llllHl‘fl 1 \ AN ENVES-‘FIGATSON OF THE VAUDETY OF SYN?HEHC RATENG 123 428 TH _ Thcsfis for Hm Degree of M. S. fiECfiififiLN STATE UMVERSWY Lioyd G. Ritzema 1958 THESIS LIBRAR Y Michigan State University lRECEWED‘ MAR 1 3 «958 ”_ UHHLnSllY l'iiEERll‘m BEN. .Jm 0‘“ WU" an? MECEWECA'L Ema This is to certify that the thesis entitled AN II‘WESTIGATION OF THE VALIDITY OF SYI“JTi-IETIC RAT—IN G presented by LLOYD G . RITZET‘JA has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Wdegree inflflhaniQal Engineering AMJW l Major @801- Date March 7 , 1958 0-169 AN INVESTIGATItN OF THE VALIDITY eF Stun-EPIC rum-u; By Lloyd G. Ritzema An z‘tbS't‘lLfitCT Submitted to the College of Engineering Lichigan State University of Agriculture ani Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Mechanical Engineering 1953 ABSTRACT Virtually all industrial firms require time standards for schedu- ling work and determining the effectiveness with which it is accomplished. Since production time standards directly affect the employee's perform- ance measure, the validity of such standards is constantly being chal- lenged. This thesis was intended to contribute toward improvement of the science of setting time standards. Unler present rating methods time standards are subject to various criticisms. Tatiliminate some of these criticisms a new rating tech— nique called "synthetic rating" was deveIOped. The Specific Object of this thesis is to test the validity of synthetic rating under certain typical manufacturing conditions. To test the validity of synthetic rating the prime consideration is the determination of whether or not there is any significant difference in the change of rating in performance Of skilled elements as compared with unskilled elements as Operator motivation level increases from 'low to high. In testing the validity of synthetic rating, two typical short cycle industrial assembly Operations were studied. The operations were timed by an automatic electric timer develOped by Dr. Dale Jones in connection with the Fair Day‘s Work Research Program. Two eXperimental subjects with industrial experience were used. Each experimental subject performed each Operation at six different motivation levels increasing from low to high. At each motivation level the experimental subjects performed each operation for five cycles. It was intended that the various eXperiments for each Opera- tion differ only in reSpect to the degree of operator motivation. All other motion time determinants were maintained as constant as possible. Under the conditions Of this study, the following conclusions are suggested: 1. The eXperimental results Obtained indicate that there is no significant difference in the change of rating in performance Of skilled elements as compared with unskilled elements as Operator motivation level in- creases from low to high. 2. The eXperimental results obtained therefore tend to support the validity of synthetic rating as an ime proved means of establishing better time standards. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE VALIDITY OF SYNTHETIC RATING By Lloyd G. Ritzema A THESIS Submitted to the College of Engineering Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIEn‘E Department of Mechanical Engineering 1958 /,.’f,/ 3 l’ ’I I ’ x) /',‘ ‘ ‘ x.) J’Z/é/|O ACKNOWLEDLESJTS Grateful aciomwledgxent of generous encouragement and assistance is made to the following persons: Dr. w. Dale Jones, Professor, Department of liechanical Engineering, I‘iichigan State University; Harrison Wadsworth, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, I-EiChigan State University; the two experimental subjects; and my wife. SnCTION 111. IV. ‘0'] 0 V1]. VIII. 1A. Tnflin OF CCNTnNTS ."J'I Il" fil- I'XMQLILIXVP o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - .,1 . v- 1 ,- --‘~7 IN thl..'.}|).JLI'\ H o o o o o o o o 0 o o deview of Prior Research . . . . . f1 1 n "117,,'~ kv‘LJLitlkJ L_. Vu. . o o o o o o o o o o o o .‘vt '. 1“ l‘ 1 V ’. ‘ v. ‘3'.“ AJJXA .J.tJl’lL.Jl'-i I (l_ICL.J-"JL.ALJJ . o o o o o o o The Operation lotion Patterns . . '1! I 3.1le l OtiOll ‘L‘ifi’ltBP o o o o o o I 0 Selection of eXfeanentel Subjects . . Uriantation of “rpurimental Subje Standardization of exteriment Con Tee dxyerjme.t .erformance. . . . The .jngaeriment Timing . . . . . . Analysis of amperimeht Time . . . aniuxjinhf inSZifS. . . . . . . . . Si:£~.fi..«..‘tY m2.) COPJCJ dalchd . . . . . . Swansrfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . lm;fljzxitions . . . . . . . . . . fjiiplkjiin: IT . . o o c o o o u o o o .t.1.ul.UlA It . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hill -'JldA-JIK B o o o o o o o o o o o o a CBS . iii tixvrl h) 0) I.“ L W \n k l? \J‘l D \1) \il \J't 12. 13. 1h. 15. LIST OF FIGURQS Graphical Representation of Hypothetical Cases . The workplace Layout for the Clevis Assembly . . The Workplace Layout for the Gear Assembly . . . The Position of the ;Xperimental Subject in Reference to the Workplace Table and the work Lavout . o o o o o o o o o o a O o o o o The Automatic Timer developed by Ur. Dale Jones \ The Learning Curve for Lo—rator l, Lperation A . The Learning Curve for Qperator l, Steration U . The Learning Curve for Operator 2, Operation A . The Learning Curve for Operator 2, Operation B . Timing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . nXperiment Results frmn Operator 2, operation A, showing the Relationship between Cperator hotivation LeVel and despective Unskilled Element Perfonnance Time . . . . . . . . . . . EXperiment Results from Operator 2, Operation A, showing the Relationship between Operator motivation Level and Respective Skilled alement Performance Time . . . . . . . . . . . Exper'ment ReSults from Speretor 2, Operation A, showing the Relationsoip between Oyerator Notivation Level and ReSpective Element Perfonnance Time ixperiment Results from Operator 1, Operation A, snowing the Relationship be ween Operator hotivation Level and Respective element rerformance Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . preriment results from theretor l, Uperation B, showing the Relationship between Ueerator Motivation Level and Re ye tive Llement Perfonnance Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGA FJ F] IL is \ «AJ ‘ ‘1 3i \ I L.) \ tier or pleases (Cont'd, ‘0 lo. Experiment Results from Operator 2, Operation B, showing the Relationship between Coerator Motivation LeVel and iosneCLive Llement l-‘ierfomiancel‘ime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ()9 LIST CF TABLoS TABLE I. might and Left Hand Chart for operation A . . . II. Right and left Lani Chart for Operation B . . . III. Results of rurdue Peg Board Test Taken by Operators l and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IVa. Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Lotivation for Operator 1, Operation A . . . . . . . . . Va. Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Hotivation A l‘ for operator 1, Operation n . . . . . . . . . IVb. Regression and Correlation Data for the Three Lower degrees of hotivation for Operator 1 ’ Orr-‘6 r8.tj-‘3n A o o O 0 o ‘0 o o o I o o o o o Vt. degression and Correlation Data for the Three Higher Degrees of Motivation for Operator 1, \IF'era t]. on A o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o IVc. Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Means For the Three Lower Degrees of Lotivation for Operator 1, Operation A . . . . . . . . . Vc. Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Means for the Three Higher degrees of Lotivation for Operator 1, Operation A . . . . . . . . . >1 H H O F Ratio Values for all the LXperiments . . . . XIII. Calculation of the Leenanical Inherent Error Of Lfle {fimer o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o XIV. The Calculations of the hriter's Reaction Time XV. Element Times and Cycle Times for Operator 1 . XVI. Llement Times and Cycle Times for Operator 2 . VIa. Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Motivation for Operator 1, Operation B . . . . . . . . . TABLE VIIa. VIb. VIIb. VlIc. VIIIa. IXa. VIllb. IXb. VIIIc. IXc. Xa. XIa. List or FABLOS (Cont'd) Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Motivation for Operator 1, Operation B . . . . . . . . . Regression and Correlation Data for the Three Lower Degrees of Motivation for Operator 1, Operation 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regression and Correlation mate for the Three Higher Degrees of Motivation for Operator 1, \ Operation B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Means for the Three Lower Degrees of notivation for Operator 1, Operation B . . . . . . . . . Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Leans for the Three Higher Degrees of Hotivation for Operator 1, Operation 5 . . . . . . . . . degree of Activation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Eotivation for ()£)era tor 2’ OIjerafliOn A O O O O O O O O O O 0 Degree of Notivation versus lerformance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Motivation for Operator 2, Operation A . . . . . . . . . . . Regression and Correlation Data for the Three Lower Degrees of Activation for Operator 2, CIDeP;1tj on it 0 O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O degression and Correlation Data for the Three Higher Degrees of Lotivation for Operator 2, OPE? atiOIl A o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . Test of Significance of Aojusted Group Leans for the Three Lower Degrees of Fotivation for Operator 2, Operation A . . . . . . . . . Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Means for the Three Higher Degrees of Lotivation for Operator 2, Operation A . . . . . . . . . Degree of Fotivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Kotivation for Operator 2, Operation 5 . . . . . . . . . . . Degree of Lotivation versus Performance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Motivation for Operator 2, Operation B . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 58 59 0“ O 61 62 (.3 6h 66 67 O\ 0; 7O 71 LIST OF Tastes (Cont'd, TABLE. FAQ 55 Kb. Regression and Correlation Jata for the Three Lower Degrees of Motivation for Operator 2, Operation B o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ‘“ XIb. Regression and Correlation Data for the Three Higher Degrees of Lotivation for Operator 2, Opelaati.on ’8 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O 73 X0. Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Leans for the Three Lower Degrees of Lotivation for Operator 2, Operation 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7h XIc. Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Keans for the Three Higher Degrees of activation for Operator 2, Operation B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 INTRODUCTION Virtually all industrial firms require time standards for scheduling work and determining the effectiveness with which it is accomplished. Since production time standards directly affect the employee's performs ance measure, the validity of such standards is constantly being chal- lenged. This thesis was intended to contribute toward improvement of the science of setting time standards. In establishing a time standard through direct stop watch time study, the time study man determines the select (usually the average) time the operator actually Spends in performing the various divisions (elements) of the work cycle. Then he multiplies these select times y his estimate of the rating at which the work was accomplished, to arrive at the estimated normal time for the work elements. These es- timated normal element times are totaled to obtain the estimated normal cycle time, to which is added allowances for personal fatigue, and de- lay requirements, to arrive at the standard time for the Operation. Time study men can rate unskilled elements more easily than skilled elements. However, it has been suggested that skilled elements may be synthetically rated with accuracy, under certain conditions, by merely using the average rating assigned to unskilled elements preceding and following the skilled movements. Review of Prior Research: From a review of the literature many a tnors mention synthetic rating, but no mention is made regarding the validity of synthetic rating with the exception of one author. l 2 3 A B. h. Niebel, R. Swanson, William domberg, Adam Abruzzi, and 5 h. E. hundel are the authors that mention synthetic rating without presenting evidence of evaluation of its soundness. 6 P. H. Schwab investigated the basic assumptions of synthetic 7 rating as prOposed by Robert L. Morrow in his book, Time Study and Motion Economy. These assumptions are that within limits all manually controlled elements of a time study are affected equally by variations in Operator skill, aptitude, pace, exertion, attitule, etc. He inves- tigated these assumptions by photographing six different, light, manu- ally controlled, iniustrial Operations using six different operators. Every Operator performed but one Operation. Eacn operator performed l hiebel, A. w., Lotion and Time Study. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin Inc., l955. 2 Swanson, N. and Niebel, B. W., ‘tops and Go's in Time Study. Clinic Proceedings, Industrial kanagement Society, lQEO. Gomberg, N., A Trade Onion Analysis of Time Stud], 2nd Edition. New York: Prentige-lall, Inc., 1955. A Abruzzi, Adam, flork Measurement. New York: Columbia University Press, 1752. 5 Nundel, L. E., Motion and Time Study, 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Prentice—Hall, Inc., 195 . 6 Schwab, P. W., éfl Investigation t2_netermine the Proportionality g; alement and Therblig Times at Typical Levels of Factory Activigy. Lafayette, Indiana: h. S. Thesis, Purdue University, 1948. 7 Lorrow, Robert L., Time Study and Motion Economy. hew York: Ronald Press 00., 1946. his operation for five complete cycles at six different Speeds of per- formance ranging from medium 5104 to medium fast. The data was ob- tained by analyzing the film by frame courthrg. Each cycle was analyzed and broken down into therbligs for the right and left hand. After com- pleting the frame counting of each cycle by therbligs, all similar therbligs for each Operation were reducel to a common base for purposes of comparison. Schwab's comparison was based on the use of correlation coeffi- cients using rate of activity and therblig time as the two variables. He took as a common base for each distribution of therbligs, the time for the therblig at 100 percent rate of activity, and using this cor- rected value, he obtained an index of proportion for every distribution of similar therbligs. Then he obtainel Correlation coefficients for the rirht and left hand and compared these correlation coefficients to the correlation coefficients of a hypothetical time study developed by statistical means using three standard deviations equal to 15 per- cent. The 15 percent was uSel since it was assuma: that in general prac- 8 tice a t'me study could be in error by plus or minus 15 percent. The comparison of these correlation coefficients was done by the use of "t-tests". Schwab concluded that the assumptions made by borrow were not even remotely tenable and that the residual error with such a proce- dure had limits too wide for acceptance. Several questions arise from hr. Schwab's presentation, and they are: 8 Barnes, R. L., Lotion and Time Study. New York: John Hileysm Sons, 1910 . how coull he know the degree of effect of the vari- ations previously mentioned on either the unskilled or skilled therbligs since they were considered together. How could he know that the Operator was performing the Operation at the requested Speed since no mention was made of any control mechanisms to insure this. Time study eXperiments suggest that it is more dif- ficult for the Operator to work uniformly through- out the work cycle at Speeds slower than the operator's usual work Speed than it is at Speeds which are greater. {any Operators find it difficult to work at a requested slower pace during the time study. Thus, had he any assurance that the Operator maintained the requested slower pace since, again, there are no such controls mentioned. How could he know what caused the variations he en— countered, i.e., the difference be ween operators, the difference between operations, anl/or the dif- ference betweer the unskillel and skilled therbligs since no controls to deternine this were mentioned. 9 Robert L. Lorrow'when developing synthetic rating supervised the exhoriments testinf the validity of his recommended synthetic rating method. At present he is doing more research, particularly in defining and limiting the valid applications of synthetic retina. 9 Horrow, Robert L., Op Cit O. UoJECTIVE Since the rating (judgment) process is the least accurate deter- minant of many time standards, it is understandable that the validity of the time stui; man's ratings are most vulnerable to challenge and criticism. Accordingly, this thesis was intended to test the validity of the aforementioned synthetic rating procedure under certain typical manufacturing conditions. Further understanding Of the synthetic rating technique can be affected through use of an example. Assume an operation cycle con- sists of four work livisions: two unskilled, easily ratel elements, and two skilled elements which would be quite difficult to rate ac- curately. After determining the average actual performance time of each of the four elements, the time study man assigns rating factors of 120 percent to one of the unskilled elements and 125 percent to the other. Then, he averages these two ratings to obtain 122% percent, which is appliel to each of the two skilled elements to synthetically rate them. As previously noted, the select element times (average times in this case) are multipliei by the reSpective ratings, factori- ally expressed, to obtain estimated normal or 100 percent times for the elements. As pointed out by Lorrow, synthetic rating is most valid when: l. The Operator is highly trained, 2. The Operator has the same degree of motivation through- out all phases of the work cycle, 3. The operator is applying the same relative degree (rating) of skill in behalf of both unskilled and skilled elements. The time study man can, through observation, determine with rea- sonable accuracy whether the Operator is highly trained (point 1) and whether the Operator is equally motivated in the performance of both unskilled and skilled elements (point 2). However, determining whether the Operator is performing skilled elements at the same rating as un~ skilled elements (point 3), a requirement for valid synthetic rating, is difficult to determine by Observation. It is this problem which prompted this thesis. The Specific objective of this thesis is to determine, for typical production conditions involving trained opera- tors, motivated equally in behalf of performance of both unskilled and skilled elemen,s, whether t1ere is any significant difference in the change of rating in performance of skillel elements as compared with unskilled elements, as operator motivation level gradually increases from low to high. Stated in another way, it is desired to determine if there is any significant change of the portion of the total cycle time Spent in performing un killed (or skilled) elements as the opera- tor decreases cycle time by increasing his HOPd speed. Assume that a cycle is composed of one-half minute Skilled work and one—half minute unskillei work when performed_at a slow pace. If the performance is then observed at a greater degree of motivation and the time spent on the skilled portion of the cycle is found to be sig— nificantly greater than that spent on the unskilled portion of the cycle, there is evidence that at the orijinal slow pace, the skilled portion of the cycle was performed at a hijher rating than the un— skilled portion Of the cycle. (See Figure 1, Case IL If this C « difference of rating; was si;';z'1i;’"ic.n;t, it WU‘lll not be correct to syn- thetically rate the skilled portion of the cycle through use of the estimatei rating of the unskilled portion of the cycle: to do so would result in unequal earning opportunities for the time Spent on the unskilled work elements as compared to the time spent on the skilled work elements. On the other hani, if the performxnce is observed at a greater degree of motiVution and the time Spent 91 the unskilled portion of the cycle is found to be significantly greater than that Spent on the skilled portion of tdc cycle, there is evidence that at the original slow pace the unskilled portion of the cycle was perforned ,H at a higher rating than the skilled portion 0f the cycle. (See fl”- \J I o a. o 1 ure 1, Case I-) If tQiS difference of ratin; was signiiicant, again it would not be correct to s nthctiCillJ rate the skilled portion of the cycle through use of the estimatei rating of the unskilled por- tion of the cycle. If the performance is observed at a greater degree of motivation and the ratio of cycle time spent on the unskilled (or skilled) por- tions of the cycle is not significantly greater than that spent on the skillet (o unskilled) portions of the cycle, there is evidence that at the original slow pace, the unskillel (or skilled) portion of the cycle was performed at the same relative rating as the skilled (or unskilled) portion of the cycle. (See Figure 1, Case IIIL If this difference of rating was not significant, it Woull he correct to synthetically rate the skilled portion of the cycle through use of the estimatei rating of the unskillel portion of the cycle: to do so would result in equal earning opportunities for the time spent on the unskilled or skilled work elements. This would indicate the validity or the Syntactic rating technique. mow; .pmmm .mmmmo Hmowumcuomkm mo COHQQucommgumx acownampu mama BOHm muwm pmwm mum; 30am \ \\ \ HH mummo a opsmfim xpox umaaflxmc: xpox uoaaflxm mom; _pmmm \ mom; 30am \ \ H mmwo :3; )ERIr-JLELVT moomum Two typical short cycle industrial assemblx Operations were ~. 9 no stuiied. Operation A, the clevis assembly illustrated 14 ripure 2, J consists of a clevis assemblei to a base through use of two pins and a machine screw; and a pilotin: bar asse filed in the throat of the clevis through use of a pin. Operation 3, the worm and gear assembly illustratei in Figure 3, consists of a worm, one end of which is as- sembled in a hole of the housin and the other end to which is assem- S bled first a ball bearing assembly and then a flange, after which a spur and worm gear cluster is assembles to the norm. The followin; explanation of the experiment prooelure appliel to both Operations A and £3. The OAeration Hotion Patterns The experimental motion pattern was established. Each Operation was divided into four elements. These elements are listed on right and left hqnl charts shown in Tables I and II. Each Operation consists of four elements: two elements that were considerel the least skilled of the four elements and two elements that were considered the mos skilled 10 of the four elements. For Operation A the least skilled elements were elements 1 and 3, and the most skilled elements were elements 2 and A. For Cperation J, the least skilled elements were elements 1 and 2, ani the most skillel elements were elements 3 and 4. 10 “he relative degrees of dexterity and eye-hand coordination require- ments of the four elements, as judged by the writer and Dr. Dale Jones, was the criterion for ranking the elements in reference to skill. 13 $3333 ages on» you .5293 0039733 05. N 0.5%.: J I .5. 0- .V .. a R 0 . A o . , . 0. Juli.- g... of. . . 0.. F I “MO. . OI. J‘J. San-83¢ .800 23 you .50th madame—ho: one m Pang I M 1. mchoe EAJLS I RIGHT an) LoFl1 ELI-1.7..) CHM’LL‘ Fini (_'.v}.j_i,=.f].,-i-. A Element Left hand 1 Get and position base 2 Get and position base pin 3 Get and position clevis A Get and position pivoting bar pin All grasps are "see” type grasps. anthm Aside finished assembly Get and position buse pin Get and position machine screw Get and position pivoting bar End Points then both hands start reach for base pins When both hands start reach for clevis and machine screw When both hands start reach for pivoting bar and pivoting bar pin As left hand starts to reach for base and as right hand starts to aside finished assembly All transport distances are 15 inches. {PABLO II RIGHT nhv LoFF nape Chan Fwd oral, element Left hand Right Hand 1 Aside completed Get and assemble assembly and get bearing to flange flange 2 hold Get and assemble worm to flange and bearing 3 Hold Get and assemble housing to flange and bearing and wonn h Hold Get and assemble spur and wonn gear cluster to housing. All graSps are "see” type nrasps. 13/) Blob B Ell?! L 0 “LIES; When right hand starts reach for worm When right hand starts reach for housing When right hand starts reach for spur and worm gear cluster As left hand starts to aside complete assembly All tranSport distances are 15 inches. In All transport (empty and loaled) motions were 15 inches distant. ihe bins used for the eXperiments were standard industrial bins, sizes A- 10 and A-lZ. The worm table which was used was approximately 30 inches from the floor. The eXperimental subjects usei a chair with provision for height adjustment. Figure 4 illustrates the position of the ex- perimental subject in reference to the work table and the worx layout. The Lotion Timer 0 An automatic m tion timer shown in Figure 5, developed bw Jr. Dale Jones for the Fair Day's Bork Research Pro'ram, was used to time the motions during the eXperiments. The timer consists, fundamentally, of a drum havinq a circumference of 100 inches driven by a 10 r.p.m. synchronous motor. Uhen in use, paper is wrappei and taped about the circumference of the irum, each lineal inch of the paper representing 0.001 minute. Dots are posted to the revolving paper through use of a relay-actuatel ball point pen, either automatically as in the case when the switch button or switch buttons are integrated with the opera- tion motion pattern or manually, as is the case when an observer visu- ally discern; the element or motion CHdanS and depresses a switch button. In these experiments the writer manually controlleu the motion timing. The standard deviation inherent in the machine and the writer's sensory reactions were carefully established in the manner described in Appendix A, and the effects of sane are discussed later in this thesis. Selection of Emperimental Subiects Two experimental subjects fulfilling the following criteria were selected: 1. Experienced female bench work employees; o I . " J “.-'r“._' . ”4’1 slammed . Figure l. The Position of the Experimental Subject in reference to the Workplace Table and the Work layout. _ , '- I ‘ '. ‘o O - i o . ‘ ‘i‘f ‘. f ' ‘-.§. :5; .’ . . 19 £33. 33 35 ha oaoagon .332. 038.33 one m 89mg _ 9...: . o A n- I. ...Ir #1 o . - v . . . filflfil u .3.. .. . 9 ..~.. I. in y . ._ o . I...“ c . . . .cl.w.¢ .0‘. .. 2. Hinimum.of six months' eXperience in bench work; 3. Averzge or better SCores for industrial norm qualifi- cation on the Purdue Peg Board test taken by each subject at the kichigan Stite University Testing Center. The results of these tests are shown in Table III. Orientation of Experimental Subjects 1. The experiment procedure was eXplained. 2. The Specific motion patterns for eacd of the two assembly operations were demonstrated. 3. The experimental subjects practiced at slow pace to learn the notion patterns. A. Jhen c mplctely familiar with the motion pattern the eXperimental subjects worked at increasingly rapid speed until it appeared the; hai completely mastered the motion pattern. The cycle times were posted to obtain the learning curves illustrated in Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9. The fact that the learning curves entail different numbers of cycle performances isiue to differences in ability to master the opera- tions, as suggested by general leveling of CjCle performance times. After the asymptotes of the learninw curve: had been established by the experi- mental subjects, the experiments were Jegun. Standardization of Experiment Conditions It was intended that the various experiments for eacw operation differ only in respect to the defiree of operator mflthJtiUJ. Thus, it was very important to keep all otaer notion time determinants as Con- stant as possible. The conditions which were standardized and closely controlled throughout the experiments were: 1. Consistency of motion path from cycle to cycle 4. Relative positions of objects assemblei 3. Position of experimental subject 5. Eknnbl (. Ventilation 09erator l (‘0 Tths Ill figsULTs oF tunuus eso BOARD TssT TAMdN BY OPoHnFOHS 1 AED 2 Raw Conversion to Test Procedure Score Percentile Industrial Norm Right hand 22 99 Left hand 19 97 Both hands 1h 62 Total 55 96 Good Assembly 12 96 Good Right hand 18 68 Left hand 16 SA Both hands 13 37 Total #7 47 Average Assembly 10 3/h 82 Average ’)’ I2. .) 7. Distractions The Experiment Performance Prior to each experiment the exoerimental subject was instructed in the desired level of motivation, anl the importance of consistent adherence to his level throughout the period of exoerimentation. The eXperiments started at a very slow motivation level and in- creased to a fast level. In reference to motiVation leVols and tneir order of perfor once, the oxoerinants involvin; both Cperations A and 1) A.) were gerfernel as follows: ll 1. Very slow notivation 2. Nediun slow motivation 5 3. Natural thiVUtlQH w; an average worker ‘ &. hxperimental subjects' own natural activation which was felt to be a little higher than that of an average production exployee 5. Medium fast motivation 6. Fast rotivation The Exocriment Timing Each experiuent was timed by the writer, as illustrated in Figure 10, ty tainnj a sensitiVe microsuitch connectei to a relay-actuated ballpoint Jen. The writer actuated the switcn at the end of each element of the cycle. The effects of the writer's sensor] reactions were obtained to correct for an; reaction time ielaf in actuatinj the switch at the The word LnthfitlUn as used here is not sgnanonous hith sgeed. Rather, it denotes the "will to work". In other words, motivation wwuld be the cause of an operator working at a certain pwce wnd Speed woull be the effect of that motiVation or incentive. fixing the Experiment. Figure 10 27 .);‘_ I 12 p user morent. The tiitn.r's reaction time was calculit ed as 0.00179 13 minute. This value was adjustel to corresgx1M to the data as pre— sented in this thesis by calculating the st ndard deviation of averages twent; observacions. This value ofa’is 0.000h0 minute, and is so much smaller tL&H the difference between the observations as shown in Tioles Ia and Ila that it he) negli ible effect on the results. Each l3vel oi motivatiOn was performed for five Couplute, un- interruptel cgcles and recorded on the tape o; the previously des- cribed tiier. Tie individual tines ior each elexent were obtained from this tage b“ reams of a Special scxle which converted the dis- 'tlnC“f:7QuIK%£L‘th5'tfij tijxé in Lnxrztes ior eecn of the four 3 i3z-Fm s(two HHSHIilltd an; two skilled) the five performance tiles were averaged to obtiin a reurescntative tine for the degree of motivation leflected in the experiment. Also, the representative total c,c le ti 0 for each exocrineht was ,sttblishei by totaling tn: cJCle's four representative elemcnt tines. For purposes o- 5ra5hic analysis it Jss necessary to express the various levels of operator motivation factoriall , in reference to a To establish the writer's reaction time, a piece of piano wire 0.013 in diameter tv 12 feet 9 inches long was usel with a h—ounce plumL bob fastened on the end of the wire. The wire WtS fa: tenel to t.1e ceiling in order to serve as a peniulum. A cardboard marker was sec1Ared to toe -lrer to sc HIV as a guide in determining tile ch in;5 of uirection on the pendulun. As soon as the pendulur starteo to9 change direction, the writer tapped the sensitive microswitch as lescribed above. The results were posted to the paper taped on the drum of the timer. The time values were then obtained from tnis tape by means of a special scale which conVerted the distance be- tween dots to time in minutes FJ KL) See Appenlix A for calculation of reaction time. base. This was done by taking the greatest representative cgcle tine (representing the slowest motivation level) as unitj and diviiin; into this time value the other representative cycle times. The relationship between element time and motivation level, as applied to Operator 2 performing Operation A, is illustrated in Fig- ures ll, 12, ani 13. The relationsnip hetween the unskilled element perfo 'mrmce time an; the derree of rotivation is shown in Figure 11. The relationship between the skilled element performance and the de- gree of motivation is shown in Figure 12. Fi5ure 13 presents the curves of Figures 11 and 12, showing the resultant curves represen- ting average slopes of these curves. I n I 'I l! EXPERIMLHT RESULTS The eXperiment results of only tperator l performing Operation A will be explained. fhe interpretation of the other results, wnich are presented in Appendix B, should be guided by this eXplanation. For the purpose of making two comparisons, the data was arranged in t»o way . First, the total perf ruince times of the two least skilled elerents were compared with the total performance times of the two most skilled elements for the fi st three levels of motiva- tion (tne sloher working Speeds). Second, the total performance times of the two least skille: elements were Compared witn the total perform- ance times of the two most skilloi elements for the last three levels of motivation (the faster working Speeds). The first comparison relates the degree of motivation and reSpec- tive element performance time for the lower three levels of motivation, as illustrated in Table IVa, ant the second comparison relates the degree of motivation and reSpective element performance time for the higher three levels of motivation, as illustrated in Table Va. In order to evaluate probaole significance of difference of the xperinental subjects' ability to shorten the most skilled element times as compared with the least skilled element times, in going from least to highest levels of motivation, it was necessary to calculate Correlation and regreSsion coefficients, as illustrated in Taoles IVb and Vb. A correlatiOn Coefficient is the result of a proolem which considers the joint variation of two measurements, neither of which is restricted by the experimenter. In these eXperiments the TARLH lVa Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of hotivation for Operator 1 Operation A Motivation Least Skilled elements Degree of Representative (or Average) Performance Representative Time for the (or Average) iost Skilled elements Degree of Performance Time for the Level Motivation Two Elements Motivation Two Elements ix; ()1 (x; (I) l 1.00 .050068 1.00 .076272 .100256 .097824 2 1.13 .OA97BA 1.13 .099360 .082068 .055596 3 1.23 .Oh7668 1.23 .0531h0 .072816 .089036 Sums (s) 6 .72 . 1.02660 6 . 72 . 471228 8x2 . 3y: 7. 58 .029356 7.55 .039112 Sxy .hh7522 .52h083 TABLz Va Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Motivation for Operator 1 Operation A Least Skilled elements host Skilled Elements Degree of Degree of Representative Performance Representative Performance hotivation (or Average) Time for the (or Average) Time for the Level Motivation fwo dlements Motivation Two Elements .11) (y) (X) (y) A 1.2A .036708 1.2h .052032 .086968 .084792 5 1.29 .029lh8 1.29 .053712 .073796 .089708 6 1.34 .02656h 1.3a .053792 .078592 .OBZSLO Sums (3) 7.7L .336776 7.7L .415576 sz Syz 9.99 .022852 9.99 .030536 Sxy .433515 .537358 r0 H) .cmoE pooEwpodxo one Eopm poo .ceoE osouw one Soon venomous mom ompmfla mom moosooeo new wooesrm mo mezm mmonz mcoapefi>oo one n>H manna cw 30p some :H « xm New mamv WES 1W3 ust m Now a Mum H H mmoooooo. mesmemeewe m opumomoo. mocoEoHo ooaafixm pmoz new ammoq do saw a oqammmuo. Nmo.a 04m.u mmqqoo. Nmamoo.l OH. OH 55m a Hommwaoo. 450.: qqm.l Hoamoo. emwmoo.l mg. m ooaaflxm pmoz d mbmoomoo. moo.a wom.l Nmmmoo. wm4m03.| mo. m ooaaflxm posed Eooooum Am 33 AN 83.3600 3” oomvdmmoo NWm MIN Nwmm canoes.» mucoEon. mo mopoovm scammopmox coaumaopuoo mo moonmoz mo meow o moonuoo Nmmvmxmv I kxm n NMm o o l .NAHMM dwmm IwNn N,Xm lama uNXn mposoopm cam mopmsom mo meow .hum < cofioonouo H pooopodo you cownm>wpoe mo moopmma oozed omega on» now mama coaumaogpoo new scammopmom n>H JJQdB fiII 0. / .cmoE u:vEflLroxo ego comm me: «some odopm orp Scam tenemooe one oonmfia ops mpozncpa new mmgmocm mo mszm omonx mcowpofl>on moo Q> manmm :w 30L homo CH «Mn Nmm «NE JInmv .1. I I m m 4.1 a 4.?va N>m Nolan :6 H bmomococ. oocoeommfiz m mmeMmQQ. mesmeoan coaawxn pmoz ram ammoq mo 5:0 o omwnqmoo. mmO.I omH.I mommco. Hmdoco.I can. 0H son 4 wwmfieaoo. oc.n e 3.- engage. amoooo.I moo. m enafinxm use: 4 anuosmoo. me.I bom.l commas. wNmQOO.I moo. m ooaawxm pmeoq Ecoomem mm «.53 mm oomvduooo «H $3.380 NHm Nmm «mm Eoooopm mucoamaa mo moomsum cofimmopmom :ofipmaoopou I mo moopmma mo meow moohmoo I mxm n.NMm o o I umNmm Iuhm ude N15 INxm uNxm moosoopd use mooezon mo meow .no< 4 coflompodo H noomoooo pom cowpm>floox mo homomoo pozmfix omega who now some cofipnaooooo use cowmmoomofi p> sassy two measurements are the degree of motivation ant the element perfo u~ ance time. A regression coefficient is the result of a problem which considers the variation of one variable when another is held fixed at each of several levels. IL these eXperiments the element performance time is the variable wnilc the degree of motivction is held fixed at each of several levels. The values of each set of coefficients differ considerably among themselves. The problem was to learn if these differences were signi- ficant or if they represented merely sampling variations. To obtain a clearer picture, tie regression curves illustrated in Fieure 14 were plotted. Knen regression curves are straight or anoreximately straight lines, as is the case of t ose obtained, they are generally 14 called linear regression curves. The regression equation used to obtain the curves shown in Fig- ure IA is: b(X — X} l-< II P“ + where: X is the olserved motivation time Vélues mean of the observed motivation Values >fl H. U) (I'- :3” C C’ p. U} S. E slope of the line is the mean of the observed performance thue values +<> r<| is the estimate of the mean Y 1 The mean values X and Y used in the above equation were obtained ‘1 errom Table IVa and Us. The line drawn by the above equation has tie 'prOperty that the sum of squares of vertical deviations of values from 1h i)ixon, Wilfred J. and tassev, Frank J. Jr., Introduction to Statisti- cal Analxsis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957, p 191. this line is smaller than the co respondinv sum of swuares of verti- cal deViations frim any other line. This is called a least square property. The regression equations for the least skilled and the most skilled elements are: Least Stilled elements Most Skilled slements ’<> Y = .06711Q - ,069(X — 1.12tob0, = .t78538 - .07h(X - 1.120t00; Imnlifying Simplifyinr /\ Y = .144390 - .059x = .loltld - .07tx Having established the slone of these lines, the problem was to U) determine if their slopes were significantly different. Thi requires that the mean squar‘ deviation from individual group regressions be 15 compared as illustrated in Tables IVc and V0. This method of com- parison involved the use of the F distribution test. The F distri- bution test is a variance ratio used to test the sjinificance of difference between two values. a straight forward eXplanation of the Y usetnf the F test is presented in h. A. Fisher's book, Statistical Methods for Researct Workers published by Oliver & Boyd, adinburrh: r] Tweeddale Court, London; 1995. If the slopes do not differ signifi- cantly it means that Y increases at the same rate as K. To detennine if the value obtained for the F ratio is signifi- cantly different, the F distribution tables were used. The tables were entered with one degree of freeiom in the numerator and with \ eight ingress of freedom in the denominator. In order for the F ratio to be signifiednt at the 5 percent level, the value for the M 15 Snedecor, George 3., StLtistical hethoes. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State College tress, 19AO. AZ TABLE Vc Test of Significance of Adjusted Group keans for the Three Higher Degrees of kotivation for Operator 1 Operation A Degrees of Source Sum of Squares Freedom Fean Square Cmmnon Slope .00009097 1 .00009097 Residual .00535159 8 .00067270 F = #903090”)? = 0.13500 .300637270 ratio would have to he .32 or creator. Since the value of the F ratio obtained for the first and second comparison was 0.0fl349 end 0.13500 respecthelv, the conclusion was that the slopes were not SignifiCunth different. The F ratio values for all the exyeriments are shown in Table ’T‘ 1' ‘ ’71 AKLLQ 1K1 I F Ratio Values for all the SXperiments Operator Operation Comparison F Ratio Value 1 A First 0.00169 Second 0.13500 1 B First 2.05850 Second 0.05825 2 A First 0.L3250 Second 0.03595 2 B First 0.37999 Second 0.8A950 As already noted the F ratio value to be significantly different would wave to be 5.32 or greater. SUMYAAY lid CLHCLUSISLS Summary Since time standards are important to all indus rial finns for scheduling work and determining the effectiveness with which it is ac~ complished, this thesis was intended to contribute toward improvement F OL the science of setting time standards. Time standards consist of two import nt parts: one is the esti- mated normal time for tne operation, ani tne other is tne allowance times for personal, fatigue, and delay requirements. Estimated nor- mal times consist of the actual perfonnance time for the operation multiplied by the Speed or rate at which the Operator accomnlishes the Operation. To enable a time study man to improve the setting of time. standards much research has been done to enable him to better time the job and also to arrive at the allowance times with more accurac'; but very little has been done to hnprove the rating techniques that he uses. Time study men agree that skilled elements are more difficult to rate than unskilled elements. Because of this fact time standards are subject to much criticism. To combat this area of criticism a new rating technique called "synthetic rating" was developed to enable the time study man to rate the skilled elements he encounters during a study, but very little has been done to determine the validity of this technique. The research that has been done to determine the validity of synthetic ratinn leaves much to be answered. Therefore, the pur- pose of this thesis is to test the validity of synthetic rating under certain typical manufacturing conditions. L6 To test the validity of synthetic rating the prime consideration is the determination of whether or not there is any significant differ- ence in the change of rating in performance of skilled elements as compared with unskilled elements as operator motivation level increases from low to high. The procedure used for determining if any significant difference in the chance of rating of skilled elements as compared with unskilled elements was as follovs: Two typical short cycle industrial assembly operations were studied. Each Operation consisted of four elements: two elements that were con- sidered the least skilled of the four and two elements that were con- sidered the most skilled of the four. The operations were timed by an automatic timer developed by Dr. bale Jones in connection with the Fair Day's Work Research Program. Two experimental subjects with industrial eXperience were used. Each eXperimental subject performed each opera- tion at six different motivation levels increasing from low to high. At each motivation level the eXperimental subject performed each Operation for five cycles. It was intended that the various eXperiments for each Operation differ only in respect to the degree of Operator motivation. All other motion time determinants were maintained as constant as poss- ible. Conclusions Under the conditions of t.is study, the following conclusions are suggested: The exterimental results Obtained indicate that there is no signi— ficant difference in the change of rating in perfo tance of skilled elements as compared with unskilled elements as Operator motivation levels increase from low to high . #7 These findings therefore suggest that unskilled elements are perfonned at about the same Speed rating as skilled elements, when these elements are performed by qualified, well trained, and well motivated Operators. The experimental results obtained, therefore, tend to support the validity of synthetic rating as an improved means of establishing better time standards. Implications One result of this pilot study is that the concept of synthetic rating appears valid. Further research is needed to finnly establish the validity Of synthetic rating. Once this validity is established, the applications Of its use would have the following results: 1. Better labor relations will be established because of the improved accuracy and consistency Of time stan- dards set on jobs by this method Of rating. 2. There would be the possibility of reducing judgment to such an extent that it will no longer play an im- portant part in the final determination of the rate at which an operator performs a job. 3. When using this method of rating, it is not essen- tial to have data for all elements of an operation being analyzed. Thus, there is the ease of applica- tion and savings in time. Ad BIBLIOGRAPHY Abruzzi, Adam. Work Measurement. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952. Barnes, R. M. liotion and 'Time Study. New York: John Wiley& Sons, l9h9. Dixon, Wilfred J. and Massey, Frank J. Jr. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. New York: heGraw-Hill, 1957. Gomberg, W. A Trade Union Analysis of Time Study, 2nd Edition. New York: Prentice— Hall, Inc., 1955. ' horrow, Robert L. Time Study an Motion Economy. New York: Ronald Press CO., 1940. Nundel, h. E. Motion and Time Studv, 2nd ddition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1955. Niebel, B. N. lotion and Time Study. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1955. Schwab, P. W. An Investigation to Determine the Proportionality of Slement and Ther- bligw Times at 'fypical _Levels Of— Factory Activity. Lafayette, Indiana: M. S. Thesis, Purdue University, 1948. Snedecor, George W. Statistical hethods. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State College Press, 1940. Swanson, w., and Niebel, B. W. Stops and GO' 5 in lime Stuiv. Clinic Proceedings, Iniustrial lanagenent Society, 1956. APPENDIX A Inherent Error of the Automatic Timer The inherent error of the automatic timer was calculated in the following manner: The sensitive microswitch which controls the posting relay of the tflner was actuated every 0.020 minute by a synchronous driven cam. The synchronous drive for the hechanical Engineering Department's 16 m.m. Cine Special Movie camera was used in conjunction with the cam. Twenty time intervals were obtained from the timing paper used in the automatic timer. Of these twenty time values, one was discarded be- cause it was out of control from the rest of the tbme values. These readings were made to the nearest 0.000t1 minute. See Table XIII for the readings and the method of calculating the standard deviation. The standard deviation for the average of 16 postings is 0.00001 minute. Therefore, we can be statistically 99.73 percent sure that the tabulated averages of the 16 postings are within plus or minus 0.00003 minute of the true average times for the 16 postings. III— I rasta AIII Calculation of the Mechanical Inherent Error of the Timer lrials _ 4"; 4X " YL__ __.-i_ .. AKLZLM 1 .01990 .00002 .OOCOOOOOOL 2 .01991 .00001 .0000000001 3 .01986 .00006 .0000000036 A .0195? .00005 .00(0000025 5 .01986 .00006 .0000000036 6 .01993 .00001 .0000000001 7 . 01990 . 00m 112 . 0003(200001. 8 .0199A .00002 .0000000004 9 .01990 .00002 .000000000h 1c: .01999 .0000? .0000000049 11. .02000 .00008 .000000006t :12 .0199? .00005 .0000000025 ];3 .01990 .00002 .000000000 1J+ .0199L .00002 .UOOCCOOOOA :15 .0199? .00005 .0000000025 16 .0199? . 00005 . 0000000025 2L8 .01988 .0000t .0000000016 15? .01991 . .00001 ,cgnoooeocl 20 .01991. . .00002 .0<20000000u Sum .3785h Sum .0000000535 X = .3705b = 0.01992 19 * (7" - .0000000332 = 0.000042 minutes €51: 19 Determining the mechanical inherent error in the timer: 0.. a ._£££. GM 3 U n = .OOOOLZ = 0.00002h3 minutes 0?, w. \_”1 |,..J TAMI”: XIV The Calculationsqgfijjle Vfiitfifli deaction Time_ Trials x (x — it) (x - TE): 1 ,06610 .00033 .0000001009 2 .06566 .OOOAl .0000001681 3 .06/96 .00089 .0000007921 A .06370 .0023? .0000056169 5 .06892 .00285 .0000081225 6 .06330 .0027? .0000076729 7 .06754 .0017? .0000031329 8 .(36506 .00101 .0000010201 9 . 069 52 . 003% . 00001190 2 5 .10 .06500 .0010? .0000011t19 11 .06556 .00051 1000002601 2 $16691. . 00087 . 0000007 5 69 13 . 06632 . 00025 . 0000000625 It .06250 .0035? .0000127hh9 15 .06922 .00315 . )000099225 16 . 06 596 . 00011 . 0000000121 17 . 06656 . 000A9 . 000000 21.01 218 .36508 .00059 .0000003h81 19 . 061491; . 00113 . 00000127 69 20 .06376 .00231 .0000053361 21 . 061.16 . 00191 . 000003 6A81 22 .06758 .00151 .’ 000022801 :23 .06788 .00101 .0000032761 24 . 06 581. . 00023 . 0000000529 225 .06576 .00069 .00000C1761 Sum 1.65152 Sum .00C0803753 E = 1.65182 = 0.05607 25 6:3:- S'u.0000t23£533753 = 0.00179 CE = .00 79 = 0.000100 ”=20 T TABLE XV Operation A Element Times and Cycle Times for Operator 1 1 _ otivation Alezfaent 10:..ent Elezmmt Element Total Cycle Level £1 fig #3 #34_ Time 1 .050005 .076272 .100250 .097824 .32042 2 .04973h .099360 .082068 .055596 .28681 3 .007660 .053140 .372816 . 09036 .26266 A .036700 .05 032 .080968 .03A792 .26050 5 .029108 .053712 .078796 .019708 .25136 6 .026564 .053792 .078592 .082540 .241h9 Operation B :IACDtivation Element Element Element E”ement Total Cycle .__~;Level 431 #2 #fi3 ‘54, Time 1 .0h9214 .070320 .059961 .034218 .213706 2 .05A2h8 .033108 .050420 .0hl500 .192202 3 .0h7108 .033700 .06230h .0h5040 .188172 A .039056 .030000 .039703 .055248 .164672 5 .03h372 .040008 .0h9140 .037712 .161232 6 .0278AA .022208 .030920 .030296 .121308 0) TABLE XVI Operation A Element Times and Cycle Times for Operator 2 blotivat ion Element Element Element Element Total Cycle ___ Level ##1 yfiz £3 #4 Time 1 .039620 .100964 .092000 .076228 .308816 2 .051012 .0782hh .075304 .09076h .29530h 3 .035132 .05652A .093618 .076602 .261906 A .052383 .057784 .07956h .063568 .253304 5 .0h7572 .042232 .075292 .052003 .217004 6 .029308 .0hl3hh .070720 .068940 .210312 Operation B I“'L-Dtivation Element Element Element Element Total Cycle ‘Level #1 #2 #3 1211 Time 1 .051676 .049076 .075132 .032100 .20878A 2 .033232 .000256 .048600 .007420 .174512 3 .0A2456 .027596 .051136 .045240 .166028 A .033992 .03h996 .0h068‘ .030168 .1526A4 5 .0312AA .03070' .031992 .05012h .100148 6 .035628 .029630 .031500 .029756 .126511 AFFEI‘EU1X B ". \n /3 r.) .l:. 9.? .o?. 41... .T.. . .a... 9.... 7... o... .7... TABLE VIa Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Motivation for Operator 1 Operation 8 Least Skilled Elements Most Skilled elements Degree of Degree of Representative Performance Representative Performance luotivation (or Average) Time for the (or Average) Time for the Level Motivation Two Elements Motivation Two Elements _ (X) (y) (X) (y) 1 1.00 .049214 1.00 .05996h .070320 .0342A8 2 1.11 .05h2h8 1.11 .058420 .038108 .Oh1500 3 1.13 .047lh8 1.13 .06230L .033700 .OASOAO \ ESIInqS (3) 6.h8 .292738 6.48 .301476 ..____g S ‘ 2 , , 3‘ Sy 7.02 .015121 7.02 .015BIL -—~____1 33:37 313107 .326422 \ * See Figure 15 TABLL VIIa Degree of Motivation versus Performance Time for the Three Higher Levels of Rotivation for Operator 1 Operation B Least Skilled Elements Most Skilled Elements Degree of Degree of Representative Performance Representative Performance Idotivation (or Average) Time for the (or Average) Time for the Level totivation Two Elements Motivation Two Elements (X) (y) (X) 11?) h 1.29 .039056 1.29 .039768 .030400 .0552h8 5 1.32 .034372 1.32 .Oh9lh0 .010008 .037712 6 1.76 .0278LL 1.76 .03h920 .022208 .036296 \ E31.11113 (b) 8.7h .193928 8.74 .253084 \ 8x2 Syz 13 .01 .006502 13 .01 .011008 ._______ ___ sky .275912 .362555 \ * See Figure 15 A: r.) mH demwm mmm : I11 .:008 peeEflpeexm egg Song 00: «came enoum on» Eopm vehemeee one topmwa one muozoong new mocmsem mo mean anon: meowpem>me 05p 2H> manna Cw Son 3000 CH « as «06 Q3 «.me 2 I m m a .103 .a an a... 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C III my «33 «am «No ,0... ~58 m opodepm tee moaoscm mo meow .wfid m :Ofipmpoao H aoponoao you :oapo>wpoa mo moopcoo ponmw: oohch one now when compoaoapoo new cowmmogmom £5 3% TABLE Vllc Test of Significance of Adjusted Group Leans for the Three Higher Degrees of Motivation for Operator 1 Operation B Degrees of £30urce Sum of Squares Freedmn Kean Souare Clommon Slope .00000202 1 .00000202 ltesidual .00027898 8 .00003085 _ * See Figure 15 F = .00000202 = 0.05825 .00003065 \_T\ T\) "1 ;\ \_A) TABLE VIIIa Degree of hotivation versus Performance Time for the Three Lower Levels of Motivation for Operator 2 Operation A Least Skilled Elements Most Skilled Elements Degree of Degree of Representative Performance Representative Perfonmance . Idotivation (or Average) Time for the (or Average} Time for the g Level Motivation Two Elements Motivation Two Elements ' J _ (31 (y) (X) (y) 1 1.00 ‘ .039620 1.00 .10096h .092000 .076228 2 1.05 .051012 1.05 .07826h .07530h .090761. 3 1.18 .035132 1.18 .0565QA .0936h8 .076602 \ c... 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