TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF ALGAE {N PONDS AND LAKES OF THE FLATHEAD BASIN, MONTANA (Excfusive 0% éhe Diatoms) Thesis 5:}: fife Dame 0f M. 5;; MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Jehn F. Schim‘ier $954 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\2\\\\\\\\\ w—I-II- --_.—___._——-—'-—"== égfld—f" \\\\\ \\ \\\\ \\\ \\\\\\\\\ 3 1293 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Taxonormr “d iZCOIDgJ of.AlgEe in Pond.s and Lakes f the Elathmd Basin, Montana presented by lair. John F. Schindler has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for _LL._S.._ degree in Jam— Major professor TI‘XONOL'IY AND ECOLOGY OF ALGAE IN PONDS AND LAKES OF THE FIATHEAD BASIN, MO UTA NA ( Exclusive of the Diatoms) By John F.A§ghindler \ \ AN J’LESTRACT - \ \ Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigen \ State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of L \ MASTER OF SCIEMJE ;\ f» Department of‘Botany and Plant Pathology 1954 I". PERU WC 1" : FURTOSE The purpose of the investigation is to add to the records of Montana algae and to investigate their ecology in a natural area of the state, the Flathead Valley. Collections were taken from two lakes and four ponds during the summers of 1953 and 1954. The identified algae are listed with notes as to habitat; their ecology is discussed; and the environmental.data are presented. New forms are included and briefly described, and illustrations are given. Other noteworthy species are also illustrated. lETHODS Samples were collected once and often twice a week during the months of July ~nd August. Collections were made with a plankton net and by hand collection of algal masses. The algae were then preserved for later study and identification. Camera lucida drawings were made as a record of each of the species, together with measurements for their determination. DISCUSSION The physical, chemical, and biological aspects of each habitat are discussed in relation to the algal populations. The tctal list of plants includes 243 species of which one species and one variety are thought to be new to science. “xenon: AND ECOLOGY OF ALGAE IN PONDS AND LAKES or THE FLATHEAD BASIN, momma ( Exclusive of the Diatome ) By John F. Schindler A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillmnt of the requirements for the degree of WsSTER OF SCIE ICE Department of Botany and Plant Pathology 1954 T583. 3 3 2a EARL. .1: 31%.... r. fists . ,. W L» .1113.» . .I.. a). the. Pal-Jenn“ x.’ .o . w in. ACKI‘DWIEDGMBM‘S To Dr. G. W. Prescott under whose guidance this investigation was undertaken, I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation for his inspiration, supervision, and aid. I also wish to thank Dr. Prescott for so generously making his very extensive personal lib- rary available to me. Grateful acknowledgment is also due Drs. G. E. Baker and L. F. Potter for their valuable aid in the chemical, bact- eriological, and mycological parts of the investigation. I am espec- ially grateful to Wm. C. Vinyard for his suggestions, assistance, and encouragemnt. TABLE OF COM’E HIS Page Acknowledgments - Introduction 1 Figure 1 2 Methods and Equipment 3 Description of the Area 5 Figure 2 6 Discussion 22 Figure 3 23 Summary 34 Literature 35 Appendix 41 Tables I through V Flates I through XXIV INTRODUCTION The first published record of Montana algae was that of F.W. Ander- son and F.D.Kelsey in 1891 (2). There are a few references of collections from the state since then and there has been only one publication direct- 1y concerned with the algae of the Flathead Basin (Lauff, 47). Many work- ers have done research on the flora of aquatic habitats but few have pub- lished ecological notes. One of the earliest publications on algalecology in the United States was that of Eddy(23) in 1925. It was followed by those of Brown (12), Chambers (14), Hutchinson (37 to 1.1), Smith (68)(69), and Walsh (85). In 1939 the American Association for the Advancement of Science sponsored the publication of a symposium.of papers on lake biology which presents a solid foundation for future work in the field (61).?Rs- cently, Tiffany (76), Dineen (20), and Prescott (60) have published on the ecology of algae. The purpose of this investigation is to add to the records of Montana algae and to investigate their ecology, in a natural area of the state, the Flathead valley. This paper is based upon investigations of two lakes and four ponds in the lower Flathead valley during the summers of 1953 and 1954. In addition to a study of the algae the project includes analyses of water and of bacterial and fungal populations in relation to the algae. A taxo- nomic list of algal species from each respective habitat is included. An attempt was made to synthesize the taxonomic and ecological aspects of this investigation in accordance with the views expressed by L. H. Tiffany. He postulates (76), "The large number of forms, varieties, and even species among certain genera of algae may someday be considerably reduced when we are able to evaluate accurately the environment of each algal species." .28 accuse earn. confine: MBHPHBOHEOE a soapfipogaoe x... no asses.» cm £035.39? mo nope.“ .333 a \ .sodfimomsoe . \\ Sana we ccSBflenMe a inn: 1 /,-//, \ \\ a 838.“ x a / , J cache .Hepeo on: c shapes: \ 20393809 3350an l 53on _ 233cm gene a 3393 e coders \ Ema t «e Bflfl «c chance i.» / x, 7, seven No a 3809 use: .. \a\ x 4‘ A? r / /, t. r». \ ./.\ . \. \ .\ \\ ncSeHeefl/ \ (A. (\\\..l, \ \ Edge . .,./_..--\-\.. / x \ \ 3.333385 ,noflpeahomsoo / 4 sons «nausea . 53cm erase sea-n teasing t Savanna haze / 1 H .. xn‘ , -x. / i \\ t H , i t X \ $3933 scene 3.3 we deem \ uc senescence scapecescpaco 4 \ e _ 6:3»: fl .. oosfimnoq seesaw—J; . heawEfioa .332...“ fluowmoaooo \t conceded“ can I r I .! I... 14 . . \ \\ i/ll/i was \\ 83 4 mo $552 Become A Page ( 3 ) In the light of this idea, the science of Taxonomy cannot be an isolated study. A lake is a dynamic cosmos, constantly changing both in content and form as a result of a myriad of interacting external and internal factors. It is a product of the influences of all contributing forces whether great or small. These agents may be divided for purposes of discussion into three realms; the physical, the chemical, and the biological. Nature, however, recognizes no such realms and the interplay between all three is as great as that between the constituents of each realm. An.exhaustive study of algal ecology in a lake would include analyses of all factors influencing plant physiology and reproduction, because all agents in a lake determine the algal population both qualitatively and quantitatively; Rawson (61) presented a chart ( Figure 1 ) which suggests the interrelation of the factors which affect the ”metabolism" of a lake. He suggests that while the scheme is elaborate it is in no way complete. The plan of the diagram suggests a one-direction influence whereas this is not the case, and per- haps in almost all places arrows could be added reversing the direction of each influence. Also he has made no attempt to show the relative impor- tance of each factor. The chart is presented here to aid the reader in visualizing the maze of relations in a lake before reading the discus- sions of ecology in subsequent sections. METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Qualitative algal samples were collected from the aforementioned six separate bodies of water during the months of July and August in 1953 and 1954. The 1953 collections were made once and often twice a Week, all samples being preserved regardless of duplication. The samples (1.) collected during the summer of 1954 were preserved only when species new to the investigation occurred. In the ponds and along the lake shores attention was directed primarily to floating and attached forms inter- mingled with higher vegetation. Wherever possible, tows were taken using a plankton net of Nb. 20'bolting silk. Where tows were not possible the vegetation was squeezed and the drippings collected in a vial. All samples were preserved for later study in a 6-3-1 solution consisting of six parts water, three parts 95 % alcohol, and one part formalin. At least three microscope mounts were made from each vial, or until no additional species were found. Measurements were recorded for each algal species and a camera lucida drawing was made. A total of 237 species was found, including one species and one variety thought to be new to science. The samples for water analyses were collected twice during the summer of 1953 and once in 1954,.An attempt was made at each time to take the sample from the deepest part of the water, at least one-half meter below the surface. A Kemmerer water sampler was used and four 250 cc bottles were filled, using care not to introduce any gases from the atmosphere during the transfer of the sample. The Winkler method was used for the determination of dissolved oxygen; free carbon dioxide was determined with phenol-phthalein indicator and a sodium hydroxide titra- tion. Both methods are those described by Welch (87). The remainder of the chemical determinations were made with a Hellige Aqua Tester.* During the summer of 1953 bottom samples were taken with the aid Of an.lckman dredge and then investigated for bacteria and fungi. At such times bottom temperatures were taken. Surface water temperatures .;7fiellige Inc., Long Island City, New IOrk. (5) were also taken with each water sample and at various times throughout the summer. All bacterial and fungal samples were plated on sodium caseinate agar in replicates of five. The water dilutions were: 1:10; 1:100; and 1:1,000. Because of the higher concentrations of individuals in the bottom samples, further dilutions were necessary. The mud dilutions were: 1:1,000; l:l0,000; 1:100,000 and 121,000,000. The mud dilution of 1:1,000 was also plated on rose bengal agar. The counts being taken from these plates. Hemp and cellophane cultures also were made from the 1:1,000 mud dilutions. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The lakes and ponds upon which this study was made are located in the Flathead Valley region of northwestern Montana, directly south of Flathead Lake, along the western slopes of the Mission Mountains ( Fig- ure 2 ). (Lake County, 'r. 22 N., R. 19 w., sections 17, 18; and r. 20 N., R. 20 W.,section 21..) The valley is bounded on the west and south by the Salish.lbuntains and the hills of the Bison.Range. These mountains were formed during the period of the general.Rocky Mountain.uplift at the close of the Mesozoic period about 60,000,000 years ago. They are com- posed of sedimentary rocks laid down under marine conditions in the Proterozoic era. Generally the rocks are limestones, shales, and argil- lites with a few layers of lava (22). They are important in this study because the glacial drift over which these lakes lie was mainly derived from them. During the Pleistocene epoch this area was extensively glaciated with few peaks above the ice level. The last recession of the ice, 12,000 to 14,000 years ago,is the most important in the present valley (6) ' 0 : «so i ' F T I LA HEAD l . \xA Q ‘3‘ “Q“ i L AK E {=1 - - - - ....... .i _ _ 1 | \ A - 7 g - \ ~- a.-- I ', *- I flew—1 \\\ .- . v d y ’l/ ,. . : / I‘M” "'6”??? “Wisteria? 4’” I // Pablo : z / Reservoi. : o .. - - - - I‘ - - _ - 1 ' H I - .. - - — — — - - - - - -' - — .- — / I . — a ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ m‘ \ , l N | II I o) \\\\\}\.\¥3~‘\\~‘ (— I I /, I H R } : : [MINI E I ' I . {Us [,1 I ' ' - - - - - _ - I #1109311 I — I I I : 17:03 ,W ' 2' I 9 Hpes f: Kicking Horse ?”M/«e,,, b;_fiesezvoir__4___ __ I I ' I ’ 5.7/1) I H l I I '4%Z%%V I 1 I fie U - Upper Twin Lake L - Lower Twin Lake . , , 19293:& 4 ' ands 2%-miles Figure 2. Orientation map of the Lower Flathead Valley (7) formation. As the valley glacier receded from an area just north of the Bison Range it deposited a very gently sloping ground moraine. This ground moraine is filled with many shallow depressions formed by melting blocks of ice. Four of these water filled depressions were considered in this study. The northern limits of the ground moraine are found in the Polson Terminal moraine. This moraine was formed while the ice front neither advanced or receded but remained relatively stationary accum- ulating a considerable drift deposit. It is in two of the swales, char- acteristic of this topographic feature, that the two lakes in this study were formed. Though both lakes are found in the same tapographic feature, with- in a short distance of each other, their, basins are of slightly different soil types. Upper Twin Lake lies in the steep phase of Lonepine Sandy Loam. This is a rough broken and eroded soil, little suited for agricul- ture. In this area it has a nitrogen-content of .100 5 and a phosphorus- content of .0686 % (20). lower Twin Lake occupies a basin composed of Milville Loam. This is a hilly soil of chocolate brown gravelly clay overlying a fine sandy loam. At a depth of thirty to thirty-six inches a loose calcareous material occurs. This soil has a nitrogen-content of .150 $ and a phosphorus-content of .0563 1. All the ponds are located in what is called Post Clay Loam. It is generally a light-textured soil of open structure and here has a nitrogen-content of .148 75 and a phosphorus content of .0922 %. The climate of the area is considered a cool highland type with moist winters according to Kappen's classification in Trewartha (81). The average annual maximum temperature is 104°F. and the average annual (8) minimum temperature is «27°F. The area receives an average of 14.56 inches of precipitation a year and has a growing season of 138 days. The pre- czimfitation averages for the months of the study during 1953 are as follows: .Jiine - 2.06 inches; July - .90 inches; August - .91 inches. Although the summer season is short, growth is stimulated by the long hours of daylight peculiar to high latitudes and the greater intensity of sunlight incident to krigh altitudes. Excessively warm days are usually relieved by cool nights. The length of daylight ranges from a minimum of eight and one-quarter liours in December to sixteen and one-quarter hours in June. The area re- ceives 76 % of the possible amount of sunshine (16). These figures were recorded at the weather station at Pblson, Montana, within five miles of the site of this study. DISCUSSION OF LAKES AND FUNDS As early as 1915 the need for a classification of lakes was real- ized and Thienemann (74) preposed the two terms, oligotrophic and eu- trophic. In the original context they meant respectively, poor in nutri- ents and rich in nutrients. This original method of classification was generally adopted with the addition of the dystrophic category'to include those lakes, in general acid, which were rapidly filling in. With ad- ditional work,other criteria of classification were added including amounts of dissolved oxygen and fixed carbon dioxide, depth, stratification, sedimentation, etc. Prescott (60) felt the need for one more classification of lakes and so created a separate category which he entitled bog lakes. In this he included those bodies of water with marginal mate of vegetation and which because of their phytoplankton and chemical composition are not included in the European classification. Welch (86) agrees with this (9) added class and feels that the term dystrophic is rapidly losing it's usefulness. He completed a study in which he proposed the dissolved oxygen ratio between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion as an important criterion. According to Welch, oligotrophic lakes have a greater amount of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion than in the epilimnion. The reverse is true in a eutrophic lake. He continues by stressing the belief that one criterion is not sufficient for a classification system, and that many more studies of lake characteristics are necessary. A system of classification based on lake age rather than lake type may be useful. The recognition of a life history of a lake seems necessary at the pres- ent, with reference to such stages as very young (extreme oligotrophy), mature (eutrophy), and very old (extreme eutrophy or dystrophy). Just as a person can be in their "teens“ chronologically and can be an adult physically so can a lake be a relatively recent formation and yet be "old“ morphologically (extreme eutrophy). In this paper, each time a reference is made to a lake classification an attempt will be made to qualify the terminology. _ At the beginning of the study a choice of ponds had to be made so that successive visits to the area would always include the same habitats. There is not a great deal of similarity in the general appearance of the ponds and the choice was difficult..A preliminary pH determination on a variety of ponds was made in the field in hopes of finding indications of different chemical conditions. It was on this basis in addition to the differences in the related higher vegetation and upon accesibility that the ponds were chosen. ( 10 ) POND 1 Bond 1 is a small depression partly filled by the roadbed of U.S. highway 93 ( Plate XIX ). The pond is generally oriented along a north- south axis. It has an approximate length of 135 feet and a width of 65 feet, with a surface area of .18 acres. There is a variation in depth during the year, the deepest point found on July 4, 1953 was 36 inches and on August 15 of the same year the greatest measured depth was 22 inches. Because the main source of water for all these ponds is precipitation and seepage there is an expected annual variation in depth depending mostly on the amount, intensity, and monthly distribution of precipitation. Near the middle of the second summer the greatest measured depth was 15 inches. The pond is generally protected from the action of the wind and is fenced off from cattle so disturbances such as gusts of wind and the introduction of debris come from vehicles on the nearby highway. Before describing the'bhemistry"of the pond it should be stated that the limited character and number of chemical analyses are realized. Generally all water samples were taken at a point thought to be the deepest part of the pond, during the late morning or early afternoon. This cor— related with the time of greatest intensity of insolation. The analyses were made for dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentra- tion, carbonates, bicarbonates, ammonia, nitritss, nitrates, phosphates, and iron. In Pond 1 oxygen was found at saturation except in the analysis made on July 18, 1954. On this date the water level was at it's lowest with the oxygen-content at .10 ppm. This condition was undoubtedly a result of the high rate of decomposition at that time. Paradoxically, (11) carbon dioxide was never detected. The incredible nature of this caused the analyses to be suspected and tests were immediately repeated with new samples. The subsequent tests, however, gave exactly the same results. The carbonates as a group were at their lowest in the spring, reaching high concentrations as the summer progressed. On July 18, 1954.the bi- carbonate measurement was 234 pPM. The pH showed a very unusual recip- rocal correlation with the carbonates during 1953. As the carbonates increased the pH decreased, ranging from 9.0 to 8.0. No confirmed ex- planation was found for this decrease in pH which was detected in all ponds ( See ”Discussion" section).In Pond l nitrogen was present in small amounts in the form of ammonia, not present in the form of nitrite, and present in the form of nitrate in fairly high proportions (Table I). The phosphates, which are usually more abundant in eutrophic lakes, generally show high concentrations. Dineen (20) reports total phosphorus concentrations of .72 ppm in his study on a Minnesota pond. Since some algae have the capacity to store as much as ten times the amount of phosphorus which investigators report as normal it conceivably cannot be considered critical here unless blocked by some buffering action. The very high iron-concentration readings for this pond also seemed unreason- able and analyses were repeated. The second determination, however, was only slightly'lower so the iron therefore must be considered present in great quantities. During 1953 the iron content ranged from 2.2 ppm to 3.0 ppm. The iron here probably occurs in organic compounds and as a colloid. These organic iron sols are very stable and waters may sometimes contain very high amounts even in the presence of dissolved oxygen (66). I. Q " "4 11 GEL. ”a . 1‘ -‘ -:: ‘ (Lesa‘ts 7:“ 9999131 gran °f a 3'98 01 ‘ '3 u, 6“ 91 “1 (12) There was a variety of algae in this pond with a total of 100 species. in unusual number of desmid individuals were found, considering the rel- atively high pH of the pond. They usually occurred , however, away from the shore area which is the zone where blue-green algal concentration was the greatest. It is possible that the number of desmid species is related to the organic acids produced as a result of decomposition. Scegedesmgs incrassatulus Bohlin Egg, mgnogge G.M.Smith which has been reported only once (from Wisconsin) was found in this pond. The percent- ages of the number of species identified in and l are as follows: ang- m - 31 73; Chlorgphyta - 37 %; W - 19 %; other - 13 7%. ( Desmids are not included in the Chlorophyta but considered here as a special group because of the selectivity ascribed to them as an index of a type of habitat.) POND 2 Although and 2 is located a short distance from Pond 1 and has the same soil type for it's basin it presents an entirely different aspect. The outline of this pond is almost circular with an average diameter of sixty feet; it has a surface area of .08 acres. The orientation of the pond in relation to the surrounding swales is such that wind disturbance is greater than on Pond 1. Although this pond was not fenced off from cattle the animals were seldom seen here. The greatest disturbance was from a family of muskrats which were constantly swimming and thus kept a large amount of matter suspended in the water, giving it a sallow tan color, This color factor may possibly invalidate the following chemical readings although compensations were attempted during the analyses. (13) Oxygen was present in amounts sufficient for saturation except on July 18, 1954 during low water-level conditions. Carbon dioxide was never detected in the pond possibly'because the vegetation of the pond was con- suming all that was available for photosynthesis. The pH again showed an unusual decrease from 9.6 on July 7, 1953 to 8.4 on August 10, 1953. Car- bonates in this pond were unusually high and bicarbonates showed a range from 26 to 300 ppm, the low amount occurring on August 10, 1953. Nitrogens as a group were low, the highest concentration being found in the nitrite form. No determinations could be made on July 18, 1954 because of the color of the water. Phosphate-content was even higher than that determined in Pend 1 but iron, although relatively high, was lower than in Pond 1. The main and almost exclusive constituent of the higher vegetation found in Pond 2 was Ceratonhyllgm demersum.Furthermore this plant was al- most completely free of any epiphytes except members of the Bacillarig- phyceae. Decomposition in this pond did not seem as active and this was borne out by the fact that the numbers of bacteria and cellulose—digesting fungi were low in comparison to those in Pond 1. mention again must be wade of the high turbidity of the water, due perhaps to the aforementioned disturbances. Above and about a small colony of Qggillgtggig sgbbreyis Schmidle found growing on the bottom at a depth of three to four inches, the water was surprisingly clear. The clear water actually formed a halo around the patch which conformed to the outline of the colony. It is known that plants are capable of secreting cations and anions (51) and this offers a possible explanation. If Easillaiaaia _s_ul_)_— gregis is capable of secreting ionstflmui these ions might cause the pre- (14) cipitation of the particles in colloidal suspension, thus clearing the water within the range of effectiveness. On July 24, 1953 a bloom of szrodictypn reticulatgm (L.) Lagerheim was discovered. When the next visit was made to the pond, three days later, there were very few traces of the mass growth of this species and only after painstaking search were any plants found. This situation is indic- ative of the fact that many organisms might be missed in a study such as this if repetitious and almost daily collections are not made. A total of 43 species were identified from this pond. The number of species gives no irdication of the few individuals found and the gen- eral poor quality of the algal flora. 0f the species identified 13.7 % were members or the.§1§2222¥i§3 48-8 % ' .21922222223,30-6 % QEEEiQi’ aceae; and 6.9 % were members of other groups. POND 3 The third pond under consideration in this study was more removed from the highway, about 33 yards north and east of Pond 2. and 3 had a maximum length of 125 feet and a width of 100 feet. The total surface area measured .28 acres and the greatest measured depth was 24 inches. The long axis of the pond runs along a north-south line but the waters are general- ly subject to disturbance by winds from any direction. This pond lies in a basin composed of the same soil type as for the previously described habitats. The chemistry of the water is similar to that of the other ponds and yet has a few characteristics which distin- Buish it. Oxygen was always present in large quantities but carbon di- oxide was never detected. As in Pond l and 2 the carbonates throughout the summer showed a great range of variation, from 433 ppm to 51 ppm. - 1 :UEV‘V-‘tfis " -l .-L-~v e Fr :28 51‘s, ....» as its 5m!“ 1 lumen: r . A“, err}: but tin:- The 1:! rifrt-j-i pave ....c5 ”‘4‘ .b‘l‘_ .1 “a «hug 4 ‘ "4"" «at.-. J _ - 5 I .3592: 9:; far '96; h; .2 r! - it e c. ‘ . "h‘ an n Uni QUSl'v 7“ “p . I' f‘e- '. h 9 '1 A' 7' n 1 “ HHCLSSEC rfiu . I: Pa ‘ r ‘ “" tf‘l“ p“ - v 4 . "Pua w 3 UF'k' g ‘ "'41 I o «R til! for :1 1‘szf’b: (15) Bicarbonates showed a similar decline from July 7, 1953 to August 10, 1953 as evidenced in Pond 2, but the decline here is from 111 ppm to zero. Bicarbonates seem to show the greatest variation in the chemistry of waters of the ponds. Determinations might have been very different if samples had 'been taken at a different site or even an hour earlier or later from the same site. The pH showed a decline similar to that found in Ponds 1 and 2 ‘as the summer progressed, dropping from 9.6 to 9.2. Ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates were present in only very small amounts but the population did not seem to suffer from any deficiency. Tine low nitrogen readings seem plausible because as fast as the Nitroso- names and Nitrosococcus change ammonia to nitrite the Idtrobacter changed “the nitrite to nitrate. In turn the nitrogen was fixed by the Azotobacter present and readily consumed by the autotrophic organisms. Little mention need be made of the phosphate- or iron-content of the waters as they were Obviously present in growthvpromoting amounts so far as the plant life is concerned. The higher vegetation of Pond 3 was composed mainly of two species or Ibtamggetgg which grew profusely. This pond, however, had a considerable area of open water near the center which was not the case in the previous- lYdiscussed ponds. The bacteria found in this pond had concentrations as high as 232, 000 per liter. They cannot be overlooked as they possibly were very im- Portant competitors of the algae. On June 27, 1953 a bloom of‘igtgggpggg';gbgigg (Roth) C.A.Ag. was found in this pond. It was also short-lived and by June 29 was rapidly disappearing. The short duration of such algal blooms presents many u ~ 4 . '.. .A‘ “53955;; ‘ F ‘g.A£I.'“ Cl, I ‘ ‘F ., enu'v ‘ ‘~ . ,..- '*‘ see: p753? v “4 .' . qr‘ “"‘ a: .Cts‘l ' “ "u—rvn p em?» .« I “’ ave-ohube s 5 ‘.l 5': .. ‘ .15 C..:.'.E"3 :1 v Clintolchcal 3 :r t“: blame r: I .’ Q l u. .ig..t a: r: i": ‘J D 9H.- ~ ulnar rrr“ .4 l-ud..' ,3": f:\v"‘. “ .n. -k. , V f1“ 0 ‘ Va». * * ,- -3‘ I) 1““ 51130:”; ' v- ”k L‘. n." IA V disicugtl . .. -U c 1 " V3. 6 4 ‘ ‘t‘ ‘ s u ‘1. , w n - VD ‘- MO... V}: 'phc.‘ T -A , _ A V .w’ (16) prwatalems in formulating reasons for their occurrence. The large number of individuals of a single species may deplete the waters of the nutrients necessary for it's continued growth. If such becomes the case, the alga, because of it's high numbers, creates a critical condition that causes it;'ss own sudden depletion. If this should be the explanation, however, it would seem probable that a few individuals would survive and occur after the actual blooms or even endure throughout the summer. If the disap- pearance is a result of chemical change arising from another source title change might be attributable to the normal effects of seasonal and/or climatological factors. Chemical change may result from the algal blooms or the blooms may be induced by chemical change. Also the possibility (It’light as a factor must be considered. It is known that the activities (If higher plants are subject to regulation by the intensity, quality, and duration of light (51). It is probable that algal activities also Enre subject to the same controls and that blooms are a result of favorable Iflnotoperiodic conditions. Pearsall (55) proposes that certain algae pro- dllce antibiotics which under "non4blooming" conditions are not able to react on other organisms because the secreted substances are diluted in tune surrounding medium. Whereas under bloom conditions an antibiotic may be produced in sufficient concentrations as to be quite effective in Ilimfiting the growth of itself and other species. This explanation deserves considerable investigation since the antibiotic Chlorellin has been iso- lated from Chlorella zglgaris Beyerinck,proving that some algae can pro- dume such growth inhibitors. Thus it is obvious that more than one factor must be studied in attempting to explain the behavior of blooms. (17) The number of species identified from this pond is almost equal to the number from Pond 2. The number of individuals in Pond 3 was much higher, however ,than in Pond 2. Of the species identified from Pond 3, 22.7 % were members of the Cyanophzt ; 36.4 % - hlorophfia; 25,0 % - pesgggiaceag; and 15.9 % were members of other groups. PONDI. The site of Pond l. is about one half mile directly north of the other three ponds, and is situated in a basin of the same soil type. The pond is 80 feet long and 60 feet wide with the long axis extending east-west. It has a surface area of approximately .09 acres and a maximum depth of 21. inches (measurement on July 7, 1953). The pond is subject to disturbance by cattle which also frequent Ponds 2 and 3, and like Pond 3 is relatively open to wind action. The oxygen- and carbon dioxide—contents of this pond are similar to those of the other three. However an analysis on July 18, 1951. showed 2 ppm of carbon dioxide. Also on this date the water level was at it's lowest. The carbonates were low at the beginning of the summer but did not show an increase as in the other ponds. On July 18, 1951. the carbonate determination could not be made because of the water color. The bicarbonates on this date reached a total of 351+ PPm. This is similar to the high car- bonates found in Pond 3 on the same day. The hydrogen ion concentration '83 at pH 9.4 at the beginning of the summer and did not show the expected increase as the summer progressed. A value of pH 8.1. was recorded on August 19: 1953 and July 18, 1951.. In the nitrogen group ammonia was present in Small amounts. Although nitrites were not detected, the concentration of nitrates seemed to remain constant. The activities of the Nitrobacter (18) present may afford an explanation for this condition. Phosphate and iron- compounds were in relatively low concentrations. (See Appendix Table I) The higher vegetation of this pond was similar to that of Pond 3 in that it was composed mainly of two species of Pgtamogeton which were restricted to the peripheral zone. The amount of open water in the center of this pond, however, was much smaller. On the northwest edge there was a. clump of Scims val; dug and interspersed among the W near this colony were a few aquatic individuals of Polygonpgg m. The bacteria and fungi of this pond were found in much fewer numbers and not considered to be serious competitors. No actual bloom was discovered until the water level became extreme- 1y low in 1954. On July 24, a haematochrome-producing form, Egglena glongeta Schewiakoff became very conspicuous and formed a dusty brick- red film on the surface of the water. Also at this time a curious associa- tion was found between Gloeotrichia mmAJg.) Thuret and W Debamna Rabenhorst. The Giggotgchia was found growing on a few sub- merged stems and in almost every instance a G 0. rs was found en- tangled among the blue-green filaments in an intimate association. The pond, as a whole, showed a much higher per cent of blue-green algae, which is more in keeping with the studies that report high W Population numbers in ponds with high salt concentrations. The percentage composition of the total number of species identified was as follows: 45 5 - ygnoghfl ; 38.8 % - hlorophxta; 12.4 75 - Desmidiaceae; and 3.8 39 were members of other groups. (19) UPPER TWIN LAKE Upper Twin Lake is a small private lake located in the Pblson Terminal moraine. It is seldom used for any type of recreation. In a conversation with the owners it was discovered that the lake had been stocked with bass in 1929 and since 1935 had been used rarely. During the study, cattle were found in a field adjacent to the lake on July 19, 1953. Three days later on July 22, MM globatgr Linnaeus was dis- covered in the plankton samples. This organism is considered an indicator of? high nitrogen concentrations. The lake has a length of 735 feet and a ‘Wixith of 335 feet, presenting a surface area of 2.8 acres. It's long aJdis is along a north-east south-west line and there is enough open water for wind action to influence the lake. However,the surrounding relief is very high and generally only the strong orographic winds, characteristic of mountain regions, affect the lake. Morphologically the lake has the appearance of an oligotrophic-type lake, with steep gravelly banks and a measured depth of 21 feet. The chemical analyses of the Waters of this lake also indicate oligotrophic conditions. The waters had a very high oxygen-content, well over saturation (Table 1). This was due perhaps to a bed of’ghggg gp. which covered the bottom near the Shoreline.Carbon dioxide was not detected but the amounts of carbonates and bicarbonates were surprisingly high. The maximum concentration found for carbonates was 67 ppm on July 18, 1954. The pH ranged from 8.4 to 8.9. The higher reading was correlated with the high bicarbonate measure- ment. The nitrogens as a group were poorly represented with the highest concentration appearing in the nitrate form. On the same date as the above readings were taken, nitrates were measured at .03 ppm. Phosphorus (20) and iron were not detected. The 1954 analysis showed a trace of iron, indicating that it's absence probably was due to the insensitivity of the methods used to detect minute quantities of the nutrients. Such trace elements should not be considered critical because of the small amounts required by plants. The algal, fungal, and bacterial populations were lowest in number of individuals and diversity of species of all lakes investigated. The most prominent member of the aquatic vegetation (excluding Chara s .) was Rhizoclogium crassipellitum W. and W. and even this form was found only intermittently throughout the time of observation. The paucity of individuals and of species, and the chemistry of the water indicate that a lake can be chronologically young and still have a high amount of carbonates present. Of the species identified, which totaled only 18, 22.2 % were members of the Cyanophltg; 61.6 “/3 ChlorgphytgfiJ % Dgsm. - Lacege; and 11.1 75 - Dingphvceae. LOWER TWIN'LAKE lower Twin Lake is located about one quarter-mile southdwest of Urmer Twin Lake and although evidently of similar origin, it is a completely different habitat. It is primarily used as a reservoir for irrigation waters and secondarily for recreational purposes. The lake was never found deserted of vacationers on any visit during the investi- gation. It's use as a reservoir subjects the lake to great variations in water level. During the summer of 1953 the level dropped eight feet Within a two day period, and exposed a considerable amount of bottom, thus changing the outline of the lake. The water is generally exposed to wind action from all directions. The prevailing wind action is (21) gnarallel to the length of the lake. The lake measures 1,970 feet by 11,820 feet and has a surface of 24.2 acres during high water periods. £311rface area is reduced to 13.2 acres during extreme low water periods. {Flue deepest measured depth was 15.4 feet on July 14, 1953. The lake is fed by two inlets, one an irrigation ditch entering on the north bank and the other a natural stream entering on the extreme east. Both in- lxets derive their waters from springs and streams of the Mission Mountains jtist to the east. These waters may have different chemical constituents from those of the waters which feed Upper Twin Lake because of their origin, and thus explain the attributes of this lake which are more eutrophic than those of Upper Twin Lake. Before presenting the water analyses of this lake it should be Ixointed out that when the analyses were made on July 14, 1953 and July 113, 1954 the lake had a high water level. The second analysis of 1953 on Adigust 12 was made when the lake had a low water level.0xygen was always Irresent in high amounts when the analyses were made but was as low as 6.0 pm during periods of low water. Carbon dioxide was present in high- 61? quantities when the oxygen-concentration was low. Decomposition was ITtpid at these times among those plants stranded in shallow water along the lake's margin. The pH ranged from 7.9 to 8.8. In both high water Periods the pH was 7.9. The nitrogen group was poorly represented for So productive a lake. Nitrogen was present once in the form of ammonia (.05 ppm on July 18, 1954), and was detected in the nitrate form in all three analyses. Phosphorus and iron were not found. Extreme varia- tions in the analytical results were expected because of the rapid water level fluctuations. (22) The higher vegetation of the lake included many terrestrial species because of the flooding of the shore during high water. Eleochagis ppmas commonly found along the lake margin. Blue-green algae were normally pres- ent, attached to, or entangled among the littoral vegetation. No plankton bloom was encountered on the lake as a whole. A local bloom of Bgtmli- 22m ELM-£3 Borzi was discovered on July 23, 1953 in a small sheltered embayment. It was not found on the succeeding visits. Members of the W became more evident after the rapid decrease in water level. The filamentous genera such as Spiroma pp. and kugeotia pp, formed great floating masses near the shore line. In general, the most consistently present species were those of the Cxanophyta with a wide variety of other forms appearing and disappearing. 0f the algal species identified 35.2 % were members of the W; 39.6 % - hierophnga; 23.3 % - esmidiageae; and 2.9 76 were members of other groups. GENERAL DISCUSSION A discussion of aquatic ecologr cannot easily be directed toward any one aspect. An aquatic community is an expression of the physical, Chemical, and biological components of the environment. These three groups of factors are intimately interdependent and any variation in one affects the others. (Figure 3) For example: The geological loca- tion of a pond determines the angle and amount of sunlight reaching the waters. The angle of incidence determines the amount of insolation absorbed and reflected. The absorbed insolation affects the rate of biological activities such as photosynthesis. These processes make 5 ‘ 1 f Y \ ’x l Th’ I \ lake ’ ; \\ * / \ //}'l Chemical Biological Factors ,7 Factors V\,.\' f’ - «’1’, Figure 3. corresponding changes in the chemical nature of the water. Thus geo- graphic position may affect the chemical composition of the water, directly or indirectly. This chain of relationships has not taken into consideration such modifying factors as wind, water turbidity, available nutrients, and numerous others. Any one of these is equally important in.determining the changes reflecting the variation of a single influ- tence. "Factors vary in intensity, but they always vary in the presence of'all other determiners of the environment. No one factor ever operates alone." (25) The agents influencing the relations between a plant and it's environment are many and they lead to ramifications which are all the more complex when the diversities of flora and fauna are considered. Each lake is an individual entity (58). The characteristics of a lake are largely based upon or related to the surrounding physiographic features. The evolved state of the lake is a reflection of the duration and rate of operation of various factors on the physiography. The distribution of lake types or habitat types accounts in part for the (24) distribution of aquatic plants. Algal species may possess wide geograph- ical distribution but do not necessarily occur wherever a suitable en- Vironment occurs. An ecological study must first recognize the possibility that the algal form is not present because it's disseminules have not reached the habitat. Any correlations which might be made involving algal habitat preference, should be made with the presence of the alga and not it's absence. Silva and Papenfuss (67), in their study on sewage oxidation ponds 111 California report, "There is no variation in the composition of the aLLgal flora of these ponds that can be correlated to geographical disti- tnxtion.“ The report emphasizes that their study includes a restricted area, the state of California, and infers that algal distribution peg §_e_ does exist. Conversely Strbm (73) states that all species have one character- istic in common; "...that they do not possess any sharp distinct geo- graphical distribution. They occur where their claims upon the habitats trre fulfilled." This view seems to imply that evolution has ceased and (ices not allow for the dynamic change which is characteristic of all life. The physical form of a lake is important in determining it's bios. It seems evident from the accumulated data that Upper and Lower Twin Lakes are definitely different types. Both lakes were formed at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, so they are the same age chronologically. They are fed by waters from the same watershed and receive their nutrients from the same type of basin. Yet Lower Twin is a "good productive lake" and Upper Twin is a "poorly productive lake". The bottom of Lower Twin Lake is characteristic of a productive lake, being moderately silted, with relatively gentle slopes that form a shallow basin (65). These lakes (25) Cierveloped at different rates because of the original configuration of 'tiieir basins. The small area of shallow water in Upper Twin Lake encour- zagges only a moderate amount of plant growth. The presence of a suitable substratum is very important in determining the flora. The chemical Insiture of the water may be suitable for a species but if the proper :stibstratum is not present, growth of attached and benthic forms will not appear. Godward (31) investigated the flora of Lake Windemere by set. ting glass slides near the bottom to determine what forms grew at various depths. These glass slides were colonized by algae which had not been reported from the lake. Investigations of bottom samples did not show the presence of these colonials. Godward inferred that the appearance cxf these colonies depended on the presence of a suitable substratum. Along the shores, in or out of the waters of Lower Twin Lake M339 zerrucosum Vaucher was often found and although the waters of Upper Twin Lake were similar in chemical composition and provided the aquatic habitat reported to be suitable for this species it did not occur. In 13313 case it seems that the form preferred the recently inundated shores (If the lower lake as a substrate, perhaps as a source of nutrients. The absence of the Species in the upper lake however, is not definite proof that the environment would be unfavorable were the plant introduced. Although secondary in importance to geographical and geological influences, heat and light are critical in as much as they have direct influences on both the daily and seasonal metabolic activities of the Phytopopulation. Temperature undoubtably is closely correlated with light so that the response of algal growth to these factors is a complex function (62). The rapid increase of algal individuals in the spring is often ( 26 ) correlated with an increase in light (4)(5)(12). The general rate of loixilogical processes such as photosynthesis, however, doubles with an iJacrease of 10 degrees C. temperature (within limits)(67). This study does not cover a sufficient period of time to permit correlation of ltlght With the quantitative development of algal forms. The decrease in amount of insolation after the summer solstice (June 21) was believed compensated by the change in amount of temperature orsome other factor. A definite zonation of algal forms was observed. The very shallow waters which were subject to intense amounts of insolation were usually iJnhabited solely by members of the Cyanophyt . Other algal forms were fRound in water deeper than four inches, away from the immediate shore sures. In the case of floating masses of certain anjugales it was rusticed that only the submerged members, which were growing in the shadow of those on the surface, had a healthy green appearance. Smith (69) reports that although light is essential for the growth of algae, intense ZLight may not be favorable. He made attempts to grow algae under cultural <3onditions and frequently found it necessary to place them in diffused Ilight'because they were killed by the direct rays of the sun. Fritsch(26) suggests that the great predominance of Cyanophyta in the tropics may be due to a protection of the green pigment from intense light by the blue Pigment. Perhaps one of the most controversial subjects in aquatic ecology is the importance of the concentration of hydrogen ions. Changes in pH can be correlated with seasonal changes in phytoplankton (58) and many other algal activities. It is not known whether these changes are a true function of DH. Hydrogen ion concentration is merely an expression of other chemical (27) conditions and interactions and m 33 has little effect on the composi- tion of algal forms. G.E.Hutchinson strongly expresses similar views. "Owing to the supposed ease with which the concentration of hydrogen ions can be determined by drOpping solutions of dyes into water samples, pH became a fashionable symbol. It is however, exceedingly doubtful if more than a single case has been brought forward demonstrating unequivocally that the nat- ural variation in numbers of any species of plant or animal is due to a variation in pH." (39). Wehrle (81.) however, reports that the algae of the ponds in Germany were restricted within limits to three general ranges of pH. It seems therefore that whereas pH may not have a direct effect on the composition of the flora, it is somewhat indicative of the conditions which do determine distribution and occurrence. In the lakes of this study an increase in pH was noticed as the Summer progressed and the amount of vegetation in relation to the vol- ume of water increased. Prescott (58) reports similar pH conditions with increased growth in his study on the phytoplankton of lakes. He found conductivity less with the consumption of electrolytic salts and a rise in pH with the precipitation of carbonates. This is supported in part by the experimental work of Ludwig, Oswald, and Gotaas (A7)(48)(67). In bacterial and other heterotrophic metabolism, carbon dicidde and ammonia are evolved and various organic acids are formed. Some of the carbon di- OXide unites chemically with the water and depresses the pH; (1) 002 + H20—5—->—H‘ + H003 ‘ the ammonia on the other hand increases the pH as follows: (2) m3 + H20 fawning + on' The occurrence of the first reaction is much more frequent than that of the second reaction and the organic acids decrease the pH. The algae (28) during photosynthesis, remove carbon dioxide from the water, reversing equation one, and increasing the pH. In protein synthesis the algae direct- ly or indirectly remove ammonia from the water reversing equation two and thus decreasing the pH. The occurrence of the first equation is again more common than that of the second and the net effect is to increase the pH. The relative magnitude of the net effect depends on the initial pH and the total alkalinity (67). In the ponds of this study a pH decrease was noted during the summer, and this was believed to be the effect of the bacterial decomposition (equation one) and the slower rate of algal photosynthesis. Silva and Papenfuss (67) state: "The dissolved oxygen-content of the water probably has little or no effect on the composition of the algal flora except when the oxygen is totally depleted.” The determinations made during 1953 and 1954 for the ponds and lakes of this study (Table I) Show the dissolved oxygen-concentration ranging from .1 ppm to 12 ppm. These determinations were made around 11:00 \A.M. when photosynthesis is at it's peak and the dissolved oxygen is often far above the satura- tion value (3o)(72). No tests were made at night but it is probable the oxygen was depleted just before dawn in all ponds. The lack of dissolved oxygen therefore may have been critical. Fritsch (26) suggests that low dissolved oxygen-content over a long period appears to encourage filament formation. None of the ponds of this study were sufficiently low in dis- solved oxygen to merit calculating the percentage of the forms identified which were filamentous. In shallow waters, which are characteristic of the ponds of this Study, carbon dioxide is perhaps the most important critical factor (29) during the day (13). In the analyses of the waters, carbon dioxide was detected only rarely, however there was an abundance of dissolved car- bonates. Dissolved carbonates increase the supply of carbon dioxide for plant use either directly or indirectly. Directly it is supplied by the half-bound carbon dioxide in the bicarbonates and indirectly from the monocarbonates which take up more carbon dioxide from the air than would be absorbed by the water without their aid (11) (14). Also the monocarbon- ates take up the carbon dioxide which is liberated by respiration which proceeds day and night and which otherwise would escape into the atmosphere. Because the concentrations of monocarbonates and bicarbonates in all these ponds seem sufficient to support enormous growths, the lack of free carbon dioxide was discarded as a critical factor. It’s absence however, may have exercised some influence over the variety of species present. Those species generally present in habitats where there were waters with high concentra- tions of dissolved monocarbonates and bicarbonates were: Pandorina morum (MuelL) Bory Eudorina slogans Ehrenber Gloeocystis ampla (Kuetz. Lager‘n. G. gigas (Kuetz.)Lagerh. Apiocystis Braunii Naegeli Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp)Lagerh. Closterium moniliferum (Bory)Ehrenberg Cosmarium Botrytis Msnegh. C. Botrytis var. mesoleium Nordst. Ceratium hirundinella (MuellJDujardin Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann Nostoc paludosum Kuetz. Chambers (14) found by cultural studies that the amount of photo- synthesis was proportional to the concentration of bicarbonates present in the water. In distilled water, free from carbonates but saturated “ith carbon dioxide, photosynthesis was very slight. Bicarbonate concen- (30) trations were high in all determinations made in this study and the car- bonates therefore were considered to be r-resent in excess of a critical amount. Often when making the collections it was noticed that many algal forms, especially some members of the annophyta, were encrusted with layers of calcium carbonate. The explanations offered for this are two- fold. The algae are capable of converting bicarbonates to monocarbonates by the following process and thus utilize the freed carbon dioxide (11.). Ca (HOO3)2 + 02 *- r H20 9 03003 + 002 + 02 As the carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plants, carbonates are precipi— tated on those parts of the stems and leaves extracting the gas. If the Pr0portion of calcium bicarbonate in the solution is so small that it would not be deposited by the photosynthesis activity of the plant then the precipitation is explained by the oxygen set free during photosynthesis. In discussing the importance of the concentration of nitrogenous salts, Pennington (56) states: "Living systems, algae and bacteria in ponds, are capable of producing nitrate from ammonia and ammonia from nitrate. It appears to be immaterial to the flora in which form nitrogen is present in the water." According to this theory the nitrogen supply is not critical if it is present in optimum concentrations regardless of the form in which it occurs. It is probable however, in waters where the ratio of ammonia to nitrate is low, variations in the ability of plants to use nitrate effectively may be of importance in regulating competition(35) (39) (92). Apparently but little research has been concerned with the preference of the individual species for the form in which nitrogen is obtained. In all (31) the ponds and lakes of this study, nitrogen is available in one form or another (Table I). Pearsall (53) has indicated that the Cyanr-phyta appear to favor the types of water rich in organic substances, the presence of nitrogen possibly being conducive to their growth. In the ponds of this study a correlation can be drawn between the presence of blue-green algae (Quantity and number of species) and the concentration of a fgrm of nitrogen. In view of the studies which report nitrogen fixation by anoghfla members (1) (56)(58) this is not a cause-effect correlation. The algal form may be growing in the water because of the favorable nitrogen concentration or the nitrogen concentration may be a result of algal fixation in the gresence of favorable carbohydrate concentrations. The dissolved phosphates and iron compounds of all the ponds were found in relatively high Cc ncentrations. The algal populations in these ponds, except for Pond 2, were large both in numbers of species and in- dividuals. Atkins and Harris (5) in their pond study state that they fOund the supply of phosphates depleted by vernal blooms which set a limit on further growth. This possibly might be the situation in Upper Twin Lake. Encephates, however, were not detected in the waters of LOWer Twin Lake which supported a relatively profuse algal flora. It is “01'- impossible that the phosphorus readings of this study were due to a lack of sensitivity of the chemical methods used. The necessity of iron for plant growth is well known (61), but it's actual physiological role is still uncertain (65?). It probably acts as a catalyst in the formation of chlorophyll and possibly may be involved in respiratory activities. The form in which iron is present in the Water is uncertain. In the ponds of this study it was present in ( 32 ) concentrations as high as 3 ppm with no apparent detrimental effects on the a val flora. In simple ionic form iron is practically insoluble at the pH normally'encountered in fresh water (66). Suspended and colloidal ferric hydroxide and organic colloidal compounds are probably'always available. The iron in these ponds may well be present as ferric hydrox- ide in the form of bacterial sheaths. Because of the limited amount of chemical data obtained from studies such as this, it is possible only in a few instances to draw conclusions concerning the ecology of the species. The danger of making generalities from such limited cases is admittedly great, for they might be misleading if not meaningless. The importance of the following quotation is realized. "It cannot be overemphasized that to discuss the effects of environmental factors in this or that group of organisms, or this or that genus, leads only to meaningless generalities. It is necessary to recognize that ecological and limnological studies of phyt0plankton should be based on species adaptation only. Much of our literature is not as helpful as it might be on account of the failure to reduce phytoplankton ecology to a study of the species." Prescott (58). When discussing the limiting factors, especially those discerned bYCNaltural studies, it must be remembered that the actual range within “hiCII a critical factor operates is not fixed under natural conditions. It‘s level is primarily dependent on the individual requirements of the organism in question but it is also affected by the environment. Rodhe (62) states, "For each limiting factor there exists a potential (absolute) Optimum and an actual (relative) optimum." This actual optimum is the limit controlled by the availability of the nutrient and by biological competition. ( 33) In Ball's (7) experiments on a fertilized lake he reports that the massive application of a fertilizer in shallow water during a period of hot weather and slight wind disturbance resulted in an increase in fil- amentous forms. Once established these forms did not show the intense fluctuations observed in plankton populations. These experiments indicate filamentous forms,once established, hold a biological advantage over the plankton forms in cases of restricted nutrients. It is evident when studying water blooms, that only under intense growth conditions is spatial crowding probable. During the time of normal amounts of illumination the addition of nutrients to the water in the form of fertilizer will increase the algal crop (39), indicating that biological competition for nutrients is of prime importance. Often the source of nutrients is believed to be the basin itself. The production of nutrients is also a function of the bacteria and fungi in the waters and mud of the Pond or lake. Bacteria are the most prominent organisms of the periphyton (i-e. aquatic organisms which grow attached to submerged surfaces.)(36). Henrici states that there is much evidence that the bacteria in waters for the most part are not free-floating, but are attached to algae and other Plankton organisms. The great abundance of bacteria in bottom deposits is due in part to the fact that they are carried there by the sedimentation 01‘ these larger organisms. The heterotrophic bacteria then decompose the p“mains of the larger organisms and eventually the nitrogen is liberated in the form of ammonia (36) (6'7). This physiological function of bacteria is thQir most important role in the economy of lakes. In this manner the bactfiria link the ends of the nutrient chain and convert it into 8 cycle. (34) The bacteria have assistance from the fungi in the decomposition of organic matters. Because of their ubiquity, their rapid multiplication, and their versaitility as biochemical agents (8), the fungi are also very important in lake biology. Fungi are common, extensive, and often destruc- tive parasites on the plant life of fresh waters. Occasional serious epidemics have been reported, chiefly on algae such as diatoms, desmids, and other plankton forms significant in aquatic ecology(91). In the ponds investigated four of the genera identified have been reported as parasitic on algae and other aquatic plants (8)(7l). These are: 952mm _S_p., Cgphalgspgggzg $2., W _s_p., and 319.122 gp. "Many fungi are capable of the breakdown of silicon"(91). It is not unreasr-nable to suppose that a large population of fungi such as that found in Ponds 1 and 3 would have an inhibiting effect on algal growth. SULMJlY l. The algal ecology of four ponds and two lakes in the Flathead Valley, Montana was studied from June 23 to August 10 during 1953 and 1954. 2. Only qualitative methods were used in the study except those used in the investigation of bacterial and fungal populations. Collections were made With a plankton net, by squeezing higher vegetation, and by hand col- lection of algal masses. The algae were then preserved for later identifi- cation. 3. Chemical analyses of each body of water were made at least 3 times. 4. The physical, chemical, rnd biological aspects of each habitat have been discussed ‘n relation to the algal population. 5. A total of 243 species are listed including one species and one Variety believed to be new to science. (35) HTERATUFE 1. Allison, F. E. & H. J. Morris. 1930. fitrogen fixation by blue-green algae. Science, 71:221-223. Feb. 2. Anderson, F. W. & F. D. Kelsey. 1891. Cannon and conspicuous algae of Iontam. Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 17:137-146. 3. Algeus, S. 191.6. Untersuchungen fiber die Ernfihrungsphysiologie der Chlorophyceen mit besonderer Ber‘hcksichtigurg von Indolylessigshure, Ascorbinshure, und Aneurin. Bot. Not. 1946:129-2'78, 9 figs.,88 tab. 1+. Atkins, W. R. G. 1924. Seasonal changes in the water and heleoplank- ton of freshwater ponds. Pi'oc. Roy. Dub. Sci. 800., N. S. 18(1/4): 1.21. 5. & G. T. Harris. 1925. Seasonal changes in freshwater ponds. 6. Baldwin, H. B. a G. c. Whipple. 1906. Observed relations between Oxygen, Carbonic acid, and algal youths in Weequahic Laloe, N. J. Rept. Amer. Pub. Hlth. Assoc., 32:167-182. 7. Ball, Robert C. 8: Howard H. Tanner. 1951. The biological effects of fertilizer on a warm water lake. Mich. State Coll. Agr. Exp. Station Bull. # 223. 3. Bessey, E. A. 1950. Morphology and Taxonomy of the hmgi. Blakiston Company, Philadelphia. 9. Birge, B. A. 1907. The respiration of an inland lake. Trans. 36th lbeting Amer. Fisheries Soc. July 23-25, 1907:223-241. 10. 1910. Gases dissolved in the waters of Wisconsin lakes. Bull. Bureau of Fisheries Soc., 28:1275-1294. 11. & C. Juday. 1911. The inland lakes of Wisconsin. The dis- solved gases of the water and their biological significance. Bull. Wis. Cool. 8: Nat. Hist. Sur. Sci. Ser., 2221-259. figs. 141.2. 12. Brown, H. E. 1908. Algal periodicity in certain ponds and streams. Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 35:223-248. 13. Burr, Geo. 0. 1941. Photosynthesis of algae and other aquatic plants. In: Symposium on Hydrobiology. (ix and 405 pp.) Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin. 11.. Chambers, 0. o. 1912. The relation of algae to the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide with special reference to the carbonates. 23rd Ann. Report. Missouri Bot. Garden, 1912:171-20'7. (36) 15. Clarke, Frank W. 1924. The data of geochemistry. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. # 700. 5th Ed. 16. Climate and Man. 191.1. Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. Dept. Agr. 17. Collins, F. S. 1909. The Green Algae of North America. Tufts College Series. Sci. Ser., 2:79-480. pls. l-18. 18. Deflandre, M. G. 1926. Monographie du genere Trachelomonas Ehr. lbmnurae 19. De Young, Wm. & R. C. Roberts. 1929. Soil Survey of the Lower Flat- head Valley Area, Montana. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. of Chem. & Soils. Sories 19290 # 220 20. Dineen, C. F. 1953. An ecological study of a Minnesota pond. Amer. aid. Nat., 50(2):3/.7-376. 21. Dyson, James L. 191.8. Glaciers and Glaciation in Glacier Ibtional Park. Special Bull. 1? 2. Glacier Natural History Assoc. Bolton, Montana. 22. 1950. Geologic story of Glacier National Park. Special Bull. 5‘ 3. Glacier Natural History Assoc. Belton, Montana. 23. Eddy, Samuel. 1925. Freshwater Algal Succession. Trans. Amer. Mic. 3°C., 44:138‘1470 24. 1934. A study of freshwater plankton commities. Illinois Biol. Ionogr., 12(4):1-39. 25. Eggleton, F. E. 1939. Freshwater communities. Amr. Mid. Nat.,21(l): 56-74. 26. Fritsch, F. E. 1907. A general consideration of the subaerial and freshwater algal flora of Ceylon. A contribution to the study of tropical algal ecolog. I: Subaerial algae and a1 as of the inland freshwaters. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. B., ('79 :197-254. 2'7. _ 1931. Some aspects of the ecology of freshwater algae. Jour. of Ecol., 19:232-272. 5 figs. 28. Garner, w. w. a H. A. Allard. 1920. Effect of the relative length of day and night and other factors of the environment on growth and re- production in plants. Jour. Agr. Res., 18:553-606. 29' Geitler, L. 1925. In: A.Paecher. Die Shsswasserflora Deutchlande Csterreichs und der Schneiz. Heft.12. Cyanophyceae. Gustav Fischer Jena. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. ‘36. 37. 3s. 39. 40. 41 (37) Gillespie, C. G. 1944. (Discussion of article by W.J.0'Conne1 and H.F.Gray entitled |'Emergency land disposal of sewage"). Sew. & Ind. Wastes, 16:740-744. Godward, M. 1937. The littoral algal flora of Lake Windemere. Jour. of Ecol., 25(2):497-568. Gojdics, lhry. 1953. The genus m. Univ. of Will. Press. Greenfield, R. E. & G. C. Baker. 1920. 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Ecol., 28:491-494. 49. Ludwig, H. F. 8: W. J. Oswald. 1952. Role of algae in sewage oxidation ponds. Sci. Monthly, 74:3-6. 3 figs. 50. W. J. Oswald, H. B. Gotaas, & V. Lynch. 1951. Algae sym- biosis in oxidation ponds. Sew. & Ind. Wastes, 23:1337-1355. 51. Meyer, B. S. 8: D. B. Anderson. 1949. Plant Physiology. 696 pps. D. VanNoetrand Company, New York. 52. Pearsall, 17.. H. 1921. The development of vegetation in the English lakes, considered in relation to the general evolution of glacial lakes and rock basins. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Series B., 92:259-284. 53. 1922. A suggestion as to the factors influencing the distri- bution of free floating vegetation. Jour. Ecol., 9:241-253. 54. 1924. Phytoplankton and environment in the English lake district. Rev. Algol., 1:53-67. 55. 1932. Phytoplankton in the English lakes II. Composition of the phytoplankton in relation to dissolved substances. Jour. Ecol., 20:241-262. 1 fig. 56. Pennington, W. 1942. 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Assoc. Limnology, 10:377-386. 64. 1951. Minor constituents of lake waters. Proc. Intern. Assoc. Iimnology, 11:317-323. 65. Roelofs, Eugene W. 191.4. Water soils in relation to lake productivity. Mich. State Coll. Agr, Exp. Station Bull. # 190. 66. Ruttner, 1". 1953. Fundamentals of Limnology. Univ. Toronto Press. 67. Silva, P. C. & Geo. F. Papenfuss. 1953. Report on a systematic study of the algae of sewage oxidation ponds. State Water Pollution Con- trol Board. Pub. # 7. Sacremento, California. 68. Smith, G. M. 1920-24. Hiytoplankton of the Inland lakes of "is. I a II. Wis. Geol. & net. Hist. Sur. Bull. # 57. Science Ser. 12. 69. 1924. Ecology of the plankton algae in the Palisades Inter- state Park, including the relation of control to methods of fish culture. Roosevelt Wldlf. Bull., 2:95-195. 70 1950. The freshwater algae of the United States. 2nd. Ed. 151: York. 716 pps. 449 I138. '71. Sparrow, F. K. 1943. Aquatic Phyeomycetes. Univ. Mich. Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 785 pps. 72. 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A monograph of the British kgmdiagea . Vol. V. Ray. Soc. London. 91. Weston, W. H., Jr. 1941. The role of aquatic fungi in hydrobiology. In: Symposium on Hydrobiology. Univ. Wis. Press. Madison, Wis. A TE ID DC CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF WATER TABLE I H§ H§ Hg Na mg N§ 2+ 2": 29: 3:1: 9‘ 3 ‘1‘ S p‘ ‘33 ‘1' x: g“ 53. m 23. g h a o g h :1 Pt 3:: 0 g >3 fig 0 a 8'3 ‘38 8:9 88 a: '1 a: 4 (I: '1 a: b 0:: st: (I: *3 Depth (in.) 36 22 15 21. 19 17 Temp. (“0.) Surface 18 15 15 22 17 21 Bottom - 13 - - 16 - 02 ppm 5.50 2.40 0.10 7.50 12.0 0.10 co3 ppm 29.2 8.0 46.0 201.4 1.02.8 21.9.0 H003 ppm 37.3 160.0 234.0 299.5 26.0 117.6 PH 9.0 8.0 9.1 9.6 8.1. 9.5 NH; 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.30 0.0? N02 ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11. 0.00 n.d. 1"’3 mm 0.06 5.00 n.d. 0.80 0.80 n.d. P04 mm 1.00 4.00 1.00 0.60 1.80 12.0 Po ppm 2.20 3.00 2.20 0.60 1.80 11.6. n.d. - indicates no determination M TABLE I (Continued) I! '8 0‘ 'U H 'U 9'; 'd O\ "U H 'd H H r: G I: H I: 5:: a? . :20“ £66“ :8 . 690“ 99.65“ £5 “a r4 b qH “a 06 0 5! h 5 h 05 0 cu {>5 =3 ”8‘ a 82:: 8 8 S S 82 fig "7 a: < Cd "3 0:: *1 9'3. (1‘. a: h Depth (in.) 21. 24 19 21. 17 15 Temp. (“0.) Surface 20 18 21 20 15 19 Bottom - 17 - - l4 - 02 ppm 5.0 1.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 002 ppm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 003 ppm 270.6 473.0 51.0 96.0 18.1. n.d. H003 ppm 111.1. 0.00 300 69.0 79.6 35!. PH 9.6 9.2 9.0 9.4 8.4 8.0 NF‘3 ppm .05 .05 0? 0 .12 .12 N02 ppm .001 0 0 0 0 0 N03 pm 0.4. 0.4 node 0.210- 0024 node 1'0 ppm .60 .50 n.d. .40 .80 n.d. n.d. - indicates no determination TABLE I (Continued) I I! . . ‘1. .331 .3 03 :33 .3 “9,3 .1 55;: *3 § 53 fia E‘ fia fid EH 0. a m A a a z. :1 5 a t 7 5 :1 5 a :9. 8.3 g - 8'? i3 2 ° 233 gr: :3 3) :3 h :32 3 g '3 "3 Depth (in.) 258 206 221. 185 96 96 Temp. (’C.) Surface 23 22 23 23 20 22 Bottom - 19 - - 16 - 02 ppm 11.0 11.0 12.5 9.0 6.0 9.5 002 ppm 0 0 0 0.2 0 1.0 COB pm 1.1.6 10.0 800 000 804 000 H003 ppm 39.7 36.0 67.0 11.8 40.8 24.0 1*! 8.4* 8.5 8.9 7.9 8.2 7.9 N02 ppm 0 0 0 0 0 0 N03 ppm . 02 . 02 . 03 . 03 . 02 . 02 P04 ppm 0 0 O 0 0 0 F. ppm 0 O trace 0 O 0 n.d. - indicates no determination - calculated pH 8.3 320»th nopwoficoa 1.. cod—HE I : 3:3 * * om E bu. E 00.0 1N anon annex . A9335 * * mm o 02.6 6 6:3 seam A631 * * x. hm 2 0H. 2 5.x. m gem nanom Anew-Iv * * Q. o ooo.~m~ m 68." 686m 3:5 * 1.. x. mm H mm. a 0.5. N Guam annex . 23er * .. 1. R o 08.2 N pace 5.8m 3:3 * x * mm a mo. 3 060 H mach nucom 2335 1. .. .3 o 80.3 H 68.” 58¢ & SE a new 9 808885.? A 0mm oc hog v mmao4 Ronan Pond 4 our... .~-4.—_ -_- — .-- -u... -0 --_.o . . '—-' ' TABLE V (Continued) 3" 5 H N m \1 .3 g g '2 '2 = .g .. a. .9 .9 E a: a g a 5 g z: s: c: s: B a? a? a? a? S‘ .3 ¥ 1” “i Oodogonium Magnusii Wittr. P1.IV. x 7 0.. Boriaianum (1.001.) Wittr. x 00. aorolatum Lagorh. x o... criapum (Ha-s.) Wittr.Pl.IV. x ; 0a. graciliua (mun) Tiffany 3: i Pl. IV. '. s 3 00. wltisporum Wood. : x 00. urrucosum Hams x 00. paludosum Glass.) Wittr. x var.parviapomm Hirn. Chamciacoao Characium ambiguum Herman x 3 0. gracilipos Lambert x x C. Hookeri (Roinsch.) Hansrt. x x . C . obtuaum A.Braun. x '. i x 0. Rabenhoratii DeToni x x x 1 co roatratum Reinhard ex Prinz x ' f ' | 0. atipitatum (Bachm.) Willa x x g i x Hydrodictyaceao i : i Hydrodictyon roticuhtum (L.) '1 x i_ 1‘86th P1. v. i i 1' 1 '. Soraatrum spinulosum meg. x g i X P1. V. - TABLE V (Continued) "3 2 H m m «r .53 2 '2 '2 '2 2 .2 09 99 a. a? 25 LE 2 2 2 2 ' 's o o o 2 2 g a: a: a: a: D _ g T 7‘ I Pediaatrum biradiatum Mayan x ‘. ‘ . ‘ 3 P. Boryunum (Turp.)Menegh. f x i x ' I r i P. duplex mfin P1. V. x I a x ( P. Knuraiakyi Schmidle ‘ ' x ' w i 1 I P. tetra: (Ehrenb. )Ralfa. PLV, x . g ' i 1". tetrae var.tetraodon (Corda) x ‘ 1 . x Rabenh. P1. V. ' f ' Botryococcaceae I Botryococcua audeticus Iemmor- x ' ' g . ' mam P1. v. " Oocystaoeae Chlorella vulgaris Beyerin. x . > g ' Dictyoaphaerium pulchellum ‘ x L x 3: “00d H. v. ' ' i , 1 ; Oocyatil elliptica W.’.‘Iest. ‘ x i i f ' ‘ ' 0. pusilla Hanag. P1. V. : .- x : i x 0. solitaria Wittr. E 1' E x : 1 0. aubmrina Lagerh. P1. VI. . E I : x ; ' . ‘ Ank‘ietrode smua comolutus l E x .‘ x Cords P1. v. f 5 ! ‘. falcatul (Corda) Bali's. P1.V. x t x ' x A. falcatua var. stipitatue Chod. x j x ' *- fractus W. & W. I ; x x V (Continued) 0 I) .54 .2: H m m x? .3 .3 '8 '3 '2 '8 .fi .5 a? 9‘3 :9 9‘3 5 e5 :2 c: r: n n a 8 3 E 2 8. 5: o o o o a. 3 an: an: a: a: =3 f r— j , Tetraedron minimmn (A.Braun) x 5 x ' Haneg. P1. V. ' 'I'. tumidulum (Reins.)Haneg.P1.V. x Protococcaceae , Protococcus viridis C.A.Ag. x x x x Scenedesmaceae Crucigenia quadrangulare ’ x 0. rectangulnria (A.Braun)Gay 2 1’1. VI. . Scenedesmus acutiformis Schr- x ' x oeder P1. VI. 3 3. arcuatua Iemnnrmann x = S. bijuga ('hn'pflagerheim x x i x x I S, 13131158 Varoalternans (ROiDSCh) X i Hanag. PLVI. f 3. incraasatulue 150th x x 3 S . incraaaatulus var.mononae x ; G.M.Sm1th Pl. VI. F S. dimorphus (Tarp) Kuetz. x ' S. denticulatus Inger-h. nr. 1 linearie Haneg. Pl. VI. 5 3. longus Mayan P1. VI. '. x I 3. longus var. brevispina G.M. ' at Smith Pl. VI . TILELE V (Continued) .§ .§ 2 2 2 2 2 .2 2‘3 n9 :9 n9 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = a: m a: a? :2 .3 T T ’ S. longus var. minutus G. M. ' x . ' Smith P1. VI. . ! 3. obliquua (Turp)Kuetz. P1.VI. x x '. x 5. opoliensis P.Richter P1.VI. x 3 S. quadricauda (Turp) debreb. ' x 1 3: P1. VI. 5 Zygnemtaceae Spirogyra crassa Kuetz. P1.VII. x 3. eubaala Kuetz. P1. VII. 1: 3. Weberi Kuetz. P1. VII. 3: 3. jugalia (1‘1.Dan.)Kuetz. x 3: P1. VII. 3. Spreeiana Rebenh. P1. VII. _ x ’ Mougeotia laetevirene (A.Braun) ' : x Wittr. P1. VII. ; : Desmidiaceae ' g Ar‘throdeasmua'l phimus Turner 3: 3 P1. VIII. 3 Z Cloaterium acerosum (Schrank) X 2 Ehrenb. P1. VIII. 3 g , 1 i . 01. Ehrenbergii Menegh. x i g x 3 Cl. littoral. Gay P1. VIII. 3: i 5 x : I E Cl. Leibleinii Kuetz. P1. VIII. 3: x i x g 1 01. lunuln (Miller) Bali's. x x ' ‘ l TABLE V (Continued) O O .24 .2: H m m \‘t .3 .3 rd '6 rd to c: s: c s: r: c .H «4 2 .2 2 .2 2 .5 c: :3 c: C. s. s. S 2 E E 8. .2 O O O O Q. '3 a: a: a: a: D Cloeterium lunula 1‘. minor '. x w. a. 2. P1. VIII. 3 Cl. noninfenm (Dory) Ehrenb. x x ' x x 01. Ralfaii Brdb. P1. VIII. x . Cl. venue (Kfitz.) Bréb. x ' x i Coemarium dentetum Wolle new ! 3: Variety P1. X. - I C . ebbreviatum Racib. x g x '= C . abbreviatum var. plancton- 1mm W. & G.S.W. x x C. anguhre Johnson 3: . 0. angulosum Br‘b. x x , x 0. Botrytia Manegh. P1. IX. X x x ‘ x 0. Botrytia var. mesoleium x x x x x hI‘dSt. Pl. He l 9 C. contractum Kirchner x f 0. impreeaulum Elfv. x I I C. intermedimn Delponte x i 0. obtusaatum Schmidle x x ' C. quasillue Lund. P1. IX. 1: . C. subttmidtm Nordst. x f C. cyclicum Lund. x x I ' TABLE V (Continued) .2 ,2 H N m \t 3 .3 'E "3: "3: '2 .5 5 .2 .8 .8 .9. .E [E 2 2 2 2 2 2 a c: :- é’ a? 0?: a? 3' .3 T I Coamrium crenulatum Naeg. (ap- x § x : preaching var. tumid- ) . l ' ulum Ineam et Krieger.)r . E * é P1. 122 l 3 . C. margaritatum (Lund) Roy et i ' x x 3188. P1. H. l l C. subcrenatum Hantzach. P1. IX. ; x C. polonicun Racib. ' x . 0. pachydenmnn Lund. P1. VIII. i . x C . Enumeri Kirch. var. protub- , x crane W.& W. P1. 13. ' Deamidium Swartzii C.A.Ag. i ; . x D. Aptogonum Bréb. Pl. XI. 3: ; Eue strum vermcosum Ehrenb.var. 5 ; x alatum Noll. P1. X. ‘ I“Talotheca diaeiliens (Smith) ; 5 x Brdb. P1. XI. 5 ' Horaeterias rotata (Gren) f ' x Ralfa. Pl. XI. . M. rotata r. nuda Wolle P1. XI. I ’ x ll. truncata (Corda) Bréb. l , x Pleurotaenimn Ehrenbergii (15121).) x ; V x DeBary P1. XII. . P. coronatul (Bréb.) Rab. var. . x noduloeum Bréb. PLXII. TABLE V (Continued) ‘— Ronan Pond 1 Ronan Pond 2 Ronan Pond 3 Roman Pond 1. Upper Twin Lake Lower Twin Lake Sphaerozosma vertebratum’ Bali's. Pl. XI. 3. Aubertiamm West. var. Arch- ‘ eri Weat. Pl. XI. Stauraatrum cyrtocerum Bréb. St. polymorphum Brdb. St. longiridiatum West P1.XI II. St. granulosum (Ehrenb.) Ralfs. P1. XIII. St. dilatatum Ehrenb. St. vestitum Bali‘s. Pl. XIII. St. gracile Bali's. St. mucronatum Bali's. P1. XIII. CHRYSOPHYTA Synuraceae Synura ulvella Shrenberg Pl. XV. Pleurochlorideceae Botrydiopsis arhiza Borzi. Characiopsidaceae Characiopsis cylindrics (Lambert) Iemm. EUGLE NOPHYTA Eugle na ca 9.9 Euglena convoluta Korshik. ? I] I. -flw- o-» >...« _\ A.— - TABLE V (Continued) 0 0 e4 ~22» H N m «r J] v-‘l '2 'E '2 '2 .fi .fi .0 O O .0 :2: 5.: H 3—4 pH 'r-‘H E" E4 8 c 8 ~ “ 2 2% fi E E5 8. s: O O O O CA 0 a: a: an: a: D *4 Euglena elongate Schwei. ? x T: x 3: P1. xv. 2 Eu. minute. Prescott (non Lger- x x sborg) : ¥ . i 2 Eu. sanguinea Ehrenb.? Pl. XV. x E x ‘ i | . Trachelomones granulosa Playf. x f: ’ PJ-o XIV. E . T. hispida (Perty)Stein var. x . 3 coronata Lem. PLXIV. g f T. hiepida var. duplex Defl. x z : Pl. XIV. . E . l”hacues Birgei Prescott Pl. XIV. x ; : E t : . P. anacoelus Stokes EL. XIV. x l I x i x P. lemmermannii (Swir.) Skortz. i X : P1. XIV. i i E P. asymmetrica Prescott x i E ; i g : P.. orbicularis Huebner I1. XIV. x { 3 7 3 % a P, orbicularis var. caudatus x I I f Skortz. ‘ i 5 PYRRHOEHYTA ) 3 ‘ Ieridiniecece i . . ,1 T Peridinium cinctum (men) It . i f x x Ehrenb. In. xv. { s . Ceratiaceae . g ; CBratium himndinella (of knell.) x 5 x ; x x '2'. Dujardin P1. XV. TIBLE V (Continued) 0 O A: :4 H m m e 5 .3 "a "a "g g .g I19 :2 m r-u E: (.5 a a: a R : § 8 ‘8 8 II: is _ a: or: a: an: :2 .4 I CYANOPHYTA I Chroococcaceae I ChI‘oococcus: pallidus Naegeli x I C- minutus (Kuetz.) Naegeli x I C. dieperaua (Keiasl.) Lemm. x I I var. minor G.I.I.Smith I . C- minor (Kuetz.)flaegeli x I x x I f I a c . urine Lbnun I x I i C. dispereue (Keissl.) Lem. x I I . I I Gloeocapea punctata Naegeli I I x Aphnnocapaa rimlnris (Carm.) I Rabenh. . . x I : I l'i‘L‘3.(:roc;vstia aeruginosa Kuetz. x x i 1: r1. XVI. ; 35. floa-aquae (Wittr.)KircImer x x I I M. incerta hm. x I x I hriamopedia glauca (Ehrenb.) :x x I Naegeh. Pl. XVI. I I I 11. temziseima lam. x I x f .. Synechococcua aeruginoaa I x j x Naegeli P1. XVI. I I I 3 Gloeothece rupestris (Lyngb.) x " . ' x hornet I I G. linearia Naegeli 3 x I ; TIDLE V (Contirued) Pl. XVII. 33 32 H oz m c: .3 .3 "O’ 'U 'U "U C: C" a 3 a 5 ~+ -: I53 £1. LL. I1. [5 a: a a 2: £5, *4 a: c: a $3 $3 8. a: O O O O R 3 or: a: or: a: D T Aphanothece microspora (Iienegh.) x Rabenhoret A. gelatinoea (Henn.) Lemm. x I A. nidulana P.Richter I x I I A. prloim A.Braun I I x I 1. stagnina (Spreng.) A.Braun x I I Coeloaphaerium dubium Grunow I at P1. XVI. I | I C. Kuetzingianum Naegeli x x I x C. pallidum Iemm. x I Gomphoaphaeria aponina Kuetz. x at P1. XVI. I G. aponina var. delicatula ' x Virieux G. lecuetril Chodat x I G. lacuatris var. compacta I I x lam. I 1 Glaucocystie oocystiformis I x Prescott I Gloeochaote Viittrickiana log. I 3: P1. XVIII. I Oscillatoriaoeae I I I I Spirulina major Kuetz. I I x ; x I X I I S. prinoepa (ma. V.) G.S.I'Iest x I I I THEE V (Continued) :3 -§ :4 N m \1 .3 33 'g g '2 '2 :3 .5. a. m :29 :2 £5 £5 2: c: g s: :4 :4 3 a s: 3 8. g o o o o a. o L a: a: a: a: I: +4 I III'throspira Jenneri (Kuetz.) x I I x Stizenborg P1. XVII. I ' , Oéczlllatoria amphibia C.A.Ag. I x I x I x 0. linguina (Dory) Gomont Pl. : x XVII. I I 0. Bornetii Zukal r1. XVII. x , I x x 0. curvicepa C.A.Ag. ELXVII. x f x 0. limnotica Lomm. x x ; x . x x x 0- limoaa (Roth) C.A.Ag. PLXVII i f x x O. minim Gicklhorn x x 0- nigra Vaucher x ' . x Q . aubbrevis Schmidle x x x 0. tenuis C.A.Ag. PLXVII. x _ x I x x . I 0. terebrifonnis C.A.Ag. I x Phonmiium tenue (Maneth x I ' Gomont ‘ Lyngbyn Birgei G.I.Smith x L. aomginoo-caerulea (Kuetz.) x Gomont ~ L. limnOtica 10mm. x x L. major Monogh. P1. XVII. I x x L. Hieronymlii Lomm. x TABIE V (Continued) - :2 H m m ‘1 E .3 '8 '2 "g '2 3% .5 a? a? m 0‘3 {-1 £—« a :2 a G H a: 3 g *3 § § 3 m a: an: a: z: .3 1' "I. Nostocaceae i i Anabaenn aequalis Borge PLXVIII. x 1 3 A. circinalis Rabon. E x I t a n : A. flag-aqua (Lynng DeBréb. x : 1 x Pl. XVIII. ‘; ’ $ A. planctonica Brunthaler Pl. 3: i ' x I x XVIII. ' § A. aphéerica Born.& Flah. Pl. 3: XVIII. A, uniaporn Gardner 1 x Luriabilia Kuotz. P1. XVIII. I x A- Wisconsinense Prescott ? i x A. inaoqualia (Kuotz.) Born. & i Flah. Pl. XVIII. x 7 x No”toe carneum C.A.Ag. '3 x 1‘- pnmifom C.A.Ag. x 3- Vermcosun Vaucher P1.XVIII. x 5. Linckia (Roth) hornet & x Thuret P1. XVI. R. paludosum Kuetz. 7 1’ X X I Nodularia spumigena Martens x Cylindroapermmn Marchicum Iemm. 3: P1. XVIII. TABLE V (Continued) Ronan Pond 1 Ronan Pond 2 Ronan Pond 3 Ronan Pond 4 Upper Twin Lake Lower Twin Lake Auloaira lax: Kirchner P1.XVIII. Trichodcsmium lacustro Klebahn ? P1. XVII. Scytonematacoae TOIypothrix distorta Kuetz. T. lanata Norman in Rabenhorat Pl. XVII. T. tennis Kuotz. Rimlariaceae Rimlaria haematitios C.A.Ag. Gloootrichia mtana (Hedwig) Raben. F10 XVI. G. longiarticulnta G.S.West G0 Pisum (C.A.Ag.) Thuret P1. XVI. N HATE I 1. m m mien.) Bonn, MAC. 2. floggeEtia m (Kuetz.) Lager-hem, x 880. 3. Tetrasmgg m (Roth) C.A.Ag., x 41.0. 1+. W W LEI-nun in Kuetz., x 880. 5- W W Nae!” ( young colony ) x 1.40. 6. Sphaergcxgfig W Chodat., x 660. I PLA N i. VJ 1“ v I . A“. - kz" —.— .fi mv---v “I” "-‘W PLATE II Gem. nella crenulatocol_;;8 Prescott, x 41.0. Pakodictmg 112119. Kuetz., x 660. W 19.232 (Weber 8: Hohr.) Kuetz., x 200. L variabina Kuetz., x 880. gerosmm W (Kuetz.) Lagerh” x [.40. M. W Kazan, x 660. W W (Franks) Hearing. at 880. L m (COAO‘SO) KthQ, x “O. Sphaeroplaa annulina (Roth) C.A.Ag., a. x 1100 b. non-motile, aphaerical zygote, x 880. . .—..- I)! ..'..:t I ~." -_ .‘J;-... 3.-.... _ "‘ 3. 4. 5. PIKE III Aphanggbaete m LBraun, x 880. Chaetosghaerigim mm (Nordst.) Klebahn, x 440. Chae ra W (Huds.) Kazan, x 220. 3o X o W W (Vaucher) Cole-. 3 220- nggochaetg W Pringsheim, x [.40. a. x 10. PLATE IV 1. W W Rtbenhu I 145- Encyating and producing zoosporel. 2. W W Kuetz., x 100. 3. $WW. &W., 1100. 4. @dogogium Maggi; Wittr., x 880. 5. 93;. M Wittr., x 1.40. 6. 93. M (W1ttr.) Tiffany, 1 1.1.0. '7. m, m (Ream) Wittr., x 440. _ 8. Emochagte w Prmgsheim, x 880. PLATE V l. Oedogom g9. nov" x 220. Nannandrous - Idioandrosporus (‘2) Operculnte Vegetative cells cylindric, 25 u in diam, 110 u long. Oogonium operculate, unpro- median, 69 u diam, 88 u long. Coupon globoae, wall smooth, median wall faint- ly acrobiculate, 65 u diam, 80 u long, nearly filling the oogonium. Suffultory cell enlarged, 53 u diam, 120 u long. Dwarf nle - I. called, antheridimn ex- terior, 4.5 u diam, 6 u long. 2. Aggstrodesgg falcatgs (Corda) Ralfm, x 880. 3. I. swam Gerda. x 880. 4- mm (L.) Ingerhu young net, I 440. 5. mm m; Mayan var. cla thratun (A.Braun) Lagerh., x 600. 6. L mmmnb.) Rnlfa., x 440. '7. L m M W (Gerda) Rabenh” x 660. 8. mm W Nnegeli, x 880. 9. W W Wood. 1 660- 10. w my, Hansg., x 660. 11. 121112993229 mm (LBraun) Han-3., x 880. 12. W m Lem” x 100. 13. Tetraegmg Wmeina.) Hangs" x 1.40. HATE VI 1. Scenedeaggg ingralsemlua 130th 191,, W Smith, X 1.1.0. 2. g, m (Turp) Legarheim m. aneregg (ReinIch.) Haneg., x 880. (f1! 3. g, 229M931: P.Richtar, x 660. 2 1.. _S__._ W (Turp) Kuatm, x 880. ' , i 5. a. mum Schroeder, x 880. ~-~ ’ 6. 59mm (Turp) Kuetz., x 880. ..I If“ "’ Q O i. W (Tarp) do Bra)», 3: 880. m Mayan, x 660. _ m m. M G.M.Slith, x 880. m 12:. um G.M.Snith, x 880. W Schroeder, x 41.0. m (Turp) Kuatz., x 660. 13. _. W Lugerh. 191., mg Hangs" x 880. 11+- Qmflmzfle W (A-Braun) Gay, 1 1.1.0. 15. W m Archer, x 880. 16. 9. M Legerh., x 880. If”? F F .3 (a HATE VI Hm I I I I “I (If PLATE VII mm ggbeah Kuetz., x 1.40. I'M Kuetz., x [.40. m Kuetz., x 100. mm Rabenhu x 440 my! ( F1. Den.) Kuetz., x 100. mm: Jaime: (1. Brwn ) Wittru x 220- LU) «I..- ‘lfia -1... m . in .1; tampon r. . ..., ...Ni It‘lnl _.~—S- ‘I I. .....I -_~ -_r . V i " U .12 “u' [I ‘. 5. 6. 7. PLATE VIII Arthrodamg M! Turner, 3: 440. Clgsterig Ieiblemi Kuetz., x 200. 9;, uttgrela Gay, 1 100. 9;. m (Schrank) Btu-ant», x 1.1.0. 9;. m Br6b., x 440. EL Am (miller) Ram. g. m (?), x 440. 0mm W Lundu z 660. HATE VIII 4. 5. /~‘ 6 ‘ ..‘II-I.'-‘Il. Olin-I..- “I- 'C \“."I'. 0000‘.° “”00 D %.'.,. 60 f.' .. \.““°.° 00 ~ \‘\‘ onto 0°00.'U';fc-“cf 9" ' r 6‘ 0° 0°71 " 'O°“"”‘°L0 , "1c °.I‘"‘3- “I‘ver. .:(c,_o N V‘ ‘ .. -.. ’ LC ‘ - “‘4' 0° ‘3 ‘-v"I COO lo, H I 0.1 . ‘ 0'1. o‘ .\ ,‘5‘1 r C ' ' \ s c a 00 ,( a . C a 5 1 I ‘ . \‘ ‘ a Ac pg . . . ‘ .16 _ .: ~- ‘ . r: 1 ~ r - I i O 4' - r A ., U .- - (JG. ~~“"o , r' , ‘ “ _ 6 a .1 K. » ’ " ‘0 .C ‘ F ' u c“ g . , ‘0 . . ' ‘ . , ‘ ..I, _ _ ’ ,~ ‘ _ . ‘ - e. y o . A c a at” . r . -.1 0‘, r (‘I I L c .. a 3 a" n .3 o “a _ ' ‘ . c o ‘. (n ~ u -"(:"' .-- on 0. - \ .os . . O | ' c ‘ " I r - ‘\‘ ‘0 I‘ L " ~ ’ x 0 (a a o .‘ ' 'n ‘ 1‘ ‘0‘. '1 w .T‘ . ‘ c U Q‘ N ' I . . I' a ' \__ . ‘ 'IOD,¢ a I - r. “ A ,~ "I‘ 1 ‘r ‘ (on ‘I ' x e ‘3 Ci - ' ‘4 .. r ‘ n ‘e a ‘ u - O ‘ . r,- \ _ .0006‘0 K J f ' ,: x .“ _ .110 “7“. .- i. . 5". c luar‘? .1 . a ‘v I v __ . . 3 . L. .8 no not.“ ,' ‘ - . .Lw‘”. .‘ 0‘ . b Jo -. \ 09,9.) 0‘;- J (_ ~ Lf'olu .‘ a ' o L to s '0 0‘ o i’- ‘b‘ I “I’~ . -\'(O‘V| 'C su"“-€ O L4," 0" C \ ’10. . eta“ ,.’ ‘1‘ .‘ (IJ’.\ - 09° "““.V-°sC;°I-C.I-3JO ftc‘ L ’O" ,C,9 DIX “ ' “1“0c6' .~-?.c._c °o.“ °:~"~.'.' ‘ w . .C 000 ‘ . I 3" .~ .-. ‘ o. 1 ( d o. , f. “L Cl“. . car°_ \ l ,0 ‘ - . .. ‘ ' ~ - . H - .‘ v ‘ ‘- cc of, t- ;" -: ' ‘ I- l‘ ‘ 1 r." I)" » ~V‘V? a .I . 3’ ‘ .- L| 3) ‘ ' I- 4C: 0“ | H 7" 5,. o ‘- I’ .' ”'-‘ uh'oko ' ‘zo .‘ ' ' r c f‘ 9 b n r 3c“ ' “ I‘0 h‘ A. I W ‘ L l O o .. ‘ _ C on“ ... , e». g: a " ‘Jl‘ 0,. "d [Iafl 5: ~ ( O ‘ r . r .- . . . H U .., II . = . . ._\ ‘ . I . - \ o . 0.3:. 9 C! a l- K At“, ‘K'v . “(- (.- _’ .’ 15.00. 0 o 0 . u, . I. . . ~I ' o O .- v A ‘— ‘ ‘ . 5 ‘ . V - 5 _ o ' Q 0 a .. 6 r J , 5' n ., l~l 3 - ‘I ‘0 C. .‘C c.- C V I ' I _ - “ < ‘l O u . ;.C" (4 ' C N L! : ’ . ‘23" _ - .. . d . ‘ \ J . :" ‘ J c ‘: 's. COO o‘ 2,; v L f‘ " 5‘ - ‘. U e‘ I . I ' ‘ '- . I’J o a’ 0 O I 0 .. O ‘ - ‘ w L. v I. J J o ' ’, o 0 6 a .' ‘ " n ‘ . I) . .' 0C0. JV 0‘ 0 _ : ‘ N x ‘ ’ . ‘ .r a ‘ ‘ l 0 000 t r f I ,5‘ \ ‘ . g C h I, . ‘ .1 j b.) o t .I ... . ‘ ~ ‘ W . u ‘.0 v o ‘ c \. .I'I.O\ ‘,.“'- “l.“.’ 0.,“ V ' \ _ x 7 r? . r .9 "uro‘q : 1‘ . v . .‘ I ‘ . -4 ¢‘ , . ,. < 0 . e o . . 9 ~ ... . ' ' f .0 O \I; I 7 AI y I \. c I'I~ N r‘ ‘..-' ‘ . a -I M o0 s ‘ "'I ‘ q0.00 ' I'l' ., ‘ G .0 ~~ ‘ o o I. v ." 'u-IoupnoO’ w,- ',.l ‘l 7. p1 l ‘73.. - -..—...... .. 1.-.". -.. 4. 5. 6. 7. PLATEIX Comrigg margaritatm (Land) Roy at Bin., 3: 880. ggaeglgg Lund., x 660. My; Kirch. 333. mgtubereae W. & W., x 660. I? L0 m1; 11310311., x 880. W Hafiz-ch" x 440. .. mm Racibu x 660 (2) 9. W Naoan x 660. ( appr. 13;. m Imam at Krieger.) .2. mm lbnegh. 2:. may: Nordst. x440- L0 LO 0 PLATE IX PLATE X 1. W m "0110 m. 391.. x 440 Length: 138 ‘10 Width: 106 u. Isthmus: 31 u. Differs from type 13 number of teeth along lateral margin in face View. (Type - 10 teeth; 3:. m. - 19 teeth.) 3 ell. there are four rows of teeth in side view, not Icattered as in type fern. 2. W W Ehrenb- n:- m Walla, x 880. PLATE X ’. ‘.-v . _ ._-. 4141—- -r—a—- 4. 5. PIATE XI Mgcrastgriag :gtata (Grev.) Ralfs., x 200. EL rota}; gggmg‘gggngolle, x.200. W 53.119.111.291 (Smith) Brdbu x 880- Whao za Whatmom West, x 880. .§.. Whit-u x 880- mm W Bulb» 3! 440- PINE XI HATE XII l. Pleurotaenium coronatum (Bréb.) Rab. var. nodulosum Brdb., x 440. 2,3,&- 1.. P. Ehrenbergii 2. x 660. 3. x 880. 4. x 880. PIATE XII 4. PIATE XIII Sjegastm MAM Relfa., x 880. .313 W Ralf!» x 880- , , a. W (Ehron‘bJ 113138., I: 660. §&- W "at: x 440- PLATE XIII PLATE XIV che grbicmn Huabnar, x 880. LW Prescott, x 880. (7) 2. mg, Prescott, x 880. W Huabmr 1.2;. madam Skortzu x 880. Rachelomogg W Hut, 1 880. I. 9.1% (thy) Stein vex. mania 10m" X . to Pnaggg W Stokes, I 440. L W (8111.) Skortz" 1 440. W 219.219.: (Party) Stain 231:. 'm 13.11., x 880. PLATE XIV End View 3. 4. 5. PIATE XV Mane 319.1323 Schweio. x 440. Egglana 22. a. x 4.40. b. x 1.40. c. x 41.0. Cegatimutalmm ( of hell.) Dujardin, I e W m (Lu-11.) Ehrenbu x 880- % 3212114 Ehrenberg, x 1.40. PIATE XVI ficrgcntie M Iemmermann, x 1.40. Smchococcgg W megeli, at $0. W 2.8.1.1929 13mm: x 440- W glam: (Ehrenbé Reagan, x 880. W amine Kuetz- vex. mm Virieux, x 880. W W Kuetz. errand. Elekinu 3: 440. mm Both, a. x 880 b. colony, x 1. W 21m (Co A. Ag.)T1nmt, x 440. Q. m (Hedwig) Rabenhorst, x [.40. 9. PLATE XVII Qscillatozjg m (Roth) C. A. Ag., 3: 880. 9. W Zukal, x 880. Q. m (Bory) Gomont, x 880. Q, W C. A. Ag., x 880. gm 0. A. Ag., 3: 440. W Jenner; (Kuetz.) Stizenberg, x 44.0. W m Kle'bahn (7), x 880. M E1912 knegh" x 440 W mg Kuetz., a: 1.1.0. 10. 1.49.1213 Wartnan in Reben., x 1.10. ll. mm (W. &W.) G. S. West, x 440. PLATE XVII . 10. ll. PLATE XVIII Nostoc vemcosgm Vaucher a. x 41.0. b. colony, at l . 121% late. Kirchner. x 440. 19011-11210 W Martens. x 880- Anabgega aeguaus Borge, x 880. g. imaguayle (Kuatz.) Bornet & Flehault, x 880. ngochnata Wittrocfiana 183., x 440. Cflindrospgz‘mum March; cum Iemm., x 440. Aggbaegg Sphaariga, x 880 g. rigs-aggag (Lyngb.) 093mb” x 880. A. W Brunnthalar, x 440. g. Erjgbius Kuatz., x 440. IIATE XIX Figure 8. Photograph, Ronen Pond 1. Figure 1). Ronan Pond l. L (length) : 135 feet. It (Width) : 65 feet. A (Area) : .18 acres. Pun: XIX ,/ “‘. Figure a. N I» a E I a? mi :2 I 67 ft. ' — High water ""'" low water I Figure be _ "p I, “‘13 PLATE XX Figure 9.. Ronan Pond 2; photograph illustrating the turbidity of the water. Figure b. Ronan Pond 2. L (length) : 60 feet. W (Width) : 60 feet. A (Area) : .08 acres. PLATE XX —. .‘ Figure a. Who PLATE XXI Figure a. Biotograph, Ronen Pond 3. Figure b. Ronan Pond 3. L (length) : 125 feet. w (Width) : 100 feet. A (Area) : .28 acres. Figure a. —+2 I 67 feet Figure b. PLATE XXI Figure 3.. Figure I). PLATE XXII Ronan Pond A; photograph illustrating a bloom of W 21m Schewiakofr encountered on July 24, 1954. Roman Pond A. L (Length) 80 feet. W (Width) ; 60 feet. A (Area) : .09 acres. PIATE XXII ..- ,, r; not- 4‘ Mm». ”g , r ...i- s M|~$‘q 1'?“ § .. .3. “ n . 03.. ‘ . t b) . ' .0 ~ . ." C' ' . , ...!3‘1‘mmfi" ‘ "a x . . .- O _ ~\ . . 'o ‘. .._, ‘ Figure 3. Figure I). _ .,/ PLATE XXIII Figure 3. Ibotograph, Upper Twin Lake. Figure b. Upper Twin Lake. L (Length) : 735 feet. w (Width) : 335 feet. A (Area) : 2.8 acres._ PIATE XXIII +——4 67 feet P191130 be PLATE XXIV Figure 9.. Lower Twin Lake; photograph illus- trating eight foot drop in water level. Photo taken on July 28, 1953. Figure b. Lower Twin lake L length) : 1,976 feet. W 1dth) =1,824 feet. A (Area) Big water 24.2 acres. Low water : 13.2 acres. Explanation of symbols: I - inlet 0 - outlet 13 - island PIATE XXIV WW