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University of
in partial f

Department of

,’.' '~'-\ '.-'*-1"‘ ‘1”‘1 *1"‘~"1 ‘ H t“ "'-rI
TIC--1 "PLEA-1;) 1--Cl.’;I_.‘I.; 114:4 1.-;1-QLJ‘LJO

AL'L IL}: :53 A111) IICL. K'LII‘IL‘IILL‘I‘IS

Lois Joy Youngen

bmitted to the Colle:;e of jducation of 1i C'JLiran 8

A3 €i01lture and Applied Science
uliillment of t}:3 requirements

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iOI‘ Uiie O‘Bz-{L‘G-‘B Di
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Parents

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1y333nggfi3NTS

The author wisles to extend sincere th anks to Dr. Henry
hontoye for his interest encourasencnt and guidance in the
preparation of this pape

3

Sincere appreciation is also extended to: fiiss Dorothy
Heron, Dr. Thelma Bishop, hiss Lorna Stafford, Kiss Jean
LeetJ, Miss Barbara Southward, 1-1 ss Pauline He 88, Kiss Lucille
Bailey, hiss Jean Lclntyre, hiss Helen Barbour, and other
members of the WOmen‘s Physical 3oucation Staff of Licuiren
State Um versity woo Ewa'e valuable assistance ano helped
secure ma aterial for this study.

The author is also indebted to hr. William R. Pierson

for his tecnnical assistance and firs. Mary Lou Konzen for
ier COOpGration.

Lois J. Youngen

.L_— _._____, "

 

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the Golle e of
University of Africultu

e and Applied Sciente
the 3‘ '

’I ‘ .'__ _‘ n ~. n. '1‘ . (-4!
24‘ CULC a L-LC’TI OI 1'..L'.n 11.11.71
71

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Approved

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Tie problem was to compare the reaction time and movement time
ores of women athletes to similar scores of :omen nonat :l 3tIm . Tne

‘
1

reaction anc UO’“"UL til es oi o"V—sev~n at let 3s and S3ventyi five
women nonatnletes war measui ed on an electionic apparatus. Tie result—

ing data were statistically analyzed.

he atnlet es were further studied by comparing the reaction time

I‘—

and movement time scores of four sport groups: eiglu tennis pla;,ers,
seven iencers, twelve swimmers, and twenty field hoc :ejf players.
Within each sport group, the women were ranked by ability and these data
compare a to similar ranled reaction time and1 Lovcment time measureS.
meaction and movement time scores and letter grades acliieved by
the nonatnletes in three instructional course , tennis, oWlmdln , and
fencing, were also comparec.

Tue eifect of menstruation on re ction time and movement time
measures was determined fr m comparison of fourteen paired observations.

Also, tn r laLlCuul p oetwcen roaCtion time and mov-ement ti_me IL

~’- v. v 1
thOTMlHBQ.

Leriew of LLteratuIe

.4.

—— - 9 ~ - I") \L
in inc epeno3nt studies, Beise and Peaseley (l), Curcton (4/,

holler (3), and Pierson (a) demorstrated that at Llet es in general have

faster reaction times than nonathletes.

a distinction has been mace o3‘w3 n r3act ion t: me and

‘J -'-3(3.3h"' 7 v
AL/\4.-. U_l_

movement time. anou5n i11V€Sti5atiOHS by nonrv (5), Henry and Trafton

U

(6), and Slatir-Vc mr- H?) 3 concert that tnese two measures are

-,. “‘3. V r“ we _,'_ " r -—1 -
ij r;a at3011as oaen oisputeo anu oi spr en.

Conclusions

From the statistical analysis of the data the following conclusions
were drawn:
l. Women athletes are siginifi_cantl‘-r faster than women non—

athletes in Sp3 cc of move.3nt and speec or reaction.

tine ale xovcucnt time are not correlated with coach-

n3
0
a
c
m
(3
C
r.)
o
:3

assigned ability position within tennis, swimming, fencing, or
iield hockey.

j. Witnin tic atnlctic group, tennis players, swimmers, fencers,
and iield hoc .»;3y players differ sL nificantly in Sp 3ed of
mov 3v31u, but t'e, do not oi;ier in Speed of re ction.

a. Eonatnletes' r 3action time and moverent tide in tennis, swimming,
andi enCLng is unrelated to acl1ieveme nt as measured by letter
r339» a

J‘ (‘L‘LV .

A low, but significant correlation exists between reaction

\J".
0

time and movement time
5. Menstruation has no measur aole effect on Speed of movement or

reaction time.

1.1"
II.‘ 1

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SILLICJAAPLY

9159, LorOLny, and Virginia Peas 3lcy. "Th3 A3 atj_cn 01 Acact:Lon
ime, Speed , and Agility 01515 Iascl9 C cups to Certain :ports
kills," Th9 39S9arcn QuarterJV, VIII (Larcn,19;7).13JL_I2.

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Careton 1Acm :. P . $1ca1 LbnflSS 01 9;
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Urb-na: 1A3 Universj up 01 ll11nois Press, 1x91. 4gb pp.

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to Success in Athleoics," The Research (Q firt>37y, X11 (Lay, lth),

keller, ouis F. "Tn9 Aelation of 'Quichl 83 of Boali1v Lovcmcnt‘
T_

 

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Pierson, J5 -1119m Aus ' £1. "A Comjalison o1 rcncers anc Lonfenc9rs
DJ C9rtain Ps-clolcu f‘, Sgaace P-Jrc c3pticn, 931:3 Anuc‘ono1'""‘c
:icasu;:x3." UIYNlQli81'MwwisSiS, LJA,_;1, 9n SiA1090011U959,
East Lansing, 17,).

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Henry, Lr nfilin L. “Indapencence of Aeaction and Lov9n¥9 v 11395
9 of Sensory Lotivators of Easter Aesponsc:”
g»- L1'le £31393." [1 41 ”:1 .“-, JL’::IE (iJal‘Cil, 18), 2 > ’ Llj—J'j O

 

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Spr1nt Aunnlnx,” 99 A9539rcA AU31U9917, AAII (u3c9xsér, l 51),

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Absom'ac s, AAVIIl (lel‘, 1919), 910.

 

 

TAJLS CF CUITJL.JS

I. IKTiCDUCTIOJoo0.000.000.0000ooooooo

Stau3m3nt of the Prohlem........
Lc3d for the Study..............

.1

U311 nition of Terms.............
ALF-163 3......................
honathlcte...................
heaction tim3................
noxement Limo................

T ' .n—z 3-- J--. r ~r‘ 5' “1‘ ‘J- Iv
LlIILL ‘JaL/ldzlo OJ. LIL'J S DULLQ’.’ . . . o . . . .

Soorcs..........................
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A1paratus.......................
Pho response unit............
The stimulus unit............
The recording unit...........
Tue stimulus-producing urst. .

Subjects........................

Procedure.......................

Statistical hethods Employed....
IV. IZ'AL‘ISULI‘SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Athletes and Nonathletes........
Athletes........................
Reac oion time................
I-LO’v'el‘n-Bnt Dime . . o o . . . . . . . . . . o .
Nonathletes.....................
xaaction time................

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Correlation of fleaction Time with hovomcnt Time........ 42
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APPENDIX B. RaW'Scores of Subjects............................... 53

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LIST OF TAJLES

TABLE
I. Analrsis of Variance of Reaction Times of A? Athl3tes in
, J
u Sports Groups of Various Sizes...........................

II. Analysis of Variance of lovement Times of h? Athletes in
A Sports Groups of Various Sizes...........................
and leaction Time Aazk-Dichrence Corre ations of

III. hovem t
S in 3 Sport Groups; fieans of Sports................

en
Athlete
”action and Hovenent Times of

IV. Analysis of Variance of ;c
~tter Grade Groups.................

7
L
Konatnletes in Various Le

Times of
(V—GSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
11313350.....0...............O.OOOOOOCOOOOOO

VI. Raw Scores of At‘

VII. Raw Scores of Nonathletes..................................

vi

‘.V~6"
CHAPTER I
IKTACDUCTIUN
"The neuromuscular co-ordination of the individual which includes
the ability to learn new skills and finally to achieve competency in
1

physical activities, is essential to all phases of physical education."
Among the factors involved in neuromuscular co—ordination are: movC-
ment of tne body at high speeds, quick directional changes, and fast

2
reactions to unexpected circumstances. These factors, plus others,
are deemed by many physical educators, both men and women, as being
essential for proficiency in various Sports activities. Although
tradition, observation, and personal Opinion have in the past been the
primary source for making these claims, experimental data have been
collected upon male subjects to support these views. However, in
studying the various qualities supposedly needed by women for success-

ful performance, only a paucity of data are available dealing with the

factors of reaction time and Speed of mowement.

Statement of the Problem

This study was primarily designed to compare the reaction time
and arm movement time of selected women athletes with women non-

atnletes at Richigan State University. Subproblems were:

 

 

1H. Harrison Clarke, The Application of Leasurement to Health and

-‘

Ebysical Education (New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., lyuj), p. 2yl.

 

2Ibid.

——.<.—

I")

(l) celpa wisons of reac+ ion time and nov3n11t measures among four dif-
f 3rent types of sports: tennis, fencing, swimming, and field hockey;
(2) correlation of reaction time and mov31ent time of each nonathlete
with ner physical 331113va-3Ht as measured by letter r;1ace;3( ) compari-
son of the reaction and movement time data on individual athletes with
th3ir coach— —assigned ability ran; within a sport activity; (a) compari-

son of reaction and movem3nt time scores during and aiter menstruation;

and (f) correlation of reaction time with move-3nt time.
11(309d1tI1‘3 SCUL‘

The trend in recent yea rs has been toward increased participation
3 v a 1 I I 0
in Sports activities by girls and women. With increased part1C1pa ion,
physical education programs for women have be3n develc ped to include
more diversified sports activities. Keepin pace with these trends,'
sports costumes have been designed to allow more freedom of movement,
Sports 3quW1pneu1t has been improved, play facilities have been enlarged,
and teaching m 3thods have be en remodeled. Pr ysical educators are con-
stantly striving for increased intelligent control and understanding
of sports activities, and to give a scientific basis to many of our
4
present concepts and assumptions. Through the results of this study,
scientific evidence may be found to repucliat or confirm the opinions

.1.

eat reaction time

1'4)

and observations of many p1ysical educat rs that

—-

3Jesse Feiring Williams, Pr incin ples of Plysical ducation
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 19u27, p. 30.

 

 

4Charles C. Cowell, Scientific E'ountati ons oE Pr‘°“f‘31 fiducatigg

“M...—

(New York: harper and Brothers, 17/1), p. lo.

 

 

and movement time are among the attributes needed by women to become
proficient in specific sp01 ts activities. These results may be used
to clarify the position women suould take in relation to participation

in co-educational Sports activities
Deiin:i_tion of Te rms

Athlete. An athlete is a woman who was an active me.foer, at the
onset of this study of one of the followinc oreanizations: l varsity
)3 L) t.)

tennis team, (2) varsity Speed swimming team, (3) Delta Gamma Eu,

honora~r fencinr fraternitv and a women's field nockey club.
V.) o 3

-..

Honatblete. for the purpose of this study, a nonathlete is a
woman who was enrolled for tlie first time in an instructional class in

either swimmixg,1m11g, or tennis at hichigan State University during

the Spring of lQEo.

Reaction ti:e. The interval be ween the excitation of a stimulus

 

aurd a muscular response.

$1

goveme nt time. Tne time taken to move the total body or parts of

 

iflie body a prescribed distance.
Limita ions of the Study

At Kicnigan State University, only four sports-—tennis, fencing,
Shfinaming, and field hockey--afford women ati1le tes the opportunity to
compete on an inter collegiate level; but tno type and amount of

competition is somewhat restricted. All the available subjects in

.0

each of these Sports were tested. Ii more Sports had been available,
the number of women comprizing the athletic group would have been larger
and selection could have been made on an ability rather than membership
basis. The level of ability necessary for membership on any team was
subjectively designated by the presiding coach. This level varied

from Sport to Sport and from individual to individual. Another limi-

ta ion was the subjective ranking of playing ability by the coach of
each Sport. here than one subjective ranking might have strengthened
the study.

It was the purpose of this study to test only movement of the
dominant hand and arm, and not of the total body. This measure may
not be as representative of movement time as would another type 0;
measurement. Another limiting factor in this study was lack of the
knowledge of the degree of psychological motivation exhibited by the
nonathletic group. Through observation, it was the writer‘s opinion
that the athletes demonstrated a greater degree of motivation than the
nonathletes. The effects of constant, periodical, or nonexistent train-
ing upon the athletic group may or may not have limited the results of
Ufissumw

Also, limiting the correlation of letter grades with individual
reaction time and movement time scores, was the subjective grading

system of each instructor. Letter grades were based, in part, on

measures other than ability or skill.

CdAPTEd II

REVIEN OF NE LITERATURE

To illustrate how important Speed of reaction and movement are in
various Sports, typical views of coaches and physical educators are
here expressed.

"Speed is a word used to indicate various types of quickness or
rapidity." In sports, it may refer to either quickness in seeing or in

acting, but it usually refers to a combination of perception with

1
muscular action.

Two qualities are thought to be necessary for good fencing:
.. ' , . 2
(l) instantaneous judgment and (2) muscular strength and Speed.

Of all women's Sports, fencing is the most attractive. "The average
sports-loving American does not know that fencing is the fastest of all
3 ’5

Sports." Instantaneous responses by the muscles to commands o: the

4
brain are essential in fencing.

 

1John D. Lawther, Psychology of Coaching (New York: Prentice—
r5 .7
Hall, Inc., 19,1), p. 213.
2Clovis Deladrier, Modern Fencing (Annapolis: The United States

L) r7

Naval Institute, l9h8), p. UL.

 

 

 

a ‘ \ 1' ~—. g 1. r. _ 7 _ 1:.

JAIQO Nani, On renCing (dew York. G3 P. Putnam's Sons, lQuJ),
p. 8.

4Department of Physical Education, Smith College, Individual
§ports for WOmen, (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 19437,
p. 108.

 

 

 

Field hockey is a fast moving game which envolves continuous
O I * 5
actiVity at top speeds. Speed, rapid change of direction and pace
and quick starts and stops are necessary attributes of a field Loc.vy
so a i! " i . a ou evo u ionar
"The qiest for speed in ”W“H1T;nF has orou dt b t r l t y
I I I 10 w
changes in swimming_styles." Strength and power are essential to
the swimmer, but conditioning in this sport includes the building of
Speed. For the sprint crawl, a swimmer must be quick in moving, fast
on the turns, and quick to react to the starting gun; but the primary
I O I I O I 11
phySiological qualification 15 Speed.
Driver, on tennis, avers that quick body action is necessa ry in
proper footwork. The essentials of good stroking include accuracy and
Speed. Successful tennis depends much on agility in covering the

13 i4-
court and on correct rhythm and balance.

 

5Josephine Le es, Pie ld he 01? e; for Wom en (New York: A. S. Barnes
and Company, l9h2), p. 2.

 

6Bob Harman, nd Keit1 Lonroe, Use Your Head in Tennis (New York:
Thomas I. Crowell, 1950), p. 2.

 

7Lees, 9p, cit., pp. 27-30.
8Hilda V. Burr, Field Hockev for Coaches and Pla ers (New York:
A. S. Barnes and Company, 1930), p. 2l.

 

9W: lbur Pardon Boren, Applied Anatomy and Kinesiolo;y,lRevisor

Henry A. Stone (Sixth edition; Philadeipnia: Lea and bebi we , l9u9),
p. 337.

10David A. Armbruster, and Lawrence E. horehouse, Swimming and
Divina (St. Louis: The C. V. hosby Company, 1950), p. 10.

llroido’ pp. 12-700

12Helen Irene Driver, Tenn’s For Teachers (Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders Company, lQul), pp. 34, (3.

13Bowen, pp, cit., p. 355.

 

 

14uepartwent of Physical Education, Smith Collece. on. Ci .,
355.

\l

"7“

Motor ability differs among individuals mainly due to t e wide

range in native capacity.

One single definition of reaction time is the stimulus—response
o 15 .
interval. A complete reaction may be divided into many parts. The
physiological process may possibly follow this sequence: (l) sensory
preception, (2) latency period in the sense organ, (3) conduction of the
afferent nerve impulses to the proper sensory centers, (h) elaborations
in the cerebral hemispheres and Spinal cord, (5) conduction of the
efferent nerve impulses to the proper striated muscle, (6) latency
period in the striated muscle, and (7) muscular response. Thomas K.
Cureton would add strength, tone, and viscosity of the responding muscle

_ . ie

as factors affecting a Single response

The factors determining the speed of reSponse in a simple reaction
are undoubtedly very complex and include more than one organic vari-

17 ie 19 20
v‘ o o n o 1 ‘1 _ ‘ ‘ , ,
able. Cne determining iactor is the speed of nerve transmiSSion.

 

15Robert S. Woodwortn, L eri'ental PS3c1oo mg (New York: Henry
Holt and Company, 1936), p. 30.

 

16Thomas K. Cureton, Physica a1 Fitness of Chavpi ion Athletes
(Urbana: i‘he University of Illinois ress, l33l),p . /4.

"The Interrelations of Speed of Reaction Leasure-

l'7Lyle H. Lanier
of 37: perimental PSieLolo;:, XVII (April, l93h), p. 397.

ments," Journal

 

18Ibid.

19Vernon W. Lemmon,WT1 'telation of] c‘action Time to Leasure s of
Intelligence, Lemory, and Le arning," Archives_qf Psychology, ho. XCIV
r,\ \
(1921}, p0 3140
0Arthur Gilbert Pills, General Experimen+al Psycholoiy'(fiew York:
Longma ns, Green and Company, lWSaS, p. hCC.

 

 

 

C’T)

Tnis value has 1%?! 2:,~zfiishod, var; Mn: 1 o 11cc to 22* feet per

21,22

second. Lawtner Opposes this View by assertinfi that the speed
A - , _ 23
01 nerve conduction is so briei it should be ignoreo. Whicn single

factor exerts tne most influence on the sp3 ed of a simple response is
questionable. Srnaptic co-ordination is the largest determining factor
according to one author. Although this may not be the prinary

,

determining factor, it nevertheless, affects the speed of esoonse to

as 2
N , ‘ ‘ ‘ - t 1 1
some degree. Lyers avers tnat reaction time is dependent upon tne
27
time occupied at the poripll eral sense organ. T13 time consumed at

the nerve centers, the central delay, has also been anied as t3 e primary

28 29
‘b l O I 3 I y .
1aCtor affecting the speed of a Simple response. Simple reaCtion

time is not a fixed quantity, but it apoar1ntl has a physiological

ao
limit around .10 second.

 

zzwoodworth, 02. cit., p, 299.

23 +1. C.) _o v fir

 

v- -‘

24V. A. C. Mennon, and F. Lyman Neils, "Concernin" Individual
D111erences in Meaction Times, " Psyc ole :ical Moview, ELI (March, l/lu),
p. 150.

25Gladys M. Scott Analvsis of Hunan Motion (New York: F. S.
Crofts and Company, 19’23, p. 32.

 

 

 

ZGLemmon, log. cit.

27Charles S. Myers, A Text-Book of ‘:L1 riI: ntal f°"C‘07C 1
(third edition; New York: Longmans, Green and LOHPUEJ, 31 2o), p. lfi .

 

 

2581118, 100. cit.

zgwoodworth, OE- cit., p.

kn;

r0 C!
O
O

\_1_)

30W00dworth, op. cit., p. 3

The relation of various phases of reaction tine to reflex action
remains debatable. According to Meodworth, a simple reaction is
absolutely not a reflex, nor does it involve reflex action. It is
not illogical to assune that the basic 5 rnoture of tne simple response
_ . 32
is tne reflex arc.

Simple reaction time depends upon the subject‘s being prepared or

. p _ _ , 33,34 ‘
"read"" to receive tne stimulus or to perform an act. Tnis
process 1acili-m stransmission of the nerve impulse s t rough the
. . ’ a , . . ..
nerve centers to tne apprOpriate muscle. The lengtn of the lore-

pericd or preparatory interval determines tLe organism's "rcacline ss"

. . 3t ..
to act, tnereby aii ecting reaction time. most Cited intervals
'2 '3
19,40,41,41

"I

producing effective responses range iron one to four seconds.

 

313 obert S. WOOdwortb, Psvcl do O'v (iourtn ed.ition3 N 3w York:
Henry Holt and Compa.nv, l/uo), p. 2 /.

 

32Scott, loo. cit.
337 \ l 17' ‘ 1. 4 5}
Nood.vort1, Ps,cno1orv, pp. c1t., p. 2,.
~4Myers, pp, cit., p. 317.
55Ibid.

I'm. ~,\

35Wbodworth, £5305013235 EEI.EEE°’ p. 255'

 

37wOocrwort1, arrerimcno11 P'svc1olc 7f, gp_. cit., p. 311.

 

35H. WOodrow, "The Measurement of Attention," Psychological Mono-
gr aphs, XVII (D D:acemoer, lain), p. 155.

39C. W. Telford, "The Refractory Phase of Voluntary and Associative
Responses," Journal of LrLerinertal Psrcnolovv, XIV (February, 1931),
p. 7.

4OF103d L. Much ,Ps, o1*1olorv and Life (tnird edition; Chicago:
Scott, Foresman and Company, lane), p. uoo.

 

41J. V. Breitweiser, "Attention and Movement in Reaction Time,"
Archives of_?syon0103y, Mo. XVIII (August, 1911), p. 3b.

 

42Sanford J. Munro, "The Retention of tEie Increase in Speed of
Movement Transferred from a Motivated Simple issponse,‘ 'fhe Mesearcn
anfterly, AAII (May, 1931), p. 233.

 

lo

p .. 1-. . _ _ . 4s,44,4s,4c,47
ror Optimum eiiiCiency, an interval 01 two secon<15 is 1avored.

453
Bills found the one-second interval Inost desirable. Contradicting

this statement, Munro concluded a one-second interval elicited slower

49
responses. The refractory period necessitates the use of an inter-
‘ 50,51
val longer tnan one—nalf second. Prolonged reaction time is
_ 52
obtained by USIHfi intervals less than one second. 11x stenc oof indi-

ea
vidual differences in optixum intervals was proved by Breitweiser.

The rental attitude of the subject prior to the activation of the
stimulus may be directed toward tn 30 nodes of reaction: "muscular
wnen at ent ion is iocused on the muscular response; "sonsorial," when
attention is confined to reception of the stimulus; and "natural," when
attention is altobet}er undirected. , 1 Q In pe eneral, reaction tines

57 58 se
. . . . . 3
are faster wnen tne "muscular" none is efiployeo.

 

43Telford, loo. cit.

 

 

44113r'3rs’ SID-g Ci-t. ’ p. 1.310

45Woodrow, pp, cit., p. 6L.

 

4411.11%)odworth, Egporinental Psvoqploev, loo. cit.

47M. Letoy Billincs, "The Duration of Attention," The Pszcho-
loLioal- Meview, XXI (l aron, 19 IL ), p. 133.

 

48Bills, op. cit., p. LOG.
49Munro, App, pip.
5031115, 93. 933., p. 3%.
51Telford, App..p;§.

‘12 ° ‘ 1 1;
r Bills, pp. Cit., p. u03.

UT
( 1‘

Breitw eiser,‘;pp. p23.
”Bills, 93. 933;, 1). L101

{Inf-1dr 3113, 5:21. 92:33..) pp. 12L)"12,.
E'CBreitweiser, pp; pi§., p- 1-
572212.’ p. 7.

51La*.-2'i:111er, pp. 333-, p. 221--

59Nbodvorth, Experimental Psycholppy, pp, cit., p. 305-

 

11

so
Practice tends to improve the speed of these reSponses, but

61
more noticeably the "sensorial" mode. Heimon and Wells, as well as
Henry, discovered the direction of attention during a simple response
did not anoreCiaolv aIIectr action time speeds.

The typical value of reaction time to a visual stimulus has
. . r-—’ '1 '_1 G4,GE’,66,67,68
variously been Cited between .13 and .223 second.
ReSponses to auditory stixuli are quicker than those to visual stim-

ee,7o,71,72
uli. "The Visu1l stimu us does not stimulate a nerve-ending
directly." A photochemical reaction within the retina produces a
time lapse. Although light reaches the retina witnout loss of time,
this latent period mav be due to increased elaooration in tne central

74
process. The part of the retina which re eives the light partially

 

SOBills, loc. cit.
61Myers, loc. cit.

szanmon and Wells, loc. cit.

63Franklin E. Henry, "Conditions Under Which Increased Intensity of
Rotor Set Calses Slowin1 of Reaction Time," (Chicago: American Associ-
ation of Ifealth, Paysical Education, and Recreation Research Section,
1950), p. l. (RimeograpnedJ

64hyers, loc. cit.

r11-

65A. T Slater-H1mmel, and R. L. Stumpner, "Batting Reaction- -Ilme,
The {CSe‘ arc :Quarterly, KXl (December, 1950), p. 353.

 

“31118: 92- cit., p. 2.00.
67Ruch, on. cit., p. #35.

GRWOOGUOTtfl, Experimental Psycholo¢y3 op. cit., p. 32L.

 

69Brent D 1xt+r, 'A Stud3 of Reaction Tine Using b actorial De esicn,"
Jou1n1l of V"perinental Psycnolory, KARI (Lovem er,19h2), p. '31.

70Lawther, loc. cit.

71Wbodworth, Experimental P svclflo .037, loc. cit.

 

73Ruch, loc. cit.

 

‘\)_)
r0
5 1

74W00dworuh, Ex; ari.ent1‘ I nrcnolc1V, 22° cit., p.

 

12

oetermines the Speed of a sinsle reaction. "If a visual stimulator
makes a noise, the response...will probaely be maoe to the noise rather
than to the light."

Hany external factors aifect the speed of reaction time.

, . J n “ '. _ _ . _ 77,73,79,eo,ei
IncreaSLng intensity Oi tne Stimulus snortens reaction time
:3?
oy strengtnening its attention power. ieaction time increases as the
C a ‘ o I u “V 8 3
distance between tJB squect and stimulus increas.::s.
Diurnal variations are found in measur in;; rte action time. Most

, ‘ e4
iavoraole testing time is round in tue afternoon. Elbel, in testing
t. .er ty- tiree male squec ts in a stimulus-hand reSponse study, isolated

the followin: factors: slowest resnon see are obtained at twelve noon
q - 3

maxitum spee ed is obtained in the early afternoon, and a near maximum
poirt is rerouec in the mioole of the morning. In this investi:ation,

. _, so
he also louno eiurnal variations were ailecteo by indiVioual diiierences.

 

75A. J. Poffenberger, ":ieaction Time to Retinal Stimulation,"

Archives of PSICTOlOZX, XXIII (July,1912), p. 23.

 

70Noodwor h, Experimental Psychology, op. cit., p. 31h.

 

77w00drow, 122. 2:2.
7BBills, lcc. 232.

79iuch, op. cit #., p. MSO.
BOliyers, 22. 212., p. 131.

51Wcodwortn, L'neri"catrl PSTChOlO'V, 2p. cit., p. 320.

 

 

82Woodworth, PSTCMOlOLX: 92° 223', p. “3'

83Wooowort‘n, 'vnerimental Psv ichologz, 22. cit., p. 32?

 

84Edt¢ard C. Schné 2ider, and Fe oer V. Harpovicn, Phys iolosv of
Euscula Actr'i“r (rnulaoelp a: W. B. Saunders Celpany, 1,L)), p. 30.

 

 

853. I. Elbel, "A Study in Variation in Response T me,"
The Researcn Quarterly, X C arcli, 1} 9), pp .Lfl—EO.

W- ‘__.

5 ("11) id". .

Jeacticn tii3 vaIies 03th 3 1 individuals. Sufficient practice
_/"
37
does not equalize inoividual diffe encos in response inc. Fatigue
.. 33,33,eo,ei .
a"erts a slowing effect on FEQCBlOL ti 3. "It is reasonable

C1
LJV

to assume that every neuromu

r‘ular response

is affected by fatigue.”2

93,34,et,sc
Pra tic 01 a ros1mrse tones to snorten reaction time
3
97
al*nough Rucn states the p1‘siol ogical limit is soon r3ac1m C1.

 

 

Cont14adicting this concopt, Lawtn3r indicates training does not affect
reaction time, but Visual p3rce1t on, which compensates for slowed re-
93
action time, will improve tnroug; training. During cizilm 00d and
1 1 _ 99,100
old age , reaction time 18 lengtneneo, while max mum Speed is
101

reacned at txe college age.

8 7 T1)“ c ,

bflfiyers, loo. cit.

89Lawther, on. cit., p. 222.

9OSchneidc r an; Harpovicn, 92.

fa

 

cit., p. 3

13 rmll 92, 922., p. 405.
R.c lbe "A Study of Response Time Before and After Strenuous
Exercise," TE113 {ese roh Quarterly, "I, (Kay, 19h0), Po 85°
93W. R. Liles, "Stuuie s in Sxertion II. Individual and Groun
Reaction Time in Football Charging," The i3scarcn‘gga:21rlv, II,

(October, 1231), p. 7.

 

94fiyers, 92,1912., p. 126.
95Scott, 299.1912.
9631115, _Z_L99_. cit.
”Sauce, 92. 932., p. 1167.
98Lawther, 299, 922.
99;‘ucn, l92. 922.
looiyers, 03, 922., p. 130.

101Schneider and Parpovich, loc

 

. cit

—-—‘-—\

!._J
(\1

W“

Evans studied the influence of ex' 3rnal dis t1ac ions on Spe ed of

reaction ti ue; and he concluded that light, sound, and touch distractions

102
alfected tnis speed by lengthening it. Practice lessened the influ-
H _ 1 . _ 103
ence of the distract1on out never overcame 1t. Sound proved to be
‘ q.- . .. . 104 .
tae most eiiective distractor. Tne reiationship of sex differences

to all phases of reaction time has not oeen investijated to anv d3 ree.
Gates, in studying diurnal variations, fou1d 53x differenc:es non-

105
ex1stent.

lelated Studies of leaction Tine

L

Using athletes and nonat.'1l etes, the reaction time to simple and
a no _I 1 o .1 106 u
complex Visual Stimuli was determined Dy Burley. Tne nonatnletes
were defined as non-letter—winners. The athletic group was comprised

of football backs and linemen, basketball players,o ball players,

and swimmers. Kesults snowx .tne baslcetoall and baseball players

possessed the fastest reaction ti_w .
I a 107 u 1 1 o ‘ o u o w .L a
Friedman att3z1pte d to determine tae relationsnip oeoween reaction

ene ral athletic ability as detefimined by the Cozen's Indoor

(
C)

time and

 

102John 3. Evans, "’ih an Pect of Distraction on Re aetion Time,"
Archives o§ Psychology, Y V fi< novenoer, l9lo), p. 53.
103“ '1 \
ipic., p. 41.
104gbid., p. 51.

105Arthur I. Gates
To ether with Practice Efi'ectsz Sex uiffegen00s,_and Gor1“ cl UlOnS’
(3 wr;3 ey: Tue University of Caliior a E’r ess, 1913}, p. 137.

Tf‘l‘l

 

. -: 4. .I v T‘ :17'} 'I .. -. a I
variations in 31 i01ency 3ur111I t1e Dal,
Him—.uw .r

 

 

 

 

 

 

lOCL. R. Burley,' AStudv oi‘ tne Re ction Time of P3;xsica11}
Trained Men," Th3 Research fuebeilF; XV (000008?) 1744): pp. 232 239‘

 

 

 

10730ward D. l'ri 3dman, "The Relationship of aeaction Time to
General Athletic Abilit3I, " (unpuolished Laste1's thes sis, New York
University, New York,1937), pp. 1-39.

Test Battery humoer Twelve. Total body 1‘3action tim was measured
through the use of an original apparatus. From tne results, Eriedmgn
concluded that reaction time is not a reliable index of eeneral
athle etic ab iliW
l ‘ "n .1. o o n ‘3 - v \ 108
A Study 0: tne reaction time o: maie atnletes by burpee and Stoll
indicated a significant negative relations 3nip exi sts between sraall muscle
reaction time and proficiency in pns ie al education activities. A large
negative correlation was found be tween lar :e muscle reaction time as
109

tested, and successful participation in these activities. Lanier

te ted thirteen graduate students, six men and seven women, to study the

U]

degree of relationship among various simple motor perfor1nances and re-

)

0

action time measures. Tnere was a lack of correlation between sinpl
types of motor activities and reaction time measures. The concept that
rate of nerve conduction con<1h tions Speed somewhat uniformly in diver-
notor activities can now be diSputed.

_ 110 p p 3 ‘“

Elbel studied tne effects of hVSlcal Tati ue on resvonse time.

P.) E, }

Using male sub;ects, he four d atnletic competition, prior to testin n3,
shortened hand reaction time as well as total body reSponse time.
A limitation of tne study was the length of the period of competition.

It was the author's belief that with an extended period of exercise

the reaction time would have lengthened.

 

loedoyal H. Burpee, and Wellington Stoll, "heasuring. deaction Time
of Athletes," The 33 earch Quarterly, VII (Larch, 1930), pp. 110—118.

 

1091361111131", OD. git, pp. 371-3990
11031391 "A Study of deepense Time Before and ‘ter Strenuous
Exercise ," op. cit., pp. 80-95.

Keller exp; ri: ented with 259 male atnletes and 277 nale non—

“'4

athletes in an attempt to measure what 1‘13 terr3o "total body quiciznes 8.
each subject moved his arm, ioot, and trunr in one total action to
either tne rignt, left, or iorww 'Tnirt3x—six measures were obtained
for each subject. _he athletes w3re significantly Taste r tnan t11e non-
athletes in "body quickness." His conclu usion was as follows: pro oiic oienc;;
in atnletic activitfii is positively related to the ability to move the
body quickly.

In a -ec ent 3‘03ri ent, Iranl: in I. {enry use dforty men and
.i'orty women in testing attention- 4ire c ted responses to a visual stimulus.
Forty—five r 3spc1 533 were made by eachs ubyect under "set 1.}c54o"
conditions. Two sets we re 3 L__e"3d raotor ano sensory. Fifteen re-
Sponses w‘3 re made without attention direction. Henry found no signifi—

cant di if3ren es in the patter s of the subject's "motor" and "sensory"

responses, ther eby cu sruoLne the .ciluitw o: the generality that "motor"

responses are the faster of the two. No sex 1'pfer3nces were observed.
113
1 run 3 _ 9' .LT °
In anot3er study, 11fty-seven atilet es compris1ng live aonletic

.L

groups-~football, baseball, basketball, rack, and “"Hia3t3c3--aud

twenty-six nonatnletes were tested to deternline their peri ipheral Visual

 

. . -.i « . 6
reaction time. Tnis stimulus was presentec at angl sfiom 60 to lO_;

lltbouis F. Keller, ”The Relation of L cuiess of Bodilgz' Hovement'
to Success in At1l3ti3s, h3g13§3§9§£_§§§§§3§i1) KIFI (Lay, l_y32),

J

pp. lea-133.

llgfienry, lec. cit.

 

_‘

iiaAlfreq W} Hubbard, "Ivrio* 3al Perception and ieaction Ti m3,"
(Chicago: American Association 01 Health, vasical Education, and
~ 1 3- w! A a-v, 3 :33

MC? 3ation desearcn Section, 1930), pp. l—o. (nineOSrapneu.)

17

rees with fort;;—Tive trials being averaged to obtain tee mean
peripl ieral visuali 3 3ction time. All of the athletic groups differed
from the nonaur etes at the one per cent evel of confidence. A further
Step was to determine the *ractice eifect on ”eripheral reaction time
using ninetee- athletes and eiclrt 3en nonat1l3t3s as suoje cts. The
previously used reaction time test was repeated by each subject at one-
wcek int3-v als ior approx mately five 33ks. Results indicated that,
al‘“ou,3 th«3 atilet '35 remained superior, innrovencnu by bo' on groups
proved the ability was trainable.
114

In 1937, Ieise and Peaseley conducted an experiment on reaction
time usinc three Croups of women. The study was designe 3d to discov-er
if women skilled in Sports demonstrated similarity in SpeeI of responses,

1.

and if "fundamentals" of reaction time difi

a N

r irom one sport acti vi 3y

(1:

to another. T1.3 skilled group was comprised of twenty—four tennis

'1' «(H 'L ~— - ' ~nr-u r I‘ ~- - l . '1' -4- r a: -: 3r
play 013, UWClJC éOliClo, and eleven arcners. Iouitecn saoJects who

1 to ac licve an average *rade in a snort activity were claSSified

‘ .0.

failc er

1

as uns 1:illed. A third group of fourteei girls who had taken the
Brace Rotor Ability Tests was used. Reaction tine of the rm and leg

were measured for each group. The apparatus devised for testing large

muscle reaction time cons Us ed of a wooden plate placed on th1 floor.

R3action time to a visual stimulus was t3r nu inate d by r3no wing the foot

I 0 1

from the plate. Hand reaction time used a inilar apparatus. The sub—

.1.

ject, upon receiving a ligfi U stimulus, lifted herd omina int :1 and from

the plate. The se uence of trials required the subjec ct to alternate

 

 

114D0r0t11y 39133, and V rginia Peaseley, ”Tie Relation of Reaction
Time Speed, and Agility of Big Muscle Gioups to Certain Sports Sgills,"
The.Iesea: C1 Quarterly, VIII (Larch, 1937), pp. lBB—lLB.

 

is

lilting and pr3ssing the hand. For the skilled group, the mean reaction

time for the large muscle tests was .5550. Ior the unsirillcd, the mean

large muscle reaction ti .rne was .6L90. Tnis difference was considered

Significant. The mean hand reaction time for the skilled group was
1(‘. . _n‘- ~ . 1’-0-!fi " —-*"‘ v 1 . 5
.Zucy, ior tJB uneaiiied group, .292o. dose tne unskilled group was

slower by a.sli :nt difiorence of .0; second. In considering the range

L V

of scores for caon group, tae unskill .d varied widely, while the skilled

were cluste_or more clo sely around tne Incan. Within the skilled group,

DJ

ifferences were found to occur according to the type of activity.

Tennis showed faster reaction time than did tne more stationarv Sports
of golf and arche r,*. The mean hand reaction time s of tne three sports
11ere tennis .22ilB second, archery . W second, and gel; .2523 second.

with fast reaction time 0' the arms does not

l,_J

It was concluded, "a gir

necessarily have ias t reaction time of legs, and vice versa." further

testing using a seve.—week instructional period as a training p "’od
“evealed no significant iiffercnces in reaction time scores.
" 115
Thomas A. Cureton conduCteo an experiment to proc ur:e toe

fl

Vertical Jump imos or channion athletes. Total body reaction ti: me was
measured by means of the Illinois Reaction Timer. This apparatus in-
cluded an electric time clock recordin: device, a stimulus unit, and a
response unit whicn measured reaction time. The response unit, an
aluminum platform, was placed on the floor. The subject stood on the
platform. Upon perceiving the stimulus he jun ed vo“‘cailv and high

enough to move both feet o”f the pl mto orm, th-PTEUf stOppinr the timing

 

vim

115Cureton, op. cit., op. 94-102.

19

I

device. The mean reaction time to a visual Stimulus for 130 subjects
from the general population of college students at the University
Illinois was .BJO second. i‘ne rank order and mean reaction time to a

"\

visual stimulus 0; three groups of champions are as follows: (I) iiitee.
track and field stars, .27h second, (2) fifteen Dani sn gymnasts, .320
second, and (3) twenty-three United States OlW pic divin ar d swimming

1
v
I

championS, .321 seconc. Cureton demonstrated tLat ao.let‘s in general
have faster reaction times in this test tnan do nonathletos. Although
the swinrers and divers were the slowest reactors of thea Wletic group,
they Vere faster tkan the nonatnletes. Conclusions were drawn from
this study which con irm reller's results; namely, all Sports do not
require the ame degree of quiclness oi body movement, and proiiciencj
'3 ' 43...] (3‘13 '3 r‘ 731, "'73: 4‘ 7 _ 0-"- 7 5n: “j 1T,’)‘9~ 3» "‘ pro v 11-. to h , ,6. ~73 '1 r‘
in audietes is re atec b0 lass sou, m venous. sonpa-isons wile aiso
made of the United States Oljr 1p;ic sximnars and divers with five other
groups. These six groups ranned as follows in us an reaction time to a
visual stimulus: (l) thirty women physical education majors, .268
second, (2) thirteen male track and field stars, .27a second,
(3) thirty-seven male physical education majors, .290 second, (b) one
:.,1 .. . .. 1-.. ° . ‘ ’ ,. ' "- el/ u, . ,1 '- m... L-
huanbQ women non-pnf8ical education nagoxs, .J 0 Second, (, twenty
Olv .ztpio swimmers and divers, .321 second, (0) eiglty male non—physical

education majors, .390 secon

C).

Although no conclusions were drawn from

‘

tnese data, it is interesting' to note tlat the women pn33i cal education

majors demonstrated tile fastest reaction time of thes c

roups.

U“!

V
.l

H°

S

(9

L—I

Of the group of non-physical education majors, the women again demon-

strated faster reaction times than the men. It should be noted in this

F 3
C .1

study that total body weight ai'I'e ctea the Speed of the reaponse and,

therefore, colored the resulting data.
fievement Time

Although Bowen and Stone assert a short r- eaction time is a natu1a al
0 I o l
prerequisite for a quick start, in recent years a distinction in
litera tune and testinv has been made betwee reaction time and movement
time. Through i vestigation, the concept tnat t 353 two measures are
. ‘ . _ _ . ‘. 117,113, 119,120,121
hi ghlv corr ela ed nas been diSputed and disproven.
A component of the

p‘""2070”lC 1 process of reaction tim1 is the

muscular r 3spon.e with all its phases. It is probable that t muscular

}_4

(D

1
r3sponse which terminates reaction time is the foremost process in move-
ment time. muscle fibers are mace to do one thing only-—contract3 and

under normal conditions, the skeletal muscles depend entirely upon the

122
nerve impulse for their activities. Impuls 333 travel from tne spinal
cord to the muscle fibers. At the musclet “ 3re is a brie1 lat3nt period

 

116Bowen and Stone, on. c:t., n. 300.
—-¢§- —.-——

l”Franklin M. Henry, "Independence of Reaction an: Movement Times
and Equivalence of Sensory hotivators of Faster ReSponse," The Researca
Quarterlv, "AIII (baron, l9‘2), p. L3.

 

18A. T. Slrter-qammcl "Reaction Time and Speed of hoven:wnt
Ps"ciolo<' cal Abstracts, AAvIII (July,l 9;a),p . 310.

llgliiles, _p, git., p. 12.

 

12 OL3WT9HC€ Raric., "An Analysis of the Speed Factor in Simple
Athletic Activities, The Research guapter y, VIII (December,] 193 ),
p0 1030

121Franklin M.
of Sprint Running,"

 

L:

en Q, and Irvine R. Trafton, "T 1e V‘lOCle Curve
3 Jesaarcn Quarterlx, AAII (I 3cemn3r 95'd ),p . ulQ.

1T
FT!
li‘
T . fl '1 v-I‘ J' -O T) . ’-
Neime", L ements 01 5101029,

122Perry D. Strausbaugh, and Bernal 3,
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., l9nu), p. Ida.

12.3

which is followed by contraction of the muscle. During the latent
period, the muscle is overcoming the inertia of the part to which it

124
15 attached and cnemical changes are beine mane. It is generally

.3

aereed that co-contraction is the resnonse of the antagonistic muscle
. _ ' . 12s _

in a Simple voluntary movement. Optimum speed of movement 13
partially affected by the maximum rate of muscle contraction and the

l
n

maximum rate of innervation. The human arm needs approximately .Ou
126 127

Y

second to develop maximum muscle tension. thloy sta'es that
differences in Speed of movement may be due to two factors: viscosity
in the sarcoplasm of the muscular tissue or in leverage in the attach-

ment of the muscles.

Related Studies of Movement Time

123
Henry and Trafton used twenty—five male physical education majors

in a study to discover the extent to which the time of reaction can

determine differences in the time of a measured sprint. Defining

 

123Katherine F. Wells, Kinesiologg (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Company, 19:0),‘p. 8a.

 

124Scott, 100. cit.

125R. C. Davis, "The Pattern of Muscular Action in Simple Voluntary
Movement," Journal of Experimental Psvcholocr, XXXI (November, 9&2),
p0 31480

1263. S. Stevens (ed.), Handbook of Experimental Psychology
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1951), p. lj2u.

 

 

137Charles H. McCloy, "The Measurement of Speed in Motor Performance,"
sychometrika, V (September, l9u0), p. lYu.

 

128Henry and Trafton, on. cit., pp. bO9—A2l.

*

reaction time as the time betreen the start Signal and the beginning of
pressure on the starting blocks, the mean reaction time for the first
fifty-yard run was .133 second, and for the second run, .131 second.
A low correlation of .lu second was fou‘; id be tween reaction time and
fifty-yard run times. A conclusion was that "fast reactors" are not
"fast runners." "Contrary to po pular belief, individual differences in
the reaction {irne function can be neglected except for verr short dis-
tances, perhaps ten of fifteen yards at the most."
129

Shelby divided total reaction time into two phases, hesitation
time and movement time. Hesitation time consisted of the interval
between the stimulus and the beginning of the muscular response. This
would be true reaction time. She concluded that reaction time tests
for small muscles were more reliable than those for larger muscles.
Through partial correlations, hesitation and movement times were identi-
fied as independent factors in both the small and large muscle tests.
The correlation of each of the e factors with a motor ability criterion
was more significant than their intercorrelation.

150
Slater-Hammel investigated ne relationship of reaction time

cl"
0

Speed of movem3nt. The subjects were twenty-five male physical edu-
cation students. heasurements of reaction time of a visual stimulus

and Speed of arm movement over a l20-degree arc were obtained.

 

129”ellesley Colle'e Studies in Hygiene and Physical Education,
"heuromuscular Function andD Development," The Reseascn Q1Wacer1v
Supplement, IX (March, 1938), pp. 37-45.

 

13081ater-Iiammel, "ieaction Time and Speed of Movement,"
loc. cit.

23

The mean reaction time of the cup was .Zah second; tie mean movement

‘7‘
1‘ H

time was .238 second. Correlations between the two measures were not
statistically significant, ranging from -.07 to .17. Results indicated
that reaction time is indepe dent of and cannot be used to preo ict
Speed of movemen .

.L

In an attempt to prove r act on ti _me and speed of movement function
151
as independent factors, Henry measured 130 college men on two dif-
1e ent types of apparatus. The ball snatch apparatus consisted of
reaction key, visual stimulus, and a tennis ball suspended by a strong
twelve inches forward and upward from ther rea ion key. The action con-
sisted of movinr the hand from the reaction key to the tennis ball,
pulling it down. In the treaile press apparatus the subject moved his
hand from the reaction key forward five and one-half inches to press a
treadle. Two chronoscopes were used, one measured reaction time and
the other total time. Movement time was computed by subtracting re-
action time from total time. 3311 snatch mean measures wem‘ .1,)
second for reaction time, and .121 second for move ement time Those
for the treadle press were .216 second, mean reaction time, and .089
second mean movement time. From these two independent experiments,
Henry demonstrated there was no correlation between reaction time and
speed of movement. He concluded the two measures functioned inde-
pendently.
132

In charging from the football stance, Miles measure d eighty-

seven football players and found the average "charging" time of the

 

131Henry, "Independence of {eaction and Movement Times and Equi-
valence of Sensory Motivators of aster Response," op, cit., pp. h3- 53.

1321-Iiles, 99. cit., pp. S-lli.

2'4

group to be . 359 se econd. In this experiment, the entire body had to be
moved. miles concluded that a faster-than-average response to a simple
reaction time test does not determine if an individual will be above

average in football "charging."

'3'.)
Us.)
I

Stevens identified thr e3 iactors wnich und3rlie individual
differences in fine motor skills. The most important factor was the
pattern of the movements involved in a certain motor act. Cf moderate

1

significance was the sense employed, and ofs ii;ht importance was the

musculatur3 employ eo
154

Rarick, in an attempt to isolate any common elements associated
with Speed of muscular movement, used fifty-one male subjects possessing
a high degree of athletic ability. mhree elements were investicated:
muscle thickening latency, simple reaction time, and running velocity.
Records of muscle thickening latency were obtained by means of photo-
graphing the string of a Cambridge g livanometer used in connection
with an electrocardio; 3raph. hunning velocity was measured over a ten-
yard course by timing the start and the finish. Action current
electrodes on the “eacting muscle we3e used to obtain reaction time
measures. An insijnificant correlation was found between velocity of
movement and reaction time, also between velocity and muscle thickening
latency. It was concluded txat muscle thickening latency is not a

factor influencing the speed of muscle movement. The viscosity of the

muscle appears to be the chief factor limiting speed of muscle movement.
133Stevens, op. cit., pp. 13 l— L dB.

134:2arick, QB Cit., pp. 02—10:.

\3' 1

"Normal individuals with a high degree of motor aoi 'lity or skill and
an averafe amount of strengthc annot increase their Speed of muscular
performance to any appreciable extent."
135

Pierson con<3ucted a study wit:1 the purpose of investigating
the differences between fencers and nonfencers with relation to various
measures. These included Speed of arm mtvement, finger-press reaction
time, and nova 3nt r3action time. iw Juty-ii'c male fencers and the
same number of noniencers were tested in this study. In measuring arm
movement time, the subject was instructed to hit a target placed eleven
inches directly in front of him as fast as possible any time after
hearing a "ready" buzzer. Finger-press reaction time was determined by
instructinr3 tle subject to depress a telegraph key with his fingers upon
receiving a visual stimulus. hovlement-reaction time was measured as
the time elapsing between the introduction of a visual stimulus and the
subject's response by moving the dominant hand felvard eleven inches.
Pierson found in administc ring numerous trials that numbers twenty
through forty occurred on a plateau. He therefore used these tw 3nty
trials in corputing the mean for each subject. The mean movement time
for the fencers was .137 second, for the nonfencers, .170 second.
Finger-press mean reaction times for the fencers and nonfcncers were
.217 and .230 second res fictively. Kean movement-reaction tiL.e for the

fencers was .370 second, while the same measure for the nonfencers was

__-

135William Russell Pierson, "A Comparison of Fencers and Nonfencers
by Certain Psychomotor, Space Perception, and An hropometric heasures,"
(unpublished nastcr' s thesis, MichiTan State Colle a Last Lansing,
195;), pp. 1-99.

{‘0
C\

.ul? second. The results 01‘ ” ese psvchomotor tests showed a sieniri-
cant difie rence e: ist dbetween the fence rs and nonfencers in speed of

arm movement and movement-reaction time. however, fencers and non-
fencers did not differ significantly in iin er—press reaction time.
Pierson also concluded, "There is no correlation in either iencers or

nonfencers for Speed of arm movement and reaction tiLe, speed of arm

movement and arm length, or reaction time and arm length."

Sunm.ary

‘l

The literature has indicated that varsity athletes, both men and

A

women, are l c.st te “txan nonat1letes in speed oi movement and reaction
time measures. aster reaction time of the arm and hand, leg, and total
body has been de onstrated by the athletes.

lee 137
Cureton and Keller in independent studies found that all

1

sports do not require the same degree of ody movement and that pro-
ficiency in at}~.letics is related to fast body n1ovem nt. lhese conclu—
sions were derived i101 reaction time measures. It is debatable whether
faster reaction time reSponses can be elicited throu 1training
For many years reaction time and Speed of movement were thought
to be hiahl" correlated measures but recent studies have shown these
b J :
. 138
two measures to be uncorrelated and entirely independent. Laric

found tiat movement time of a normal, highly skilled individual could

not be increased to any appreciable do _ ree.

 

13GCureton, loo. Cit.

 

 

L4
L
L
L,
1. t
Lu
.4!
E4
L
’__I
F
L

Apparatus

For the reaction time and movement time tests, the apparatus con-
sisted of a response unit, stimulus unit, recording unit, and a stimulus—

producing unit. This apparatus was simila‘ to that used by William R.

1
Pierson in his study of iencers.

mi .- 3 L ('1‘. 4 -' .1- . . -' - ‘ ,. aw‘, .—
ige reSuense u it. iflis unit, mOlntdfl on a glass aSSQHClJ

“ 4 , cen-

 

 

sisted of a reaction key, electronic eye with accompanying lignt beam,

and a card target. Reaction time and movement time were measured with

"\f L

this unit. The reaction key was a standard telegraph key set to .0
inch and mounted at the front of the unit. The electronic eve with
accompanying light beam was mounted directly behind and at a distance of

eleven inches from the center of tie reaction key. A five by eight white

card serving as the tarret was placed two inches behind the light beam

L;

of the electronic eye and approximately thirteen inches from the center

£4

of the reaction kc . This total response unit was mounted on tne tOp

of a standard office desk.

lWilliam‘E-iussell Pierson, "A Comparison of Fencers and Nonfencers
“y Certain Psychomotor, Space Perception, and AntnrOpometric Heasuros,"
(unpublished Raster's thesis, Michigan State College, East Lansing,
1953), pp. ll—lé.

o C-
LU
The stimulus nit. O;C yellow lamp was used as the visual stimulus.

It was placed directly behind and on the same plane as the response unit.
The l'ght stimulus was directly in front of the subject at approximately
’aist level. A preparatory ct buzzer, the auditory stimulus, was

r)

placed at a distance of approximately five ieet from the response unit.

a"

The recording unit. ihe recording unit consisted of a chronoscope

 

and a standard electric time clock. Both were calibrated in .01 second
units. Reaction time was recorded by the electric time clock which was
actuated on the presentation of the visual stimulus and stopped upon

the release of tie reaction key. Holding down the reaction key closed
the circuit, which was brolen when the key was released. Movement time

was recorded by the chronosccpe, which was activated upon the release

0

of the reaction key and stopped when the light beam of the electroni

eye was broken.

fl

The stimulus:producin;_unit. This unit consisted 01 two switc

 

which were combined and held in the operator‘s left hand. One switch
incited the visual stimulus while the second switch incited the pre—
paratory set buzzer. Placement of this unit made its operation

inaudible to the subjects.

Data were collected at Lichigan State University from 122 volunteer
subjects. These sutjects constituted two groups, the athletes and the

‘” 4". ~ ~ f'i v“: ‘4: f r‘ J) * ‘1. '" r-r‘. "Y"
‘he nonatnletic groan was comprised oi sevent; lva

nonathletes.

2’)
-/

women, of whom thirty- -t1:o wCre enrolled in a beginning tennis class,
seventeen in a beginning fencing class, and twenty-six in a beiinninq
swimming class. Of the forty-seven women in the athletic group, eimht

"‘ ~" '1 :4"? .r". . ~ -—.‘ ’- ‘V'rfi "r v f ‘ 1 . "'- ~>~M ’ " I - "
Were valsity tennis playeis, twe we were valSlt; swimmers, twenty were

field hockey players, and seven rare iencers. The subjects ranged in

A

age ircm seventeen to twenty- La years. Tile ave; ma e age of the non-
athletes was nineteen years, while the average age of the athletes was

nineteen and one-third years. All subjects maintained a freshman,
sophomore, junior,or senior class status.

The reaction time and movement time tests were administered during
regularly scheduled class sessions during the la st tiree weeks of the
spring term of 1553. All data were obtained between the hours of
9 a.m. and a p.m. Tests were conducted in the Wbmen's Gymnasium at
Michigan State University. The apparatus was ' mt fllued in a large room.
Physical aSpects of the room included one entrance door, various desks
and chairs, electric lighting, windows lining two walls, and ample floor
Space. Opportunities for external distractions were as controlled as
possible and similar for all subjects. The st mulus and response units
'ere placed on a standard office desk seven feet from the recording and

stimulus—producing units. Arrange:nent of the apparatus made it possible

to place the subject within full View of the operator at all times.
rocedure

Each subject was tested individually. To facilitate the process,

the subject and operator were locked within the testing room.

x..\3
O

Q

The subject was requested to fill out a short personal data question—

2,

naire. Assuming a comfortable position at the desk, facing the front

of the stimulus and response units, the subject was given verbal in-
a

structions which emphasized the "muscular reSponse." The starting

position was suanca“cizeo by directing each subject to place the middle

fingers of her dominant Land on tile reaction key, holding it down,

and to place nor Land and arm to the shoulder in a strm 3t line witn

the; eaction Ke3 and target. To insure the proper preparatory set, an

(f:

electric buzze i was used to p1 es sent an auditory signal prior to th
presentation of the visual stimulus. A short interval interceded the
different stimuli. On appearance of the visual stimulus, the subject
was instruot< ad to mov her hand iron tne reaction tte 3r directly forward
toward the target and tr rou Qh tize beam of the electronic eye. This
action constituted one mapletet rial. A careful demonstration of

the desired re5ponse followed the verbal instruction.

Thirty-Sive consecutive reaction time measures and thirty-five
movement time measures were obtained from ea31 suoje ct. Ho rest periods
were taken between trials. The time interval or foreperiod between
the auditory 51. ml and tie visual stimulus was either one, two, three,

4

or four seconds, as recommended. The sequence in which thc se in'm rvals

were press ented between trials was randomly selected and the same for

 

 

 

'1 ~_.
“Appendix A.

"'1

3Gnarles S. hyers, A 1e:<t— Book of El mp ri rital Psvc7;1ologv (tnird
edition; New York: Longmans, rec n and Co. lyre), p. 129.

 

4Floyd L. Ruch, Psvc nolo:v and L‘fe (0 11rd editions Chicago:
Scott, Fore man and Companaai zev): p. a“

 

 

O\c

\vt)
I...J

each subject. Coznplete testing procedures lasted a m; axirnum of Le
minLtes for each subject. ;he data In are recorced by the ooerator on

the subject's questionnaire cart.
St itistica] necnoos Employee

Arithmetic means were computed for movement and reaction time
scores of each sulject, using the last twenty trials as r3conn3nceo.
The dif;erence in means for reaction and movem3nt time between athletes
and nonathletes was tested for significance y using the critical ratio.

Wit Eli“ t -e atiml tic wroup, analVScs of variance with correSponcing

test oi sirzni iicance were used to determine if tne iour sport groups

"1]

"5

were from a homogeneous or heterogeneous population. flar1:-di1ference
coefficients of correlation we re computed for each sport to measure
the darree cl association between reaction and movement time rank and
coach—assigned ability rank.

For nonatnletes, analyses of variance byr letter graie vere computed
for each sport. An additional computation, the Student small sample

I

"t", was uses d to tes t the hgpotnesis that a signific ant di.:nrp nce in

(D
Q
g:
F“!
H
:3
2
:5
Q
c
F.)
*3
“E
:5
U)
c.1—
*‘3
C:
m
(—1..
H
O
:3

the means of reaction and movement tin1
was nonexistent. Product-moment c eificients of correlation were com-

puted to determine the relationship oetwe en reaction and movement time.

LSSULTS
Atnletes and Lonatnletes

To allow for practice scores to be eicluded, and to simplify

statistical conr utations from tne raw data, the last twenty trials of
- W 1 ~ ‘ I ', c l
eacn SUDJQCt w<3 re used to cor ‘.putc tae inciVioual mean. Ave a}; j the

L a mean reaction time of 0. 2nt2

\

forty-seven athletes' scores produce
seconds, while the seventy—five nonathletes'mean reaction time was

0. 27‘5 seconds. That thee ificrence between the athletes and non-
athletes mean reaction time was hi,i 11y Sl "nificant, was re *ealto bv a
critical ratio of 5.0L. (P = less than 0.01.) The hvpothe sis tnat
this difference can be attributed to chance is thus rejected. Similar
results were found re arcin zlean movement times. The athletes showed
a mean movement time of 0. 27 ' seconds, and the nonatLletes, 0.2970
seconds. The significance of the difference in the means was
demonstrated by a critical ratio of n.85. (P = less tnan 0.01.) The
differences between the mean reaction and movement times of the two

‘roups were 0.0253 and 0.0233 seconds respectively.

1Williamw1u sell Pierson, "A Comparison of Fencers and No nfence

by Certain PsycnOuOtor Space crception, and Antwroncm tric Leasurc
(unpuc lisne d I-aS tgr‘s tnesis, Michigan Stat: Col l 3e, Last Lansilg,

1955), p. 87.

C‘
s.)

l
S,"

k.)
\u

2 a
Burley and Hubbard found reaction time of male athletes faster
J I ~. I O -\ 4 “
than nonathletes. B eise and reaseley's study dealing with reaction

. 3 . s
time of skilled 21nd unskilled women showed similar results. Pier rson
discovered a sigW 'ficant difference between male fencers and nonfencers
in Speed of movenzent. A difference in reaction time means was shown

1

this Study would teno

1w

although it was not Sié ;ni ficant. Ihe results 0

to support the fin: in s of tree e inves Li 3at0Is It should be noted,
‘—\fl v—“flv' v‘ )1» '1 ' '3 -: H +": rv, ‘~ ‘4. r‘ A ~ ‘ " ""r "\ '7'. '- ‘1 VA" "3 "\f‘ V' *3
no N eI, tnat reaction tile compaIisons oe oi 3n men and women have never

1

be n attempted.

From the writer's observations, it appeared that the motivation

U)

.1. _ .L. .\_
uO a SI eater (cg-'IL‘SO

factor inIlucnced the 33ponses of the athlete
than those OI the nonatnletes. Fast reaction time was based upon the

instantaneous perception of the visual stimulus s, wnercas movement time

soonse fo lowed and was an extension of the reaction time response.

.1.

H
(D

It is possioh , therefore, and more logical to assume that motivation
afI cted reaction time to gre ter extent than movement time. On the

other hand, it is feasible that athletes excell in Sp-eed oi re action

because of an unknown innate quality which may or may not be motivation.

3L. R. surl'" "A Studv of t.r1e Reaction Time o
The °os3arcw (Martorlv, X7 Cctobe“, lQMQ), p

‘ m-‘M g.---

 

3Alfre d W. HubIar., "I’eripll WI al Perception and 3e .ction lee,"
(Chicago: _nerican Associa ation of Health, vasical Education, and
V f T ; 0
Recreation Mi eaIcn Sc ection, l,;;), l-o. (ijeovIaoLcu.)

s v a a I -v'\ I " ‘ "‘I __ . _C‘ '.' l .
4Dorothy Beise, and Jirglnua re "elevg "Ine delaoi - oI deaction

vac) u C v
Time, Speed, and Agility of Big Huscle iroups to Certain Sports "kills,"
The Kesearcb Quarterly, VIII (LarCI, 1937), Pp. 133-1u2.

 

 

blic eIson, op. cit., pp. 1—99.

\2)
,_

AHOt:

or possibilitv sugrcsts athlatcs‘ excollcnco can be attributed to

F)

DCBAuSlS, as tncre is

training. Encrc is ovicanca to support this a

evidence to repudiate it.

 

r‘ | .l ,. ‘ ‘ V_o .l- .v o ..L 1'“ ( 7L~‘ ’ _L _I “_‘ V r ’ .0 1‘ ~. - I ,
AGQCElO“ ti 9. bitain one athletic gioup, analysis oi variance
1 ’3': 3" T.‘ - ' D —1 V " fl '. I . u 1 '1‘ ' I J- 1-\ L‘ ' H“
Vito corresponcinw i — score Cl Elf l.)2( incicateo nat one tennis,

’5 o o a ,3 o ‘ \ 1
’_' . ' . “ r.” " "I ‘ ' "I r'. ‘ "‘ -"'" “" “ "‘ “"‘ "
lancu., onlflmlng, ans Liclu nocLCy Ocoups wars iron a nOno;anaous popu-

lation in so far as roacsion time was concerned. The mean rjaction
time scorcs for the iour Sports wore tennis 0.2356, ioncinq O.
fielo hockey 0.250;, and swimming “.2772. Ac*ults O;
variance are shown in Table I, page 33,

Although no sirnificant airfarsncos among tho four Sports wars
observoo, the resulting moan reaction time scores indicated a trend
which would confirm the findinfis of Cureton and BsiSc and Pcaso 0y.
Curston found swimmers, as compared to various chanoion at. ,

"N, P!" r s a 1 ‘Y' ' ‘L 1 ' 1V ‘r J“: ‘.‘. '. . ~ .1’ . . (x ’1 (“'3 v
canonsoratou SthCSt total oooy rUdCblOn time, uncreas uBlSB anu Peasaiay

tannis players as the fastest reactors when compared vita

 

‘T‘ . ‘1
EJJ-zjlu .

 

 

 

m.‘ _ .I— J— 77 u 11. L a D ”‘1' _ ‘_1 «'1
'7inomas n. Cureton, P“ SLCJ- fluIcSS oi Luanhion Ataia as
Q.-.“ o *“..—. —‘ __..-.—.
V 1. r ['17 T- .- —.. '. H -~ -' -. f‘ ~ ‘ i ’ F'V - ~ —‘ \ l 11"" ‘
(Uroana: ins university Ol Il-ln is Liass, i/ji)’ h). ; —ic¢.

U,

o
BBeiSs and Pcass‘ev, loc. cit.

Tkflfl I

35

AHALYSIS OF VARIAHCE OF REACTION Tlan

01" 4?» ILA-1113318 I}: L’

GLL'C'MS C'i‘ VAtIUUS

 

 

Source of variation

SPCL“S
"IZLD

 

 

1'x(38n
square

 

Total no .CBjjO
Between Sports means 3 .cczsz .COCQLO
Within sport a} .03045 .UCUYCC

 

—

 

 

fl ' 'f' ,/f7"\_(,) “‘Ar—a I - I \l a 1 \ ,_I 1_ 4- _, .‘ ,_I
r = 9ud/.Lo = l.od(, not Signiiicant for 3 ans a) of at tne 0.0; level.
.‘n "‘1. "I ""
lions ll
AJALISIS OF TLiiALJJ OF ;ongsir TELLS
" .-,‘|T‘“1-"1 *17 -r\v:-r1
UK 47 Aiatsiso lh u SEUfiLS
-'1'~ ""““’1 1” ~,-~1"‘ w -. "f V
uuotrb 0E VAJluo filZLb

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source of variation Degrees of Sum of Kean
L
freedom squares square
Total M6 .0087
Between sports means 3 .OQaé .0013}
'Within Sport Q3 .OChl .COUlO

_____

I?

.4- . r' - - ._~- .n ‘.
. = lpg/lo = lp.3, Signiiicant ior 3 and 43

at the G.Cl level.

f “at“ ‘

36

archers and golieio. Cf tne fours sports tested in this study, it
should be noted that swimming is the Sport tr at vaiies widelv from tie
othe" three.

The results of the rank—dii;‘r3nce coefficients of correlatfron
snowed that no significant relationship existed between any of the

ranied inoi vidual reaction tine score

rnv ,. .L.‘ a.
iae TCSUlblnfl

 

c:
(10

r-Vp-:_.

and their assihned ability rank

r‘. '

r110 coezficients are shown in

Table III, page 37.
Hovenent tame. In disa"‘e“nent with the reaction time results by
Sport, an F = score of 13.3 indicated that the four Sports groups vere

not from the same pepulation and the difrerence in means was 5:1 1"icant
at the one per cent level of confidence. The mean movement ime of the
iour Sports were field hockey U.25h9,1?3ncing O. 2'7i2, tennis 0.2757,

and swimming 0.2693. ihe analvsis or variance is sl'iown in Ia bl eII,
page 35.

It appears that the type and amount oi physical as tivit3 is related
to speed of movement. Field hoclev, as compared with fencing, tennis,
and QW‘WILH" is a continuous running game involving constant Chang of
pace. The tennis and fencing sports tend to be ”start and st tep" type
oi actWVi i s In contrast, SJLJT ung conditions requiree ntiroly
different tjfpe s of movement. Ine training period involved for most
Varsitv Sports evidentlv had little effect upon the results, as evidenced
by the fact that only in one sport-—tennis-—were the athletes actively
engaged in competition or ‘raining during the testinr; period of three

"”3! C‘ Tz‘
WCVI: 0. Lie

further possibility

exists that the thletes conpr ising the

37

3L? n1
#1 '~J *4. .

wwililii‘ XII) L713M)I‘IOI‘I Ill?) L1L-li"bii"f4iidl34 COMJIAIIOHS
OL“ Al‘TL SILLS TN LL SPOa‘T @LUUPJ; ‘7 .8 UI‘ SPUJIS

I‘\

Sporfi; N .-xu1 llean 12? rho RI Iii)

Tennis

8 .2757 .2333 -.C9;2 .3025
Swimming 12 .2C95 .2372 -.h3n0 - OWUU
Fencing 7 .2732 .2fiCh .Ejjd hl
F eld Hockey 20 .26ay .23t5 .2337 .27el

 

Hone of these values are significant at tLe 0.03 level

38

other three groups were individually engaged in other sports activities
aside from *arsity competition. fiarick concluded that speed of move-
ment possessed by an i1 1d? Vidual cannot oe increased to any appreciable

the quality is innate. The four rank-

ct

extent. This would assume the
difference coefficients of corr elati oetween ranked moVemcnt time
scores and assigned ability rarks witiin tc nnis, swimming, fencing, and
field hockey groups were not significant. The rho for each sport is
shown in Table 111, page 37.

The results of ooth mavement time and reaction time ran —ciiie“ence
corrze lations indicated tr at in ividual score 3 and abilitV wei e not
correlated. These results may have been affected by women who were
hisjlly "ci1c1cnt in other Sports activities, but ranked as to aoiiity

in only one. It is a frequent occurrence to find a woman athlete pro-

ficient in various sports, wrn.c n enables her to compete the year around.

icactirn time. The F: ratio in the analysis of vari.tta Dy letter
‘ n ‘I - ~n H I“ ‘L . ~ "‘ J- 1' r. V
grade lor eacn sport COULD? was not Sisni i.icant. In computi ng tae data,

'rades affectea bV student azs ences were xcluded. This
necessitate cthe use of a smaller number of subjects within the swimming
r*roun. The1nean scores for each letter grade by course are sr own in

'or tennis, swimming, and citine are

F3
m4
C
H
(D
<.
u
"U
{L
d
t
O
o
F3
:7
(D
a:
H
U]
C
O
r)
O
(J)
F’;

in‘icatcd in Table IV, page 39. ‘Witnin each of the three sports,

9Lawrence Rarick, "An Analysis of the Speed Factor in Simple
Athletic Activities," The Researcg_giajrt teer, XKIEI (De emoer, 1W 1),
pp. 89-105.

39

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Sports

LSAH

J.»,~ ,
Lint/LIEU“: J

[Li J- U1 10:;

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AID CW
VAflTCbS L

I
_‘
I

L: .

TILSS

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OE INK: A: :iL:bL_!D

 

neasurenent

 

 

 

Tennis
'1‘ enni s

Fer ncin;
Be ncing

UJU)

71'11I1w“
wian

L'-.L2

"x ,_ .;.' '11- ,
“.3010 clOl’l lime
“ —‘ m3.
movement Lime

‘3 , n L ' -t .
-L )aC ulOl’l 1.1%?

v- y- -" -:
noVenent Time

it vCrlC 01C n

.1.
y r u
.' "’_ ’3 "' 'n-u ""5)
“($49.15/mo 1-1.213

Jou"se Grace

/r—~ .—'_,.. /' /
. 2(._~‘( o 2D/J'l4. o 2 (3)31
\;~- V w, mars,»-
Orv), 0J0); nit/{7

r.

2{U2 .2u 2
.9353 .2350
A 1" r~ '.' ’2
02L13( . gUKD .Lizfllj
/ " “‘1".
:IOK’ 0 V‘L/O ./|U/-'.)I

 

y.
'\

lumber

of subj

ects are

snown

in pt“3r*“>"is.

tnere was no eViuence tnat indicated a trend toward the "A" students
bein: iaSter tnan the ”B,” the "B" iaSter than tne "C," or he ”C"
I. ‘ “'1 “1“} r ‘ ’1. I‘ ”I W "‘ :f '4' ‘ ‘u r - VI' " ' . A v -
iastei budfl tne "u" or "E” Stucents. Tie mean stores varied an n;

letter grade groups, but no trends were oose lfi'etl.

m.\ ~r~ yo- 3 . "'1' E "‘t ', ~ ‘L Y'.’ "1'
ine MOVUm nt time anc reaCLion tlfle caoa “are

7"7P‘ '3 e "' t4 "1’)
l‘.\-- .J'LUWI I. K; _._ ‘A‘J .

 

imilarly co Tputeu. Again the letter grade groups for tennis, fencing,
ant the letter firaoe group means of each S)Ort di<l not c3 fer si'nifi-

cantly among themselves was indicated by the F: scores in Table IJ,

ed 7n Ta ble V,

C"

page 3?. The letter grade means by course are presen'
page LC.

P ese reaction 81K movement time results would be expected to
occur under conditions not affected by chance samplinfi. In dealing with
women, letter graies are often based upon measures other than perform—

The interest of tne stuM nt enrolled

DJ
:5
O
a.
H .
}._J
‘-—l
M
O
'1
H U
E:
._J
{D
ci-
0
Q)
V
.J
r_.J
.J

in an activity class of the type tested plcys a large role in determin-

nal grade, as well as affecting her performance and kill

*4?

ing her f

within the class. It is natural to assume that etter grades would

vary to.a fireater dorree than reaction time or movement tine, due to

tneir suo‘ectivitV. In contrast it is not illogical to as sune that the
J .1 3

interest factor would also operate then reaction and movement times

were tested. Again this motivation factor pos siol;r affected both the

le te raies and the test scores, only one, or ne it} .

C“
C)

Lenstruation

An auditional coweuo tion was name to determine if menstruation
affected reaction and movement time scores. ”he Student srall saw
te chnique was3 applied to the oi inrencc oe wxeen the ML ans oi four ce3n
paired observations. The diff3 renee “etween the means when men r‘uatinc
and not m311strua ting 'as not 31‘n111ran3 ior eit11er reaction ti 313 or

3 3,. .. 1:3, 33/7‘ _J-.-L 27... '. -"..«1 '“ . " a
movenint cine as c3no 331aceo of "t" valuas oi .j77 and 9lau “3s IeCul’Q 3.

Both values were entered wit1thirteen degrees of freedom. The move men

I

.-

u1me mean when m'3n5crua31n was b.3321 seconds; w;3n not menstruatin'
the same measure was 0.2(33 semzon;s. T33 reaction time means we1e
similar, 0.2303 when menstruating and 0.24641-7313n not men truating.
Faster mean element ano reaction time rospons 33 were 15 cite3 co when;
the group was not n>n"'"uac1n These results may show a trendv,brt1;t

also probable that these faster reSponses were the results of practic

Throughout the testing proceoure, if menstrue ition we 3 observed on the

menstrual data were collected from the second test.

,.

Correlation of leaction Tine witn Hovement Time

1 . ~

To determine the rela ti tons41ip oetween 1n01LMual re action times and

move ement times, procucr-LOchL co31fic1ents oi correlation mere computed

Q

for the athletB s and nonathletes. The resulting correlation coef-

/
\

ficients for the athletes and nOnathletes were 0.237 (P: between 0.05

U]

and 0. Cl), and 0.231(P=0.0j) respectively. Alt1ougn both correlation
'between these two functions were very low, t1r3f were statistically

_: - _“\ I V _I_
Signiiicanu.

10 11 12
T

In indapcndcnt studies, Kc ry and .rafton, H3nry, Pierson,

13
and Slat 3r- -Hamm3l found reaction tima and speed 01 movement to be

{'1‘

uncorrelated and 3ntircly ind 3rc nd3nt functions. n3 slight indication

01 corrclation found in this stud; would tend to contradict the findings

0

It snould be point3d out that the studies

J
K

')
C F-
E

1
{‘3
c4
0
*2.
U1
0

I. "1, ‘, 1" . '7
01 3:16 acme 1.1

J» I

mentioned above were concuctca using male subjects, th3r31ore, the

possibility exists t1at 53x difjeronccs were Operatinr in this study.

 

——

10Franklin E. Henry, and Irving R. Trafton, ”The Velocity Curve of

Sprint Running," The fiss3arch Quarterly, AAII (December, 1951),
pp 0 :; lOQ‘ilfll o

11Branlin n. Henry, "Inccpenc3n0c o1 {eact on and 1ovenent Times
and Ecuivalcnce ofb bensorf Iotivators o1 Faster Response," Eye u3 s3arch

 

Quart3r E, XXIII (Maren, 19a2), pp. hB-JB.
12Pierson, loc. cit.
13A. T. Slat
Ps c‘ olowm3H1.A s

“LL“.LL

 

- ~ a

3r-Hanm31, "’caction Tim3 ans Sp331 o1 hovement,"
tracts, ZZIIII (July, l)3;), p. 510.

 

0:; ”ELI-i v

fljv1~-.' j"- '1 "."n v'n ’V' In; ‘ 1 x ,1” — a :1”: "7"
DUAL. .A-L.i ’ idiJ';oLl ‘ ’DIULXJS , AlJ -iaJdk‘ ~ ““5ij )A;i0:‘b

SIL‘T‘J'la ry

The reaction time and novcncnt time of forty—seven women athletes
and seventy-five women nonatnletes are r—e measured on an electronic
apparatus. Tne rasul inc data were atistically ana l; zed.

Tne atnletes were further studied by comparing the reaction time

~"

r“ v- v» r s '1' -. ‘,.\ ' ‘1r‘. " i. * ‘ . ‘1‘;- J— r’ q . H -v- *fi"
ane moxenant time scores oi ioar snort 5ioups:315nt bJuflLo pla,eis,
’NT "3 inc) "0 ’3'Y‘C‘ "1" “l - :1 C “'37 '1 3‘1 ' ’f "I" ‘ '4" "1“" "fl. . ’3 ,‘ 1 ”‘1 317’ lll‘Vv‘fi‘I/‘fl I J L
v J'un an .2 ’4. L) , . Ll JIJ V J HEEL—ill. 1‘41 S , all“ LIVU'VLLUJ J. l «.1. )- 510de ‘4‘): D ‘4'), ‘34. D VJ; 1.1.0 {1

compri53c th3 total group. Also, within each sport 5roup, the women
were ranked by ability and tnese data co nirco to sixa'al rranted reaction
and movement time no asures.

Reaction and movement time scores and letter grades achieved by
the nonatnletes in three instructional courses, tennis, swimming, and
fencing, were also compared.

The ei ect of menstruation on r3action time and movement time
measures was determined from comparison of fourteen paier observations.

.1.

Also, the relationship between reaction and movement time was determined.

Conclusions

0"-

Fiom th- “ta istical analysis oi t11e do ta, the following conclusions

were drawn:

LS

I

l. Won3n athlet3s a‘. 3 sicnificantl" ia tor tLan wom3n nonatnl mt es

U)

1

in spee 3a of ar m Lovement.
2. WOmen athlet3s are significantly faster than wom3n no :13 d‘;letes
in finger r333tio on time.

3. In comgaring a sma ll n1m33r of cases, m3nstruaoion lias no

measurable 3ifect on speed of movement or Spe ed of reaction.
3. Reaction time is not c01r 3lated with coacL- assigned ability
position within tennis, swimni-3, f3ncing, or i‘i 311i hocLog.

S. Lowonent tine is not corrclatec with coacn-assign3d ability
position within tennis, swimming, f3ncing, or field hochcg.

.’ -
‘

f. w:t1in tLe athletic rroup, tennis players, SJi.L3rs, f3 nc3 s,

(-3

U1

n

and fiald hocLey players do not Ciif3 r significantly in reaction time

7. Within tie athletic group, tennis playc:rs, swimmer , fencers,
anc iield 11 ocL3, play3rs ci fie er significantly in Speed of movement.
They ranked as follow : field; Hocl.3y, luncin , t3nnis, and swimming.

8. nonatulct 'rcaction tim3 in tennis, swimming, and fencing is
unrc latcd to aCHlCV31$flb as nea sured b* letter sradc.

'3 Q

9. Lonathlet3§ movem3nt time in tennis, swimming, and fencing is
unrelated to acni3V3 m3nt as measured by 13 otcr graLa.

lO. Witnin tne athletic group, a signi icant corielation 3;: ists

reaction time and mo¢3m3nu time.

0‘
(D
51
K ‘-)
(D

ll. Within the non nathle fiC group, a significant correlation exists

'between reaction time and Wov3m3nt Mi

£3.
O'\

Recommendations

e) f ».
o

l. A study should be conducted to ascertain the eiiect of training
on the reaction and movement times of women.

2. A study should be designed to discover the eifects of xen-
struetion on rea3tion time and movement time.

3. Reaction time and movement time measures of men and women
should be compared.

a. Chumfion women athletes should be tested in relation to re—
action and movement time.

. A study of total body reaction and movement times of women

\J 1

should be conducted.
6. Sports activities requiring varying degrees of physical activity
should be compared.

7. The results of this research should be verified by a Similar

study.

31:3LICr3QiAl’ETI

BIBLIUddAPhY

Boots

' \

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U)
x J

 

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*—
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——.~

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'3 ‘L_' ‘.'_ ‘fau‘. t_‘ , " -__, _ ,, "‘ ' ‘ ' - _‘

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.nclllczzilui-tirl. r (JVI J_t)i';-. .L 1111.£1:‘L1 tillu. t,c;:.1);:1i¢/, .L11<,. . l a.). -J~ikJ £37 .

*-.—.——~—— ' '
r". _;_ n . TY .~ ,3 L ,3 0 '11-: _;'\,_Ir-. - _- ‘ ,--; "3 _’ _3 _ ,L ‘- y 'I" ,.. F71 . .'_ ‘_ ‘ .
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T . ‘L‘rfi P-n ‘1. . (if) u.“ “‘-I,__,(.’:‘rfi I‘ \"' ..- I"'._,-r|"_",r *.._‘ 01 ( i‘(3\-r1‘1. I n"? '1 (~\)’](‘j

it-.- L/L.‘ .L (.1 U1.V\-I .-_J_L..L ‘1‘; U02 k) 44- -J--.--._'. 4... e/‘IKJ 'S (.4. A ~. \J 4.. A. .'_A..\~LJ...\1-Lk-J 0

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xv-

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’1 _ I 737“ ..
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W A __ ‘ -:4 “d;—
r .1. V , v,. -, 3.. "-1,": -_ -
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Uoull, 3. b. An Lnt:;oot cU cn UO UUUFALi c1w_l Statis,lus. now YLIL.
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"Q

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*—

-. 3:-. r 1- ' - -. TI
-. Low lorL: _flcn;3 Holt

‘Woodworth, Aoberu . fljpcrinontal Psyc olc ,

S
‘ r” ”-C :1:' ‘
ano Company, ljgo. to) pp.

 

. PS"cholo:y. Fourth edition. Ifcw Yo r};: H3nry Holt and
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. gru—--

, /..r~.
Uompany, ly.U. 0); pp.

 

h?

ParLs of Sezies

V. Lo‘nm1rn ono Hovnnent iv Beactfion Time. Archives

“~- ~.-—.——

 

—-

 

Evans, John E. The f1aot of $49199"*“on on 398.0t10n Tim9. Archives

-.—~-—.—."—~.. —_‘

 

-.

of Psychology,i o 11. New 1orLz1ge Science P1153, November,
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Lefiuon, Vernon‘N. $73-1319Lian ,f Heaotion Tine to 1&2 11-3-9 of

 

 

 

 

8.5
IflflP I11”.1_;, Lemorx, an: L99211u“. A1CL1W S 01 PS?*101‘TT
”*W-u-kv‘ -——- n-‘-.—-—p.———.>A ' K.» ’
T: .‘ " V" ‘ I‘~ {‘11 3‘ 1 ’I—I ’3 ‘ 3‘ _} 'I.._‘ _) ‘ V Cr , :I
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A

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rm

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‘ - J- 1‘ - -. v‘ 'n ‘» - r‘ “ 1 " \ ’I ‘ ‘| r If I III .II- --\ « r- . 'q
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‘ _

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l / IIII- I—IIII

( “1;;
4J-L//o

f‘

 

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n
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Supplement, IX (March, 1,33), 3(‘4U.

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51

H7

Fri33man, Edward D. 113 Relatim(n81ip of R3actzLon Pime Lo
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Gen 3 ral
ork

Y . Univer-

H3nTV, Franklin I. "Conditions Under Whicn Increased Intensity of
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Ame‘ican Association for he aan, Pnysical La acaLion, ano necreaLion
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The Am3rican Association 1L or Health, Physical Education, and
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CarLain Psychomotor, Space Perception, and Antlropometric measures. "
Unoublisned master's thesis, Licnigan SLate College, East Lansing,

APPENDIX A

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Circulation dept:
Date Due

ROG-M USE om

 

Demco-293

 

 

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