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THE FOREIGN POLECY CE
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
1901-1909 '

EHESES EBB TEE DEGREE ’31? E. A.

La Doré lriand
1.930 '

 

"no Ionian P0110: or rhoodoro moo-volt, 1901 - 1909*

In Don Irhnd

oi!”-

Suhmittod 1n pmul fulfill-ant of the
”quit-unto for the «(no of later of
m. in the Graduat- Sohool or mom”
St“. 00110:. of Agriculture and Appliod

301m.

Approved for the Dominant of motor:
and 19011“qu 801m"

M7mfl

“mm

he who: with. in «honou- hr extr- hubtoduu to
Praia-or I. 3. Lyon udor who“ dire-tin thin study In. bun In“.
B. offered ”mutton" outta:- ad an ml: tunable advice
but“. plum nu mm]. 11131117 “mat-pom.

I. Introduction.

-OUTLIIE-

‘e Purpose Of thil study.

B. i'he United Stntee 1 world power utter 1900.

0. Ohio! tonturee of American foreign policy during the [clinic

Administration under Secretary of State John Rev.

D. The Roceeveitien Period.

1. Under John any n Sccretnry of State.

2. nooeeveit ee hie cIn Secretory or Stete.

3. Under Elihu Root cc Secret»: of State.

11. She three icpeete of American Foreign Affair- durinc the loceeveit Period.

‘e m mum Am”.

1. the Pun-n Sunni Dipicncy.

b.
0e
do

I.

Early trcotiec.

1. Erect: with low drenndn. 184.6.

I. Uleyton - Buiver ‘i'reety. 1850.

rhe any - Pounccfote locotintione m ‘i'renty. 1901.
'the Sunni Act cf June 88. 1908.

Purchnce of the French Candi Ocnpew'c righte.
n. In: - Keri-en 'i'renty. 1903.

1. Provisions.

2. RoJecticn by Colo-hie.

'I'he m Revolution. 1908.

1. Inture of it.

2. United Stntec' pert in the epiecde.

3. Recognition of the Republic of Pane-n.
the in: - Bunnu - Vnrilln Trent}. 1908.

2.

i.

5.

h. ihe Canal Zone Act of April 28. 1904..
i. the influence of canal ownerehip on other foreign relatione.‘
The Veneruela Affair. 1901-1905.
a. European claine again-t Venezuela.
b. nooecvelt'e manage - the linite cf the Monroe Doctrine.
o. Irile Dread Doctrine.
d. Blockade of Venezuela by the Burcpeun etatee.
e. Diplcnatic intervention of the European etatee W
nooeevelt and the demon Kaieer. *
t. Subnieeion to the Rogue tribunal. 1903.
the Saute Doningc Epiecde of 190‘.
a'. Saute Dcnmgo'e debt.
1:. Boceevelt'e nee-age of December 6 -- I'international police
power".
0. Dominican Protocol. rebruary 4. 1905.
l. Senate'e cppoeiticn.
8. ”lladue vivendi".
a. Ratification of the an... treaty by the Senate.
Pebruary In. 1907.

a. American occupation of Cuba after the War of 1898.

b. Ehe Flatt Andi-em of 1901.

o. Recognition of the Cuban Republic. 1901.

d. The Reciprocity Treaty.

e. Incurrection or l906 - the Anericen provieional govern-
lent.

Diepute with lexicc over the “Piano fund er the calitorniae'.

a. Origin and nature of the "Fund".

m.

G.

7.

8.

the
1.

the

1.’

b. character or the diepute with lexico.

c. Subniuion to the Baumtribunal and the nettle-ant ct it.

the Pena-a Congreeeea and the Arbitration treaty.

a. congreee ct l90l at X81100 City.

b.’ Arbitration treaty.

o.‘ Ocnareee or 1906 at Rio de Janeirc.

the Alaskan Boundary Diepute.

a. latnre of it.

b.’ Arbitration treatiee.

the )ryoe - hoot treaty on lerth Atlantic Ooaet richer-ice.
January 87. 1909.

lurepean iepect.

the Hague Conference. 1907.

a. circmetancee giving :1... to it.

b. Boomelt'e connection with it.

c.‘ the "fourteen Convention".

the illecirae conference. 1900.

a. lature er the Ioroco‘an crieie.

b.‘ ncceevelt'e ehare in the conference.

Oriental Lepeot. ‘

the Japaneee «- laeein tar. l904 - 1905.

a. the var citation.

b. ' loo eetelt and lediation.

c. reace of Port-cuth.

no“ "Gentlenen'e w- em: Japan. 1901.

a. Japaneee ditticultiee in California.

b. ccnprcniee Immigrant Act of 1907.

c. noeeevelt'e eolutiu.

Cruiee or the American Fleet in the racific.

Analyeie and Conclueione.

(1)

One of the tradition of American Kietcry in that the United Staten
han no foreign policy; or to put the ntatenent in a nilder fern. that there
in no continuity in American foreign policy. thin in a wrong notion for which
hintcriann are probably nuch to blane inn-ouch an they have perninted in
writing inerican hintory largely fron the ntandpoint of inolated and unrelated
eventn rather than from the View point of idean. policien. or novenente. It
in probably true that the United Staten hae placed leee uphanin upon banic
principlen of policy than none European powers. but the real difference re-
niden in the relative ntrenn rather than an abeence of policy. In fact there
are few natione which have held more tenaciounly to a line of policy than
the United Staten han held to the principlen of the lonroe Doctrine.

Even in a denooratic ntate Ihile a revernal of public policy in donentic
quentionn in quite poneible and even likely; yet to nahe a radical change in
the direction of foreign afrairn in nont frequently inpcnnible. One of the
banic principlen of international in in that the obligation annuned by one
adninintration or govern-ant are binding upon itn eucoenncrn. in United
Staten every inconing adninintration, whether Republican or Denccratic. findn
itnelf bound to follow the progran of itn predecennorn to a conniderable er.-
tent. Probably thin in truer in all routine nattere and on nattern of con-
tinued national concern. than new develop-entn arine the adninintration in
forced to deal with thu largely in the light of eninting precedente, obliga-
tionn. ud cc-itnentn. lational interentn change nlowly and foreign policien
caning out of th- naturally indicate only a gradual nodificaticn. the Roone-
velt adninintraticn, coming at a period uhen our political and econonic inter-

entn had reached for new objectiven, nade poneible by an inperialintic progran.

(2)

wan bound to nodin and add to our forein policy in order to neet the new
duendn and changing conditionn at home and abroad. In the analyein of the
foreign affairn during the hoonevelt period it in the purpone of thin thenin
to nhow which of the older principlen of American foreign policy were con-
tinned or modified, an well an to indicate the new principlen brought forth
or precedentn eetablinhed.

"to have no choice, we people of the United Staten, an to whether we
nhall play a. great part in the affairn of the world. they have been decided
for un by fate. by the narch of eventn'f

it the beginning of the twentieth century the United Staten found itnelf
on the verge of beccning a world power. Several factcrn had brought un te thig
favorable ponition. In had Just nueoennfully concluded a war with Spain which
no added greatly to our prentige. Our recently acquired colonial poeneeeione
becaune of their wide geographical dintribution. had nade the peoplen of iner-
ica and Europe alive to the fact that we were no longer an inolated nation.
Our rapid induntrial expannion had reeulted in our invading of world narrate:
no that the nane ”Standard Oil" wan alnont an well known in Ohina an in the
United Staten, while new a European houne wife uned an Anerichn nade newing
nachine; and the clatter of the harventing nachinee on our wentern plainn
wan echoed in far off Argentine.

hoonevelt an Prenident "inherited two great necretarien and a group of
well entablinhed principlee to which] he gave connintent nupport‘f Secretary
of State any ad Secretary of tar hoot were in office during the lcnnley
adninintration ad ronained in office to carry out their policien after
hoonevelt'n nuccennion. the new inperialintic policy of the United Staten .
wan actively inaugurated when in the firet few weekn of Say'n tern an Sec-

1. O. Soy-our, "woodrow Iilnon and the Iorld tar". p. at.

2. t. L. Pannon. ”Recent nintcry of United Staten". p. m.

(3)

. S
retary of State the decidicn wan nado to retain the Philippinon. the "Open

Door" policy which had been ontablinhod in China after the honor Rebellion
nan inntitutod largely an a renult of Secretarynay'n influence? logotia-
ticnn toward abrogating the Olayton-Sulwer treaty had been conducted by
Secretary Hay and Lord Pauncefote. but had not been nucconnfully concluded
becauee of adverne action by the United Staten Senate:5 irbitration an a
new of nettling national dinputen had been advocated at the Pirot Hague
conference in 1899? »

John Soy wan Secretary of State fron September 1898 to Juno 1905.
"lie knowledgeof international law. of'hintoric tondoncion. and of non wan
unnurpannod in hin day“: Under Holinley he one allowed every freedon in
handling hin department. and under noonovelt the general policy renainod
Hay'n although loonevolt'n vigoroun pornonality annerted itnelf on certain
quontionn - particularly in the Pena-a affair. here the Pronidont directed
and Say obeyed? the Alanhan boundary nottlenent nan alnc Iconovolt'n con-
tribution. for any could not pcnnibly have annuod ”no high a tone toward '
hie beloved England.” _

in Secretory Say'n health began to fail the Prenidont began to enjoy
bio on grip on international affairn no that the foreign policy of the
United Staten home a noro Lornonal one:0
8. Ibid. p. 288 .
d. l. S. Iilliann. "Sconouc Foreign Policy of United Staten" p. 318.
S. t. 1.. Paleon. "Recent Bintory of United Staten” p. 208
S. D. S. money. ”the United Staten of inorica" Vol. II p. 587.
7. 0. 3. rich. ”American Diplonacy" p. 4.89
S. L. l. Snare. "a nintory of Anericnn foreign Relationn" p. can.
9. Ibid, p. 477

10. A. L. P. Donnie. "Adventuren In Anorican Diplonacy“ p. 361.

(4.

Ilihu hoot eueooedod John Bay in 19“ and norvod until January 1909.
In general he did much to further the interentn of internationl peace.
He conducted the DopartInt of State on well that nany competent anthorition
ronrd hin an the ablont of all the Secretarion of that Department. Roone-
volt acid of bin. ”Root in tho greatent intellectual force in inoriean
publio life nineo Lincoln"?

II
new

hoonovolt regarded the oonntruction of the Penn- Oenal an one of bio
greatoot accomplinhnentn an Pronidont of mited Staten?Itn influeneo on the
. later foreip policy of Roonovolt and bin oucoonnorn given it a place of
prine importanoo in any eonniderntion of foreign policy.

Boonovelt'n interent in ouch a canal began before the Spaninh-nnorican
tar and wan nhcwn in a letter to Senator Lodge writtu on October 99. 1096:
“I dowinh our Ropublieannwould no inavcwedly toaanenSawaii andbuildan
oooanio canal.'nalwaye having had an interent in the navy. the voyage that
the "Oregon" hadtonahearoundthehornduringtheapaninhnnorieanlarin
order to be available for nervioe brought to hin a deeper realiaation of the
need for a canal.

aoidoaofaoenalnorennPaaunannetnewat thiotino. horiean
interentn had ecuotrueted a rail road acrenn the Intlnun of Penn- at the tine
of the California goldrunhandaoanalwae dinounnod at that u... nineo
United Staten induood Iow m-anada. Penna being a part of that eountry. to nahe
a treaty granting free right of way acrenn the Intlnu in return for which. “the
United Staten would guarantee . . . . the perfect neutrality of the Intl-nn.
with a view that the free trannit fru the one to the other non. .y not be

14
interrupted or ubarrannod at on future tine while the treaty enintn'.

ll. 'o an M“. ““03. ROO.".1". Pa 31‘.-

ne In I. Binhep. W. ROOIOYOlt and Hie T1... 'Ole I. Do 870. ‘1. of.
t. Rocnovolt. ”Autobiography' . p. 519.

13. H. 0. Hill. 'Rccnenlt and tho Oaribboan'e p. 81.

Me 3. Ge “all. 'A Hintory 01’ the ”2019 Policy or tinted State.“ De .6.

(5)

hie Ian interpreted an giving United Staten the right to intervuc for the
protection of an Anerican Railroad or canal built either by the thitcd Staten
Government or by her citinene.

hgland alno wan interacted. and nucceodcd in negotiating the Olayton- A
lulwer treaty of 1850. in which Great Britain and the United Staten 'pruincd
never to obtain or naintainhny enelunivc control over the proponed licaragua
canal; they would neither erect fortification comnending the canal. nor occupy.
ooleninc. or enorcino duinicn over any part of Oontral Anorica; the two powcrn
agreed to guard the nafcty and neutrality of the canal and to invite other
natione to join thu in doing the cane; they proninod to nupport any company
that would eonntruet the canal in accordance with the npirit of the convention;
and finally. in order to ontablinh a general principle. they agreed to extend
their protection to any other practicable culmination. whether by canal or
railway corona the inthnun. and particularly to the proponed interoccanio
oo-Inication through POM”?! ' .

no Oivil War dintracted attention fron aw canal project and later. be-
eauoo of tranncontinontal railroadn. loco heed wan felt tor a canal. '

DcIennan. who had built the tuna Oanal. thought to repeat hie trit-ph
in Penn. In 1888 a trench cnnpany began to dig the canal under the direction
of Philippe Sunnu-Yarilla. no a renult of the clinatic conditionc and of green
ni-anag-ent in tho eupany the work wan never fininhcd.

‘ the I'Orogon" experience and the new pooncnnicnn in the Pacific having once
norc awakened our interent in a canal. nogotiationn were ntartcd by the Score-
tary of State John Say to abrogato the Olaytcn-Sulwcr treaty. Public opinion
favored a canal built. owned. and protected by the United Staten - a progrne which
thin treaty forbade. the ceaeteb-emec to accept the firnt Bu-Paucofote treaty
negotiated in 1900 unlonn three nondncntn were added. Great Britain objected

 

 

lb. 0. H. Start. “Latin Ancriea and no Uhitod Staten". p. 7c.

(6)

In April 1901 ncgotiationn were renewed and Soooovolt,aftor booming
Prcnident that year. took a keen interent in th.. Great hritain'n friendly
attitude toward United Staten in the Spaninh dnerican War. her own rather
inolated poaition in Europe at tho heel-mm of the Boer tar in Africa. and
the fact that John Ray who had no recently and acceptably nervod at the Court
of St. Janna wan new Secretary of State. all caubincd to facilitate the re-
vinicn of the treaty. the nccond Hay-Pouncofoto treaty. ratified by the Senate
on December 10. 1901. provided for a canal. "by whatever route nay be expedient“.

to be conntructod by the United Staten who wan to have 'cnclunivo right to
10

provide for regulation and nnagenent of the canal”.

he talker Onionion had been appointed by the Senate on larch S. 1899.
to inventigate routon for the proponed canal. two dayn before the flay-Pounce-
foto treaty wan nigncd the Ominnion reported in favor of a licaraguan route
ntating the belief that it would be cheaper. nineo the trench holdingn in
Panana had been ontinated at forty nilliou dollarn by tho 0-inoicn. while the -
trench had noted ”09.141.000 for thug he Hepburn Sill. January 80. 1908.
providing for the Nicaraguan route panned the Boone alnont uneninounly. there-
upon the honch ounpany offered to cell for forty nillionn of dollarn rather
than lone the nale of their holdingn. in a renult of thin offer the Occasion
filed a nupplnccntary report favoring the Penna routofa Senator Spccncr cf
tinconnin added an content to tho Hepburn Sill 'authorining the Prenidcnt to
purehane tho rightn and property of the Panama for not noro than forty nillionn
of dollarn and to cocure tho neoeonary rightn fr:- Oolnabia (forncrly part of
low Grenada)for the conntruction of the canal. with tho proviniu that. if a
natiofaotory arrang-cnt could not be node with both the Roach carpany and
Sole-bin within a reanonable time. he nhonld proceed with tb conntruction cf

Mm“ routongi'm L i M #- wan L ._.0 __,_-_ A A n. to chooo;
in. A. 1.. P. Donnie. “Adventurce 1h Alerienn nipia-eey'. p. ice.
1?. Ibid. p. 311

13. Jo He “MO. ”“10“ ”1‘.in P0110". p. We
19o 0o R. My "ht“ “014.. nd Nb“ But... Po 91c

(7)

of the route in cold to have porouadcd Senator Spooner to onend the bill and
no
then to have won over lareuo Hanna and the Prenidcnt to hio cauno.

Secretary Hey next negotiated with Oolonbia in 1908 the Harliorran treaty.
ly the provioiono of thin treaty Oolonbia can to receive ten nillionn of dollarn
outright and two hundred fifty thounand dollarn a your rental fron the right of
way. the Oolaabian Senate rcfunod to ratify thin treaty. Roonevelt believed
they were waiting for their agreement with the heneh Company to lapoo in order
that they night collect the extra forty nillionn? in c connoquenco of their re-
fuoel there «and to be nothing to do but non the Nicaragua route. Hey. how-
ever. advined inactivity for a few week:a

I-ediately on the rcfueal of the Oelubian Senate to ratify the treaty
plane for on inourrcotion in Penna bean. the chief inntigatorn were I. N.
Oruwoll of low York who wan attorney for the low Penana Oanal Oahpany; Philip
Dunno-Vanna; and Dr. inador. who afterwardn becenc the firnt Prooidcnt of the
Republic of Pan.f3

In the neantinc Dunne-Varilla in low York and in Parin dincunncd the dutien
ondrightc oftheUnitcd Staten inhnnatndortholetdtroaty ifaninnur-
rocticn nhould break out. he borrowed noney in Pario to prudc a revolution
in Penn and with minder plotted the outbreak.“ Revolutiono were not one-on
in Pan-a: there had boa fifty-three revolutioun or near rovolutionn in fifty-
throo yearn?!5 In the United Staten. whn it wan rte-cred in dugnot of 1908 that

Pan-now“ revolt. noactionwan taken.

IO. 3. 0. Adele. ”A Hintory of the ”rein Policy of the United Staten.“ p. IS?
81. t. Roooovolt. "Autobiography“. p. 505.

88. H. 0. Hill. “Rooowclt and theOaribbean'. p. at.

It. Ibid. p. 80.

no. A. 1.. P. Donnie. 'ddvonturon in Anoricen Diplmcy'. 1). new.

30. R. 0. Adena. 'd Hintory of the Foreign Policy of United Staten". p. 888.

(8)

a October 10. 1908. Henidont loeoevelt wrote to Dr. Albert Show. editor
of the “Review of Review" "I enolooo you. purely for your own infer-nation. a
copy of a letter of Soptabor S fron our ninioter to Oolnobia. I think it night
interent you to one that there wan aboolutely not the nlightont chance of nocuring
by treaty any nero than we endeavored to occuro. the altornativon were to go to
liedragua . . . . .cr elno take the territory by force without any att-pt at
getting a treaty. I cant aoido the propooiticn node at thin tine to prevent the
neoconicn of Panana. Ihatovor other govermenti can do the United Staten cannot
go into nocuring by ouch underhaad neano the ccnoion. Privately. I freely nay to
you that I nhould be delighted if Panena‘were an independent ntate; or if it nado
itnelf coat thinncncnt: but forno to oayoopubliolywould anount teen in-
ntigation of a revolt and therefore I oanhot nay it"?

the revolution occurred lovenbcr S. 1903. in Panana Oity. Oolonbian
officialo were bribed or arreotod: and by nix o'clock at night the revolution
wan over no for an the city of Panane wan concerned. Dr. onadcr cont thin tole-
grn to Secretary nay: 'Inthmue independence proclaimed without bloodnhcd. Oanal
treaty oavod'f,dnother telegr- frna lhr-n. Oonoul General at Penn. to Secre-
tory my on Mar 8 otated. that the uprining in Pena- bognn at nix o'clock
in the nerning and a provinional govcnnent would be organined that night:a

0n the next day the thitcd Staten landed troupe at colon and they prevented
Oolonbian nilitary forcen fr. landing and ounelching the revolution. he
rcaoon given for thin intervention won. that fighting would endanger the rail-
road. thereforktho United Staten had a right and a duty to protect it by the

. ; _-_ .o.=... ~.; “.2 - .. - c. 'u-._:_..._- . -.-_ 3;;-
no. J. I. hinhop. 'thocdorc Sooocvelt and Rio tine". Vol. I. p. I”.

97. A. L. P. Donnie. 'Adventurcn in Ancrican Diplnaoy'. p. 831.

SS. MMlntSeco.SouoeDoco.I.lo.Spa1-tlandl.

SS. J. S. Sinhop. "flleodoro Roonevolt and Sin tine". Vol. I. p. 98!.

(9)

Ir. any telegraphed to Ir. than on Nov-bcr o. 1906: "he peeple of Pan.
have. by an apparently unanimoun novennnt. dinnolved thcir politionl connection
with the Republic or Uolmbia and reamed their independence. When you are
natini‘ied that, a dc tncto government. republican in torn. and without nubetantial
oppceition tro- ite con peeple. hen been ectahlinhed in the stnte ct Pena-a. you
till enter into relation with it no the rooponnible savor-lent or the territory
and look to it for all due action to protect the perncnn and property or citinenn
or the United ntatoo and to keep cpcl the inthnian trannit in accordance vith
the cblintionn «wanting treatico governing the relatlcn or the United Btatoo

. to that territory“.

nr. ”or an Prenident of the Republic of Penn neat appointed Mandarin.
co. Iininter to lanhinxtu. Rooncvolt recognised the new Republic within a week or
itn revolt?1 hie quick recognition of a new republic van contrary to all prece-
dent in our hintory.

Atreatywnn drawnupand eiaedbyaooreteryflayandnonanflnrillnonlo-
v-bor II. 1908. It provided for the grant of a cone ten nilno wide acroon
Pan-arorwhich teanillionoi' dollarevan to bopaidandanannuel rentalot
two hundred fifty thouoand dollarn boninninn nine yearn later. a. Senate rat-
dried the treaty ea rebruary 83. lOOt.a

On April no. 1904. an act wao panned authorininn the Preaident. up. acqui-
nitionotthepropartyorthelchenenaOanalOmenyandthepaylentot ten
nillionootdollaretoran-a.tetakepoccunionorlud¢rentedbythetreaty.
MelondohonldbeoallodtheoanalZonendnhouldbetnporarilygivernedby
the Pronident or 2 prnon or pernonn appointed 3! hit.“
30. I. D. Rim. 'ililnnagon old Papern of the Procidontn'. Vol. I. p. 556.

 

31. R. 0. Adam. M Hintory of roreign Policy of United Staten“. p. Q

88. I. B. Intene. “nerioan loreicn Policy“. p. 636.
so. 'lhited Btntcn Statutenjat Largo”. on (long. Vol. 33. Part I. No. no.

no Pen-n Canal han changed the entire foreign policy of the United
Utatcn in the Baribbonn. the control of the caribboan becane a utter of
national defence. Iron no! on no foreign pcvnr nhould be allovcd to pain
a foothold near the can-1; hence the later interent of mud on... in the
foreign debto of Venenueln and Santa Dmingo. During the World Inr period
it Inn inperative that German be prevented frcn pining pcnnennion of tho
naniah lent Indien for a naval bane; therefore the United Staten purchanod
th- in ltl! in order to protut the unnam- nev forein policy involved
nev rclaticnn vith the Latin Aneriean countrien and brought forth nerienn
quentionn to be nettlnd with then. Itn effeotn wore far reaching in dintanoe
end in than. '

the undeveloped Republic of Venezuela attracted foreign capital becauee
cf itn rich natural renouroon. i'hn novernnent wan not ntable: one revolution
eunceoded another. until inriano Centre nnde hinnelf virtual dictator in the
year of 1899. in a renult of thin unnettled condition neither interent nor
principal could be paid on the firein debt?a llueh dunno had been due to the
property of alicnn during the civil worn and dnnendn for nettluont were being
nede.‘ be dernan demandn included pay-nut of back dividendn on a rnilread
built with com capital. mm» on a. moment men. and repnrationo
to demon civiliann for danasen incurred during the civil were?£5 Inland and
Italyhndninilar grievance. rinallyhslandandOenenyaareedtnunitein
order to coerce Yenecnela by nennn of a blccbnde. thited am.- van interentod
in the nituation became of our neet cherinhed foreign policy on exprenned in
the Ionrce Doctrine. At firnt Pronidont Roooovelt thought that the United

.1.‘ 513..-: n; -. -_--:u'.-1- 'l'._ -- 5.. -i- lt u..- ‘.r.u.:u--- '.

on. J’. K. Intue. 'nnerionn Foreign Policy". p. 857.
35. H. 0. Bill. 'Rocnovclt and the Unribbonn'. p. l“.
to. a. a. hill. 'Roonevelt and the daribboan'. p. lot.

(10)

(ll)

o-ber 8. 1901. ntated: “hie doctrine (lionroe) hen nothing to do with the
c-ercial relationn of any Anerican power. nave that it in truth allown

each of th. to fen nah an it deniren. In other vordn. it in really a
guarantee of the anaeroial independuee of the American. In do not not under
thin doctrine for any exelunive cannercial dealingn with any other Anericnn
ntate. we do not guarantee any ntate againnt puninhnent if it ninoonduetn
itnelf. provided that puninhnent done not take the ton of the acquinition

of territory by any non-Anerienn power“?

he Yencnnelan dinpute nade prominent the theorien of two South Anericnnn
on debt collection. Onlvo. an Argentine Jurint. advocated that a ntate had no
right to nake the pecuniary clainn of itn citinenn. ageinnt another ntate.
the nubject of public action. Loin Drago. the Argentine ninintor of foreign
affairn. adopted thin theory with nodifieetionn. a. prenented to United Staten
the vice that. ”the public debt cannot oooanion arned intervention nor even the
actual occupation of the territory of Annricnn natione by a European power?a
mo wan not reeognined an entablinhed international law and could not be a-
forced.

On Dec-bot N. 1908. a regular blockade wan ontablinhed by England on
Genny. Even before thin action wan teknt four Yencnuelan gunboatn had been
coined and oeveral porte had been bloclnaded?O

0n nee-bow 11. 1908. Venezuela had nade a fornal requent for arbitration
which had been tron-ittod to England and Gennony by the mitod State-foam
at firnt rcfunod to agree to arbitration. while in England the whole affair
.— _v... -.._ a -3, th an... a .ten .1 __- - which
37. I. H. Latnno. 'nnericnn loreign Polioy'. p. 490.

88. 0. R. rich. "Anericnn Diplomacy". p. 446.
39. H. a. Hill. “Booeevelt and the Caribbean“. p. 117. 119.
do. n. L. P. Donnie. “Adventurcn in Anerioan Diplmeoy'. p. 887.

41. Ibid. Do 888.

(12)

van likely to affect German buninenn. wnn being arouoed. Ihnn thin nituation
beoue evident the eontrien apeed to arbitrate. Precith loonevelt weo
nuggented an arbitrator by aernnny but he declined in favor of the Hague bi-
buua1.“ibe blockade wan continued until hbruary 1d. 1903.

in to Prenident loonevelt'e part in the affair anthorition differ. the
only nourene of nnterial are identical lettern cent by Boooevelt to Reid.
Ihito. and neyer. There are no official pnpern or lettern in regard to the
affair. in with no nnny other affairn the Pronidnnt none to have handled it
an a private utter. “than Genny declined to arbitrate the quention at into
between her and Venenuoln. and declined to any nhe would not take ponnennion of
Yueauelan territory .' . . . I took action accordingly. '5 ‘

he anerieen navel fleet wan aenenbled near Porto Rice ready to nail atan
hour'n notice. inbannedor Yen Holleb- wan notified that if Ger-any did not
agree to arbitrate in a npeeified umber of dayn ddniral Dewey would be ordered
to Venennela. A fee dayn later whn no annwer had been received Beonevelt told
Vonnollcben that Dnvcywnuldbeordered tonailnooner thantheoriginal tine
not. Then the lainor eenoented to arbitrate and anhed Prooident Ionnevelt to
undertake the arbitratiu.“1n the lettern previouoly Iontionod Mt took
all’of the credit forthio deeinion and ignored the great prennm brought to
bearenaernanybynnglandandbyo-ercieland financialintereetninder-ny
itnelf.

mmmmmeurctumo. andinl’ebruaryefl90dthefinelallot-
nnntn of all nlainn were nade. whereby Venenuela agreed to not anide thirty per
cent of her cunt- receiptn for the natinfacticn of the claim? .

the cane principle of debt collection no involved in the lento Minn
epinode. Buecennive revolutionary governmentn had contracted a large forein
cs. .1. I. linhop. ”heedoro leceevelt and Bio 'i'ine'. Vol. II. p. an.
4c. Ibid. Vol. II. p. are.
‘5. D. 8. thinner. on. Ihited 8tatcn of diction". Vol. II. p. 898.

(13)

renouroon. the building of railroadn. the conducting efcivil war. and for
gratifying the deoiren of ntnnoroun preeidento. by 1904 the public debt won over.
thirty two nillionn of dollarn; twenty two nillionn of thin obligation wan held
by lurcpeanot‘i'he revenue of Santo Domingo nhoved a nurpluo . over current one .
penoen. of loan than one-third of the interent chargen on the debt. he country

wan bankrupt and in 190d nevoral luropean natione threatened forcible collection
. d?
of debt unlenn itn paynent wan wantoed by the United Staten.

min nmgeetioa coincided with Prenidat Soonevelt'n idea that the police
power of the United Staten night be forcefully uned in upholding the Ionroe

Doctrine. In hie neonage to Gangrene on Decaber d. 1904.. he brought out thin
48

policy.

Secretary of State Iohn Bay inntruoted our liniotol‘ to not Preoident Ioralee
to invite the. united Staten to take over the collection of the Minion cuot.
and pay the dcbtn of the ecatryf.l’ear that the thitod Staten winhod to annex
tha createda popular heetility to the plcn in Sate Mince. Prenidcnt Inralce
finally ccnonnted to the roencnt.

-dtreatyvao nigncdcnrebruuyo. 1900.-kingthntnited Statentberoociw
or for the bankrupt country. titty-five per cent of the cuntca wan to be need
in liquidating the debt and forty-five percent for current cnpennensone Senate
becauee cf opponition of the Dnnooretn and can Republican rcfunod to ratify
the treaty.

he “ate adjourned without penitive action on the treaty. With the raor
of a revolution chaon neaed about to deeocnd on the inland. in Italian eruincr

arrived in the harbor. and the other natione vere threatening the non of force to:-

 

en. E. 0. Hill. "Rooecvelt and the caribbcan". p. 168.

47. L. Ii. Score. “herican Foreign Relatione". p. 478.

to. L. l. Scare. "d Hietory of inerienn foreign Relationo'. p. m.
49. H. 0. Hill. “Roone'nlt and the Caribbean. p. 150.

00. SS Song. lot Seen. Bounc Dccn. pp. 311-3“.

(14)

euggeeted the adoption of a practical 'modun vivendi' until the treaty wao
ratifiedflthder an executive agreaent with the inland Preoidat Booeovelt
appointed a confidential agent to collect the euetomn. forty-five percent of
whichnae to be given to the S-inica Government; the rent wan to be depeeited
in a low York bank until the treaty wan ratified by the Senate. at'whicb the
it would be pro-rated aong the creditors.

Wider the receivernhip pla the Dainiean Ireaeury received ncre noney
fra the forty-five percent of the canton than it had forncrly received fra
ite own corrwt efficialo when they had collected all of the muuwne interent
on the debt wan pranptly paid and a fund. to pay the principal. wan «emulated.
thin r-rhable oucocen finally led the Saate to adopt a elightly altered treaty
a rebruary no. 1909. no prenident by thin treaty wan to appoint a Sacral
Receiver of nainican ountm to carry out the plan.“

0nr declaration of war with Spain in ll“ pledged no to enereine enlv ouch
oovereignty over the Inland of Saba an wee neccenery to ontablinh peace. and
we prained to leave the inland wha thin had been aeeaplinhedfa'lho IMeaty ef
Parin. concluded on Deoabor 10. 1898. provided; ”in the inlad in upon itn
evncuation by Spain. to be occupied by the United Staten. the United Staten will
no long an ouch occupation chall lent acct-e and diecharge the obligation that 5-.
my under international law renult fra the factn of itn occupation. for the
protection of life and property"?6

IhenGeneralLeenardIeodbeca-cliilitary Governorof Oubaen‘necaber 90.
n. - to 4. h-_ . -; _ 4.... yr t4..- - .o 9. . .4-. ~ «-
51. H. 0. Hill. "Sooeevelt and the Caribbean. p. 160.
on. f. h. heonevelt. "Autobiography“. ppolo.
SS. 3. 0. Mann. “A Hintory of the foreign Policy of the United Staten". p. 300.
M. S. H. Iilliano. "loonauic Foreign Policy of thited Staten". p. 180.
55. Song. Record. Vol. 31. 56 Gong. and Soon. p. 39“.

on. Statuteo At Large. 65 Song. Vol. 30. p. 1m.

(15)

etc noeoneity; civil dinputen had to be checked; on educational eyeta had
to be organinedi health condition needed improving; and a cennuo had to be
tab. on a bcein for a new fun of government.

A mutation]. Convention let in Havana on Nov-her B. 1000 to frae
the new mt. It adopted one einilar to that of the Uhited Staten but
no provinicn wan nade for the future relationo of the two natione. u a reo-
egniticn of our npeeial interentn and roopcnnibilitice in the inland the United
Staten felt that can definite ntipulationn nhould have been node. lb the
m Appropriation dot of the United Staten Oongroan dated larch d. 1901. won
affixed the Plntt Anendnent. thin authorined the Prcnidont to roneve the troopa.
frnn 0uba and give her independence on non an a ocnntitution nhould be adopted
containing theprevieicnni (l) the Sovernnat of 0uba nhould nnhe no treation
inpairing itn independence or grating any rightn or eenecenionn to foreign
pcwerc without the connect of the mitod Staten: (n) that it nhould not contract
or c.» whoco interent could not e. not eat of n. carrat revenncei (a) that
it nhould connect to intervention of the United Staten if necoocory to prnecrve
the indepadonce or the otebility of the gevcrnnnnts (e) the governaat of Cuba
to cell or loan cooling or naval ntatienn to the United Staten?

0uba protected againet the Platt Wt bat wan obliged to add it an an
appendix to itn conntituticn on lane 18. 1901. Ice yearn later the annaent
wee adopted an a convention betwca Cuba and the mitod Staten?a

lleetiono havingbeenheldao provided for intho mama... allay”.
190d. thcgnvoraataehadedovortcthencweffioialnadoaoralteodwith
hie herican foreoc withdraws.

Our oceanic aid wee atill needed. Secretary Bar in 1901 m rue-ceded

.‘ .. ' ‘ '. ' e v
i . ..._....1 -. .‘...‘I__l .. --- .' .A' . .11- .. .il . . -L. . - .1-."'. ..'.i'. A ' ' f . -- ..

St. Statuteo at Large. Vol. 81. p. S99.
an Ice no I”. “OurOuban 00W”. Do No .
”c He 00 Hill. MMI‘ “‘ b‘. ml’m.g " '7e

(16)

50
onto. Preoident hoooovolt in hie firet annual aeooago to Gangrene u Dee-bar

I. 1901.03edateriffrednotiueh0ubelilportetethe0hited8tatoe. hie
received favorable attenti- in the Boone bat no defeated by the ”flour 8&-
atoro' in the Donate. Boooovelt renewed hie augeetion at the neat oeeoiu of
Gangrene but an extra neooioa wan nooenoary before votee annual for a rooipro-
oal treaty eonld be obtained?” treaty gave horiean ehippere a out of twen-
‘ ty-fivo to forty percent on Cuban tariff. nae Onban roduatioan of twenty te

forty poi-cut of the Dingloy rateo en onaar. tobaeoo. and other anionltnral
on

predate.

be third article of the Platt Wt previdiu fu- interventiea by the
thited Btateo to nintaia a etablo govern-ant had to be invoked in 1900. l
revolutin brohe not over nlainn of fraud in the reeleotioa of Prooident Pal-a.
Prooidut Pal-a dooidod he van unable to quell the revolution and neoretly aoh
looeevelt to intervene?“ battloohipo were nent to Cuban eatern to eateh develop-
neate. hoperty of lneriean oitiaoan wan being deotroyed and heriaan liven
were in danger. Proeident noeeevelt nan oppoeed to intervention but on septa-tet-
la. when none one that Prooideat Pal-a van pin; to reeign he doeided that
interventioa no preferable to ehaoe. In a letter to the Cuban liaietor a
lender M. he earned 0uba of interventiu it heetilitiee did II“ «no at
oneo.“'1’o aid in eeenriu peace Bearetary at Ier raft and Aeeietnt Beerotary
of bar lam were oent to cube. Ir. daft noted an provinionaloovernor until

Inmfmranonaarrivedtoteheoverthedutieo nhiehlaotod throeyeare.

 

 

Goo “‘4. Pa 80.
e1. 1’. D. Dinhop. "heodore Roooevelt and Rio fine“. Vol. I. p. no.

08. B. 0. Bill. 'leeeevelt and the Garibbeah". p. 88

68. 3.11.1“. "OwenbanOolow'ua. 89.

dd. 1.3. Jenh.'0nr0nbanOolony'.p.dl.

on. H. 0. Hill. “noonmlt and the Garibboen'. pp. lad-d.

(17)

General anon ne peacefully elected Proeident under a new not of oleotin
“ . .
lane and in Jennry iooe laerioen intervention oeeeod. Proeideat loonewelt in

rebruarleOV naid: 'l ndoinglybeet to pereuado tho Onbeno that ifonly
thoyvillbegoodtheyeillbehappya laneeekingthevorynininunofinter-

6'7
forenoo nooeeeary to nahe thn good."

a

he dinpute with lotion over the "Piano rund' no nettlod during loooewelt's
adninintration. he Joeuite during early spanioh ooatrol ‘of Oalifornia noon-
nlatedalargofnndforthoeonvereionef the Indiana. ninfnndaftorthe
expuloion of the Jeouito fro- lioxioo. wan adninietered by the lexicon (lover-neat:e
After the oeeeion of California to the Uhitod statee in lad! Iorioo rafueed to
give any part of the fund or the aoenulated interent to the Rana datholie
prieeta of that ntate: whoroupon the prieete ened Herioo for aeouaulated interent
and eon their eaee. lotion paid the bank interent. but thn lot it lapoo again.“
n 1891 the mited ntatu nade an ienno of thin lapoo and finally in non Karine
agreed to eunit the one for arbitration at the Hague tribunal. the oourt do-
oided in favoref Oalifornia m lotion tee obliged to m .11 the arroare of
interent and a on of 048.050.” annually thereafter?” one in eigaifioant
in that it no the tint dieputo to be brought before the nevly ontabliohed
tribunal.

he eeeond International lnorioen Oonfereaoe no held in lenieo City’ in 1901.
Delogateo frn oevonteon etatee eigaed treaty agreeing “to euhit to arbitration
all elaine for pecuniary loan or dnge vhioh ny be preeeated by reepoetive
eitiaeae and ehieh eannot be amicably adjueted through diplnatio ehannele and
then naid nlainn are of nuffieient inportenee to nrrent the expeaoea of arbi-
t _t ”nu- n- 4’. .9 I. 9-- ; : ;-t -, 4 -- :2- : .06
ee. Heroin Relation M". p. 851.
6'7. A. l. P. Donnie. 'ldventuree in lneriean Diplolaoy'. p. 870.
68. 1.. ll. Snare. "A Kietory at mien brain Relntioue'. p. 475.
no. Ibid. p. m.

IIO. Ibid. p. 470. moatatutee at Darn". 80 Gong. Vol. 34. r. not.

(18)

hothirdranhorieanmneholdinliodel'enoiroinlM. he
'peeuniary olaino oonvontin' no entndod for another five yearn. he dongrone
roan-ended that at the next Sague conference (called for 1907) the cuootion of
forcible collection of public debte and arbitration of pecuniary dinputen nhould

'8
be rained.

Soeretary of State nihu hoot attended the looting at Rio do Janeire and
later ndo vieite to other South inerioan eontriee vhero he no neet cordially
received. Both of then 0ongroeoee bad a large ehere in droning the tee Ana-icon
eloeor together politically and oneroially. and tended to nhe for a continent;r
of eolidarity againot outeido aggreeoion.

It no during thin pciod that the eoopo of the International Doreen of
herieen Bopublioo (1890) no enlarged to nhe poneible legal and enoroial in-
for-tin?

Another diepute of long etanding no that of the llaohan boundary. to
mited Staten purehaeod nacho frn lueeia in lot? with the boundarieo which had
beenagreeduponbynuooiaandOreatDritaininlSnS. honordingofthio treaty
no indefinite. no treaty declared that the aouthera ccaotal boundary. nich
had never been nurveyed. nhould follov the ereete cf the ncuataine in ouch a
faohion that Rueeia retained a etrip thirty niln aura». no in reality no
eell definednountain range auchae the early-ape had ahowa. honouring in-
land. the quantioa aroee ehethor the line ran acroee tho noutho of the inlote or
around the ehoree. Canada nlainod that the line followed the headlonde of all
inlote and ohannole. bcecuoo thin gave her the lynn canal and «cone to the can by.
eeworal baye and eotuariee. thited Staten thought the line nhould follow the
indontatione of the coant. which hcpt the boundary voll inland?

f licto author'it to no t cunt duti t
n. v‘. r. Johnoon. unoriea'e rot-em Relatione'. p. no. ’
n“. 'p. 1.. hanrth. me thited Staten in Our 0n on». p. no.
u. o. r. 2111. We mum mum. p. m.
n. a. I. P. Dnnie.‘ “Adventuren in neriean Diplnaaoy‘. p. lob.

(19)

diopute no referred to a joint canniccion in 1898 for the purpocc of arrang-

ing finhery and commercial reciprocity treatioe. Little progroco no aocompliah-
76
ed.

hm” Secretaryofstate Johnfieyagreedtoa'mduevivendi' nhich are
the Canadiane temporary pocneccion of coveral pointe claimed by the United Staten?

Ihn Wlt been-a Prenidcnt he viohed to have the utter definitely
Settled. Secretary my arranged for the refcence of the dinpute to a board of
arbitration eonoieting of three Danica” and three Britich cubjeetc. ten new
diamond lord Alverctono. Lord. Chief Notice of Inglud. thin arrow-at
leftthedeeioioatclordnvorotonoaoncither theinoricano northe Canadianc
could yield. no choice of Lord Alverctoae no really a conceeein to Rooeovelt.
ebnde it than inadvanco that ifthin enlincin failed hemldnnt refer
the inane to neutral arbitntionzanxpreceing it in hie ucual forceful nay he
wrote: '1 chall take a pocitien which eill prevent any pcnnibility of arbitra-
tion hereafter. a poeition . . . . . ohieh will render it necoeaary for Conarooe
to give no the authority to run the line an we clnin it. by our own pcOple. eith-
outanyforthorregardtothoattitndooflnglandanddenada. lflpaidaay
attentin to abctract rightn. that in the pccition I ought to tahc anyhov. l
have not taken it teccuee I Iieh to erhauet every effort to have the affair
cettled peacefully and with due regard to my. honor“? -

no anionic-ct inlcndon inleptder oflefl. lnellthe inportant
pointn of contention the United Staten no upheld by a vote of four to ten.
lhe lucoian treaty no onctruod to noon the cnelucion of Croat Britain fron t;

76. 1.. ll. Scare. "A nictcry of lncrican foreign Relationo'. p. too.
71. I. B. latene. 'l Bietory of lnoricon foreign Policy'. p. 47d.
70. I. R. mayor. We Scocevelt'. p. l”.

N. I. I. i‘hayor. 'ncodcrc Sooccvolt'. p. 170.

00. 1.. ll. Scare. 'l Hietory of American foreign Relationo'. p. m.

('0)

John naocett Moore one up the probln with theoo nude: “In reality. the

Canadian contntiene in regard to th llaohan boundary fundaaentally lacked
norit. and... . . derived color chiefly frn the fact that a government nae
eilling to take the chance of prceonting thn'?

n. Llaehn nettlnent detornlnd the loot of our dinputcd boundarioe
with Great Britain. It in cignificent aloe that the precedent of reeerting to
arbitration no followed.

an dinputo over fiehing privilogce on the North Atlantic coaet no noro
than a'ccntury old. It had boona loading incuo in tho Revolutionary Iar
eettlnent. and again at the end of the tor of 1818. and had be. the epocial
cubjoot of a treaty in 1813. In cpito of thin treaty the oucotica continued
to be a coarce of friction and contrcvcrey.

In 1000 lccfoundland enacted a noacure intended to inpoco upon neriean
fiehernen conditionc and dieabilitiec which nere hold by the United Staten to
be contrary to the treaty of mm. 1b nettle the difficulty. until the natter
could be brought before the Hague. a “-0an vivondi" no arranged bydlbaeaadorr
SeidandSirndnrdCroy. mohadteberenewedthreetinecbofcroafinal
cottlncnt no nae? ’

no lnorican Secretary of State llihu Root and the Sritieh lnbeooador
Inca Bryce in the noantino negotiated a treaty for cuhieeion of the inter-
pretation of the richeriec floaty of mm to arbitration. It no oipod on
ternary S'I. lSCS. and ratified by the Santa on February in? a final nettle-

nntnecffeotcdinlOleytthagn'hibunal.

W

‘4- - :1-.. Lit. --- L". '41...- '1 -;- t:- g- ~' r. fl -
Cl. 3‘. 3. Score. 'Priuiplec of Anorican 01me. D. SSO.
SS. 0. 3. rich. ”clerican Diplnaof'o p. “C.
83. "Statuteo at Large“. Cl Cong. Vol. on. p. Sldl.

(21)

inchichit renundcd thatthePrccidcntchouldcndcovortebrinaabout
anndorotandinawiththcprincipalnritinepowcre foo-the incorporationef
the "principle of the caption of all printc property at cca. not contra-
bcnd cf nr. frn capture or dcotruction by bellincrcntc" into international
lal. At Precidcnt noonevelt'c inntipticn Secretary nay cent a circular note
n October ll. 1’“. in which aftcr Quoting the rcnolution. he counted the
calling of a Iccond Hague Conference?

he Japaneoe-Rnccian Iar cauced thin invitation to be poctponcd for a
time. In 1900 Runoia and Holland rained the quocticn aniu of a cecond en-
forcnocfsPrcnidcnt Ioocetclt. who had been working caruactly tcoard that very
endthought theoppcrtunennnt forcallincouchaconforcneennnowonhaud.
lc.howovcr.yieldcdtothci‘nare'fnuncia thchonoreficnuiuthe tonal
invitation?!” conference finally opncd at the m on June lo. 100?. with
the rcprcccntatiycc of forty-nova ctatcc in attendance. and it adjourned on
Octcbcr in. 1901?, .

Prcniunt Wt che wan interent“ chiefly in tho lllltntln of or.-
Inte Mlflcd Mela that tin United Staten would bring tint mbl- up at

the conference. he aloe dioounccd the nubicot in ccrrenpondcncc with air ldward
am?“

he loot nod-icon delegation were pledged to a diccuncicn of the Draco Doctrine-
thc none. of Ihlch to that the forcible eenoetlon by Intionl of private
international debt. not be forbidden.”

an m (Invention-'5 Ihlch catitutod the hit of to outcrncc,
1. .‘- WY L .. 7.»: . a“: ._ -_ mm. V.' 1.13 5,

at. J. I. Iccrc. 'Principlcc cf herioan Diplney'. p. 68.
on. A. L. p. Dnnin. man-m in mien Diphoy". p. 473.
cc. Ibid. p. 418.
ct. lebinnn and heard. 'Dcvclopent cf Iledcrn Inn-ope". Vol. II. p. 811.
fi. A. L. P. beanie. 'Mynturcc Ind-crican Diplonaoy'. p. con.
0. r. 1.. Paxnon. “Recent Eintory of the mited Staten“. p. I“.

(22)

of uplccivcc in war. with the rightn cf neutralc in nr poricdn. and with
the creation of an International Price couatfolo agrencnt. however. could
boronchcdenthclinitatlcncfnctalarnnentcat m. u...

hemcrioic which-lg“ hawclodtoanrldnrwacdactothc
'htntc Ocrdialc' cctablichcd between hslnd and fiance in 1904.. trance
renowned W'c Mt interentn in hunt and Maud left trance
nappcced hm. Secretpnrtcci’thcagre-ontprovidcd fcrflpanlch
intercctcflflemny no ignored.

Iilli-n. cruicinginthcleditcrrancan. landcdat i'angicronlarchsl.
19“ an deliver“ a cpccch in which he announced no intention of protecting

cor-n interentn in Morocco. no ctatcd a... a. would cooperate with the Sultan
cc

tho-ho regarded an entirely independent.

Chancellor Yon lulow winhod to force the holding of an international con.
for-cc on the lorcccan quccticn. hoping by that ncanc to rcctore Ger-a prectiac.
Albaccadorntcrnbcrgiacpcahingtcl’recident Roccovclt caiddernawnntcdnc
pinninldoreccc.bnt “choicbonndtothlnhofhcrnntionaldinity. Bill
nhccitncccccarytcpointeuttcrrncc thatbnrnationalintcrcctceannet
be dicpoccd of without aching her conccnt and cooperation".'

Indoor Illn- wanted with Procidnt Recount aching hin to no hlc
inflanoe with knee for the holding of a conference. Dcocevelt concidcrcd it
hindntytcworhfcrworldpcacc. hcprcfcrredteact directlythrongbdnbacc-
“Mercadcfrranccand'dnbaecadorapcchvonstcnbnrgefflcrmny. brough

to
mmmummummuumrmo.mmum

g-.. .11.... .;_' .‘.'- .'1_-:.1.._. .34. 1.. .. - ‘1--in ; --‘ -9 -3.

90. Oarncgie Indoncnt for International Peace. Diyicion of International Law
(191491916) Pamphletn 3-80

91. B. B. by. "he Originc of the World War.” Vol.1. p. 168.
9.9 Ibidc Po la‘c
96. I. h. Binhop. 'nccdorc Booccwelt and Rio fine". p. «8.

9‘c Ib‘dp Pa ‘70c

(23,11

hehcdecnagreatdiplnatictriuph.andthathccouldnowaffordtobccon-
tcntcdeithnederatcdnadccnhance. niclnttcrtetnatcrnhurgcnprccccd
thicthocght:"fouhncw.'hewrcte.'thatlcnnctnerelyacinccrcahircrand
hunchorotm.bltaloooffilollnjcoty.°Ifeclthnthcctandoaothc
Mar-nathcnovoreignnefto-daywhchavctheirfacccccttcnrdthefnturq.
andthntitinnetnlycftheutnoctinportcaccfcrallnnkindthathiclndcr-
chipibrpcdnhouldbcuninpaired. Ifcclthatnonhavingebtaincdwhathcanlcn.
it'oddbcnotnnfortnnntcc'cntcuntoralocqnntlonoabontmutailn.
forifundcrcuchcircnntaacnthcdrcadfulcalnitycfnrchouldhappcnlfnr
thathichighandhcnorablcf-cnigbtbeclocded. Behacnnagroattriuph.
Behacebtaincdehcthicoppcnntcinhglndandrrancenaidhenewcrwouldob-
tail. acreculticactrikingtributetchinpcrccnall:neloccthantehic
nation.ndlearncctlyhopethathccancechinnycleartoacccptitacthc
trimitlo'3.

here no connidcrcble debate over the agenda of the conference and Doone-
tclt ndc a pencilnd nnorandn whichnn adopted. lo explained to both runner-
andandt‘onotcrnhurghoecvcrthathc'didnotcarctccppcarinthcnattcr.
and that no publicity whatevcr would be given to no"? '

nccoafcrencenctatllgccirac.opainin3anuaryofltoc. Ir.hcnrylhite
and Ir. We reprcccntcd the united otatcc. heir influence no uninertant
but Ioonovclt ontinned perconally to {ma «my. mum over police
lnlorocccnooncofthcotnbllngblockountllthol’rcnidnt lntcrfcrrod. Bo
iactructcdoccretarynoottepropucapccciblccuprniccandwhnocnawrc-
fnccdpartefitnootccnttoVonotcrnburgalctterinehichBooccwcltinfomd
theniccrthathewouldnetachrrancctcnahcanyncrcconccccionc. ncalcc
rnindodhincfhicprnicethct'hc(xaiccr)inewerycancwillbercadyto

kg 2 tho £3215
98. Ibi‘n PPc ‘8‘.‘85e

 

9°e Ib‘d. Fe 488.

(84)

97
practicable". Icocewelt aloe infcrned the cornea nnbancador thatif Gar-any

porcintcdiarcfuingthcc-prnicepropecalcandthc conference brolnc up.
alltheWcreocru-Icitoonldbcpublichcd. fiicwoulddiccredit
con-w. lowerer.ifflencnyapcedallcreditwouldbcgiyenhcrforthe
ccttl-cnt. foo or three dayc later the nicer cablcd hin cuhiccicn to the
requcct. mtrcatywancigncdcnlprild. 19063.11: it the intercctccfopain
and trance obtained international recognition but all dccicionc were adverne
teacncuywhocconlywictoryncinthccallingcftheconference.
Prcoidntnocnmltwrotcanmtcfhlopartlnthcaffalrtoloyer.
lhitenndRcidandcncludcdwitho'loneofthedocuntoarctobcpublichcd
lnthnlluelookiandlnocdhnrdlyoaythntitlotcboonoldorednooftho

90
noct ctrictly confidntial character.

W

mummafllutMialn’oMOfm 1!.ch
cfthenrhhllmtnhdnonctratcdthennporiority cfhernilitaryandnawal
forccn.'butalccgaycthcwcrldalcccninhcnlth protectionfcrcoldicrc.lwc
factorccnbincdtcplcneunciaatadicadtnntcgcsthcemticncfhercf-
ficialo.cndthci-nccdictcnenowerwhichhcreperatinnhadtcbcenductcd.
andcfthccc. diotanccncthcgreaternqstctrcnnpcrttroepcacrcccoibcria
tcohtincaandthelargcrpartofhcrflccthadtonhcthclongtripfrnthc
haltictotthrint.nccthqarriecdcnlytcbcouplctclydcctrcycdby
ddnirallogc. Butincpitccfthcfactthathcciawccebwiounlyinfcriorthe
nrncenhcuctingandthclcccccnbcthcidccwcrcappalling.m

Precidnt Iccccwclt with hie interent in wanting nrld peace had peren-

d 1‘" _- '..... ., 1.. .11‘. d 1-1.- .-_,fi.'_. 1:.» j -1. 1.- C

99. a. L. P. ionic. 'flwenturcc in herican niplmoy'. p. can.
”a In ‘c Iichop. W. MM‘ and 31. Me “In In ’0 m.
”c n“. Pc- “'c

100. I). 8c M. 'm Ihlted m‘. 0: MC... '01c 11. Pa 418.

(26)

101
cverturcn by inviting Roochclt to take the initiative. Acting upon thin in-

vitation noccevclt had the Anerican Anbaccador at St. Petcrcburg inforn the
i'nar that. ”If Ruooia will eminent to ouch n looting. the Preoidcnt will try
to get J'opan'c concent. noting ninply on hic own initiative and not caying that
huccia han concentcd. and the Prccident belicvcc he will cucoced'im

nicer Iilllen I! greatly aided Rooecvclt in hie ndcaworc to nediatc by
inflnncing hie coucin. ‘i‘ner Alexander. to ouhnit to Dcocovelt'c plan?“

On June a. icon tn. Preeidcnt cent to each belligerent an mu... netc
ctating that he thought it tine 'tc cce if it in net pcnnible to bring to an
end the terrible and l-entablc conflict now being ngcdfe‘tapaa concentcd on

condition that the negotiaticnc be conducted in the United Staten. III-erotic

ninor diplmatic difficulticc. an to tine and place of looting and the rank of
dolcgntec had ntill to be adjuctcdi.m

Prooidnt looeewclt wan conducting affairn of the State Deparhent in plan;
cfSccrctaryHny.whohadbcnialuropebccauneofpoorhcalth. OnJ’uncld
Secretary nu wrote thin note of congratulation to neocovclt: ”But the big
ncwc no of your cucccnn in bringing Bunnie and Input into confernoe. It no
ngreat otrokeofthnt podlnekwhiehbelongotetheoewhe 'hOIhOI' all
are not afraid'fo.

Port-until. low We. no chocen an the coat of the negotiation.
We the Prccidcnt kept intinte]: intoned no to the proceedinge. Hie npeeial
"techno toconvincc thchunciann that theywere thcvanquichcd partyaadtc
urge the J‘apancce to nagnaninity'fo’nc roar reluctant to bring hone hie de-
.:. 1.1- e - 3; . .. c1- .;- u 111'. ,,- m - --_ .
Ibid. p. ‘18.
ion. 1’. I. lichen. "hcodorenooccvclt andHini'inc'. Vol. 1p. 385.
ice. I. n. neycr. 'hcederc Rcocmlt". 9. one

ice. I. I. lichcp. mm». Boocevclt andHio rinc'. Vol. I. p. 385

I

-L"

.1, ..
m

loo. 9. S. nonconfne United Staten of Ancrioa'. Vol. II. p. coo

ice. A. 1.. P. Dnnic. 'Advcnturec in American Diplmcy'. p. can.
10?. 1.. All. Sears. "A motor; of Anni-icon yorcign Rolationn'. p. 681.

(26)

ion
wrcehcd the conference. leithcr cide would yield. a Auguct 8?. nos the

ericic wao reached. Booeflclt emulated with the [nicer in regard to the
nininn Japan would accept. adding thatx'An thin cituation in exceedingly
ctraincd and the relationo between the plnipotcntiariec critical to a deuce.
i-cdiate action in nececcery. Can you take the initiative by precenting
thcce tone at cncctehin? Your moon in thcnattcrwillnaln the entire
civilised world your debtor's”

acconfcroncencacncccccandcnScptnber S.looothePcaccochrtc-
nonth wan cigncd. Frederic dc llartinn. counccler ef the Ruccian delegation
wrote: an. treaty nuld never m. been concluded an it been mm“ m-
whoreolnethanat Port-outhudifthc influncccfPrecidcnt loocovclthad
netbcncrcrciccdallalonginthccaucccfpcace.witap¢cictncenich
e—ndcdthcahiratiencfucall. nonamhedbeenreprcccntcdtenc
coinpctuouctethcpointofrudcncccdicplayedagentlnecc.ahindnecc.an
atactfelncce.nincdwithcclfcontrol. that calyatrulypeatnnccncn-
no?”

In recognition of hie effortc for international peace the lebel Peace
Prize no anrded to Preeident Mt in 190’.

in a renult cf the oceanic hardnhipc cf the J’cpancce-Rucciaa nr nigra-
tion of Japaacec to our Pacific ccaet no greatly ctinulatcd. here were fewer
thentwntrfivethouoandl'apanecehereinlmnilcialtfltherewerc
ccventy-five thounand. ncct of thn in Oaliferniafnno hentility of the
Californiancwacaroaced. nelaborcl-cnteppeocdthel’apaneccbeenneethcir

lcwctanderdcflivingallewedthntewerhferlewcrngec. hendcnercwerc

 

me It“. Do £88.
We :0 ’e hiehop. More mm‘ II‘ H“ ’1‘... 'Ole In Do me

110. D. S. lunacy. "be thitcd Staten of Anerica'. Vol. II. p. can.
lll. Ibid. p. coo.

(27)

Anericanc could not cueccccfully compete with thmmnc cohool cituetion.
developing fro. the fact that Japanccc adultc were entering the public cchoclc
wit native childrn precipitated a erieiofn

I! October of 1900 the all Jrcncicoc cchool beard ordered that thereafter
dhinccc. Korean. and Japanccc young people nhould attend a ccparatc echcol for
OrintalnP‘I-cdiately the Japanece Anbancador at W protected againnt
the violation of the “nut favored net in" treaty of lace. Precidont Rooccvelt
own u- u u. pocitimmlie nde it .1...- that the national and m the
otntc mt ohould deal with a oituation involving international relationo?“

Anthcccheolqnectionnc onlyapert of the larger quccticncf ini-
greticn Congrecc tried to rnovc the courec of thc'difficulty. On February no.
l90'l they adopted a cenprneinc inigration act occluding pcrconn who poccccccd
a paccport fron their native country to other countrice than the thitcd Staten
but who inotcad preferred to cone to “in“. Precidcnt cupplnentcd thin on
hrchlld. 1907 with an cnccutivc order excluding fr. the nainland of the United
Staten all'Japancce laborern tron lenico. Canada. or flcnii. After theoo con-
ccnoionc California reopened her cchoclc with ninor rcctrictioun tc cricntalum

m Secretary Boot and Albaocadcr hhhira. Prccident Ioocovclt reached

a cuprnice with Japan n the Inigraticn ceccticn. c-cnly known an the

 

111. Ibid. p. 438.

113. II)“. p. 438.

lld. L. Ii. Sean. 'A Hictcry of Ancrioan Jorcign Belaticnn'. p. too.
115. J. B. latene. "A Hictory of Anerioan Mein Policy”. p. 190.
116. Ibid. p. 190.

11?. Ibid. p. 57d.

11!. D. S. lunacy. "he United Staten of Anorica'. p. 439.

(88)

bercrotcthethitcdotatccbyrcfucingtegrantpaccportctoanylaborer
except (1) to noigrante who had one to Japan fron the United Staten on a
vicit and were returning. (a) to parentc. wivcc. and children of the Japanece
i-igrentc already in herica. (3) and to 'ccttlcd agriculturicte'. Similar
rectrictioac were placed on nigration to “Hilfigm renultc were the can
on would be obtained by an enclunioa act: and at the cane tine Japanecc pride
can not injured. he alco warned Oalifornia that any legiclaticn hoctile to
the provinionn cf the treaty would be brought before a federal court to tent
ite validity.

Precidont Iooccvclt m conuncd . mm «um. toward en. up...“
in the Oriental oituation in California but he did not want thn to think he
no fearful of Japan. to chow Japan that the mited Staten deoired peace. but
no likewine prepared for war he decided to ccnd the battle fleet around the
world.

lnalntterwrittenteSeeretaryRootonJulylShccaid: ”Innercccn-
corned over the Jap nituatin than ahoot any other. hank heaven we have
thenavyinpcdchape. It inhintine. however. that itchouldgeonacruioc
arondthenrld. hthefiretplaeelthinkitwillhaveapaoifio effeette
chowthat itcanbcdonc; cndinthcncntplaccaftcrtalhingthoroughlyover
m cituaticn with the n... heard I bccne convinced that it no abcolutcly
ncecccaryfcrnetctryintineofpcacetoccc Jnctwhatwecoulddointhe
nyefputtingabigflect nthhoifiendutnbthemt intile
of war?”

nicplanwan oppcccdbymanypcoplc. oneofwhnfeared itwouldaroucea
hectile attitude in Japan. while cthcrc thought it endangered the tilted Staten

 

119. 1. Mai. 'Japanecc-Aneriean helaticnc'. p. 75.

me :e 'e lichep. mm Moonlt and m. ’1... '01e 11. Do “a

(89)

InvalAffaircintheoentceppoccditceetrcnglythatdongrecnndcne
appropriation. thereupon Icoocvelt inforncd Omarthat he hadnoncy
encumtcnendthcfleottcthcracificccactcndthct iteouldr-einthere
ifnapproprieticnwercndn. 'norcnnncfntherdifficultyaboetthc

lol
nonu'wanhiclaccaiecanent.

unncenberlO.loMthcflcctlcfthamptcnhcadnandaftcrccveralctopc
ntlonthmpertowentthronghthestraitefhgollenandnorthtolan
Iraneieee. Detriptehanii.lcw3caland.inctralia. China.Japan.througb
the Soon canal and licditorrancan dnonctratcd an efficiency which actoniched
theworld. heflectreturaedteflnptnflcadnafewdaycbeforcthcl’rccidnt
leftoffieeinloOt. Jahic'dutobicu-ephy' he caid.'Inwcwn1udaent the
notinpcrhtccrviccthatlrndercdtepccewncthcnyagccfthebattlc
flcetarcndthenrld'fu

III

Annealyeiccf thcfcreignaffaircoflcoocvclt'c pericdwillpcrnit the
«manomeueempnunmmmuim. namely:

(1) ncncvclt'c foreign policy no the 'big ctich policy". Quite early
inhio memtiuummbcummunmuemerneua
in international affairn wan “to cpeak cci‘tly and carry the big otich‘. Briefly.
hicpolioync tcdcalcourtocwclywithctherpcwero; butat thecuetinehc
Wt thetnitcdotatccnhouldbewcllprcparedtcdcfcndou-iatcrectc. cc
thatneonewoaldcnnidoritcafetcdicregardthncrgivcccantcoacidcra-
tintothn. wing thcpcriodwhcnthcotatcocpartnentnc inthcccntrol
efhyandlootmieeno travellingabroadworcgiventheaccurancc that they
conldrclyupcnthcegencicccfthcmitcdotatecdcver-ntfortheprotcc-

- .11 i- . 1...”. -1.; 111-37.: ;_ .L..- ". L11... ,. ."

lol. 1'. n. nocecvclt. ‘Antobiosnpht". p. Sea.

no. r. R. acccevclt . ”AutobiograPhJ'. p. on.

(30)

whenalicroeoanchicf. Rainuli. kidnappod IonB.Pcrdioarin.anhcrican
eitim.andhe1dhilforranon.. Johnflay.3eerctary01’8tate.rooortedto
cnry ponciblo ncanc of negotiation. but failed to get a recponce. finally
he called thin ultintn: “We want Pordicario alive or Bairuli dead". In
twodaynPordicarinncfrce. ToProcidntRoocewcltcnhapolicynothc
calynoacclf-rccpcctingnntioneouldfollow.andatthocanctinchcbc-
lieveditnothefaronforonetomn‘one. Amhhethoughhncth
theu‘noottoproteetandfnrthertheintereotootito oitinno abroad. if
thatpver-entnctoretainthcconfidoneeaadrccpoctofitcpcoplcathne.
nhinthovnyaequicocncetencnachentcbyaforcipcitinenernatin
Innatalihelymetitienod’theoffnniveaetinoncotherfon.andthcre-
fercndcpccniblointheendagreatcrdangerofwarfn

(I) hinterntlonldnlinpflconevolt etreecedthoneccocityod‘pre-
m. chidnctbclievcthenilln’inofpcaccnnathand.andhefelt
thtnrnwcrcntilllihelyandcvnncccccary at tincn. therefore. throng:-
nthictntenofaffuahepurondtheMW'nd
indotedupnaprogrncf'twcbattlachipcayear'. lehad.acareccnthinton-
ianhaonihnowiahtbatthclhitcdatatcononldbeennaaothchinr'thc
hclplocc pray of outcidorc becauee it done not ponncoc the right to fight”?
Inhiodntobiography.lfln.hewrotet'Itiotollytetrytonholiehmnavy.
andattheonetiletoinolatthatwehnvenrighttoonforeethellonroe
Dotrine. thtnhvearighttoontrolthePa-nhnalwhiohweonreclvn
have dug. that we have a right to retain hnii and prevent foreign natione
frntakingGuba.andarighttcdoterninenati-iaaatc.Aoiaticcrm-
paan.challenetoourchorcc.cndthetcr-enwhiohthoychallbenaturalined

 

no. P. 1.. Eacorth. "he thitod Staten in Our Own Tine". p. 319.

1“. Ibid. p. 3”.

(31)

an I-ilitary people. at I knowny countrynen. Down at bott- their tonper

ic ouch that thq will not pcnnnently tolerate injuctico done to thn. In
thelongrunthcywillncnerepornit affrontc to theirnationalhonorthaa
injuricc to their national interent. Such being the cane. they will do well to
roe-corms thccuroctefallwayctc um. dioantcrc ictobeepulent.
agrccoive and unarncd'fuhc cruicc of the fleet in the Pacific wan a dnonctra-;
ticn before the world of preparednecc. Became of hic inoiotancc on prepared-
neoconethought hinajingoiet inopitocfhie intereetandefforttemin-
tain international peace nd goodwill.

(8) Incomlt’o international dcalingo were nrkod by what he fondly
called Wk hercfcrc. hic foreign policy wac char-
acteriecd to a great degree by itc purpocc to nintain ouch a peace between
the mitcd Staten and the world powcrc. Hie noann of realining the objective
no largely by arbitratin ad compo-nine. Here he no following a policy
whiohhadbyhiotinoboematraditiniaoofarao it connornedthe inter-
natinal probl- of Great Iritain and no United Staten. Hie chief contri-
bution in reference to thin policy in to be found in hie decire to give it
wider latitude. In the diccuecion cf the fceign affairn during hie adninintra-
tion the nphnoio that he placed on arbitration hac been repeatedly brought out.
ltwillonlybencccocaryatthiotinctoctatcapin theocoaoionowhercia
arbitration no recorted to or culpronicc need an a way out of the probln.
nncly: the Vencnuola Affair. the Maputo with horico over the 'Picun Ind of
no daliforniac'. the Pan-incrican Arbitration Treaty of 1900. the Irycc-Boot
booty of 1901. the Alachan Boundary Dispute. the Rogue donforncc of 1907.
Iooocvelt'n union in torninating the Rocco-Japanooe lar and hie part in
bringing about the Algeciran conform” booidoe the important Wm
use-neat or icon (the “Gentlncn'c Agra-ant"). rho futile cffortc of John Hay
ll ii -1 _-_ . 111-1, 1, .1- 21. - _. ,-. t .t : 'J‘ I .1. -_.

185. 1'. an M‘. ”Whimw. Pa “.0

(32)

Great Britain and a few other eonntricc. nly to have th- chcctcd by a hectilc
Snnte. were likewise a part of thin cane progran of a 'rightoouc peace".
Seocevclt'c relation to the Algccirac conference. l9fl-l906. calln for
ennt here. while it in ntill a highly controvcrcial point an to whether
Icccevclt no actually recpnciblc in helping to prevent a war in 1900-4909.
yet it in nignifieant to note that "even if the part played by the Prccident
no not the dotcninative pm on. mum. Oonfcronoe and the evento which 1.4
Up to it dnonntrate that in world affairn the United Staten wan virtnlly
forced to accunn a recpncibility which would have ben undrcancd of a donen.
or even half that amber. of yearn beforc'f”
(o) to Latin Anerioan um:- Iloooovclt node on new departurcc. In
dealing with the Yencnuela Affair noocovelt introduced for the firct tine '39.!

 
 

-: '. hie policy in reforncc
to interference by luropcan ctatcc in Latin Anerican affairn wan beet ctatcd
in a npccch ‘nich he delivered at chicap on April 8. 19“ wherein he caidx'he
concern of our govern-cot wan . . . . to hoop an attitude of watchful vigilance
and one that there no no infringnont on the lionroc Doctrine. ne acquinition
of territorial rightn by a Mopcan power at the expencc of a weaker ciotcr
republic - whether thin acquioition night take the chapc of outright and arncd
ccinurc of territory. or the encroice cf the control nich would in effect be
equivalent to ouch a ceicure . . . .Ioth powerc (Great Britain and Germany)
accured u in explicit tone that there no not the clightcct intention on their
part to violate the principlcc of the lionroc Doctrine . . . . at the one time
the onintcnoc of heetilitiec no near to our borderc no fraught with ouch
poocibiliticc of danger in the future that it no ebvioucly on loan a duty to

lo?
ouroclvco than our duty to hmity to endoavor to put an end to that“.

Mtccinthctencouclaiffairacnllacinthcaaatcggimgicedc

no. 1.. h. nippee. 'Recont Anorioan Hinton“. P. alt-footnoto.
181. China Ribune. April S. 1905.

(33)

he laid don the principle which in c-only hnocn an the “boomlt Corolla)!
We hie principle wao firot enunciated an a part of hio
foreip policy in a nonoagc to dongrcno on Dcceober 8. ltOl at the inception

of the chcnuela Affair. it thin tine he elaincd that the coercion of an Anal-i1
eon ntate did not violate the Ionroe Doctrine provided the action did not 'takc
the form of the aoquioition of territory 'hy aw non-Anerican power'fufiuo
point of view woo not hold by either the Oalvo or Drago Doetrineo previoucly
diocuosed. furthermore. Roooovolt held that the United Staten could not under-
take to protect delinquent norican ntateo fru puniohnent for non perfornanee
of their dutien unlenn we would aloe undertake to nakc the: perfon their dutien...»
he exprcoocd hinoelf definitely on thin point in hie neooagc to coupons. Dee-
her o. it“. it. he ctatcd: 'chronic wrong-doing. or an impotence which rcoulto
in a general looocning of the tico of civilised oocioty. nay in incrioa. an
eloewherc. require intervention can civilincd natiu. and in the wentern
haiophere. the adherence of the thitcd Staten to the lonree Doctrine no: force
the thited Staten. however reluctantly. in flogrnt canon of ouch wrong-doing
or impotence. to the encroioc of an Wynne» Doone-
volt added the principle that the omen Staten my encroinc "an international
police power" in order to not an an agent in the collection of dchto fr. ir-
rcoponoihlc Latin onerican Staten. The mited Staten in non recent yearn hon
erercioed thin right with oonowhot conning frequency. copeoially in the Gorib-
bean Zonce .

(a) me Pano- diplaacy or policy. it he no one. arouoed conoiderahlc
criticin. It in intercoting to note that the critioi- van confined not nerdy
to the opponition party. Bio critico aoouacd bio of taking admtage of a

“4..-. flTLL' xv.- - ' A: _ uwe .r. 21.5.“ -« -) a; - u--

no. Richardnon.'Papero and Ieooagcn of Prcoidcato. Vol. 1. p. 41'!
ltt. He 0. Hill. |'Rccnevelt and the Caribbean'. p. lit.

(34)

malitye here were my in could can in hioOcarly recognition of the
Pan-anepuhlie thcpart thathcnuot have ploycdinfuentingthcrcvolu-
ti. Ihich me independence pcnoihle. Rcceevelt denied having had an part
in the affair and went on to Juetify hie recognition of Pan. and the Hay-
Duncan-Varilla treaty Q the attitude of Oolmbia in her greedy conduct and
inability to ncintain order. he further Juotificd hie procedure by ntating
that ”intervention wao Juotificd by the treaty of laid. by our national
interentn. and by the interentn of civilioatien at large.” Hie diplmey.
however. wan acceptable becauee. ao Bowerth ntateo. ”a canal would greatly
benefit the South. ncot D-ecratits: Senatoro voted for the treaty. thoua
o-o criticined the way in which it won cbtained'tmlt in lihcly that in the
Pan-a oituaticn bonovelt had largely rleycd the role of the cpportuniot
andhodprefitcdhondoucly. Atanyratedeenentaryocurccnrevcalthcfact
that thorecaoncccnnpirecye acquention.hcwever.cotowhctheritwould
hevcbcenpconibletetahotheotepo-hingpconiblnacanal. ifthcgcwcrn-
'ncnt of the noted otetee hen aboolutely refraind tre- interfering en the
In“ lien within the rcaln of prophecy according to a recent authority?1
looneveltne'vcruttcredawnrdefapologycrepcntaneefwhieactiuin
rec-e; in fact. quite to the contrary ho ntated in a npeech at herheiS’r.
dalifornia. in larch of 1011: '1 took the Canal Zone and let Gongrcnn debated.“
Again in an addrcco. about a year previouo to hie death. before the lational
Prone Club at Innhington he declared: “I nidtt have taken the utter under
adviouont and put it before the Suate. in which cane we nhould have had a
nubcrofnoet ablcopceohcnontheouhieot c o c e .‘moywouldhaveheen
goingonnow. .d thePannaOanalwouldhc intho dinfutureyct. Iewould

have had a half t ocuooi ad

130. P. De flawcrth. 'mited Staten Hintory in Our Own Tinen". p. 309.
lflle I... I. nippce. 'Recent incriean Hintory“. p. 801.

no. I. he Dinhop. More Roooevelt and Bio 'rine'. Vol. I. p. coo.

(35)

ferredthatwcohouldhavethePan-aOanolandhalfacenturycfdioeuooien
afterward . O c a dincuooion which I rcurd with hocn intereot'faneoc re-
.rb. node long after the incidnt. were delivered with the uoual option.
boaotfulneoo and notenceqae oratory that frequently coined thin colorful
perconality. and not be cenoidorcd nore an rhetoric rather than an authntic
otat-utoefthcrcaleircuotancco underwhichtheranc-OanalZonewao
W
1“. Ibid. p. one.

 

-B 131.10 GRAPHI-

NOKB

 

Abbott. J. 1.. 'Japanceo Expaneion ltd Ancrica Polioiee". (1916)
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!hcodorc hooocvclt and Bio fine“. (1925)
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Gibbone. B.A.. 'Ancrioa'n Place In The World". (19“)
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Kill. D. J.. "mrioen World Policicn". (1919)
Kill. R. 0.. ”Booocvclt and the Caribbean". (1927)
Inworth. P. I... "the United Staten in Our Own l131.399. 1866-1984”. (1925)
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OFFICIAL DOCUHElfs

Congrcooionnl Recordo; Vol. 31. Part t. 55 Cong. 2 Soon.. P. 3964.
loreign.1claticno of'thc United Staten-Foreign.Bolationo. 1907. Part II.
pp. 1099-1288.
1oreign.Rclatione. 1908.p.251.
Scone Docuncntot 58 Cong. 1 Soon. Doco. I lo. 8. i

69 Cong. 1 Soon. Doon. I p. 313.
”Iconngen and Pcporo cf the Pronidcnte'. (Richardoon. Ed.). 701. l. (190d)

denote Docunentot 58 Cong. 1 Soon. Doco. Ill. lo. 96; 17. no. 148 and
‘ v. lo. 166.
59 Cong. 1 Soon. Doco. xx..lo. 641.
2 Soon. Docn. 7. lo. 307

61 Cong. 2 Soon. Dooo. Ll. lo. 467.

athtut.. et Largo of united stette. no Cong. v.1. co. p. 176d.
vol. 81. p. 897 .

68 Cong. vol. 88. Part 1. lo. 190.
59 Cong. 1.1. at. p. zctv.

61 0011‘. '01c 36. M 11. pe 8141c

PERIODICALS
‘11“:10 lonthl’. V01. 9.. Do 548.

Current Literature. 701. 42. pp. 372-4.

lnrpero Weekly. 701. 69. pp. 1924-6.

Indepcndent. 701. 61. pp. 1671-2.

Living Age. 701. 267. pp. 666-7.

lotion (0.3.1). 701. 78. pp. 4-6

lcrth Alerieen haview. Vol. 174. p. m.
701. 180. p. 886.

hcview of 1eviewc. 701. 66. pp. 66-76.

11913912333

rho Chicago Iribune. April 2. 1901.

 

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