that it would enclose a
square foot of cpen and first. It was carefully pushed into
the snow being careful not to compact the snos inside.

The snow surrounding it was removed parallel to the sides

of the box to a depth of 3' below the lower edge of the

box. The hook on the scales was inserted in the loop and

a uniformly increasing pressure applied until complete shear
occurred. fiaximum pull in pounds was recorded. 2 cans of
snow were obtained as in the density test and compactiblity

and the density of the snow determined.

 

 

The box-shaped device used for shearing

in experiment number 6.

CONCLUSION: The first piece of equipment used in this test
was of 1/16' sheet metal. The apparatus was square being
12' on a side and approximately 3' deep. There was a 100p
soldered mid-way on one side. When this was used in a test
it proved to be made of too thin a material. The l/lB'
metal was pulled out of shape before any shearing of the
snow took place. i

The design of the apparatus remained the same in the
second instance but 3/52" sheet metal was used approximately
3" deep. The first trial equipment was firmly soldered on
top of the second. A loop was soldered mid-way on one side.

The first test using this second apparatus proved a
failure, for with the application of 28 pounds the loop
gate nay.

A stronger loop with a stronger weld replaced the broken
one, but the tests were never completed due to the lack of

snow.

 

 

 

EXPERIMENT NUMBhR 7.

Adhesion‘gf Ice 39 Concrete.

 

OBJECT: To determine the pounds per square inch of tension
and shear needed to break the bond between ice and concrete.
EQUIPEENT: Scales reading maximum of 50 pounds. Wire loops
to freeze into the ice. Forms 2', 3', 43 square.

PROCEDURE: Snow and water were mixed to a damp mess. Just
enough.water ass added to wet the snow, but not enough to
cause it to become slush. This mixture was put in.metal forms
with the wire loops embedded in the mass, and the whole thing
mas set outdoors on a concrete block. The metal forms were
removed and the mixture was allowed to stand over night to
freeze. The hook of the scale was inserted in the wire loop
and pull applied. The number of pounds required to move a
given block was recorded.

CONCLUSION: I set out three blocks to experiment on the
possible poundage of pull needed. The 2' block had not
started to move when my 50 pounds scale was reading past

its maaximum.

 

 

EXPERIEENT NUMBhR 8.

The Angle 92 Repose 2f Snow.

OBJECT: To determine the angle of repose of snow.
EQUIPEENT: Very small shovel. Device for measuring the
angl e .

PROCEDURE: Fallen snow was collected and carefully piled.

 

The arm of the device was set to coincide with the slope of
the snow pile.
DATA: January 20, 1943

Trial Angle of Temperature in Density of
repose trailer 0?. snow.
1 50° 6 .076
2 53° 9 .108
3 48° 9 .142
4 52° 9 .129
5 52° 9 .132

CONCLUSION: The data presented is in itself valueless. It
may, however, serve someone else as a comparison for tests

that they may preform.