0N WATCHING DIRTY MOVIES

Thesis for the Degree of M. II.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

SUSANNE SUMMERS
1976 .

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ABSTRACT

ON WATCHING DIRTY MOVIES

BY

Susanne Sommers

The purpose of this study was to explore the responses and
reactions elicited in college-aged men and women as a result of their
viewing an erotic film. This topic, among others, was first explored in
the United States, via a survey research approach, by Alfred Kinsey and
his co—workers (1953),who found striking differences between men and
women in both the nature of their responses, in terms of their reported
sexual arousal, or lack of it, and in what Kinsey postulated to be their
inherent "capacities" for being stimulated by psychosexual stimuli,
particularly visual stimuli. The results of recent experimentation,
however, notably, by researchers at Hamburg University in Germany
(Schmidt and Sigusch, et al., 1969, 1970, 1973), and by studies commis-
sioned and funded by the President's Canmission on Obscenity and Porno-
graphy (1970) suggest that Kinsey's results are now dated. The re-
searchers suggest that the long accepted finding with respect to widely
disparate sex differences in men's and women's responses to erotic
material has either simply disappeared, or that Kinsey's survey method
answers different questions than do experimental methods.

In addition to contradicting the results of Kinsey's original work,

recent experimental efforts, which have usually involved subjects' actual

Susanne Sommers

exposure to a variety of erotic stimuli--texts, slides, and film--and
immediate recording of the subjects' responses, via physiological
readings, subjects' self reports, or a combination of the two--have
sought to define what kinds of personality, setting, and stimulus-
related variables might be related to the process of becoming aroused
by psychosexual stimuli.

For the purposes of this particular study, 155 subjects, 101 women
and 54 men, mostly young, white, unmarried, MSU sophomores and freshmen,
undergraduate students of psychology, participated. Initially, they
were asked to respond to a number of personality'measures and question-
naires: a Sexual Morality Scale, a Sexual Experience Scale, and the
Mosher True-False Sex Guilt Inventory. In the case of the female sub-
jects, an additional instrument, the Inventory of Feminine Values
(Fand Inventory), was employed. The subjects then watched an erotic
film, Constance Beeson's Unfolding, and finally, responded to a post-film
questionnaire, an instrument devised by the writer in order to assess the
subjects' reactions to the film.

By means of a multivariate cluster analysis, ten pre-film sexual
attitude clusters (attitudes toward Masturbation, Premarital Sex I and
II, Homosexuality, Women's Sexuality, Prostitution, Pornography, Adultery,
Children's Sexuality, and Dirty Jokes); one sex experience cluster; and
twelve post—film clusters (Fantasy, Arousal, Desire, Excitement, watching,
Embarrassment, Memories, Explicitness, Attractiveness, Photography, Plot,
and Other Films) were defined from the combined sample of men and women.
From the women's responses to the Fand Inventory, an additional eight

clusters arose, although none of these clusters were employed in any

Susanne Sommers

subsequent analysis. On the basis of several of the postefilm clusters
(Fantasy, Arousal, Desire, Excitement, Watching, Embarrassment, Memo-
ries, and Explicitness), together with a general index of the subject's
moral orientation (Morality), path analyses, or causal diagrams (separate,
although highly similar paths for the male and the female subjects), were
constructed. These causal diagrams serve as prOposed models which seek
to define the processes, both physiological and psychological, the
sequence of which results in the "end-product"--the subjects' reported
sexual arousal, or lack of it, as it was, or was not, elicited by the
film.

As the writer was primarily interested in ascertaining, to the best
of her ability, the processes, or sequence of events, that culminate in a
subject's sexual arousal within this experimental context, she had no
particular hypotheses in mind in regard to the results of this study,
except her feeling that women who scored high on the "self-directed" di-
mension of the Fand Inventory might be expected to report greater arousal
upon seeing the film than those women who scored high on the "other-
directed" dimension of the Fand. This, the only formally stated hypo—
thesis, was not confirmed by the data. The study, however, was not with-
out findings:

Pre-Film Clusters. From the results generated by her data, the

 

writer found, in regard to the ten pre-film sexual attitude clusters,
that sets of liberal/conservative attitudes tend to be highly and posi-
tively correlated with other sets of liberal/conservative attitudes; that
there are certain behaviors toward which the majority of these subjects,

at least, tended to be quite liberal (attitudes toward premarital sex

Susanne Sommers

within an affectionate relationship, for example), while there are
behaviors toward which the majority of subjects tended to be more con—
servative (masturbation and homosexuality); that the women consistently
tended to be more conservative in all of the measured attitudes than were
the men; and that liberal attitudes toward "women's role" tend to be re-
lated, in a positive direction, with other sets of liberal sexual atti-
tudes, but do not seem to be directly related to the level of reported
arousal in response to an erotic film.

A consistent finding in regard to the ten pre-film sexual attitude
clusters-—for the male sample, for the female sample, and for the
combined group--was that the clusters tended to organize themselves into
two blocks. The "core" of the first block of highly correlated attitudes
was composed of attitudes toward Masturbation, Premarital Sex (I), Pre—
marital Sex (II), and Homosexuality, while the core of the second block
was composed of attitudes toward Women's Sexuality, Pornography, and
Prostitution. Despite the generation of further hypotheses and subse—
quent checking, the reason underlying this consistent two—block "split"
remains unknown to the writer.

Post—Film Clusters and Path Analyses. eIn regard to the post-film

 

clusters and their organization into a path, or causal, diagram: as
noted previously, several of the post-film clusters, together with a
general index of sexual morality, were employed in the construction of
models which seek to define what was happening to the subject as he/she
watched the film. The variables themselves, which are labeled by pro-
cess names, but which should not be construed as the named process, were

generated by clustering the data from the subjects' responses to the

Susanne Sommers

post—film questionnaire. The technique of path analysis treats each
variable as a continuous variable and attempts to determine the extent
to which each variable is causally influenced by each of the other
variables in the study.

The model generated from the women's data indicated that the moral
orientation (Morality) with which the woman entered the experimental
situation had some impact upon whether or not the woman experienced a
sexual fantasy (Fantasy) while viewing the film. A liberal sexual moral
orientation was positively correlated with the experience of a fantasy,
while a conservative moral orientation was negatively correlated with
fantasy experience. If the woman did experience a sexual fantasy, there
was a high probability of her then experiencing physiological sensations
indicative of sexual arousal (Arousal); the state of arousal then led to
feelings of a desire for sex (Desire). At the point of desire, one of
two possible, although not equally probable events might occur. For the
majority of women, feelings of desire were then followed by the experience
of physical sensations associated with general, bodily excitement
(Excitement), but for a smaller number of women, the feelings of desire
led to feelings of embarrassment (Embarrassment), and the embarrassment
was positively related to an original conservative moral orientation.

The model for the women also predicted that for some women, the experience
of generalized bodily excitement would lead to feelings of self conscious—
ness (Watching), and then to feelings of embarrassment.

The model generated from the male data was basically similar to
that proposed for the women. Moral orientation had some impact upon

whether or not the male experienced a sexual fantasy. If the man

Susanne Sommers

experienced a sexual fantasy, it was most likely that he then experienced
the physiological indicators of sexual arousal, and arousal then led to
desire. At the point of desire, it was most likely that the male, like
the female, would then experience bodily sensations associated with
general excitement, although some of the men, at the point of desire, be—
came self-conscious and then embarrassed, while other men, at the point
of desire, became embarrassed. Again, the experience of embarrassment
was positively correlated with an initial conservative moral orientation.
The male and female models differ in that the women seemed obliged to
become excited before the Watching-to Embarrassment chain was activated,
whereas the male data indicated a direct link from Desire-to-Watching,
without the presence of the intervening variable, Excitement. The reason
for this difference is not known. '

Film, For the majority of these subjects, the viewing of the fihn,
Unfolding, was, at best, a mildly arousing event. Although the women
reported themselves as being slightly more aroused than the men, overall,
subjects reported being only "mildly” aroused (point "2" on a five-point
scale). The writer suggests that the reason for the comparatively low
levels of arousal had to do with several of the qualities of the film
itself: a hazy, confusing photographic style, the absence of a clearly
defined storyline or plot, and a reliance upon dated, seemingly "corny"
photographic metaphors for the sexual experience. Subjects seemed to
have wanted more straightforwardness and explicitness, and less symbolism.
It has been suggested that a certain degree of obscurity (i.e., "mystery“
in regard to sexual images is tantalizing, imagination-provoking, and

therefore arousing-—more arousing than stark nakedness. Yet, it also

Susanne Sommers

appears to be true that at some point, obscurity becomes frustrating
and antithetical to the arousal process. For many of these subjects, at

least, Unfolding passed this point.

Approved:

 

Date:

 

Thesis Committee:

Dr. John Hunter, Chairman
Dr . Donald Grunmon
Dr. Dozier Thornton

ON WATCHING DIRTY MOVIES

BY

Susanne Sommers

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Psychology

1976

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To Dr. Don Grummon: A thanks and an apology--a thanks for his
attempting to guide and to educate me; and an apology, for my being so
panicked and overwhelmed upon this, the occasion of my first piece of
research, that I proved unable/unwilling to listen and learn from his
lessons concerning the philosophy of science, how one thinks about re-
search, the construction of solid hypotheses, etc. . .

To the countless people at the Computer Center, Tom Nichol, in
particular: People who taught me the in's and out's of key-punching,
duplicating, and listing; who listened patiently as I complained bitterly
and cursed the computer for mistakes that usually turned out to be my
own; who paid attention, even when they could offer no answers, after
I had almost literally hurled them against the walls and demanded expla-
nations when 1) my run had aborted, and I didn't know why, or 2) my run
had gone through, and I didn't know what the hell the resulting print-out
meant. . .

Begrudgingly, to the damned computer: For making the sophisticated
analysis, which was employed in this study, possible, although there were
certainly occasions when I would have preferred that such techniques had
remained uninvented. . .

To my subjects, their capacity for sexual arousal, and their

willingness to tell me about it. . .

ii

But mostly, with greater appreciation than I can possibly
express, to Dr. Jack Hunter, my chairman:

--for having the presence of mind to become both_an unbelievably
adept statistician and a computer expert--a combination that enabled him
to spend innumerable hours teaching me how to construct items, prepare
data for the computer, analyze the results, and write them up. . .

--for his patience and willingness to reteach the entire content
of 817. . .

--for being a good parent: demanding continuing work, but always
willing to offer a reasonable explanation for the demands he made. . .

--for tempering my oft-times overzealous liberal perspective,
although I still find myself in hearty, but healthy disagreement with
him over many an issue, particularly those which concern men and women. .

--for having listened to my virtually endless stream of grunts,
groans, laments, and excuses:

". . . To begin with, Dr. Hunter; there are two things that
never fail to scare me--numbers and machines. . . Do you suppose we
could devise a way to do this project so that I don't have to use
either? . . .

". . . Surprise, Dr. Hunter! I have systematically forgotten
everything you taught in 817. I know what a mean and a standard devia-
tion are, but beyond that, the only things that make sense to me are
percentages. How about a very simple survey? . . .

". . . I don't know how to write items. Why can't I just use in-

struments that already exist, even though they are crummy? . . .

iii

". . . I can't read a print-out: the numbers swim in front of

my eyes. . .

". . . Now, Dr. Hunter, tell me again: Exactly what i§_a
correlation? . . .

". . . Dr. Hunter, I have a question. The trouble is, I don't
know enough to be able to know hgw_to ask it . . .
. . . What do you mean; you don't believe in psychoanalysis? . .

". . . Regression? The only thing around here that's regressing

". . . You want me to do what}? All I want to do is finish this
thing, tomorrow, if possible. . ."1

--for having listened, without once ever having asked, "Have
you talked to your therapist about this?" ‘

--for simply being there, and being of help. For as it turns out,
if Jack had not been there, this thesis would not exist, at least in
the fine form that it does; and if this thesis did not exist, my
continued existence in this program would be, at best, highly

questionable. . .

To all of these people, for all of this: Thank you.

iv

TABLE OF

Literature Review . . . . . . . . .
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Results: Subjects . . . . . . . .
Results: Pre-Film Clusters . . . .
Results: Post-Film Clusters . . .
Results: Path Analysis . . . . . .
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix A: Instruments . . . . .

CONTENTS

Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

112

Appendix B: Results of Separate Cluster Analysis: Men and Women,

'Pre-Film and Post-Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Appendix C: Pre-Film "Core Clusters": Men and Women Combined . . 146

Appendix D: Fand Inventory Clusters: Women Only, Pre-Film . . . . 157

Appendix E: Post-Film Core Clusters: Men and Women Combined . . . 164

Appendix F: Path Analysis . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . .

l76

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

15.

l6.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Scale Items Distributed by Cluster:
Pre-Film Clusters:

Pre—Film Clusters:

LIST OF TABLES

Fand Inventory Clusters . . .

Women:

Men:

Pre—Film Clusters:

Pre-Film Clusters . . .

Pre—Film Clusters . . . .

Pre-Film Clusters: Percentages

Post-Film Clusters:

Men:

Women:

Post-Film Clusters:
Post-Film Clusters:

Post-Film Clusters:

Post-Film Clusters . . .

Post-Film Clusters . .

Percentages

Correlation Matrix

Women: Actual Correlations . . .

Women:

WOmen:

Men:

Men:

Men:

Predicted Correlations
Actual/Predicted . . .
Actual Correlations . . .
Predicted Correlations .

Errors--Actua1, Predicted

vi

Men and Women Combined

Men and Women Separately

Men and Women Combined

Men and Women Combined

Pre—Film

Men and Women Separately

Page
54
55
56
58
66
67
69
7O
76
77
78
79
80
81
91
91
92

100
101

101

Figure
l.

2.

Proposed Model:

Proposed Model:

LIST OF FIGURES

Women . . . . . . .

Men 0 O O O O O O 0

vii

. . . . On first impression, Dr. Kinsey's face seemed too deeply
lined for his 45 years and for its near immobility; he rarely smiled at
us. Neither face nor voice seemed to reveal an emotional reaction to
anything. No students gathered around him after class askhryquestions.
His clear but monotonous Midwestern twang was so distinct and natural
that we simply assumed he was a Hoosier, born and bred (He was from
Hoboken!). Dr. Kinsey was, unquestionably, one of the ten worst dressed
men of eminence this country has ever produced. His head was covered
with flying hair that always seemed as if it had invented a scheme for
defying combs. His clothes were almost execrable; nonetheless he in-
variably wore a little bow-tie. Although bow-ties were more fashionable
then than now, they were hardly mandatory; on Dr. Kinsey they looked just
plain funny. Yet, there they always were: the faultlessly neat, tiny
bow providing a trim dividing line between two sets of shambles, rather
like a plumber in a cummerbund. To make matters worse, when I first saw
him, he had apparently just had his hair cut-—or thought he had--or maybe
had bolted from the barber's chair in the middle of the job. Anyway, it
looked like a crew-cut half-done, neatly and closely cropped around the
back and sides but left much too long in front, where it seemed to
stick straight up. Amused and bemused are the only words I can use to
describe how this initial unforgettable picture of Alfred Kinsey affected
me: the high forehead overseeing the lined, gentle face with its quick,
wise eyes inadequately demarcated from the sturdy, masculine body by the
silly little bow-tie--and with his hair standing on end, he looked as
though he were in a perpetual state of surprise, somewhat like the
endearing look of a little boy who has never ceased finding all the world
and all the people in it absolutely astonishing.

So there he stood week after week with the dead-pan face and
nasal voice twanging monotonously on and on and on. We heard about the
mean average frequency of prostitution in Bloomington, Indiana, versus
Chicago; and about the percentile differences between the average number
and frequency of nocturnal emissions in college-bred and non-college-
bred men with all figures corrected against the total U.S. population
according to the 1940 census. We heard about the total average frequency
per week of intercourse for married men at all age ranges with figures
seasonally adjusted. We pondered over the mean, median, and range for the
percentage of orgasms per week in upper-class married and non-married,
churchgoing and non-churchgoing Protestant women compared to the same
figures for Catholic and Jewish women, with each statistical summary
expressed with levels of confidence in statistical accuracy according to
somebody's way of confidently computing accurately leveled statistics.

We heard about penile lengths, vaginas, orgasms, coital positions, animal
contacts, and homosexual experiences-~all described numerically in that
same deadly monotone. I left Dr. Kinsey's class at the end of the first
few lectures with the vague feeling that he must be trying to tell us
that sex was (or if not, should be) performed under a wet blanket--it
could be a colorful one, but it must be wet.

When the course ended, I could not remember a single statistiC'
the man had so laborioushrgathered for us; and I felt as if I had learned
but two Hard Facts (the things he kept telling us we were there to
learn). The first one was that if one heard a forbidden word, like
penis or orgasm, spoken frequently and matter-of-factly it soon lost
absolutely all of its shock value; the second Hard Fact I learned was
that there sure was an awful lot of sex going on . . .

--Mary Jane Sherfey,
The Nature and Evolution of Female

Sexuality

LITERATURE REVIEW

Initial Comment

 

Although the focus of the following piece of work is the response
elicited in college-aged men and women as a result of their viewing an
erotic film, the writer felt it both important and helpful to place the
focal topic in a broader historical and research context. In order to
accomplish this, the writer elected to spend a bit of time reviewing
the Kinsey research, particularly the survey results and related
hypotheses found in Kinsey's chapter, "Psychologic Factors in [the]

Sexual Response," a chapter included in the larger work, Sexual Behavior

 

in the Human Female (1953). This chapter deals not only with men's and

 

women's reactions to erotic films, but also with an entire range of
situations to which men and women seemed to react quite differently.
Kinsey appears to ascribe the existence of these differences to men's and
women's differing capacities for the conditioning of their sexual
responses; the differing capacities lay the basis for the resulting
substantial differences Kinsey found in men's and women's responses to
such “psychologic” stimuli.

The discussion of Kinsey's work will then be followed by a review
of some general variables that seem to be related to human beings' sexual
arousal; a compilation of the current findings now available concerning
men's and women's reactions to filmed erotic stimuli, pg£_§g, and the

briefest of comments concerning some of the difficulties, both of

3

definition and experimental technique, related to research attempts to

study and explore the nature of human sexuality.

It was Alfred Kinsey and his associates, who, during the 19503,
underscored what they felt to be striking differences between male and
female reactions to the "psychologic factor in the sexual response." It
was Kinsey's contention that apart from a few inherent capacities--

". . . no one has to learn to become tumescent, to build up the neuro-
muscular tensions which lead to the rhythmic thrusts of coitus"-dmost
other aspects of human sexual behavior appear to be the product of learn-
ing. Kinsey also asserted that males are more often conditioned by

their sexual experiences and by a greater variety of associated factors
than are females:

While there is great individual variation in this respect, among

both the males and females, there is considerable evidence

that the sexual responses and behavior of the average male, are,

on the whole, more determined by the male's previous experience,

by his association with objects connected with his previous

sexual experience, by his vicarious sharing of another indivi-

dual's experience, and by his sympathetic reaction to the

sexual responses of another individual. The average female

is often less affected by such psychologic factors. It is

highly significant to find that there are evidences of such

differences between males and females of the infrahuman mam—

malian species, as well as between hunan females and males

(Kinsey, pp. 649-650).

A greater variability among reSponses seemed to be the hallmark of
Kinsey's female data: "In our sample, the range in variation in responses
to psychologic stimuli, is, . . . much.greater among females than it is
among males. While we may emphasize the differences which exist between

the average female and the average male, it should be constantly borne

in mind that there are many individuals, and particularly many females,

who widely depart from these averages." Individual variability not
withstanding, the evidence Kinsey marshalled in support of his major
contention was varied and usually clear-cut. Whether it was the
observation of the opposite sex, either nude or clothed; the viewing of
portrayals of nude figures—-photographs, drawings, and paintings--or of
actual genitalia, of the opposite sex or one's own; being a witness to
sexual action; engaging in fantasies concerning the opposite sex, whether
while in reverie or while masturbating; experiencing erotic nocturnal
dreams; or composing graffiti for bathroom walls--males far exceeded
females in reporting that they had been sexually aroused by such stimuli.

There were, however, a few exceptions to this data trend. In
regard to "watching commercial moving pictures" of "more of less erotic
situations," women reported somewhat.more often than men that they found
such filmed portrayals erotically stimulating (48 percent of the 5411
women surveyed, as opposed to 36 percent of the 3731 men). Kinsey
explained this descrepancy on the basis of the romantic content of such
films:

Some of the stimulation provided by the moving pictures may

depend upon the romantic content or the action it portrays,

and some of it.may depend upon the portrayal of some particular

person. In a large number of instances, the erotic stimula-

tion may depend upon the atmosphere created by the picture as

a whole . . . Sometimes, the erotic arousal may depend upon

the presence of the companion with whom one is attending the

performance (Kinsey, p. 660).
Somewhat puzzling to Kinsey was the women's tendency to be stimulated
by literary materials; again, he cited the effects generated by the
emotional context of such works:

Erotic responses while reading novels, essays, poetry, or

other literary materials may depend upon the general emotional

context of the work, upon specifically romantic material in it
(particularly if it is vernacular vocabulary), or upon the

specific descriptions of sexual activity. The reader may,

thus, vicariously, share the experience of the characters

portrayed in the book, and reactions to such literary material

are some measures of the reader's capacity to be aroused

psychologically. . . (Kinsey, p. 669).
In a sample composed of 5699 females and 3952 males, Kinsey found that
although both men and women responded erotically in the same numbers
while reading literary materials, " . . . twice as many of the females
had responded to literary materials as had responded to the observation
of the portrayal of sexual action and five times as many as had
responded to photographs or other portrayals of nude figures." Possible
psychoanalytic interpretations aside (i.e., suggestions that there are
differences in the levels of "sex drive" or "libido" or innate moral
capacities of the two sexes), Kinsey concedes that, ". . . at this
point, we do not clearly understand why this should be so; we hesitate to
offer any explanation of the present data."

[Note: This particular finding, in regard to women's responses
to literary materials, was later substantiated by Jakobovits in a 1965
study involving twenty men and twenty women, half of whom read ten
"hard core" (HC) stories, while the other half of the sample read ten
"erotic realism" (ER) stories. The characteristics of "hard core" and
"erotic realism" were defined according to criteria established by
Kranhausen and Kraunhausen (1959). (By means of rating scales, each of
the subjects judged his or her batch of stories with respect to sexual
arousal. Although both the men and women agreed in their judgments
concerning the arousal properties of the ER stories, the women found

the HC stories significantly more arousing than did the men, who, as a

group, were more aroused by the ER stories. Equally, Kutschinsky (1970),

in a study involving seventy-two (forty-three men and twenty-nine

women) young, mostly married Danish students, who were exposed to a
variety of contemporary pornographic material--fi1ms, magazines, and
texts--reported that the women found the texts more exciting than did
the men (28 percent of the women, as opposed to 14 percent of the men).
In contrast, Schmidt, Sigusch, and Schafer (1973), in a study involving
120 male and 120 female German university students, found that when

the "degree of affection" expressed in the stories read by their subjects
was controlled for, the differences in reported arousal between the male
and female subjects were not significant. "Why this is so" still

remains unanswered, but the Kinsey, Jakobovits, and Kutschinsky findings,

at least, do speak to the contention that True Confession magazines

 

and the like have long served as an unregulated form of "women's
pornographyz"

Whether in a movie or any other form of erotica, the romantic
story leading up to . . . intercourse is important in a
woman's erotic fantasy. There is evidence of this in the
circulation, among adolescent girls and women, of magazines
and stories of true romance, true confession type. These
narratives are, indeed, women's pornography (Stoller, 1970).
They are so different from the carnal pictures and narrative
that constitute man's pornography that the law . . . does not
even recognize them as such (John Money and Anke Ehrhardt,
1972).]

In total, Kinsey discusses "thirty-three bases of data which
agree in showing that the male is conditioned by his sexual experience
more frequently than the female." In regard to only three of the items
(viewing motion pictures, reading romantic literature, and being

bitten), did as many females as males or more females than males report

responding with sexual arousal. Fewer females than males were affected
in regard to twenty-nine of the thirty-three items. There were instances
in which the percentage of females who reported responding to a named
stimulus was only slightly below that percentage of affected males, but
in regard to twelve of these items, the number of females who reported
being erotically aroused was less than half of the number of males who
reported arousal. Kinsey emphasized, however, the pervasiveness and
impact of individual differences, and, again, noted the variability of
the women's responses:

. . . there might be one third of the females in the popu-

lation who are as frequently affected by psychologic stimuli

as the average of the males. At the extreme of variation,

however, there were two to three percent of the females

who were psychologically stimulated by a greater variety of

factors and more intensely stimulated-than any of the males

in the sample. Their response had been more immediate; they

had responded more frequently, and they had responded to the

point of orgasm with frequencies that far exceeded those known

for any male. A few females were being regularly stimulated

to the point of orgasm, and this almost never happens among

the males (Kinsey, p. 668).

Despite the two—to-three percent minority, Kinsey contended that
by and large, women are not aroused by, and do not respond to
"psychologic" stimuli. He proposes that men's and women's differential
responses are the source of marital arguments, sexual complaints
(i.e., "All he's interested in is intercourse; he doesn't do anything
to me."), and disputes concerning the logistics of love-making (i.e.,
Should the lights be kept on or off? What is a man to do about women's
tendency to be diverted easily from the process at hand: ". . . she
doesn't put her mind to it. . ."?). Kinsey also holds male condition-

ability responsible for the greater incidence of male exhibitionism,

fetishism, transvestism, greater promiscuity, and a lesser ability to

tolerate discontinuity of his sexual outlet. In the process, Kinsey
succeeds in constructing a psychological basis for the "double
standard" of sexual behavior:

The capacity of males to respond to any type of female is
actually a demonstration of the fact that psychologic condi-
tioning, rather than the physical or psychologic stimuli that
are immediately present, is a chief source of his erotic
responses. As far as his psychological responses are concerned,
the male, in many instances, may not be having coitus with his
immediate sexual partner, but with any of the other girls

with whom he has ever had coitus, and with the entire genus
Female with whom he would like to have coitus (Kinsey, p. 684).

Equally, Kinsey reasons that because of the decidedly lower frequency of
female responsiveness to a variety of psychological stimuli, there
exists no traditional female pornography market, as such a market would
make little psychological or commercial sense. (The writer, however,
believes that Kinsey has turned this argument upside-down. There is no
standard commercial pornography market for women, other than women's
magazines, because women have been "conditioned"--they have learned--that
they are not supposed to be aroused by such material that falls within
the male domain. More will be said of this issue later in this paper.)
In speculating about possible causes which might produce the
difference in responsiveness among men and women to psychologic stimuli,
Kinsey states:
Many of the differences between the sexual responses of males
and females have been recognized for centuries. It has been
suggested that they depend upon differences in the abundance
and distribution of the sensory structures in the male and
female body. It has been suggested that they depend upon the
differences in the roles which the males and females take in
coitus. It has been suggested that they are in some way
associated with the different roles males and females play
in connection with reproduction. It has also been suggested
that there are differences in the level of "libido" or "sex
drive" or innate moral capacities of the two sexes. It has

been suggested that the differences depend upon the basic dif—
ferences in the physiology of orgasm in the male and female.

10

But we have already observed that the anatomy and physiology

of the sexual response and orgasm do not show differences

between the sexes that might account for the differences in

their sexual responses. Females appear to be as capable

as males of being aroused by tactile stimuli . . . they

appear as capable as males of responding to the point of

orgasm. Their responses are not slower than that of the average

male, if there is sufficiently continuous tactile stimulation.

We find no reason for believing that the psychologic nature of

orgasm in the female or the physical or physiological or

psychologic satisfactions derived from orgasm by the average

female are different from the average male. But in their

capacities to respond to psychosexual stimuli, the average

female and the average male do differ (Kinsey, p. 688).
What Kinsey does not suggest, at least in the kind of language that
enjoys popularity today, is that the differential responses to psycho-
sexual stimulation, and, perhaps, the "capacity" itself, are dependent,
at least in part, upon differential social conditioning. Or, more
accurately, Kinsey, at points in his discussion, toys with the notion
of the potential significance of differential social conditioning,
but quickly dismisses the impact of such conditioning, or "cultural
influences," as a viable explanation for the male/female differences;
he prefers, instead, to tie the seemingly very different capacities for
psychosexual arousal to inherent brain and hormonal differences (e.g.,
"Various interpretations may be offered of these differences between
males and females. Many persons would . . . be inclined to look for
cultural influences which might be responsible. But some sort of basic
biologic factor must be involved, for at least some of the infrahuman
species of mammals show the same differences . . . There are probably
more basic neurologic explanations of these differences between females
and males." p. 669).

It has become increasingly clear, through the results of recent

experimentation, notably by researchers at Hamburg University in Germany,

11

and by studies commissioned and funded by the President's Commission
on Obscenity and Pornography, that Kinsey's results are dated. Byrne
and Lamberth (1970) suggest that the long accepted finding with respect
to sex differences in reSponse to erotic material has either simply
disappeared, or that Kinsey's survey method answers different questions
than do experimental methods. Mann (1970) draws attention to a number
of pit-falls, commonly recited by researchers, which are believed to
be "built in" to the survey research approach: the unreliability of
sexual history gathered via interviews; the tendency for subjects to
remember selectively, to willfully or inadvertantly distort answers,
often in the direction of social acceptability; subject willingness to
fill in memory gaps with fabrications in order to oblige the examiner;
and the simple inability to remember past responses or events with a
significant degree of precision. (In reflecting upon this list of
cautions, many of which are simply assumptions, unsupported by actual
evidence, the writer cannot help but be impressed by the "adversary"
quality of the experimenter-subject relationship, as it is portrayed by
various investigators.)

Equally important was/is women's relatively limited or non-
existent exposure to erotic materials. As women are relatively less
likely to purchase hard-core pornographic books, attend stag movies,
etc. because of social pressures and custom, the "lessons" of which then
become internalized, when asked whether they are frequently stimulated
by such.material, women indicate that they are not. Byrne and Lamberth,
therefore, contend that the supposed sex differences in response to

erotica are an artifact of cultural pressures with respect to exposure

12

to such material. Schmidt, Sigusch, et a1. (1970) emphasize the tradi-‘
tional sexual orientation ascribed to women, the resultant orientation
of erotic materials toward men, and women's seemingly lower arousal
potential:

It could be argued that Western civilization women have few
possibilities of obtaining experiences with psychosexual
stimuli: Due to the traditional picture of women as "sexually
passive," the supply of sexual stimuli is mainly oriented to
men . . . Kinsey's data were collected twenty to thirty years
ago. We know today that the double standard and corresponding
differences in sexual behavior (e.g., premarital sex) were much
more marked in the USA than they are today in the countries

of Northwestern Europe. It is therefore not surprising that
the reaction of the women we examined was different from

that of the American women Kinsey interviewed. The degree

of sex differences in psychosexual arousability is obviously

a function of the grade of sexual emancipation of women in a
social group or society. From this follows that a larger sex
difference than that described by us would be seen if we dealt
with women who are less sexually emancipated than those in

our sample (Schmidt, et al. p. 10).

Further, Schmidt and Sigusch emphasize the distinction between culturally
promulgated stereotypes and beliefs and the results of their recent
experimental work: "Indeed, women are believed to be less aroused than
men through pictures with sexual themes; factually, though (as measured
on the incidence of physiological reactions in the genital area and on
activation of sexual behavior) women are not less sexually aroused than

men."

Since Kinsey's work, a good deal of experimentation has been
directed toward the area of sexual arousal, and a variety of experimental
techniques have been.employed. Subjects have been asked their pre-

ferences concerning pairs of stimuli. Experimenters have counted the

13

minutes subjects have spent viewing slides, sorting pictures, and
responding to double entendre words. The content of subjects'
responses to TAT pictures, as well as readings of respiration rates,
skin potentials and resistances, cardiovascular responses, penile
erections, pupillary changes, and hormone levels have been subjected to
analysis. Before addressing the issue of sex differences in reSponse to
psychosexual stimuli, particularly in regard to filmed portrayals of
sexual activity, the writer would like to sunmarize some of the
related, recent research findings. For the sake of convenience and
organizational clarity, such findings will be classified as pertaining
to either individual, setting, or stimuli-related variables.’

Individual variables: Few standardized personality measures

 

(i.e., personality inventory items) that are not directly related to

sex have been found to be predictive of sexual arousal. Levitt and
Brady (1965), in working with the Edwards Personal Preference Inventory,
found only one measure to be correlated with sexual arousal. Sexual
arousal is negatively correlated with the trait, "endurance" ("ability
to stick to a job until done, despite lack of progress"); the researchers,
thus, reason that the hard-working, persistant individual is less

likely to be distracted by fantasy stimulation, or perhaps, evidence

an unwillingness to report that he is. Mann (1970) reports that females
scoring either high or low on the Mf scale of the MMPI show high GSR
reactivity to pictures of male and female nudes; Mann notes that this
finding suggests that females in these categories freely express

sexual anxiety, but may also express some degree of positive affect.

Byrne and Sheffield (1965), who have developed a measure by which they

l4

distinguish their subjects as either "sensitizers" or "repressors," re-
post that both sensitizers and repressors evidence comparable levels of
sexual arousal to various stimuli, but that the sensitizers, who express
a greater degree of anxiety, nonetheless report feeling more entertained
and less bored than do the repressors, who express a lower degree of
anxiety, but who manifest more anger and disgust. Schmidt, Sigusch, and
Meyerberg (1969) found that their "conservative" (as measured by frequen-
cy of church attendance, political and premarital sexual attitude scales)
male subjects judged a variety of sexually oriented slides to be less
favorable and less arousing than did the more "progressive," or liberally
minded subjects. These researchers emphasize the conflict, generated in
their conservative subjects, by the feelings of arousal, on the one hand,
and feelings of fear, guilt and sexual aversion on the other. (It may be
that Byrne and Sheffield, although they employ different terminology, are,
in fact, actually describing differences between subjects with a conserva-
tive sexual orientation and those subjects who adhere to a more liberal
sexual orientation.)

The level of reported sexual arousal is influenced by the level of
sexual experience and the degree of sexual guilt the subject experiences.
Levitt and Brady (1965), Mann (1970), and Mosher (1970) all report that
subjects who have had more sexual experience exhibit less "defensiveness"
in recording sexual arousal and less negative affect as a result of being
exposed to arousing stimuli than less experienced subjects. Experience,
however, is not a measure of the individual's capacity to become aroused.
Mosher measured college students' post-viewing feelings by means of an
adjective checklist upon which the subjects could record the degree to

which their feelings had changed as the result of viewing an erotic film

15

and found that his more experienced female subjects were more "eager
for contact" and less "shocked" and "irritated" after viewing the films,
while the less experienced subjects felt themselves to be less
"peaceful," and more "shocked," "irritated," "benumbed," and "ashamed."
(It might be noted that Mosher's less experienced subjects were also
more conservative in their sexual and political attitudes.)

Compounding the effects of the extent of one's sexual experience
is the relative absence or presence of sexual guilt. Mosher developed
the Mosher Forced Choice Inventory, an instrument that measures sex
guilt, hostility guilt and morality-conscience (Mosher, 1961, 1968,
1966, 1970). He concludes that sexual guilt is positively correlated
with repression of sexuality and with conservatively oriented premarital
sexual attitudes among college—aged men and women, while being negatively
correlated with sex drive, level of sexual interest, and the degree of
premarital sexual experience. Male subjects who manifest a high degree
of sexual guilt are found to be more conservative and less sexually
experienced, their sexual partnerships having been with an intimate,
rather than casual partner (Mosher, 1970). After viewing pornographic
films, such men report that they are more "jumpy" than their less
guilty male counterparts. Equally, women.who display higher levels of
sexual guilt are found to be more religious, less politically liberal,
and less likely to have engaged in oral-genital sex and.masturbation.
Their coital activity usually begins later than that of women who
approach sexual activity with less guilt; they are inclined to make
less frequent use of contraceptives and express regret at having done so.

Such women, after exposure to pornographic films, report being more

16

”irritated," "disgusted," "benumbed," "embarrassed,” and less "serene;"
they also report increases in shame, depression, and guilt reactions.

A woman who is both inexperienced and guilt-prone rates such films as
being more pornographic and disgusting than the less guilty, more
experienced women. Despite such negative after-effects, Mosher, whose
less experienced, sexually guilty, and female subjects all tended to
respond (via the checklist) in the same direction, contends that in an
experimental situation, at least, sexual guilt does not preclude

either arousal or the experiencing of physiological sensations associated
with arousal when a subject is exposed to sexually stimulating material.
The relative degree of guilt is related to negative affect fOllowing
exposure; such guilt may also tend to inhibit an individual's voluntary
exposure to pornography. ’

Finally, Mosher (1970) draws attention to another variable, one
which he labels "sex callousness toward women." Sexually calloused men
are found to have more liberal attitudes and to regard sex and love as
separate entities; the degree of sex callousness is positively correlated
with total sexual aggression. As a result of viewing pornographic
films, such men demonstrate stronger physiological arousal, as indicated
by reports of penile erections, and an increase in an affective state
indicative of general activation and "uncontrolled approach tendencies"
(i.e., "eager for contact," "driven," "impulsive," "wild," and "more
aggressive.") Mosher notes, however, that such men, like their less
calloused counterparts, evidence no appreciable increase in heterosexual
behavior in the twenty-four hours following exposure and that the

calloused attitudes decreased immediately after the viewing and

17

continued to decrease slightly twenty-four hours to two weeks later.

He suggests that this data might be construed as tentative evidence that
pornographic films, rather than serving as a "trigger" for sexually
exploitative behavior, may, instead, serve as a release or outlet:
"Seeing a stag film in the presence of male peers bolsters masculine
esteem; it serves the same need as endorsing sex calloused attitudes."
It is also Mosher's contention that a period of more or less "institu-
tionalized," or peer-supported callousness is embodied in the process

of consolidating masculinity (although this may be true for only certain
groups of men, fraternities, for example).

Setting_yariables: The data concerning the effectiveness of

 

particular setting variables in the inducement of sexual arousal is
sparse and unsystemized, perhaps partly owing to the fact that different
atmospheres turn different people on. Mussen and Scodel (1955) and
Martin (1964) both report that a restrictive, potentially punitive
atmosphere is less conducive to eliciting sexual arousal than a more
relaxed, permissive one. Subjects, then, tend to report higher levels
of sexual arousal when the experimenter presents himself as a relaxed
graduate student rather than a stern professor (It is probable that a
stern graduate student, as opposed to a relaxed professor would generate
similar results!). Mosher and Greenberg (1969) report that the experi-
menter's presence, relaxed or not, heightened expressed anxiety in
seventy-two college females whose task it was to read a passage from

Calder Willingham's book, Eternal Fire. Anxiety increased regardless

 

of whether the subject scored high or low on a measure of sexual guilt.
(It was the experimenters' contention that "guilt" is the result of a

breach of internal standards, while "anxiety" is induced by an external

18

source--anxiety, perhaps over one's ability to hold on to his or her

internal standards, despite external temptation?) Alcohol, as Clark

(1952) reports, functions to lower guilt inhibitions and increase the
number of sexual responses to TAT cards (subjects were first exposed

to life-sized nude photographs).

Audience effects and their impact upon subjects' reported
sexual arousal have also been studied. Amoroso, Brown, and Pruesse
(1970) hypothesized that increased anxiety wuould decrease "performance".
(defined as reported arousal or actions indicative of arousal or
interest), so they introduced four observers as "graduate students
interested in this experiment" and discovered that their subjects spent
less time looking at the stimuli. As Masters and Johnson (1966) have
demonstrated, the fact that one is hooked up or into a variety of
measuring devices need not.impair sexual arousal and performance (It
might be noted, however, that Masters' and Johnson's subjects were a
rather special sample). On a less dramatic scale, Amoroso, gt_al, re-
port that their subjects, when connected with genuine-looking, but
actually non-functioning physiological devices, saw the slides presented
them as being more pornographic and stimulating. The subjects, Amoroso,
et al., contend, felt that they would do well to be truthful, as they
were attached to a device which could "accurately" monitor their re-
sponses (An alternative hypothesis for the Amoroso, et a1. results might
be that embarrassment is physiologically similar to arousal and may
either increase arousal or be confused with it, by both the subjects who
report what they are feeling and the experimenters who interpret the

subjects' reports).

19

Nature of the stimulus: The depiction of nude individuals
engaged in a particular activity is more arousing than clad individuals
engaged in the same activity. Photographs are more stimulating than
are line drawings. Films produce more arousal than photographs or
slides. Levitt and Hinesley (1967) caution that the greater permissive-
ness of today's society may, in part, be responsible for the comparative
arousability, or lack of it, induced by a particular stimulus; they
note that the typical Playboy photograph and other such ”girlie" pin-ups,
often used in earlier experimental attempts, have ceased to be arousing,
and that more stimulating, realistic, and explicit material may be
needed to produce scaleable results. Yet, it is the writer's specula-
tion that a balance must be struck, particularly, it seems, in the case
of women, between stimuli which are arousing and stimuli which are so
offensive that they actually serve to inhibit arousal, regardless of
the degree of their realism. Mann (1970), in summarizing the effects of
various stimulus characteristics, notes that responses are affected
by the degree of realism, the degree of nudity, aesthetic value
(stimuli of higher aesthetic value elicit stronger responses than com-
parable stimuli of lesser aesthetic value), subtlety, and congruence of
the stimuli with individual preference for specific components of the
portrayed activity. In line with the notion of stimuli congruence, Mann
(1970), in a study of married couples, notes that the filmed stimuli
which proved to be the most arousing were those which portrayed more
conventional, socially acceptable sexual activities. Thus, the filmed
portrayal of intercourse rated highly, while portrayals of sado-

masochism and male homosexuality did not.

20

At this point, it is well to note the importance of one's
fantasies as a stimulus-source of arousal. Although a subject's
fantasies are imminently more difficult to control experimentally than
are slides, photographs, drawings, or movies, several researchers (Mann,
1970; Byrne and Lamberth, 1970) emphasize the impact of fantasy as a
powerful stimulus. Of their three experimental conditions--1iterary,
photographic, and imaginary-—Byrne and Lamberth found the imaginary or
fantasy condition to be the most arousing to their male and female
subjects. Equally, Mann contends that one's arousal capacity may be
unrelated to one's actually having experienced a particular activity,
and that it is perhaps the individual's fantasies concerning the activity
which are most important in determining his or her degree of responsive-
ness to particular stimulus situations. The therapeutic value of uti-
lizing an individual's sexual fantasies is made obvious by the use of
such techniques not only in the attempted correction of "deviant" sexual
behaviors, but also in aiding individuals to overcane chronic impotence,
"frigidity," and other more “normal" sexual dysfunctions (see Helen

Singer Kaplan, The New Sex Therapy, 1974). For, as Money and Ehrhardt

 

(1972) emphasize:

The story of the regions and circuits of dimorphic sexual
imagery in brain has not yet been uncovered. It is important
that it eventually be uncovered, for in the hunan being,

imagery is related not only to the more rare bizarreries of
sexual arousal and behavior, but also to the very common
problems of sexual apathy, impotence, and frigidity. Men and
women so affected are unable to respond to sexual contact alone,
and the images that might perhaps once have induced some arousal
power. Such people may be too inhibited to pursue the other,
elusive image that, although socially condemned, has always
secretly been able to arouse them. They becane erotically
apathetic instead. Others may embark on an obsessive round of
sexual encounters, seeking always to find the elusive image
with maximal power to turn them on (p. 252).

* * * *

21

Sex Differences in Responses to Psychosexual Stimuli: An_gpdate

By way of introduction to the post-Kinsey findings concerning
the differences between.male and female reSponses to psychosexual
stimulation, it would be appropriate to review the findings of the
German researchers, Schmidt, Sigusch, and their co-workers, as theirs
is considered to be the "pioneering" work in this area. In a 1970 study,
in which fifty male and fifty female, mostly single, young (19-27 years).
German students participated, the researchers found that both men and
women responded (the overall mean difference between the groups was not
significant) to a series of slides depicting activities ranging from
the appearance of a girl in a one—piece bathing suit to a portrayal
of a nude couple in coitus. Generally, the researchers report, men
find pictures with sexual themes more sexually stimulating than do
women, but subject ratings of both arousal and favorability in respect
to such themes vary primarily in regard to the specific content of the
activity portrayed. As was the case in the Kinsey study, the women in
this sample judged those slides which involved high levels of affection
(i.e., kissing; embracing with affection) more stimulating than did the
men, but again, the difference was not statistically significant. Addi-
tionally, when one considers the women's ranking of the slides in
regard to their arousal value, it becomes apparent that the slides de-
picting sexual activity are judged as being more arousing than the high
affection scenes._

The greatest difference between the men and women was in their
response to the solitary scenes depicting nudes and semi-nudes of the
Opposite sex; such themes were judged by the women as being less sexually

arousing and less favorable than by the men. Of this finding, Schmidt

22

and Sigusch comment:

The fact that sex-specific differences are most pronounced in

the solitary scenes, is, at this time, difficult to interpret.

As a possible explanation, however, the following should be

taken into consideration: In our society, pictures showing

female nudes and semi-nudes are constantly offered to the

public, while pictures of male nudes and semi-nudes are com-

paratively rare. Men, therefore, are, so to speak, "conditioned"

to these stimuli--that is, they learn much more than women to
react to such stimuli, and it is also expected of them. For
women, the confrontation with male nudes and semi-nudes con-
stitutes an unusual and thus more severely tabooed situation.

This makes the stronger emotional response understandable

(p. 20) 0

[Somewhat related to the issue of men's and women's differen-
tial responses to the depiction of solitary scenes is Byrne and Lamberth's
(1970) finding in regard to male's and female's responses to slides
depicting the solitary act of masturbation. They note that the response
to portrayals of masturbation, by the same or opposite sex, appears
to be an especially significant indicator of an individual's emotional
response to sexual matters: "One might speculate that what is involved
is a general acceptance of human sexuality as a source of pleasure or
its rejection as a source of guilt."]

In summary, Schmidt and Sigusch report that the greatest difference
between men and women was found in regard to their ratings of solitary
scenes, which were judged less arousing and less favorably by the women
in the sample. Pictures involving high levels of romantic content were
judged more favorably by the women, although both the women and.men
considered them to be arousing. Slides portraying petting and coital
activities fell somewhere in the middle: women judged them as being
slightly, but not significantly, less arousing and less favorable than

did the men. The researchers draw attention, however, to the consider-

able individual overlapIamong reSponses: one fifth of the women

23

considered the solitary scenes to be more arousing than the average
(median) male; one third of the women found the petting and coitus
scenes more arousing than the average male, and one half of the women
judged the scenes showing affection to be more arousing than the
average male subject. As thirty-five of the fifty women and forty of
the fifty men noted and reported some sort of physiological reaction in
the genital area, Schmidt and Sigusch conclude, ". . . practically
speaking, women do not observe physiological genital reactions less
often than men."

In a second study, Schmidt and Sigusch's subjects were 128
women and 128 men, again, largely single, young, sexually and politically
liberal German university students. Each subject viewed either a black/
white film, a color film, a series of black/white slides, or a series of
color slides (taken from the films). Themes depicted ranged from male
and female masturbation to orgasm to petting and coitus portrayals.

(The components of the films/slides are described by the researchers as
follows: "Petting I"--both partners undress to their underwear and pet;
manual genital contact without reaching orgasm; ”Petting II"--both
partners undress completely and pet, manual genital contact, cunnilingus,
and fellatio reaching orgasm; "Coitus I"--foreplay with manual genital
contact, face-to-face coitus; "Coitus II"--foreplay with manual genital
contact, cunnilingus and fellatio, coitus in different positions.)

Both men and women, as recorded on a nine-point scale of sexual
arousal, were moderately aroused (female range: 4.5-5.0; male range:
4.4-5.6). There was no significant difference between the men's and
women's reported arousal for the themes "Petting I" and "Coitus I," but

the more intensive and unusual acts depicted in "Petting II" and

24

"Coitus II" were judged by the men as much more stimulating (signifi-
cant at the .05 level). In regard to favorableness ratings, the majority
of the women's responses fell in the category "neutral," whereas male
ratings ranged between "neutral" and "somewhat favorable." For the
themes Petting I, Petting II, and Coitus I, no significant sex differ—
ences were evident, although there was a tendency for the men to judge
Petting II and Coitus I more favorably, while the women tended to

rate Petting I more favorably. For the theme Coitus II, however, a
significant sex difference did emerge, with the men judging this theme
significantly more favorably than did the women. When the ratings of
the four themes were combined, the men's ratings indicated that they had
judged the stimuli as being significantly more favorable. Altogether,
the men tended to describe the slides and movies as being more sexually
arousing and more favorable than the women, but the difference, on the
whole, was not pronounced; it represented an average tendency with

large individual variability. As Schmidt and Sigusch emphasize,

42 percent of the women regarded the slides and films as being more
arousing than the average man, and 41 percent of the women regarded the
stimuli more favorably than did the average male subject.

The basic trends established by the German studies: that men
tend to view portrayals of sexual activities slightly more arousing than
do women (in no way were Kinsey's highly disparate responses replicated,
except in regard to reactions to depictions of solitary nudes and semi-
nudes); that a majority of men and women experience and report physiolo-
gical reactions upon the viewing of psychosexual stimuli; that men and
women respond differentially to the differences in content of the

stimuli, the women preferring the more subtle, "romantic" material, the

25

men, the more "obscene" or explicit heterosexual stimuli--have been
confirmed by further investigations (see Mosher, 1970; Byrne and
Lamberth, 1970; Mann's review of the literature, 1970; Cairns, Paul,
and Wishner, 1970). Mosher, who used copies of Schmidt and Sigusch's
Petting and Coitus films, also found that the women responded to the
Coitus I film with greater reported arousal, while the men reported
that they found the Petting II film to be more arousing. One of the
few exceptions to this trend is Kutschinsky's 1970 study of seventy-
two, mostly married Danish students. More in keeping with the Kinsey
results, Kutschinsky noted that 40 percent of the men reported being
sexually aroused by an exposure to pornographic films, magazines, and
texts, while only 7-10 percent of the women reported arousal. The
difference in reported arousal reached the .001 level of significance.
This experiment, however, differed in design from the studies previously
alluded to: subjects were asked, retrospectively, rather than during
or immediately after exposure, to recall if they had been sexually
aroused. Kutschinsky also employed such terms as "sexual arousal,"
"urge for sexual activity," and "lust" as separate reaction categories,
and reported that his results indicated that, ". . . apparently, it is
possible to have an urge for sexual activity without being sexually
aroused." The writer found both the distinction among rating categories
and the previously quoted statement, in regard to the results of the
study, to be confusing.

A perhaps more important exception to the trend of no significant
differences between women's and men's reported arousal levels are the
findings of Mann, Sidman, and Starr, whose sample of married women

(married for at least ten years) ranged in age from thirty to sixty-four

26

years (median, 42.50). Mann et al. report that the difference in
reported arousal was substantially greater ". . . than those reported by
Schmidt and Sigusch . . . although the females in the present study
were aroused to a greater degree than would have been common at the
time of the Kinsey study." Evidently, the long-term exposure these
women had experienced to a less permissive system of social conditioning
had influenced their responses. Mann et al. propose: "It would be
interesting to ascertain whether additional exposures to visual erotica,
sufficiently spaced to minimize satiation effects, would result in
increased arousal levels for the present group of female subjects, or
whether social learning influences wouldremain dominant."

A factor perhaps involved in women's reactions to filmed psycho-
sexual stimuli, particularly in regard to their ratings of sexual
arousal, is the nature, or the orientation of the slides/films themselves.
As noted earlier, Cairns et al., among others, suggest that females are
more readily aroused by more subtly depicted eroticism than are males,
who seem to respond more strongly to explicit portrayals of sexual
activity. Mann et a1. (1970), used seven films for their married
couples study (female masturbation, an intercourse film, female homo-
sexuality, group sex, male homosexuality, sadomasochism, and the film
Unfolding , five of which were commercial products made expressly for
male consumption, while one film (the intercourse film) was a home movie
originally made by a couple for their own use and later released for
public viewing. The film Unfolding was produced by a wanan with a
fanale audience in mind. Two of the comercial stag films, male homo-

sexuality and sado-masochism, were so aversive to both male and female

27

subjects that the films failed to produce sexual arousal that differed
significantly among the men and women. The men, however, found the other
three commercial films (female masturbation, female homosexuality, and
group sex) significantly more arousing than did the women. On the other
hand, neither the intercourse film nor Unfolding elicited significantly
different arousal reports from men and women. Thus, although the women
did rate the arousal properties of each of the seven films somewhat lower
than those given by the men, the differences attained significance for
only three of the films, all of which were expressly produced to cater
to male tastes. Mann et al., suggest that there remains the possibility
that in his sample of married couples, the ". . . females may have
approached males in arousal potential.more closely than the results
indicate, but the specific films were predominately designed to arouse
males. Had more films similar to Unfoldigg or the 'intercourse' film
been used in place of the male oriented stag films, females' mean ratings
of arousal might have more closely approximated those for the males."
The most consistent and glaring difference between men and women
in their reaction to psychosexual stimuli appears not to be either the
physiological or psychological capacity to become aroused, but the after-
effects: the emotional, or affective reactions experienced as the
result of exposure to such stimuli. In this regard, women consistently
react with.more negative affect than doImen, despite the fact that their
ratings of sexual arousal often closely parallel those of the men.
Schmidt and Sigusch, who used a semantic differential to measure
affective states before and after viewing films and slides, report that

their male subjects were significantly more "bored," "aggressive,"

28

"gregarious," "shocked," "repelled," "excited," "irritated," "cheered
up,” "emotional," "innerly agitated," and "impulsive" after having viewed
the slides/films. The stimuli, therefore, had produced what the
researchers term, "emotional activation and labilizing effects" upon
their male subjects. The women, too, reported feeling more bored,
aggressive, excited, shocked, repelled, cheered up, driven, emotional,
jumpy, disgusted, irritated, angry, and dizzy after having viewed the
slides/films than they had before the viewing. Out of a possible
twenty-four characteristics, women showed significant (at the .05 level)
changes on sixteen of them; the men changed significantly on eleven.
women, significantly more often than men, reported being shocked,
irritated, and disgusted. Mann et al.,-in a study involving sixty-’
eight married couples, also acknowledge that their female subjects
reported a greater number of aversive features in response to the film,
while the men reported a greater number of arousal features. While the
men's reactions ranged from "no reaction" to "slightly aroused," the
‘women's ranged from "no reaction" to "mixed arousal and repulsion."
Equally, Kutschinsky noted among his male subjects an "appreciable amount
of sheer pleasure or zest during the session, in striking contrast to the
women." Although strongly negative reactions (i.e., "virtuous indigna-
tion," "disgust," "decency outraged") were rarely reported by Kutschin-
sky's subjects, more women expressed such reactions than did men. (It
should be noted that the subjects' most common reactions to the porno-
graphic materials were "boring" and "inartistic.") Finally, Mosher,

whose sample consisted of 194 men and 184 women, all single college

29

freshmen and soPhomores--a younger, less experienced, less liberal sample
than the German students-~found that his male subjects, who reported
changes in 25 percent of the thirty possible adjective descriptions,
were characterized by such adjectives as "excited," "eager for contact,"
"interested," and "pepped up." (As stated previously, less experienced,
guilty males tended to express emotional responses more similar to those
of the typical female.) The women were characterized by more ambivalent,
negatively tinged responses: although they, too, reported that they were
more "excited," "emotional,“ "interested," and "attracted," they also
reported increases in being "shocked," "irritated," and "repelled."
Males, significantly more often than females, were "interested,"
"eager for contact," "attracted,” "excited," ”pepped up," "impulsive,"
"aggressive," and "driven," while females, to a significantly greater
degree than males, were "repelled," "shocked," "irritated," "disgusted,"
“angered," "benumbed," "depressed," "ashamed," "embarrassed," and
"jumpy."

In summarizing the affective sex differences, Mosher writes:

Men reported an increase in general activation, and in affects

associated with approaching a sexual object and decreases in

negative affect as a function of viewing films either of

coital or oral-genital activity. If anything, more sexually

experienced males were activated by oral-genital contact

in the films. Females had less positive and more negative

affect after viewing the oral-genital film than the coital film,

They were activated particularly by the Coitus I film.and

reported mild increases in affect that may represent tenden-

cies to approach sexual behavior, but they also reported

increasing negative affect, particularly disgust in rela-
tion to the Petting II film (p. 301).

30

Before leaving the issue of men's and women's differential
responses to psychosexual stimuli, the writer thinks it worthwhile to
take note of John Money and Anke Ehrhardt's (1972) Speculations con-
cerning this area. As Money and Ehrhardt note, the timing or fre-
quency of coitus in human beings is not known to be phermonally re-
gulated; nor is it regulated solely on the basis of some other, either
masculine or feminine, vaginal or penile copulatory rhythm. There is,
however, a "coital signalling system between the sexes, and it appears
to be primarily visual and imagistic, when the couple are beyond arm's
length, and haptic when they are closer." Either type of signal may be
transmitted secondarily by means of language. Although Money and
Ehrhardt agree that both men and women respond to the visual stimulus
of a lover or potential partner in sex, they contend that a woman's
arousal fantasy differs fran that of a man. (They, again, emphasize
the importance of sentiment, romance, and affection in women's fanta-
sies.) They propose that recent investigators of hunan sexual arousal
have, perhaps, concerned themselves with the wrong question:

There has been a great deal of misunderstanding of male and

female differences concerning visual erotic imagery and

arousal. A chief source of misunderstanding has been a '

confusion between the question of whether women do or do not

get aroused by visual images and the question of how the

imagery is programmed, allowing it to bring about erotic

arousal (p. 251).

Seeking to clarify the confusion concerning the "comparison of projection
versus objectification"--the basic male/female difference, as Money and
Ehrhardt see it--". . . in the deployment of imagery," they contend that
there is good empirical evidence to support this imagistic difference

between the sexes, despite the absence of systematic experimental design.

They invite the reader to test the following "hypothesis" on the basis

31

of "his or her experience:"

The man's arousal fantasy is not the exact reciprocal of
the woman's, for it is much less focused on her wanting
him, than on his wanting her, which is precisely the same
focus of her fantasy. There is here a difference between
the sexes which shows itself also in their differential
response to pictorial erotica.

When he reacts to a sexy pin-up picture of a female, a.man
sees the figure as a sexual object. In imagery, he takes

her out of the picture and has a sexual relationship. He may
masturbate. It is not unheard of that he may make a genital
aperture in the picture, and put his penis through it,

and then masturbate.

The very same picture may be sexually appealing to a woman,
but. . . She is not, in imagery, bringing the figure toward
her as a sexual object, as does the man. She is projecting
herself into the picture and identifying herself with the '
female to whom men respond. She herself becomes the sexual
object.

What if the picture portrays a sexy male? The basic sex dif-
ference still manifests itself. Men are typically inattentive.
If they are homosexual or bisexual, they may see the picture
homosexually as a sex object, but they do not project them-
selves into the picture and identify with the man there
represented. women, unable to identify with the male figure,
also do not respond to it as a sexual object. This expla-
nation differs somewhat from.Scnmidt and Sigusch's reasoning
that women do not respond to such stimuli because they have
not been conditioned to do so. An exception may be an

erotic pose of a male with a flaccid penis, especially if

the picture also includes a female partner. Then a woman
viewer may identify herself with the female figure and sees,
in imagination, the male's non-erect penis as a challenge

to her.

Depictions of sexual intercourse, especially in a movie, are
erotically stimulating to women as well as to men, but the
same difference of identification versus objectification
appears once again. The woman viewer is likely to build
her erotic excitement into a fantasy of enlarging her
repertory of sexual skills, learning something from the female
in the movie, with the intention of utilizing it on the
next available occasion with her lover or sexual partner.
The man viewer builds up a level of erotic excitement in
imagining that the woman on the screen is having intercourse
with him.on the spot. It would not, in fact, be difficult
for him to copulate with any live surrogate for the female
in the movie (pp. 251—252).

32

As noted previously, there has been no experimental work, to date,

which either confinms or disproves Money's and Ehrhardt's speculations.

Problems Encountered in the Research of Sexual Arousal
Definition

Despite the proliferation of recent experimentation concerning
the issue of human sexual arousal, however it is approached, several
problems continue to plague potential investigators. The majority of
these problems center around the difficulties involving definition and
instrumentation, neither of which this paper seeks to resolve, but
merely elucidate. (For an excellent discussion of what he calls the
classification and definition, or taxonony, of sexual behavior, see

Frank Beach's article, ”Retrospect and Prospect," in Sex and Behavior,

 

1965.) In regard to definitional and instrumentation obstacles, Jay
Mann (1970) notes that students of human sexual behavior encounter,

. . . problems of definition and specification that are
obviated for the animal researcher. First, hunan

sexual motivation has usually been inferred from subjective
reports rather than from reliable observations and
measurement of discrete components of behavior, as in
animal research. Secondly, investigators of hunan sexual
behavior discuss sexuality in vague motivational terms such
as "libido," rather than in response terms which can be
operationalized, such as "intromission," "latency," and
"frequency." Thus, animal researchers can define infrahuman
sexual arousal in terms of specific overt responses and
concommitant eliciting stimuli. Although covert

responses occur, they are excluded from consideration
because of their inaccessibility to study (p. 24).

In contrast, hunan sexual behavior cannot be defined

. . . only in tenms of observable behavior or

physiological changes, nor can eliciting stimuli be narrowly
specified. Even in the absence of overt responses, the indi-
vidual may experience subtle changes in affect which he

33

subjectively identifies as sexual arousal. Moreover,

overt and covert sexual responses in a given individual may

be associated with highly idiosyncratic stimuli . . . (p. 24).
(At the risk of bordering on heresy, the writer feels compelled to
note that the animal researchers may be quite wrong. These investi-
gators assume that their conclusions concerning the realities of infra-
human sexual behavior and responses are correct, and their "subjects"
cannot inform the experimenters of the possible incorrectness of their,
perhaps, simplistic notions. The writer knows of no actual proof that
animals are not subject to emotions and imagery--covert responses that
underlie overt, measurable behavior.)

Despite such difficulties, Cairns, Wishner, and Paul make a stab
at defining "arousal," a term which they view as referring to, "a
perceptible increase in emotional tone, however slight, and 'sexual'
refers to the content of the emotion. The content may be inferred from
direct introspection, various kinds of verbal reports, and apprOpriate
physiological measures . . ." Despite this definition, which still
begs the question in regard to what "sexual” is, there still remains
widespread theoretical disagreement concerning the boundaries of sexual
behavior (again, see Beach, 1965). Whatever human sexual arousal may
be, it is a complex phenomenon, composed of both physiological and
psychological processes, comprising many response components and in-
f luenced by nunerous individual, stimulus, and environmental variables.
Responses may vary in strength and affective toning within different
situational contexts; stimuli may vary in erotic value within different

social contextS(Mann, 1970).

34

Instrumentation

Widespread use has been made of physiological indices in the
measurement of sexual arousal. (For a.comprehensive review of the
literature, see Zuckerman, 1969; Mann, 1970.) Yet, such methods of
measurement face several formidable obstacles. As noted by the
President's report on pornography (1970), physiological measuring
devices pose a potential threat of invasion of privacy, together with
the danger that the device itself may interfere with the subject's
response (this, despite the fact that the Amoroso et a1. results may
indicate the contrary, as well as the Masters and Johnson studies. It
should be noted, however, that Masters' and Johnson's was a select,
highly motivated, and practiced subject sample). There have been
promising developments concerning the measurement of male arousal:
most notably, a self-administered version of the penile plethysmograph
and a technique for the measurement of urinary acid phosphatase, which
is derived from the prostrate gland. Both methods, however, have their
own specific drawbacks. The problem of devising comparable measures
for female subjects remains. Devices have been.created to measure
vaginal blood flow or temperature, but their use is not widespread;
devices for the measurement of vaginal lubrication have yet to be
refined. Females' urine analysis appears useless, as there are no
accessory sexual glands in the female which secrete into the urinary
tract. Julia Heiman.(l974 paper presented before the American Psycholo-
gical Association), however, was able to obtain satisfactory physiolo-
gical readings from her female subjects by means of a vaginal photo-

plethysmograph, a device developed by Sintchak and Geer (1974). This

35

device, like the mercury-filled penile strain guage, which she employed
for her male subjects, measures blood volume and pressure pulse in

the genitals; it can be put on in privacy by the subject, who remains
fully clothed.

Several of the most persistent problems involved in the inter-
pretation of physiological data--the direction of the affect accom-
panying arousal and the seeming non-specificity of the physiological
indicators of arousal (i.e., the physiological reactions involved in
sexual arousal are also involved in other forms of emotional activa-
tion), as well as the facilitation and inhibition of responses-—are
sunmarized by Jay Mann:

To sumarize the studies of physiological correlates of
sexual arousal, it appears that both male and female sub-
jects exhibit a variety of autonomic changes when pre-
sented with visual or symbolic erotic stimuli. Evidence
indicates that the erotic stimuli may produce negative,
positive, or ambivalent affective changes, but that these
are difficult to differentiate on the basis of the physio-
logical data alone. Moreover, autonomic responses appear to
be susceptible to inhibition or facilitation by a nunber
of environmental and subject variables, as well as by the
nature of the stimulus. Such variables include the sub-
ject's sexual orientation, and the conditions under which
the stimuli are presented (p. 36).

Further, as Mann, Sidman, and Starr note in the discussion of their

married couples study,

. . . instrument measurement of such physiological responses
is difficult to interpret since measures of central nervous
system.activation often fail to differentiate between sexual
excitation and other forms of arousal, such as embarrassment,
anxiety, guilt, or fear . . . even penile plethysmography is
subject to distortion by random or voluntary movement or adap-
tation effects (p. 243).

Mann, among other investigators, concurs in the belief that the least

equivocal indices of sexual arousal are direct measurements of secretory,

36

dermal,and vascocongestiveechanges in the genital and secondary
sexual areas, as employed by Masters and Johnson (1966). Yet, such
research is costly, complicated, and requires full laboratory facili-
ties, as well as an especially motivated, and therefore, non-random
sample of subjects.

Projective techniques have also been employed in the measurement
of human sexual arousal, as in Barclay's studies (1965, 1969, 1971,
1972). The 1969 and 1972 studies also included the use of the measure-
ment of APA secretions from the male subjects, in addition to the use
of projectives. Projective techniques, however, provide little direct
information concerning individual arousal levels. Researchers emphasize
the ever—present difficulties involved in the use of projective tests,
among them, low inter-rater reliability.

A majority of the current studies (Schmidt and Sigusch, 1969,
1970; Mosher, 1970; Mann, Sidman, and Starr, 1970; Kutschinsky, 1970)
employ a self-report measure, including five, seven, or nine point
scales for the recording of a subject's sexual arousal and his or her
"favorability" ratings in regard to specific films; semantic differ-
entials, adjective checklists, and subject rankings in order to assess
affective changes and preferences for specific stimuli. Also fre-
quently employed are checklists upon which the subject may record any
physiological changes he or she is aware of. Again, it is Jay Mann
who cogently summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of self-report
measures: A

The relative scarcity of studies employing subjective

ratings of arousal appears to reflect a lack of confidence

in the validity of subjective reports. Exponents of physio-

logical measures cite the ease with which subjects, eSpecially
those with deviant sexual orientations, can fake ratings as

37

compared with physiological responses (Freund, 1957).

The use of projective tests also reflects the prevalent assump-
tion that subjects will not candidly divulge sexual pre-
ferences or responses if queried directly. Although some
few subjects who are ashamed or fearful of revealing deviant
object choice may, in fact, dissimulate, there appears
little justification for believing that dissimulation must
necessarily constitute a serious problem in laboratory
studies. By guaranteeing anonymity through the use of self-
selected code numbers, investigators could minimize subjects'
reluctance to respond candidly. The experimental technique
of requiring subjects to view erotic stimuli and to make
simultaneous ratings of degree of arousal appears relatively
free of the shortcomings ascribed to interview techniques

(p. 39). -

Mann, among others, seems to indicate that the use of a.multiplicity
of measures--subjective ratings, in addition to others (most ideally,
a combination of subjective and physiological measures)--"probably
constitute a useful source of data concerning response to erotic

stimuli."

METHODS

Initial Comment

 

This study is concerned with college—aged men's and women's
responses, as elicited by the stimuli provided by an erotic film. The
writer was interested in ascertaining, to the best of her ability, the
process, the sequence of events, both physiological and psychological,
that resulted in the "end-product"--the subjects' reported arousal,
or lack of it. The variables involved in that process were defined by
clustering the initial data, the subjects' recorded responses to a
series of personality measures and questionnaires, administered both
prior to, and following their viewing the film. Of special importance
were the clusters derived from a post-film questionnaire, from which
the majority of variables that were used subsequently as the basis for
a path analysis, or causal diagram, were obtained. The causal diagram
provides a proposed model for that which was happening to the subjects,
physiologically and psychologically, as they watched the film.

The writer had no particular hypotheses in mind in regard to the
results of this study, except her feeling that the women who scored
high on the "self-directed" dimension of the Inventory of Feminine
Values (the FAND Inventory) might be expected to report greater arousal
upon seeing the film than women who scored high on the ”other—directed”
dimension. This, the only formal hypothesis, was not confirmed by
the data.

38

39

Instruments: Pre-Film

 

Demographic Questionnaire. This questionnaire is composed of
eleven multiple-choice items, designed to elicit information con-
cerning the subject's age, marital, racial, and educational status,
his/her political and religious preferences, together with the sub-
ject's rating of the relative strength of his/her political and reli-
gious commitments.

Inventory of Feminine Values. The Inventory of Feminine Values

 

is a research instrument constructed to assess sex role perceptions of
women. It was first designed by Alexandria Botwinik Fand in 1955 with
the basic hypothesis that women's role could be characterized as varying
on a continuum. On the one hand would be the ”other directed" woman who
sees her own satisfaction as secondary to those of her husband and
children, and where the family responsibilities take precedence over
fulfillment of her own potentials. The other end of the continuum is
called "self orientation," where the importance of one's own talents

and abilities can be realized directly.

Thirty-four statements compose the total instrument, seventeen of
which represent an "other-directed" value, and seventeen of which repre-
sent a "self oriented" value. The strength of agreement is indicated
on a five-point scale, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly dis-
agree,” with a mid-point of "no opinion." The sets are presented in
pairs and scoring done on each of the seventeen. The score of the
Inventory represents the differences in degree of agreement to each of
these two seaparate sets of statements. In order to prevent results

from being influenced by response sets, the statements are sometimes

40

worded positively and sometimes negatively. A score of zero is
obtained by a balanced position, where partial agreement is offered to
each of the opposing sets. The strongest possible "self oriented"
position would be reflected by a score of +68, and the strongest "other
oriented“ position by a score of -68.

The IFV has been widely used for research purposes in the past
fifteen years. Fand (1955) originally used a college sample. Ann
Steinman (1957) later expanded its use, and it has since been copyrighted
by the Maferr Foundation (Male-Female Family Role Research Foundation).

Several forms are available for research with women and have been
used to identify role concepts in reference to respondents' Position for
their "own self," "Ideal Woman," "Average WOman," and "Man's Ideal
WOman." The content of each form is identical, except that items are
scrambled in different orders.

Split-half reliability of the Inventory, using the Spearman-
Brown correction, is .81. The items were presented to seven judges for
categorization, and only those were used where total agreement existed.

Some normative data exists, although the samples were not
selected by random methods, but were used because of availability.
Fifteen American samples, totalling 1094 women, represent undergraduates
from public and private colleges, physicians, lawyers, artists,
musicians, nurses, business women, hosewives, and black professional
women. Non-college samples all had high school education. The age ranges
were from the late teens to the seventies, a majority being under
forty. Thus, the norm represents a reasonable cross section of the

better educated population in the United States.

41

A basic pattern was revealed which Steinman (1968) stated as
follows: "women show a set of life values regarding the female role,
which are implicit in the fact of being female, and which transcend
socio-economic levels, ethnic or racial background, age, level of educa-
tion, occupational or professional level, and marital status."

The Inventory manual reports self-perceptions to be normally
distributed with a slight tendency toward self—orientation. The overall
mean for the 1094 respondents to this form was +3.05, and the standard
deviation was 9.52. Age differences may exist, as Riordan found younger
girls (high school, eleventh graders) were less likely to be self-
oriented in their perceptions of themselves and their Ideal Woman.

Kalka (1967), on the other hand, found college seniors to be more other—
oriented than freshmen. These findings would imply that during the
early college years, girls become more self-oriented than they were in
high school, but then return to a more other-oriented position.

Matthews and Tiedeman (1964) found that girls, as they matured, moved
away from.their beliefs of women's inferiority to men, but they became
more concerned about other women's attitudes toward their descrepant
positions.

Fand (1955) categorized her eighty-five subjects according to
their opinions about themselves into six different categories and found
a nunber of different patterns: 1) The subjects who held extreme views
on the feminine role felt themselves to be the most different from the
Average WOman; and 2) Both the most other—oriented and the most self-
oriented subjects estimated men's Ideal WOman to be highly other-

oriented. The family oriented believed themselves to be a close

42

approximation to what men wanted, and the self-oriented believed
themselves to be exactly the Opposite of what they thought men wanted.
For the purpose of this experiment, the Inventory of Feminine

Values was administered to female subjects only. Both a self-oriented
and other-oriented score was obtained, as well as a combined score. It
should be noted that the version of the Fand Inventory administered to
these women differs slightly from the original: for some items, wording
was clarified in order to make the items less ambiguous; additionally,

a comple of new items were employed as replacements for the most
ambiguous items. (See the appendix for the original and revised Fand.)

Sexual Morality Scale. This instrument was devised by the experi-

 

menter in order to elicit information concerning the subject's
attitudes toward a number of issues, including premarital sex, mastur-
bation, oral-genital sex, homosexuality, pornography, and women's role
during sexual intercourse. The scale consists of nineteen items, to
which the subject reponded on the basis of a five—point scale, ranging
from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."

Sexual Experience Scale. This instrunent is a twelve item

 

Guttman scale, to which the subject responds either "yes" or "no,"
depending upon whether or not he/she has engaged in a particular
sexual activity. Appropriate versions of the instrunent were employed
for male and female subjects.

Mosher True-False Guilt Inventory. The Mosher True False Guilt
Inventory was employed in this study as a measure of sex guilt. Mosher
(1968) clarifies what is meant by a measure of guilt; his inventory is

viewed as a conceptualization of a personality disposition. Guilt

43

becomes relevant in a situation where temptations to violate moral
standards are present. Individuals who score high on this guilt measure
are expected to inhibit the expression of sexual behaviors when faced
with temptation. If transgressions do occur, the individuals who score
high on this measure are expected to experience feelings of guilt, or
to confess, punish themselves, or to make restitution. The inventory
does not directly measure guilt as a feeling or state of the person
at the moment, but rather, it is intended as a measure of the disposi-
tion toward responding under certain circumstances with a class of
behaviors which may be described as "guilty."

Originally, Mosher (1961) developed an incomplete sentence test
(MIST) to measure three aspects of guilt: sex guilt, hostility guilt,
and morality conscience. Since the phychometric properties of MIST
were not maximally desirable, a new inventory was constructed (MTFGI).
A multi-trait, multi-method matrix analysis (Mosher, 1966) of the
results provided good evidence of convergent and discriminant validity
of the three guilt sub-categories. The split-half reliability coeffi-
cients of the three scales were in the .903. A series of construct
validational studies (Mosher, 1965, 1966, 1967; Mosher and Ruma, 1967)
have been offered to support the Mosher scales as measures of guilt.
Using the MTFGI, Ruma and Mosher found that this scale correlated signi-
ficantly with ratings of interviews with delinquent boys for guilt
over transgressions which led to their incarceration. It was felt that
for the present study, the sex guilt items could be taken out of the

rest of the inventory and used as a separate scale.

44

Film

 

The film used in this study is Unfolding, a film produced for use
by the National Sex and Drug Forum; the film seeks to represent a
female cinematographer's conception of women's sexual fantasies.
Although it contains highly explicit close-ups of oral-genital contact,
penile insertion, and other sexual activity, the close-ups are presented
in an aesthetic manner. The film incorporates photomantages, frequent
cuts to landscapes or scenes of birds in flight, and other techniques
which lend to the film a poetic quality. The film has its own musical
soundtrack (length: twenty minutes; 16mm).

Unfolding has been used in a study of this type before; Mann,
Sidman, and Starr employed it as one of seven films in their study of
married couples. The experimenters report that for the women in their
study, Unfolding proved to be the most favorable, least aversive, and
the next-to-the-least anxiety-provoking of the films. As the women's
responses to the film were greater than that of the men's, Mann et a1.
concluded that the film was appealing in its more subtle (as opposed to
the standard-fare stag film) depiction of sexuality. Interestingly,
Unfolding seemed to elicit relatively lower levels of physiological
responses from the subjects (the disparity was greater for males than
for females) than did sane of the other more explicit, aversive films,
leading Mann et al. to conclude that physiological arousal may some—
times be inhibited by the poetic quality of a film, and that a film
that is rated as non-arousing, may, nonetheless, elicit stronger
physiological reactions.

Both male and female subjects rated Unfolding as being moderately

arousing, and Mann et a1. drew attention to the fact that, ". . . even

45

though males, relative to females, ranked Unfolding lower relative to
all seven films, they assigned it a higher absolute arousal rating

than did females. Thus, they were certainly not unaffected by it."

Post-Film Questionnaire

 

The post-film questionnaire employed in this study came as a
result of a one—shot pilot study conducted during Winter Quarter,

1975. The film Unfolding was shown during one class session of Dr.
Donald Grummon's Hanan Sexuality class, Psychology 290. The 133 stu-
dents, 59 female and 74 male, who were present during this particular
class session were asked to rate their level of arousal to the film on
a five-point scale: "not at all aroused," "more unaroused than aroused,"
"moderately aroused," "more aroused than not," and "extremely aroused."
After recording their arousal rating, students were asked, "Please
briefly describe your feelings and reactions to the film. Include any
bodily responses you.were aware of, any fantasies you.may have found
yourself experiencing. What was it about the film, your reaction, or

a combination of the two, that caused you to rate your arousal the way
you did?" ‘

It was fran the students' comments and reactions that a good
deal of the post-film questionnaire was derived. In addition to the
ratings of the viewer's arousal, both generally, and to Specific
scenes in the film, and the viewer's report of his/her physiological
state, the questionnaire includes such information as the viewer's reac-
tion to a range of film characteristics (photography, music, attrac-
tiveness of the actors and actresses, the plot, or lack of it, the

level of explicitness), the kinds of fantasies the viewer may have

46

experienced, the level of the viewer's self-consciousness or guilt,

as well as the viewer's evaluation of the film in comparison with other
erotic films he/she may have seen. Excepting specifically male and
female physiological information, the post-film questionnaire was

identical for both male and female subjects.

Procedure

All seven (five female, two male) experimental sessions took place
in two regular classrooms in the psychology building, Olds Hall, on
the Michigan State University campus. Classrooms were selected both
for their availability at the given session time, and because they came
equipped with movie screens. The number of subjects per session
averaged twenty for the women, twenty-five for the men. In total,
fifty-four men and 104 women volunteered to take part in the study, for
which they received experimental credits. Subjects had been solicited
via sign—up sheets posted introductory psychology class lecture halls.

A female graduate student was in charge of the women's sessions, and a
male undergraduate student was responsible for the male subjects.

Upon arriving, each subject received a packet of materials which
included.mimeographed copies of all of the testing instruments, together
with two answer sheets of the kind frequently used at Michigan State for
the administration of computer-scored examinations. Subjects were asked
to pick a code name, composed of two letters and two numbers of their
choosing, and to write that code name both at the top of both of their
answer sheets and on the outside of their packets. As no other identifi—

cation was required, subjects were assured of their anonymity.

47

After recording their code names, subjects were instructed to
fill out the pre-film instruments, five questionnaires for the women
(demographic information, Fand inventory, sexual morality scale, sex
experience scale, and the Mosher sex guilt measure); four questionnaires
for the men (all except the Fand inventory). After the majority of
the subjects had indicated to the experimenter that they had completed
the pre-film questionnaires, the film Unfolding was shown on a 16mm
projector.

Upon completion of the film, the experimenter instructed subjects
to record their responses to the post-film questionnaire on the second
of their two answer sheets. Any pre-film information which any subject
had failed to complete prior to the film showing was to be filled in
after the subject had completed the post-film questionnaire. Despite
instructions, three of the 104 women were later dropped from the sample
because of their failure to complete all six of the questionnaires.
Those subjects who showed further interest in the purpose of the exper-
iment were invited to stay a bit after the session so that they might
offer their coments, reactions, criticisms, etc. Relatively few of
the subjects stayed to chat; they seemed far more interested in dis-
cussing their reactions among themselves as they filed from the room.

The total time per session averaged seventy-five minutes.

Analysis

Initially, male and female groups were analyzed separately.
Additionally, pre-film personality measures were analyzed separately
from the responses to the post-film questionnaire. Except for the

eleven items concerning demographic information, the four sets of

48

data-~Women: Pre-film, Men: Pre-film, Women: Post-film, and Men:
Post-film--were analyzed in the following manner: a principal axis
factor analysis was performed, in which communalities were to be the
largest correlations for each variable. Varimax rotations were then
performed, and on the basis of the resultant factors, preliminary
clusters were defined. Clusters were refined until they met satisfac-
torily with the criteria of content, inter-correlations among the
items which comprised each cluster, and parallelism. After reviewing
the results of the Separate Cluster Analysis, however, it was decided
that the men's and women's responses were so similar that one set of
"core clusters" was defined for the pre- and post-film. The following
"Results" sections, therefore, are based on the data generated by the

two sets (pre and post) of core clusters.

RESULTS : SUBJECTS

Before reviewing the results of the cluster analysis, the infor-

mation supplied by the demographic questionnaire will be reviewed.

Subjects

Because of the fact that all of the subjects who participated
in this study were solicited from introductory psychology classes at
Michitan State University, the composition of the subject sample is
limited, but probably more homogeneous than a more random sample might
have been. In reSponse to the eleven questions dealing with demo-
graphic information, the 104 females who volunteered to participate in
the study, described themselves as young (81 percent were below the
age of twenty), white (80 percent white; 18 percent black), unmarried
(95 percent) university freshmen and sophomores (79 percent and 14
percent, respectively). The women's expressed religious preferences
represented a wide range (33 percent Protestant, 29 percent Catholic,
9 percent Jewish, 16 percent atheist or agnostic), while their
reported political preferences were decidedly either Democratic (36.5
percent) or Independent (28.8 percent); the Republican Party was re-
presented by 17.3 percent of the female subjects. The women's assess-
ment of their political views fell primarily into the two categories,
"somewhat liberal" (33.7 percent) and."moderate" (40.4 percent), while
the greatest percentage of the women (46.2 percent) described theme
selves as being "somewhat" religious.

49

50

Equally, the fifty-four male subjects described themselves as
being young (68.5 percent under the age of twenty; 27.8 percent from
ages twenty to twenty-four), white (98 percent), unmarried (96.3 percenth
freshmen and sophomores (57.4 percent and 24.1 percent, respectively).
The men also covered a wide range of religious affiliations (40.7 percent
Protestant, 35.2 percent Catholic, 3.7 percent Jewish, 18.5 percent
atheist or agnostic), but unlike the women, the men were more evenly
distributed across political party preferences (20.4 percent Republican,
25.9 percent [Emocrafir: 38.9 percent Independent). The largest per-
centage of the men also described themselves as being "somewhat liberal"
or "moderate" in their political views and "somewhat" or "slightly"
religious.

The sample of subjects, then, who chose to participate in this
study is typical of many psychological studies conducted in the United
States, the results of which are based on the responses of young, white,
liberal university freshmen and sophomores, whose popularity among
investigators is rivalled only by that of the white rat. Because of
the limited nature of this sample, caution should be taken in attempting
to generalize the results of this study from this subject population to
another. It should be also noted that a self-selection bias may also
have been introduced, as all of the subjects who volunteered to partici-
pate knew beforehand that they would be asked to reSpond to question-
naires dealing with sexual information and that they would be viewing

an erotic film.

RESULTS : PRE-FIIM CLUSTERS

As noted previously, the results of the separate cluster analyses
by sex were so similar that it was decided to define a set of "core
clusters" common to both males and females. (For a detailed reporting
of the results of the separate cluster analyses, see Appendix B.)

Again, clusters were refined until they met the criteria of homogeneity
of item content, sufficient strength of item intercorrelations within
each cluster, and tests for parallelism. Initial discussion will concern
the eleven pre-film clusters which are composed of items from the pre-
film personality measures: the Sexual Morality Scale, the Sex Experience
Scale, the Mosher True-False Guilt Inventory, and the Inventory of
Feminine Values (Fand).

Following is a list of the core clusters which emerged from the
pre-film personality measures (for detailed information regarding item
intercorrelations for each cluster, see Appendix C):

l. Masturbation: a four item cluster which seeks to define the

 

subject's attitude toward engaging in masturbatory activity--whether or
not masturbation is acceptable or guilt-provoking; whether or not the
subject judges masturbation as being "fun" and "all right."

2. Premarital Sex (I): a nine item cluster which seeks to define

 

the subject's attitude toward engaging in premarital sexual intercourse--

whether or not such action can be morally justified.

51

 

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52

3. Premarital Sex (II): a three item cluster which, again
reflects the subject's attitudes toward premarital sexual intercourse.
Although this cluster is concerned with the same area as Premarital
Sex (I), the content of Premarital Sex (II) emphasizes the sex-with
commitment (i.e., engagement or being in love) vs. sex—without-official
commitment issue.

4. Women's Sexuality: a three item cluster which contains two
statements concerning women's freedom to experiment in bed (i.e., varia-
tions in position during sexual intercourse), together with a general
statement which contends that wanen should be as free as men to enjoy
sex.

5. Homosexuality: a two item cluster which seeks to define the
subject's attitude toward his/her participation in a homosexual relation-
ship--whether or not such action would constitute a violation of his/her
code of morality and the conditions under which a subject could visual-
ize becoming involved in a homosexual liason.

6. Prostitution: a two item cluster which seeks to define the

 

subject's attitude toward the statements, "prostitution is a sign of
moral decay," and "prostitution should be legalized."

7. Pornography: a three item cluster which asks the subject's
opinion of statements such as, "pornography is a harmless pasttime,"
"pornography leads to the commission of sexual crimes," and "porno-
graphy should be outlawed."

8. Adultegy: a two item cluster which seeks to define the sub-
ject's reaction (in terms of guilt) as the result of some future

adulterous action.

53

9. Children's Sexuality: a two item cluster which asks the
subject if "sex play" is common among children and whether or not such
sex play is regarded as "natural" and "innocent."

10. Dirpy_Jokes: a five item cluster which taps the subject's.

 

reaction toward the telling of "dirty jokes" in "mixed company.“
(This cluster might also be called, "Everything you want to know about
dirty jokes . . . and then some.")

An additional cluster, Sex Experience, arose from the pre-film

 

personality information; the cluster is composed of 10 items from the
twelve item Sex Experience Scale. Equally, eight clusters: Profes-

sional WOman, Working Mom, §§sertion, Compliance, Sacrifices, Equal

 

 

 

 

 

Rights, Marriage and Familngome First, and Husband--were defined from

 

the women's responses to the Inventory of Feminine Values. The reader
is referred to Appendix D for a detailed description of the clusters'
content and the item intercorrelations for each cluster.

Table 1 illustrates the distribution of the pre-film personality
scale items into their respective pre-film clusters; Table 2 presents
a nunerical summary of the pre-film items in terms of each cluster's
alpha coefficient, the mean, standard deviation, and the range of
possible responses for each set of items. This information is for

the men and wanen combined.

Discussion of A Priori Personality Scales

 

Sex Experience -
Of all the pre-film personality measures, only the Sex Experience

scale emerged virtually intact. Only two of the original items were

Table 1. Scale Items

54

Distributed by Cluster: Pre-Film

 

 

 

883 Sex. Sex Fand*
Experience Morality Guilt

Experience 10
Masturbation 2 2
Premarital Sex I 3 6
Premarital Sex II 3
women 3
Homosexuality l l
Prostitution 2
Pornography 3
Adultery 2
Children 2
Dirty Jokes 5
Professional Woman* 4
Assertion* 3
Sacrifices* 3
WOrking Mon: 2
Compliance* 3
Marriage and Family

Come First* 4
Equal Rights* 3
Husband* 3
Residual 2 4 15 9

 

 

 

 

 

* Female data only.

55

 

 

 

Table 2. Pre-film Clusters: Men and WOmen Combined

Number

of Items o M. SD Range
Masturbation 4 .79 4.026 2.803 [0-10]
Premarital Sex I 9 .77 5.374 3.754 [0-19]
Premarital Sex II 3 .61 4.729 2.734 [0-12]
women 3 .61 1.445 1.643 [0-12]
Homosexuality 2 .31 3.916 1.419 [0- 5]
Prostitution 2 .58 1.761 .812 [l- 3]
Pornography 3 .66 3.774 2.400 [0-12]
Adultery 2 .67 3.168 ..942 [2- 4]
Children 2 .55 .496 .739 [0- 2]
Dirty Jokes 5 .82 4.529 1.915 [2- 7]
Experience 10 .90 2.600 2.859 [0-10]

 

dropped because of insufficient numerical strength: "I have kissed a
man/woman" and "I have engaged in homosexual relations with a man/woman."
Table 3 includes a summary of the relationship between the Sex Experience
cluster and the other pre-film.personality clusters. In terms of the
magnitude of the correlational relationships, the degree of sexual
activity in which the subject had engaged was most highly correlated

with Premarital Sex (I), Wanen's Sexuality, Pornography, and Prostitution.
Moderate relationships exist between Sex Experience and Masturbation, as
well as between Sex Experience and Premarital Sex (II). Homosexuality,

Adultery, and Children's Sexuality show lower relationships with Sex Ex-

perience, and Dirty Jokes shows none at all.

56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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57

Inventory of Feminine Values (Fand Inventory)

As stated previously, the Fand Inventory items distributed them-
selves among eight clusters. Table 4 shows the correlational relation-
ships among the eight clusters, as well as the Fand clusters' relation-
ship to the eleven pre-film clusters, and the Fand clusters' relation—
ship with the "Desire" Cluster, a post-film measure of reported arousal.
It appears that the eight Fand clusters may be organized into two
blocks: the first, containing Professional woman, Assertion, and
Sacrifices, and the second, containing Working Mom, Compliance,

Marriage and Family Come First, and Husband. The "Equal Rights" cluster,
which is of mixed content, does not appear to "belong" to either of the
two blocks.

It is the writer's belief (and an gatested belief, in this study)
that the Fand Inventory represents not only a self—directed vs. other-
directed dimension, but also a profession vs. marriage and family
dimension. Thus, if women are to be categorized on the basis of their
responses, it is likely that four groups would emerge: profession/self-
directed, profession/other-directed, marriage and family/self—directed,
and marriage and family/other-directed. It appears to the writer that
the developer of the Fand had equated an orientation toward a career
with self-directedness, while an orientation toward marriage and family
was equated with other-directedness. This may be one reason why the
instrument has such a stereotypic quality about it. (For a distribution,
by percentage, of the women's responses to the Fand items, see

Appendix D).

Table 4. Fand Inventory Clusters

58

 

 

 

 

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9100 .65 .40 I .14 .17 -.03 -.38 .12 .17
l l
P65 1-00 .25 I .22 .25 .04 .ll -.05 .27
l I
3 v.49. _ 123 _1°_°‘l 1.20.1. .103 _ .153 _ £1 “28 “08
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5 .17 25 -.02 l .52 1.00 ~.54 .55 : .27 -.13
I
6L=03 .04 .56 l .44 .54 1100 .35 : .17 -.07
l
138 .ll .11 l .33 .55 .35 1.00-i .45 -.16
.12 -.05 -.28 .03 .27 .17 .45 1.00 .13
Masturbation 9 .28 .44 .33 -.02 0 .23 .04 .01
Premarital Sex I .33 .30 .03 .38 .44 .14 .33 .08
Premarital Sex II -.26 .03 .17 -.13 -.12 .21 .40 -.28
WOmen 138 -.07 -.20 .12 .37 .14 .43 .34
Homosexuality .13 .14 .55 .20 .08 .34 .19 -.20
Prostitution -eOl .47 -.16 .20 .30 -.07 .27 .17
Pornography -:02 .24 -.17 .22 .36 .27 .45 -.O4
Adultery 022 .24 017 -.03 026 -009 035 -003
Children :10 .13 .01 -.06 .08 .34 .42 .14
Dirty Jokes .14 .19 .09 .31 .12 .24 .38 .06
mperience .18 -008 -.03 .02 015 009 .12 030

 

 

 

 

59

In regard to the relationship between the Fand clusters and the
other pre-film personality clusters: almost without exception, the Fand
clusters showed greater correlations among themselves than they did with
any of the other pre-film sexual attitude clusters. Generally, however,
the relationships between the Fand clusters and the sexual attitude
clusters conformed to a trend which will be further exhibited by the
results of this study: that constellations of liberal attitudes tend
to be related, in a positive direction, with other liberal attitudes,
and that constellations of conservative attitudes tend to be related,
in a positive direction, with other conservative attitudes. This
relationship is not perfect, however. As can be seen in Table 4, the
Premarital Sex (II) cluster, as well as the pornography, prostitution,
and adultery c1usters--despite the fact that they were all scored in a
liberal direction (as were the Fand c1usters)--corre1ate negatively with
some of the Fand clusters. A possible reason for this breakdown will be
proposed in the next section.

It had been originally hypothesized that women who, by their
responses to the Fand Inventory, indicated that they were more self-
directed, would report higher arousal rate in response to viewing the
film. This hypothesis was not confirmed. As can be seen in Table 4,
the "Desire" cluster, composed of those items which indicate the women's
rated arousal to the film, both generally and to specific scenes, shows
little relationship with the Fand clusters. Evidentally, liberal
attitudes toward "womenfs role" tend to be positively related with other
liberal sexual attitudes, but liberal attitudes toward women's role are
not directly related to levels of reported arousal generated by the

viewing of an erotic film.

60

Sex Guilt and Sex Morality Scales

There is a considerable degree of overlap, in terms of content,
1
between the Sexual Morality Scale and the Mosher True-False Guilt
Inventory; the correlation between the scales themselves is on the order
of +.70. In fact, it is the writer's belief that the Sex Guilt Scale is,
at best, only an indirect measure of sexual guilt. What the scale
appears to be is an instrument which attempts to measure the subject's
standards of morality along a lflxral/conservative dimension. Because
of the fact that a conservative moral orientation tends to be accompanied
by higher levels of guilt when the moral standards are breached,
researchers have been able to use the scale as an indication of sexual
guilt. The writer, however, finds the scale to be wanting, primarily
because many of the items are entirely ambiguous (i.e., What is "sex
play?"), and other items are so poorly written that they defy the
subject being able to respond to them. (Example: true or false--
"Petting, I am sorry to say, is becoming a common practice.")

At any rate, it was from the items from these two scales that the
majority of the pre-film clusters were constructed. Table 3 includes
the matrix of these pre-film clusters and the relationships among them.
As demonstrated by Table 3, the pre-film.clusters for the combined
sample of subjects may be organized into two blocks: the first, which
is canposed of Masturbation, Premarital Sex (I) and (II), and Homo-
sexuality; and the second, which is composed of Women's Sexuality,
Prostitution, and Pornography. The Women's Sexuality cluster may be
viewed as an intermediate, or "swing” cluster which shows a definite

relationship with both of the blocks. Its position as such is probably

61

because of its mixed content, as the cluster includes both personalized
statements pertaining to acceptable intercourse behavior, as well as the
general statement that women should enjoy as great a sexual freedom as
do men .

The breakdown of the clusters into two distinct blocks had long
been puzzling. Originally, it was the writer's guess (although this
guess was not shared by her chairman) that the masturbation, premarital
sex, and homosexuality clusters had grouped together because these are
issues and behaviors that are directly and personally relevant to the
subjects' lives, in a way that prostitution, pornography, and "women's
rights" may not be. It was the writer's feeling that prostitution,
pornography, and women's rights are socially relevant issues about
which a college student may certainly hold an opinion, but that Opinion
may be more intellectualized than the subject's feeling toward his own
sexual behavior. Because this explanation was not intuitively plausible
for her chairman, and because the correlations between the sexual
attitude clusters and the sex experience cluster did not appear to
support this hunch, the writer was led to consider an alternative
hypothesis.

The alternative hypothesis is stated as follows: There is not
one, but two factors that differentiate groups of subjects from one
another. The first factor is a basic liberal/conservative split in
regard to sexual attitudes; a simple translation of this split is
embodied in the statements, "Sex is good/Sex is bad." Yet, not all
liberal (or conservative) subjects respond liberally (or conservatively)

in all instances, in regard to each issue. This becomes particularly

62

evident if one considers Tables 11 and 12, in which the pre—film

sexual attitude clusters are correlated with the post-film arousal
clusters-~Arousal, Fantasy, Arousal, and Excitement. Despite the fact
that all of the clusters, both pre-film and post-film, were scored in
the same direction (liberal), one finds a number of negative correla-
tions, particularly in the men's data. It is in relation to the second
block of sexual attitudes--pornography, prostitution, and women's
sexuality-~that the negative correlations occur most frequently. It is
evident that some other factor, in addition to the liberal/conservative
dimension, is differentiating subjects from one another. It was then
hypothesized that the second differentiating factor might be whether or
not the subject thought women were exploited. Thus, there are the follow-
ing possibilities:

1. Sex is good; women are not exploited.

2. Sex is good; wanen are exploited.

3. 'Sex is bad.

With these statements in mind, the following structure was hypothesized:

1. Those subjects who felt that sex was OK (particularly pre-
marital sex), and who felt that women are not exploited, would tend to
be liberal, both in their attitudes toward premarital sex and toward
prostitution and pornography.

2. Those subjects who felt that sex was good, but that women are
exploited, would tend to be liberal in their attitudes toward premarital
sex, but these same subjects would tend to reject prostitution and porno-
graphy as activities that exploit wanen.

3. Those subjects who felt that sex was bad, would tend to reject

both premarital sex and prostitution and pornography.

63.

4. There is also a fourth group of subjects, at least hypothe-
tically: those subjects who felt that prostitution and pornography are
the only morally justified activities in which one could engage before
one marries. Such a subject would be conforming to the Victorian notion
that marriage is sacred, that premarital sex is taboo, and that porno-
graphy and prostitution are the unlucky, but only, substitutes.

Needless to say, the writer did not expect an abundance of this kind of
subject to turn up in her sample.

In accordance with this hypothesis, the subjects' scores on the
Masturbation, Premarital Sex (I), and Premarital Sex (II) were combined
as "Sex A," and the scores for Pornography and Prostitution were combined
as "Sex B." The Homosexuality cluster was excluded from Sex A, and the
women's Sexuality cluster was excluded from Sex B because the subjects
were almost uniformly opposed to the homosexuality items and almost
uniformly supportive of the women's sexuality items, so that the means
of these two clusters were quite different from the remaining clusters.

The means, standard deviations, and ranges for Sex A and Sex B are

as follows:

NI
u

Sex A: 14.129; SD = 6.710; Range 0-41

0-15

xl
u

5.535; SD 4.829; Range

Sex B:
Using the absolute midpoint (20.5 for Sex A and 7.5 for Sex B),
in order to divide subjects into high and low groups for each set of

combined clusters, the following contingency tables were generated:

Yes
P&P

NO
P&P

Yes
P&P

No
P&P

previously proposed set of hypotheses was supported.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PM
P&P
Yes
No

Yes PM No PM
95 18
26 16
121 34
Yes PM No PM
46 4
2 2
48 6
Men

Premarital Sex
Prostitution & Pornography
Approve of
Disapprove of

64

113

42

50

Yes
P&P

No
P&P

Combined Sample

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yes PM No PM
49 14 63
24 14 38
73 28
Women

As can be seen, the data did not "break" in a way that the

There is simply

not enough difference between the two blocks, and many more subjects

showed up in the No PM/Yes P&P section than would have been predicted.

At this point, then, the reason for the pre-film sexual attitude clusters

having organized themselves into two distinct blocks is not known.

65

Tables 5 and 6 show the between-cluster correlations, pre-film,
for men and women separately: they, too, exhibit the two-block structure.
Based upon the women's responses, the Children's Sexuality cluster is
included in the first block; this is probably because the women defined
"sex play" as self-exploration and masturbatory activity. The Dirty
Jokes cluster now falls within the second block, along with pornography
and prostitution. This makes sense if one hypothesizes that the kind
of "dirty jokes" the women had in mind are those in which women are
"sexually objectified" butts of the jokes. Again, the women's Sexuality
cluster occupies an intermediate position, and Adultery is left as the
"odd" cluster.

For the men, the Adultery cluster becomes part of the women-
prostitution-pornography block, while the Children's Sexuality and Dirty
Jokes clusters fall outside of the two-block structure. It may be that
the men had defined children's "sex play” as some form of heterosexual
activity, rather than as masturbation, so that the Children cluster does
not find a place in the first block, as it had for the wanen.

Equally, the three correlation matrices also illustrate the fact
that liberal (or conservative) attitudes in regard to one issue tend to
be related to other liberal (or conservative) attitudes. For the men
and women combined, this relationship is maintained with only two
exceptions; for the women, the relationship held except for the correla-
tion between Adultery and Homosexuality. For the men, this relation-
ship breaks down to the extent that the Children's Sexuality and Dirty
Jokes clusters do not "behave” according to what otherwise would be

predicted. Yet, it should be noted that even for these clusters, the

66

Pre-film Clusters

Women :

 

 

of relationship, rather than a substantial, and unpredicted negative

unpredicted negative correlations are very low--an indication of a lack
relationship among sexual attitudes.

Table 5 .

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67

Table 6. Men: Pre-film Clusters

 

 

 

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2 .44 1.00 .56 .72 :.35 : .44 .41 .17 .07 .24
3 .38 .56 1.00 40 :.41 : .24 .46 .26 -.09 -.09
4 .63 .72 .40 1 00 1:43 : .23 .67 .13 o .39
5 :.07 35 .41 .43 h.00 : .62 .59 .50 : -.06 -.04
6 24 .44 .24 .23 :.62 1.00- .65 .49 : .10 .13
7 .21 .41 .46 .67 :.59 .65 1:00 .28 : -.03 —.01
8 .41 17 .26 .13 :.50 .49 .23 1 00-} .36 .24
9 -.05 07 —.09 0 -.06 .10 -.03 .36 1.00 .31

10 .23 .24 -.09 .39 -.04 .13 -.01 .24 .31 1.00

 

A Note on the FAND Inventory

 

With the "two block" structure concerning sexual attitudes in
mind, the FAND Inventory clusters were checked for a similar breakdown,
and no clear evidence for such a structure emerged. It is the writer's
guess that the reason for this non-appearance is the fact that none of
the FAND items speak directly to the contention that "women are
exploited." The FAND items, particularly those which comprise the

"Sacrifices" cluster, at best, simply question the value of women's

' 68

traditional roles as wives, mothers, and homemakers, but the reason
the respondent may have for challenging the traditional roles is not

made clear by the items' content.

Pre-film Sex Differences

 

Although a great deal of similarity exists between the male and
female responses to the pre-film personality measures, some sex
differences do emerge. Table 8 shows the mean responses of the males,
females, and the combined group of subjects when those means (and
standard deviations) are converted into percentages. All of the state-
ments which comprise the pre-film clusters were scored in such a way
that agreement with the statement indicated agreement with a liberally
worded item (i.e., "Masturbation is OK;” "pornography is a harmless
pasttime," etc.). The percentages, then, indicate the degree to which
the males, females, and the total group agreed with the liberally
worded items. (Note: this relationship is exact for those items
scored "agree" and "disagree;" the percentages are a rougher estimate
for those items in which the subjects were given choices that ranged
from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree.")

For the total group, the subjects were most liberal in their
attitudes toward women's Sexuality, Children's Sexuality, and Pre-
marital Sex (I). Pornography, Prostitution, Premarital Sex (II), and
Masturbation follow in regard to the degree to which the total group
of subjects agreed with the items. Liberal attitudes toward Adultery
and Dirty Jokes are less common, and Homosexuality remains as the issue

toward which the total sample evinced the least liberal attitudes.

69

Table 7. Pre-film Clusters: Men and WOmen Separately

 

 

 

 

 

Men women

2' SD i so Range
Masturbation 3.352 2.240 4.386 2.925 [0-16]
Premarital Sex (I) 4.370 3.379 5.911 3.833 [0-19]
Premarital Sex (II) 3.093 2.180 5.604 2.595 G [0-12]
women 1.167 1.344 1.594 1.764 [0-12]
Homosexuality 3.833 1.411 3.960 1.421 [0- 5]
Prostitution 1.407 .681 1.950 .813 [l- 3]
Pornography 2.667 1.886 4.366 3.436 [0-12]
Adultery 2.963 .816 3.277 .986 [2- 4]
Children .444 .629 .525 .791 [0- 2]
Dirty Jokes 4.278 1.985 4.663 1.863 [2- 7]
Experience 2.296 2.766 2.762 2.895 [0-10]

 

 

 

 

70

Table 8. Pre-film Clusters: Percentages

 

 

 

 

Men WOmen Combined

Cluster Agree a:::; SD* Agree a:::; 80* Agree a§::e SD*
Masturbation 66 34 (22) 56 44 (24) 6O 40 (28)
Premarital
Sex (I) 77 23 (18) 69 31 (20) 72 28 (20)
Premarital
Sex (II) 74 26 (18) 53 47 (22) 61 39 (23)
Women 90 10 (11) 87 13 (15) 88 12 (14)
Homosexuality 23 77 (28) 21 79 (28) 22 , 78 (28)
Prostitution 80 20 (34) 52 48 (41) 62 38 (41)
Pornography 78 22 (16) 64 36 (29) 69 31 (20)
Adultery 52 48 (41) 36 64 (49) 42 58 (47)
Dirty Jokes 54 46 (39) 47 53 (37) 49 51 (38)
Experience 77 23 (28) 72 28 (29) 74 26 (29)
Children 78 22 (31) 74 26 (40) 75 25 (37)

 

* Standard deviation converted into percentage .

A glance at Table 8 confirms the finding that for this sample, at
least, the women were consistently more conservative in their attitudes
toward all ten of the pre-film sexual attitude clusters than were the
men. The women's attitudes also indicated a greater degree of variance.
Premarital Sex (II) and Prostitution appear to be the two areas in which
the greatest disparity between men and women existed for this sample.
Adultery, Pornography, Masturbation, and Premarital Sex (I) show the next

greatest difference, while attitudes toward Children's Sexuality,

71

Wanen's Sexuality, Homosexuality, and Dirty Jokes show lesser
differences.

For the men, Women's Sexuality, Prostitution, Pornography,
Children's Sexuality, Premarital Sex (I), and Prenarital Sex (II) were
the clusters eliciting greater degrees of agreement with the liberally
worded items; Masturbation, Dirty Jokes, and Homosexuality follow.

The degree to which the women found themselves in agreement with the
liberally worded statements was similar to the men's, but again, was
slightly different: WOmen's Sexuality, Children's Sexuality, Pre-
marital Sex (I), Pornography, and Prostitution were the issues toward
which the women evinced more liberal attitudes; this is follOwed by
Premarital Sex (II), Masturbation, Dirty Jokes, Adultery, and again,
Homosexuality, the issue toward which the women were least accepting.

A somewhat interesting finding is that masturbation, for both
men and women, appears to be a far less acceptable activity than pre-
marital sex. Evidently, masturbation remains, even today, a more batoo
t0pic, one which the freedom of the "Sexual Revolution" has had relative-
ly little impact upon, in terms of placing the activity in a more
favorable light. Equally, the "Sexual Revolution" has done little to
modify people's rejection of homosexuality, at least in terms of an
activity they might envision themselves engaging in.

(For a breakdown of the clusters in terms of items and the
percentage of subjects who agreed with each item, the reader is

referred to Appendix C).

RESULTS : POST-FILM

Post-Film Clusters

 

From the data generated from the subjects' responses to the Post-
film questionnaire, twelve distinct clusters emerged. Following is a
summary of the content of these clusters:

Desire: an eight item cluster, which includes six items which
ask the subject to rate his arousal (on a five-point scale) to the film
as a whole and to specific scenes depicted in the film. This cluster
also includes two items, the agreement with which is also indicative
of overall arousal: "After seeing this film, I felt like masturbating"
and "After seeing this film, I felt like making love."

Excitement: a six item cluster, the items of which seek to

 

establish whether or not the subject experienced signs of general
bodily excitement: increased heart rate, increased breathing rate,
dry’mouth, muscle tension, flushing, and sweating.

Arousal (Male and Female Specific): As the scales employed for
these two clusters are non-comparable, they will be considered
separately. Male Arousal is a seven item cluster which asks the subject
whether or not he experienced any of the following signs of male sexual
arousal: no erection, penis engorgement without erection, partial
erection, full erection, and emission. (The item "ejaculation" was
eliminated from this cluster because none of the men reported experi-

encing ejaculation as a result of watching the film.)

72

73

Equally, the Female Arousal cluster, composed of four items,
seeks to establish whether or not the women experienced any of the
following signs of sexual arousal: mild genital sensations (defined
as "tingling"), strong genital sensations (defined as "throbbing"
or "pulsating”: breast sensations, and vaginal lubrication. Again,
the item "orgasm" was dropped from the cluster because none of the women
reported experiencing it.

Fantasy: an eight item cluster, the items of which seek to
establish whether or not the subject found himself/herself entertaining
a sexual fantasy while watching the film, together with the specific
content of that fantasy (i.e., fantasies involving one's current sexual
partner, a past sexual partner, no one person in particular, etc.).

Memories: a two-item cluster which seeks to establish whether
or not the subject found himself/herself having memories of his/her past
sexual experiences, and whether or not those memories were pleasant or
guilt-provoking.

Watching: a three item cluster which seeks to establish whether
or not the subject experienced feelings of self consciousness or other
discomfiture as the result of his/her preoccupation with other people
watching him/her.

Embarrassment: a four item cluster which taps into feelings of

 

embarrassment or guilt the subject may have experienced while watching
the filn (i.e., whether or not the subject felt guilty watching

people making love; whether or not the subject began to feel guilty
£g£_the filmed couple; whether or not the subject experienced such

feelings as, ”I really shouldn't enjoy watching a film like this," and

74

"What would my mother say if she knew I was watching a film like
this?").

Photography: a four item cluster which seeks to discern the

 

impact the photographic quality of the film (including the fantasy-or
dreamlike quality of the film, the interspercing of multiple nature
shots, the multiple-overlay method of photography, and the fact that
the film is black-and-white) exerted upon the subjects' arousal.

Plot: a two item cluster which seeks to define the impact of

 

the film's absence of a formal plot exerted upon the subject's arousal.

Attractiveness: a two item cluster which seeks to determine

 

whether or not the perceived attractiveness of the filmfs actors and
actresses affected the subjects' reported arousal.

Explicitness: a two item cluster which asks the subjects how

 

their arousal would have been affected had there been more explicit
sexual activity (defined in terms of more scenes of sexual intercourse)
and if there had been.more explicit treatment of the male body.

Other Films: a four item.c1uster which asks the subjects to

 

compare their reactions (in terms of strength of arousal) to the film
Unfoldigg with three other commercially produced films: The Devil and

Miss Jones; Behind the Green Door, and Deep_Throat. The cluster

 

 

also includes the more general item, "In comparison with other erotic
films I have seen, this one . . . (was more arousing/as arousing/not as
arousing/I have never seen a film such as this before).

For a detailed description of the post-film clusters' content and

item intercorrelations, see Appendix E.

75

Discussion of Post—Film Cluster Relationshipg

Table 10 presents the correlation matrix for all twelve of the
post-film clusters for the men and women combined; Tables 11 and 12
present this same information, together with the correlations between
the post-film clusters, a summed Morality scale measure, and the
eleven pre-film sexual attitude clusters, for men and women separately.
Table 13 is a description of the post-film.c1usters, in terms of the
number of items, the clusters' alpha coefficients, means, standard
deviations, and scoring range, and Table 14 presents this same informa-
tion for males and females separately.

Arousal Measures: Six clusters--Fantasy, Arousal, Desire, Excite-

 

ment, Watching, and Embarrassment--appear to be the best indicators for
attempting to define what happened to the subjects as they watched the
film (a proposed model for the process of becoming aroused as the result
of viewing an erotic film will be presented in the next section, "Path
Analysis"). Desire, Excitement, Arousal, and Fantasy are all highly

and positively correlated with one another; for both the men and the
women, the Desire cluster and the male and female sexual Arousal
clusters are so highly correlated as to be almost identical (correla-
tions are .96 for the men and 1.0 for the wanen) . It appears that
whatever arousal the subject may experience is interfered with by either
the presence of self consciousness as a result of a preoccupation with
being watched, and/or by feelings of embarrassment of guilt, although the
strength of the correlations seems to indicate that a preoccupation with
being watched may operate as more of an interference than does an
internal sense of guilt. (The writer wonders whether her presence also

added to the subjects' feelings of self consciousness.) The degree of

76

Men and Women Combined

Post-Film Clusters:

Table 9.

 

 

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77

 

 

 

Table 10. Men: Post-Film Clusters
4.!
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m m m -a u -H .1 81
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g 3 '9: '3 3 w a g 3 *5 2
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1.00 .69 .60 .44 -;37 -.14 T767 .58 -.02 -.22 .01 .12
l
2 .69 1.00 .96 .55 -.39 -.40 | 01 .49 -.O4 -.51 .07 .33
3 .60 .96 1.00 .65 -.50 -.4o |.18 .46 -.19 -.23 .21 .27
4 .44 .55 .65 1.00 -.39 -.27 '.12 .48 -.35 -.02 -.02 .25
5 -.37 -.39 -.50 -.39 1.00 .39 L.o7 -.44 .11 .21 o .08
|
6 -.14 -.4O -.40 -.27 +.39 1.00 F'Zl -.20 -.11 -.07 —.07 -.44
7 .07 .01 .18 .12 -.07 -.21 1.00 .37 -.07 .17 .13 .10
8 .58 .49 .46 .48 -.44 -.2o ’.37 1.00 .25 .16 .24 o
9 -.02 -.O4 -.19 -.35 .11 -.ll -.07 .25 1.00 —.29 .49 .19
10 -.22 -.51 -.23 -.02 .21 -.O7 -.O7 .16 -.29 1.00 -.17 .19
ll .01 .07 .21 -.02 0 -.07 .13 .24 .49 -.17 1.00 .03
12 .12 .33 .27 .25 .08 -.44 '.10 .06 .19 .19 .03 1.00
Masturbation .22 .19 .26 -.O4 .14 .10
Premarital
Sex (I) .10 .12 .25 .17 .Ol .02
Premarital
Sex (II) .10 .12 .40 .18 -.03 .20
Homosexuality .09 .18 —.29 -.23 -.Ol -.07
WOfllen -0'16 -002 023 028 -032 -002
Prostitution ~.3l -.04 .07 .04 -.05 .15
Pornography -.26 -.18 -.14 —.16 .30 .24
Adultery —.14 .01 .19 .27 .05 -.01
Children «:31 -.35 -.22 -.O7 .03 .27
Dirty Jokes -.09 .18 .12 .Ol .10 .24
Experience -.05 --.01 O .09 .05 O

 

* scale score, not cluster

78

 

 

 

Table 11. Women: Post-Film Clusters
. a
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l 1.00 .93 .87 .75 -.28 -.02: .38 .37 0 -.22 -.15 .17 .27
2 .93 1.00 1.00 .89 -.24 .02l .24 .38 -.O6 -.16 .23 .16 .52
3 .87 1.00 1.00 .94 -.21 .01l .25 .33 .12 -.13 .31 .18 .37
4 .75 .89 .94 1.00 —.39 -.l9| .19 .22 -.09 -.O3 .15 .28 .41
5 -.28 -.24 -.21 -.39 1.00 .52 -.12 -.18 -.07 .24 .31 -.07 -.10
6_:;pg___92__;pl_:,19__;5g_1,99|-.3O .22 —.01 .26 .31 -.33 .27
7 .38 .24 .25 .19 -.12 -.20 1.00 .17 -.09 .07 ..24 .02 .14
8 .37 .38 .33 .22 -.18 .22 .17 1.00 -.08 .21 -.24 -.16 .25
9 0 -.O6 .12 .09 -.07 -.Ol .09 -.08 1.00 .09 .33~-.08 —.35
10 -.22 -.16 -.13 -.03 -.24 -.26 .07. .21 .09 1.00 =.09 -.03 -.31
ll .15 .23 .31 .15 .31 .31 .24 -.24 .33 -.09 1.00 .13 .02
12 .17 .16 .18 .28 -.O7 -.33 .02 -.16 -.08 -.03 .13 1.00 -.01
13 .27 .52 .37 .41 -.10 .27 .14 .25 -.35 -.31 .02 —.01 1.00
Masturba-
tion .43 .39 .42 .30 —.09 .25
PM Sex I .25 .06 .10 -.O7 -.03 .40
PM Sex II .24 -.09 -.12 -.18 .Ol .18
Homosexu-
ality .34 .19 .17 .18 -.l9 -.l7
WOmen .28 .17 .29 .35 -.12 .10
Prostitu-
tion .30 .03 -.O4 .12 .13 .33
Porno-
graphy .38 .ll .09 .05 -.08 .15
Adultery -.01 .16 .11 .07 .17 .33
Children .29 .08 .12 .ll -.14 .13
Dirty
Jokes .21 .30 .26 .17 -.18 .04
Experi-
ence .28 .18 .24 .08 -.06 .32

 

* scale score,

not cluster

79

Table 12. Post-Film Clusters: Men and WOmen Combined

 

 

 

$333.. a f SD 323;:
Desire 8 .85 10.381 5.287 [2-28]
Excitement .71 8.148 3.028 [0-12]
Arousal* - -- -- —-
Fantasy 7 .71 4.516 1.292 [0- 8]
watching 3 .54 2.142 .912 [0— 3]
Embarrassment 4 .55 3.426 .894 [0- 4]
Photography 4 .63 4.581 1.622 7 [0- 6]
Plot 2 .44 1.561 .804 [O- 4]
Attractiveness 2 .44 2.387 1.474 [0— 6]
Explicitness 2 .34 1.148 1.070 [0- 4]
Other Films 4 .73 2.406 3.066 [0-12]
Memories 2 .68 1.103 .442 [0- 3]

 

* No combined score available, as male and female physiological

measures are non-comparable.

80

 

 

 

 

Table 13. Post-Film Clusters: Men and Women Separately
Men Women Score
i so f SD Range
Desire 10.167 5.145 10.495 5.358 [2-28]
Excitement 9.111 2.767 7.634 3.037 [0-12]
Male Arousa1* 10.333 2.427 [0-14]
Female Arousa1* 4.970 2.191 [0— 8]
Fantasy 3.981 1.533 4.802 1.034 [0- 8]
Watching 2.352 .820 2.030 .938 [O- 3]
Embarrassment 3.611 .756 3.327 .945 [0— 4]
Photography 4.778 1.329 4.475 1.750 [0- 6]
Plot 1.556 .685 1.564 .861 [0- 4]
Attractiveness 2.481 1.134 2.337 1.625 [0— 6]
EXPlicitness 1.481 .833 .970 1.138 [0- 4]
Other Films 4.685 3.511 1.188 1.892 [0-12]
Memories 1.111 .458 1.099 .434 [0- 3]

 

* These means and standard deviations are non-comparable.

81

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82

relationship between the Watching and Embarrassment clusters, however,
is substantial (r is +.52 for the combined group).

The Memories cluster seems to function as a pale version of the
other arousal measures, as it is positively correlated with Arousal,
Excitement, Fantasy, and Desire, and negatively correlated with
Watching and Embarrassment. This cluster appears to be most highly
correlated with the Fantasy cluster, and may be a "sub-set" of the

fantasy experience.

Discussion of Film Characteristics

 

It appears that the various characteristics of the film Unfolding
(Photography, Plot, Attractiveness, and Explicitness) had, at best, only
a moderate impact upon the subjects' reported arousal (in terms of
Desire, Arousal, Excitement, and Fantasy). Table 10 indicates that for
the combined sample, the effects of the photographic quality of the film,
had little relation to the indices of the subjects' arousal. (A slightly
different picture emerges, however, when one considers the cluster means;
see "Sex Differences.") The style of photography did seem to affect
whether or not the subjects considered the actors and actresses to be
attractive (this is not surprising), and the negative correlation between
Photography and Explicitness seems to indicate that if the subject was
satisfied with the film, he/she did not care for more explicitness; those
subjects who were less satisfied with the film seemed to prefer more
explicitness.

The lack of a formal plot or storyline did seem to have some nega-
tive impact upon the subjects' arousal. It is the writer's guess that

the peculiar style of photography, together with the lack of a definite

83

plot, caused the film to be, at best, confusing and annoying, and at
worst, to become an active interference in the arousal process. Again,
it should be noted that Beeson conceived this film as a depiction of
women's sexual fantasies; the film's tone is very unlike the tone of
either a typical "stag" film or the more popular commercial productions,
such as The Devil and Miss Jones, Behind the Green Door, etc. It is
both different, and it seems, less capable of generating high degrees of
reported arousal.

Both the attractiveness of the actors and actresses and the level
of explicitness of the film seemed to exert.more of an impact upon the
subjects' experience of arousal. Both the Attractiveness and Explicit-
ness clusters were moderately correlated with the subjects' expression
of Desire, but the Explicitness cluster is more highly related with both
Excitement and Fantasy. The results seem to indicate that those
subjects who found the actors and actresses to be attractive were the
subjects who were likely to be more aroused by the film, and it was
also these subjects who would have liked for the film to be more
explicit.

A note regarding the Explicitness cluster: this cluster is not
included as part of the male matrix because the cluster did not emerge
from the male data, as it had from the female data. The reason for its
absence from the male data is probably because the cluster contains the
item, "If there had been more explicit shots the male body and
genitalia . . .", an item which, by and large, is more relevant to the

women's experience of the film than to the men's.

84

Because a relatively small percentage of either males or females
reported ever having seen an erotic film (see Appendix B: separate

cluster analyses), the correlations between the Other Films cluster

 

and the remainder of the post-film clusters is both relatively meaning-
less and difficult to interpret, given that subjects were given four
options from which to choose in responding to these items. In any case,
it appears that with the exception of Other Film's correlation with
Explicitness, this cluster has little relationship with the other post-

film clusters.

Post—Film Sex Differences

As has been the case throughout this study, the responses given by
the men and women, in regard to both the pre- and post-film measures
are highly similar, but some sex differences do emerge. Table 15 shows
the means and standard deviations of the post-film clusters for the
combined sample, men, and women, after they have been converted into
percentages.

It becomes apparent that although neither the men nor the women
found Unfolding to be a particularly arousing film (the means indicate
that both men and women rated Unfolding as being "mildly arousing"),

a slightly larger percentage of the women reported being aroused
(Desire); a greater percentage of women than men reported themselves
Ibeing generally excited (Excitement); and a greater percentage of women
‘than men reported signs of specifically sexual arousal (Arousal). Fewer
\uomen, however, reported that they had experienced sexual fantasies as
‘they watched the film, and a greater percentage of women reported being

aself conscious as a result of their feelings of being watched. Equally,

85

more women than men reported experiencing the interfering effects of
embarrassment or guilt as they watched the film. Both men and women
reported the same degree of experiencing memories of past sexual
encounters.

Men's and women's reactions to the quality of the film itself are
very similar. Both women and men found the photographic style of the
film to be more of a distraction or interference than an aid to their
arousal, although the men seemed to be slightly more negatively affected
than were the women. An equal percentage of men and women indicated that
if the film had had a more coherent plot or storyline, then their
arousal would have been enhanced. An interpretation of the mean percent-
ages of the Attractiveness items is more difficult because the subjects
were offered a choice of four alternatives: .that the actors/actresses
were perceived as unattractive, and that lessened the subjects' arousal;
that the actors/actresses were perceived as unattractive, but that this
did not affect the subjects' arousal; that the actors/actresses were
perceived as attractive, and that enhanced the subjects' arousal; or
that the actors/actresses were perceived as attractive, but that this had
no effect on the subjects' arousal. The mean of both the men's and
women's responses falls between the two options, the actors/actresses
were ngt_attractive, but that this did not affect the subjects' arousal,
and the actors/actresses we£§_attractive, and this enhanced the subjects'
arousal. It appears that a greater percentage of women than men reacted
positively in terms of the relative attractiveness of the actors and

actresses .

86

In regard to explicitness: both men and women seemed to indicate
that if the film had been more explicit, they would have been more
aroused. Again, it is believed that the reason the women scored higher
in regard to this question is because of the item asking for more
explicit treatment of the male body and genitalia. (For an item by item
distribution of percentages, see Appendix E.)

In general, then, one might conclude that the experience of watch-
ing this particular film was, at best, a mildly arousing event for
both men and women, although the women evidenced slightly greater
levels of reported arousal. The women were, however, more susceptible
to the effects of self consciousness and embarrassment. Despite its
low arousal properties, Unfolding did manage to stimulate a considerable
degree of fantasy activity among the subjects.

One might also conclude that several characteristics of the fihn
itself, including a peculiar and confusing style of photography and the
absence of a coherent plot, are implicated as contributors to the low
levels of arousal reported by the subjects. It may be that the more
"arty" a film such as this tends to be, the more likely is the possibi-
lity that the viewers will report lowered arousal levels, in contrast
to their reactions to a more explicit, straightforward film.

Note: The experimenter chose this particular film for two
reasons: 1) she had seen it several years ago, and had remembered
being quite aroused by it, and 2) she wanted to exercise caution in the
selection of a fihn that would not overly "objectify" women, as do most
stag films and commercially produced porno films, which are designed

primarily for male consumption. In choosing Beeson's film, the

87

experimenter hoped to minimize the possibility of either irritating
or angering her female subjects. What the experimenter had failed to
take into consideration was the passage of time and the fact that prac-
tically nothing becomes old more quickly than does pornography. From
hearing comments the subjects made (particularly the men) as they
filed out of the experimental sessions, the experimenter quickly
realized that for many of the subjects, this film has a distinctly
"dated" air about it. Several of the men scoffingly compared this film
to early "hallucinogenic" films (i.e., movies depicting drug experiences)
of the early 19605. The fact that the fihm is now dated is an initial
strike against it: the situation is then compounded by the style of
photography (shifting and gauzy, with an overemphasis upon conventional,
and seemingly phony photographic metaphors for the sexual experience--
the sea, the sky, the mass take-off of seabirds at the precise moment
of orgasm» and the lack of a coherent plot.

It is quite true that one experimenter and one film cannot please
(or arouse) all of her subjects all of the time, but it is also quite
apparent that a more explicit, less symbolic, more recently produced
film may have been a more appropriate choice for a sample of 19705

college students.

RESULTS: PATH ANALYSIS

This section will summarize the preceding results in the form of
a mathematical model of the processes which took place during the
showing of the film. The specific form of the model is a "causal
diagram" constructed using path analysis.* Path analysis treats each
variable as a continuous variable and attempts to determine the extent
to which each variable is causally influenced by each of the other
variables in the study. The causal diagram.for women is shown in
Figure 1. This figure shows an arrow pointing from any variable to any
other variable on which it has a direct causal influence. Thus, there
is an arrow from Sexual Arousal to Sexual Desire, indicating a direct
effect of Arousal on Desire. However, there is no arrow from Morality
to Desire. This does not.mean that Morality and Desire are uncorrelated,
but rather that the correlation only represents an indirect causal link
between the two. There is an indirect linkage from Morality to Fantasy
to Arousal to Desire (and a predicted correlation of -.31), but the
evidence suggests no direct link. The test used is partial correlation:
the absence of an arrow.from Morality to Desire means that if either
Fantasy or Arousal is controlled or held constant, then Morality and
Desire would be uncorrelated. The numerical weights on the links in the

diagram (i.e., the "path coefficients") are all beta weights, though if

 

*
For a more detailed explanation of the workings of path analysis,

see Appendix F, a write-up by Dr. John Hunter.

88

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90

there is only one arrow pointing to a given variable, then the beta
weight for that arrow is simply the correlation between the two
corresponding variables. Finally, it should be noted that the correla-
tions used in this diagram are corrected for attenuation and are thus
not subject to the artifacts of applying path analysis to imperfect
measurements.

Table 15 shows the actual correlations on which the path diagram
of Figure l was based. Table 16 shows the predicted correlations
obtained from the path diagram. Table 17 shows the error in deriving
the correlations from the path diagram, and these errors are trivial.
Thus, the data is consistent with the hypothesis of perfect fit between
the path diagram and the correlations actually observed.

The only background variable in the diagram is an overall Sexual
Morality score. This reflects the fact that sexual experience, and the
FAND clusters were all unrelated to the post-fibm variables, and there
was no apparent pattern to the differences in the correlations between
the post-film variables and the different morality clusters.

The six process variables can be divided into two sets: a primary
Fantasy-Arousal-Desire-Excitement chain and two subsidiary variables:
Watching (Consciousness of others) and Embarrassment. These variables
are named by process names, but it should not be forgotten that the
variables are NOT the named process. Rather, each variable is an
assessment of how the process took place differently in different women.
For example, the Fantasy variable is a count of the number of types of
sexual fantasy which each woman experienced while viewing the fihm. The

"causal impact" of the Fantasy variable is thus largely a comparison

 

91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 15. women: Actual Correlations
M F A D Ex W Em
1.00
.38 I 1.00 I
l
.24 l .93 1.00 1.00 :
.25 I .87 1.00 1.00 I
l
.19 l .75 .89 .94 1.00 :
-.12 -.28 -.24 -.21_ _ :3—9— 1.00
-.30 -.02 .01 .02 -.19 .52 1.00
Mem .17 .37 .38 .33 .22 -18 .22
Expli .14 .27 .52 .37 .41 -10 ..27
Table 16. WOmen: Predicted Correlations
M F A D Ex W Em
1.00
-.38 1.00
-.35 .93 1.00
-.33 .87 .94 1.00
-.31 .82 .88 .94 1.00
.12 -.32 -.34 -.37 -.39 1.00
.06 -.15 -.17 -.18 -.19 .48‘¢—— thru W
.30 -.11 -.ll -.10 -.09 .04 <—- thru M
.36 -.26 —.28 -.28 9.28 .52
-.10 .26 .26 .28 .30 <$- thru D
.26 0 0 0 .02 —.28 .52
Mem -.14 .37 .34 .32 .30 -.12 .00
Expli -.18 .48 .22 .49 .46 -.18 .00

 

92

 

 

 

 

Table 17. Women: Actual/Predicted
M F A D Ex W Em
C
.11 0
.08 0b .06
.13 -.07 .01b 0a
a
O -.01 .10 .16 O
b
.04 -.02 .01 0 .09 0
Mem -.03 0 .04 .Ol -.08 -.06 .22
Expli -.04 -.21 o -.12 -.05 .08 .27 .07

 

a0 because corresponding correlation is incorporated
directly into the model.

b0 because corresponding correlation was used to
estimate a parameter in the model.

93

of the different implications of having versus not having sexual
fantasies.

The four primary variables are very highly correlated and show
direct links of .93, .94, .94. Suppose these path coefficients had
actually been perfect. The interpretation would then have been stark
and staple: Temporally, the first process to take place is the sexual
fantasy; sane women have them and sane do not. If a woman has a sexual
fantasy, then she experiences physiological sexual arousal. If she has
no fantasy, then she experiences no arousal. If she experiences sexual
arousal, then she entertains the explicit desire to have sex in some
form. If there is no arousal, then there is no desire. Finally, if she
thinks about having sex, then she becomes excited. If there is no desire,
then there is no excitement either. Put it all together and a perfect
causal chain would predict that there are two kinds of women: those who
successively experience Fantasy-Arousal-Desire-Excitement in that order,
and those who experience non§_of the four reactions.

Why are the primary path coefficients less than 1? This cannot
be determined from the present data using any known form of analysis,
but the following interpretation fits the known data and appears
plausible. Consider the measurement of fantasy. The key consideration
in constructing this variable was to detect whether or not a fantasy
took place. Thus a rather extensive list of various types of fantasies
was checked. However, no questions as to the characteristics of the
fantasy were asked. In particular, the duration, vividness, and titti-
lation of each fantasy or set of fantasies was ignored. Presumably,

this would mean that presence-absence of fantasy would be perfectly

94

(given correction for attenuation) reflected in the score, but the
potentcy of the fantasy would be only crudely measured. Thus, the
fantasy score does not perfectly predict the arousal which the fantasy
elicited.

Similarly, the arousal variable made no provision for individual
differences in the pleasure of different sensations, and made no provi-
sion for individual differences in the threshold amount of arousal
required to trigger the thoughts embodied in the desire to have sex.
Finally, the desire variable was defective in two ways: 1) it left out
many modes of sexual expression such as homosexual contact, the use of
vibrators, etc., and 2) it left out the imagined context of the desired
sex (especially "right here and now" versus "in my room" or I'in my boy
friend's room"). I

It is interesting that there is no link from Fantasy to Desire.
Thus there were virtually no women who went from a sexual fantasy to the
desire for sex without first experiencing physiological sexual arousal.
Thus, the transition from these two modes of thought about sex was
mediated by physiological events in the sex organs.

On the other hand, there is also no link from Arousal to Excitement.
Thus, one might suppose that since both involve the activity of nerve
fibers in the gut, that generalized excitement.might simply be the
"spill-over" from specifically sexual arousal to general excitement.
However, the data show this NOT to be the case. Rather, the generalized
excitement is produced by the thought of having sex. Thus, in this case,
the transition between the two modes of physiological activity is

mediated by the intervening thoughts of sex.

95

Taken together, the two preceding paragraphs lay out data on both
sides of the James-Lange theory of emotion. The physiological sexual
reaction precedes the mental reaction, and yet the mental anticipation
of sex precedes the physiological anticipation of action.

Another missing link stands in sharp contradiction to the psycho-
analytic theory of sexual function (i.e., libido theory): the missing
link between Morality and Desire. The correlation between Morality and
Arousal is only -.24. Thus, there are many pairs of women who are
matched in Arousal but differ on Morality. Consider, for example, two
highly aroused women, one of whom is prudish in her attitude toward sex
and the other of whom is liberal. For the liberal woman, it is
natural to go from arousal to thoughts of having sex, i.e., from arousal
to desire. But the Victorian woman can only contemplate sex with
embarrassment and guilt. Thus, the Victorian woman can spare herself
considerable anxiety by repressing the sexual desire elicited by the
arousal. If this happened in fact, then for any given level of arousal,
women with more liberal attitudes toward sex would experience more desire
than would conservative women. This in turn means that psychoanalytic
theory predicts that there should be a substantial positive partial cor-
relation between liberal sexual morality and desire with arousal held
constant. The actual partial correlation is zero.

The first subsidiary variable was Watching: some women thought
about being watched by the other women in the experiment; some did not.
Among those women who experienced the full Fantasy-Arousal-Desire—
Excitement reaction, watching only occurred after the full reaction, if

it occurred at all. women who experienced generalized excitement were

96

less than half as likely to think about being watched as were those
women who were not excited. The most obvious interpretation of this
data is that the primary reaction occupies all of a woman's attention
and completely drowns out thoughts about external events.

The second subsidiary process is embarrassment. Here the path
diagram shows Ehrge_links: from Morality, from Desire, and from
watching. One interpretation of this is that there are several distinct
processes that can bring about embarrassment. For example, some of
the conservative women might have felt embarrassed about participating
in the experiment, which would contribute to the path coefficient for
Morality. Some women may have felt embarrassed that they were experienc-
ing desire in a public place, which would contribute to the path coeffi-
cient for Desire. If it is largely the conservative women who are
embarrassed by their own desires, then this process would also account
for some portion of the path coefficient for Morality. Finally, most of
the women who thought about being watched were also embarrassed (by about
a 75-25 margin), and that would account for the path coefficient for
Watching.

The background variable Morality makes only two contributions to
the path diagram: First, Liberal women are about twice as likely to
have sexual fantasies as are conservative women. Second, conservative
women are about twice as likely to be embarrassed as are liberal women.
In particular, this means that Morality was the only background variable
which correlated with the occurrence of the primary reaction, and it
only correlated -.38. Thus, correct prediction of a woman's response to

the film could only be obtained 70 percent of the time from the

97

background variables gathered in this study. What other variables might
have been operating? Some obvious candidates are: mood, menstrual cycle
position, time since last positive (or negative) sexual experience.

These would all have the character of "error" for a one week test—retest
reliability study.

Figure 2 shows the path diagram for men, which is basically very
similar to that for women. The key process links are again Fantasy to
Arousal to Desire to Excitenent. Thus, for men as for women, those who
did not have fantasies did not become aroused; those who did not become
aroused did not have desire: and those who did not become desirous did
not become excited. That is, those who did not have sexual fantasies did
not enter into the main process stream at all. On the other hand, there
are two differences between the diagrams for men and for women: the
link between Fantasy and Arousal is lower for men than for women (from
.93 down to .69), and the link from Desire to Excitement is lower for
men than for women (down from .94 to .65). What this means is that men
tended to drop out of the main sequence at these two point. That is,
some of the men who had fantasies did not go on to become aroused.

Since men are lower than women on the Fantasy dimension, this probably
means that.more of the men who had fantasies were having "weak" fanta-
sies which did not put them across their arousal threshold. However,
another possibility is that men might be more experienced at having
sexual fantasies than women, and that as a result of such practice have
become adapted to the fantasies to such an extent that they have less
effect for the highly experienced men who then do not become aroused.

If there were such a difference in habituation to the effects of sexual

98

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99

fantasies, then it might also account for the fact that some of the men
who were feeling desire did not become generally excited.

Another difference between the path diagrams for men and wanen is
in the relation between the main process variables and the secondary
process variables. The largest difference is in the location of the link
between these two systems: for women the link was between Excitement and
watching, for men the link is between Desire and Watching. One inter-
pretation of this is that thoughts of being watched occurred earlier in
the time sequence for men than for women if they occurred at all. That
is, those men who felt desire and had thoughts of being watched had
those thoughts at the same time as they were feeling generalized excite-
ment. On the other hand, that link is negative and stronger for men
than for women; only some 25 percent of the men who felt desire went on
to have thoughts of being watched.

A second difference between men and women is in the sign of the
link between Desire and Embarrassment. For men this sign is negative.
This suggests that men are not embarrassed at being sexually aroused;
indeed the sexual desire tends to prevent later.thoughts of embarrass-
ment (perhaps because men might continue their desires longer after the
film is over than women?).

For men as for women, morality is linked negatively to having
fantasies and positively to feeling embarrassed.

The data for men replicate the finding for women in tenms of
cognitive-emotional interaction. The relation between fantasy and
desire is mediated by physical arousal, but the link between arousal and

generalized excitement is mediated by desire. Thus, neither thought

100

nor physiological events are dominant in the sequence of emotions
elicited by the film.

The data for men also replicate the finding contrary to the psy-
choanalytic theory of sexual impulses. For men as for women, there is
no impact of sexual morality on the link between arousal and desire.
That is, the data for men as for women stand in direct contradiction to
the psychoanalytic theory of repression.

Tables 18 and 19 show the predicted and actual correlations for
men, and Table 20 shows the deviations. All departures from the pre—

dictions of the path diagram are negligible.

Table 18. Men. Actual Correlations

 

 

 

M F A D E W Em
1.00
-.07 1.00

-.18 .69 1.00

-.12 .44 .55 .65 1.00

.07 -.37 -.39 -.50 -.39 1.00

.21 -.14 -.40 -.40 -.27 .39 1.00

Mem -.37 .58 .49 .46 .48 -.44 -:20 1.00

 

101

Table 19. Men: Predicted Correlations

 

 

 

M F A D E w Em

M 1.00

F -.15 1.00

A -.10 .69 1.00

D -.10 .66 .96 1.00

E -.06 .43 .62 .65 1.00

w .05 -.33 -.48 -.so —.33 1.00

Em .04 —.26 -.38 -.4o -.26 .39 (-thru D
Em .17 -.03 -.02 -.02 -.01 .01 (—-thru M
Em .21 -.29 -.4o -.42 -.27 .40 1.00

Mem .09 .58 .40 .38 .25 -.19 9.17

 

Table 20. Men: Errors--Actual,Predicted

 

 

 

M F A D E W Em
M 1.00
F .08 1.00
A -.08 0b 1.00
D .09 -.06 0b 1.00
E -.06 .01 -.07 0b 1.00
w .02 -.04 .09 0b -.06 1.00
Em 0b .15 .00 -.02 .00b .01a 1.00
Mem -.26 o .09 .08 .23 -.25 -.03

 

aError caused by link from M to Em on y, otherwise
set to 0 by multiple R.

bError is 0 because correlation is directly used
as a parameter.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to explore the responses and
reactions elicited in college-aged men and women as a result of their
viewing an erotic film. This tOpic, among others, was first explored
in the United States, via a survey research approach, by Alfred Kinsey
and his co-workers (1953), who found striking differences between.men
and women in both the nature of their responses, in terms of their
reported sexual arousal, or lack of it, and in what Kinsey postulated
to be their inherent "capacities" for being stimulated by psychosexual
stimuli, particularly visual stimuli. The results of recent experi-
mentation, however, notably, by researchers at Hamburg University in
Germany (Schmidt, Sigusch, et al.,l969, 1970, 1973), and by studies
commissioned and funded by the President's Commission on Obscenity and
Pornography (1970) suggest that Kinsey's results are now dated. The
researchers suggest that the long accepted finding with reSpect to
widely disparate sex differences in men's and women's responses to
erotic material has either simply disappeared, or that Kinsey's survey
methods answers different questions than do experimental methods.

In addition to contradicting the results of Kinsey's original

work, recent experimental efforts, which have usually involved subjects'

actual exposure to a variety of erotic stimuli--texts, slides, and

films--and immediate recording of the subjects' responses, via physiolo-

gical readings, subjects' self reports, or a combination of the two--have

sought to define what kinds of personality, setting, and

102

103

stimulus-related variables might be related to the process of becoming
aroused by psychosexual stimuli.

For the purposes of this particular study, 155 subjects, 101
women and 54 men, mostly young, white, unmarried MSU sophomores and
freshmen, undergraduate students of psychology, participated. Initial-
ly, they were asked to respond to a number of personality measures and
questionnaires: a Sexual Morality Scale, a Sex Experience Scale, the
Mosher True-False Sex Guilt Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire.
In the case of the female subjects, an additional instrument, the
Inventory of Feminine Values (FAND Inventory), was employed. The
subjects then watched an erotic film, Constance Beeson's UnfOlding,
and finally, responded to a post-film questionnaire, an instrument
devised by the writer in order to assess the subjects' reactions to the
film.

By means of a multivariate cluster analysis, ten pre-film sexual
attitude clusters (attitudes toward Masturbation, Premarital Sex I,
Premarital Sex II, Homosexuality, women's Sexuality, Prostitution,
Pornography, Adultery, Children's Sexuality, and Dirty Jokes); one sex
experience cluster, and twelve post-fibm clusters (Fantasy, Arousal,
Desire, Excitement, Watching, Embarrassment, Memories, Explicitness,
Attractiveness, Photography, Plot, and Other Films) were defined from
the combined.sample of men and women. From the women's responses to the
FAND Inventory, an additional eight clusters arose, although none of
these clusters were employed in any subsequent analysis. On the basis
of several of the post-film clusters (Fantasy, Arousal, Desire,

Excitement, Watching, Embarrassment, Memories, and Explicitness),

104

together with a general index of the subject's moral orientation
(Morality), path analyses, or causal diagrams (separate, although highly
similar paths for the male and female subjects), were constructed.

These causal diagrams serve as proposed models which seek to define the
processes, both physiological and psychological, the sequence of which
results in the "end-product"--the subjects' reported sexual arousal,

or lack of it, as it was, or was not, elicited by the film.

This study shares common features with other studies conducted
in regard to this topic (i.e., the West German studies and the work
reported by the President's Commission on Pornography) in that it
employs some of the same variables: sexual attitudes, sex eXperience,
sex guilt, etc. The study also makes use of the film Unfolding, which
has been used at least once in previous research (Mann, Sidman, and
Starr's study of married couples). Yet, this study is unlike previous
experimental efforts, both in its use of correlational, rather than
analysis of variance statistical techniques, and in that it attempts to
put the variables into some kind of coherent framework (i.e., the path
analysis models) in order to attempt to explain not only which variables
may be salient in the process of becoming aroused as a result of
exposure to filmed erotic stimuli, but also in what way those salient
variables might be related.

As the writer was primarily interested in ascertaining, to the
best of her ability, the processes, or sequence of events, that culminate
in a subject's sexual arousal within this experimental context, the
writer had no particular hypotheses in mind in regard to the results of

this study, except her feeling that women who scored high on the

105

"self-directed" dimension of the FAND Inventory might be expected to
report greater arousal upon seeing the fibn than those women who scored
high on the "other-directed" dimension of the FAND. This, the only
formally stated hypothesis, was not confirmed by the data. The study,
however, was not without findings:

Pre-Film Clusters. From the results generated by her data, the

 

writer found, in regard to the ten pre-film sexual attitude clusters,
that sets of liberal/conservative attitudes tended to be highly and
positively correlated with other sets of liberal/conservative

attitudes; that there are certain behaviors toward which the majority of
these subjects, at least, tended to be quite liberal (attitudes toward
premarital sex within an affectionate relationship, for example), while
there are behaviors toward which the majority of subjects tended to be
more conservative (masturbation and.homosexuality); and that the women
tended to be more conservative in all of the measured attitudes than
were the men.

A consistent finding in regard to the ten pre-fihm sexual attitude
clusters--for the male sample, for the female sample, and for the
combined group--was that the clusters tended to organize themselves into
two blocks. The "core" of the first block was composed of attitudes
toward Masturbation, Premarital Sex I, Premarital Sex II, and Homo-
sexuality. The "core" of the second block was composed of attitudes
toward women's Sexuality, Pornography, and Prostitution: the remaining
clusters either fit into one of the two blocks, or were left out alto-

gether, depending upon whether the data was male or female.

106

A couple of hypotheses were advanced in an attempt to explain the
two-block organization: 1) that the first block of attitudes are
those which are more personally relevant to the subjects' lives, while
the second block is composed of socially relevant attitudes which
are more easily intellectualized; and 2) that in addition to a basic
libenavconservative split among subjects, a second differentiating
"strand" running throughout the data may be whether or not the subject
believes women are exploited. Combinations of liberal-conservative/
exploited-non-exploited attitudes may account for the differences
between the blocks of attitudes. Further testing, however, did not
support either hypothesis. At this point, the reason underlying the
curious two—block "split" is not know.

FAND Inventory. Eight clusters arose from the women's responses

 

to the FAND Inventory, although none were used in subsequent analysis:
Professional Woman, Working Mom, Assertion, compliance, Sacrifices,
Equal Rights, Marriage and Family Come First, and Husband. Although
there was a tendency for liberal sexual attitudes to be positively
correlated with liberal attitudes toward "women's role," there was no
evidence that liberal attitudes toward women's role were related to
greater expressions of self-reported arousal as the result of the woman
viewing an erotic film.

It is the writer's assertion, although it is untested in this
study, that the FAND represents not only the "self-directed" vs. "other-
directed" dichotomy, but also a profession vs. wife-and-homemaker
dichotomy, and that the two dichotomies are not necessarily the same.
The writer suspects that the FAND, therefore, taps into four sets of

attitudes and beliefs, rather than two.

107

Post-Film Clusters and Path Analyses. As noted previously, twelve

 

clusters arose from the subjects' responses to the post—film question-
naire: Fantasy, Arousal, Desire, Excitement, Watching, Embarrassment,
Memories, and Explicitness-—all of which were related to the process
of becoming sexually aroused as a result of watching an erotic film--
and Attractiveness, Photography, Plot, and Other Films, which are all
related to the quality of this particular film. The first set of
post-film clusters, together with a general index of the subject's
moral orientation, were then employed as the basis for path analysis
models which attempted to construct a picture of what happened to the
subjects as they watched the film.

The model generated from the women's data indicated that the moral
orientation (Morality) with which the woman entered the experimental
situation had some impact upon whether or not the woman experienced a
sexual fantasy (Fantasy) while viewing the film. A liberal sexual
moral orientation was positively correlated with the experience of a
fantasy, while a conservative moral orientation was negatively correla-
ted with fantasy experience. If the woman did experience a sexual
fantasy, there was a high probability of her then experiencing physiol-
ogical sensations indicative of sexual arousal (Arousal); the state of
arousal then led to feelings of a desire for sex (Desire). At the
point of desire, one of two possible, although not equally probable
events might occur. For the majority of women, feelings of desire were
then followed by the experience of physical sensations associated with
general, bodily excitement (Excitement), but for a smaller number of

women, the feelings of desire led to feelings of embarrassment

108

(Embarrassment), and the experience of embarrassment was positively
related to an original conservative moral orientation. The model for
women also predicted that for some women, the experience of generalized
bodily excitement would lead to feelings of self consciousness
(Watching) and then to feelings of embarrassment.

The model generated from the male data was basically similar to
that proposed for the women. Moral orientation had some impact upon
whether or not the male experienced a sexual fantasy. If the man ex-
perienced a sexual fantasy, it was most likely that he then experi-
enced the physiological indicators of sexual arousal, and arousal then
led to desire. At the point of desire, it was most likely that the
male, like the female, would then experience bodily sensations associa—
ted with general excitement, although some of the men, at the point of
desire, became self-conscious and then embarrassed, while other men, at
the point of desire, became embarrassed. Again, the experience of
embarrassment was positively correlated with an initial conservative
moral orientation. The male and female models differ in that the women
seemed obliged to become excited before the Watching-to-Embarrassment
chain was activated, whereas the male data indicated a direct link from
Desire-to—Watching, without the presence of the intervening variable,
Excitement.i The reason for this difference is not known.

Film. For the majority of these subjects, the viewing of the film,
Unfolding, was, at best, a mildly arousing event. Although the women re-
ported themselves as being slightly more aroused than the men, as was the
case in Mann, Sidman, and Starr's study of married couples, overall, sub-

jects reported being only "mildly" aroused (point "2" on a five-point

“.34..
. . . Ihtu!

109

scale). The writer suggests that the reason for the comparatively low
levels of arousal had to do with several of the qualities of the film
itself: a hazy, confusing photographic style, the absence of a

clearly defined storyline or plot, and a reliance upon dated, seemingly
"corny" photographic metaphors for the sexual experience. Subjects
seemed to have wanted more straightforwardness and explicitness, and
less symbolism. It has been suggested that a certain degree of obscurity
(i.e., "mystery") in regard to sexual images is tantalizing, imagina-
tion-provoking, and therefore arousing--more arousing than stark
nakedness. Yet, it also appears to be true that at some point,
obscurity becomes frustrating and antithetical to the arousal process.
For many of these subjects, at least, Unfolding passed this point.
(What was needed, for the purposes of this experiment, was a sexy, but
non-sexist, erotic film. The writer wonders if such a celluloid beast
exists. . .)

In addition to extending current knowledge/explanations of what
happens to a subject as a result of his/her exposure to filmed psy-
chosexual stimuli, the writer believes that this study further eluci-
dates the degree to which males and females, at least male and female
college students, are similar in their responses within this particular
experimental setting. This study reinforces the notion that the vast
differences between men and women, which Kinsey found in his original
survey, are more likely to be the result of differential social condi-
tioning--the only explanation Kinsey did not advance in his interpreta-
tions of his results-—rather than as the result of inherent and differ-
ing capacities men and women possess in regard to being aroused by

"psychologic" stimuli, particularly visual stimuli. As Money and

110

Ehrhardt note, it is probably not the capacity to become aroused with
which researchers should concern themselves, but rather, the manner in
which that capacity displays itself.

As noted previously, this study may also have some implications
for the psychoanalytic conception of libido, particularly in regard to
the mechanism of repression, in that the path analysis models provided
no statistical support for the existence of repression at the point at
which such a mechanism would have been predicted to demonstrate its
effects. (This is a particularly painful statement for the writer
to make, given her long—standing belief in analytic explanations of
the workings of the psychic apparatus. It should be noted, however,
that there exists a great deal of debate over whether or not essential-
1y unconscious processes can be adequately addressed and either proved
or disproved by methods such as those employed in this study. There
also exists a great deal of debate over whether or not there is such a
thing as an unconscious, whatever its accompanying processes and
attributes might happen to be . . . )

Finally, this study has some implications for the theory of
emotion, particularly in regard to the constant interplay among situa-
tional, physiological, and cognitive-psychological canponents present
in an individual's response to a sexual--or any other emotionally
loaded--stimulus. If the models generated by the path analyses in any
way accurately define what is going on emotionally for the subjects
in this context, it becomes quickly apparent that the subject's
response is a complex one, involving the interspercing of physiological

and cognitive canponents. As Schacter and Singer have indicated,

111

there is an all-important cognitive componentxat work in a subject's
interpretation of, or reaction to, a specific emotional context. The
cognitive component--in this case, the experience of a fantasy--seems

to determine the subsequent physiological reaction (sexual arousal); that
physiological reaction is further cognitively interpreted (desire);

this interpretation has further physiological consequences (excitement),
which may, then, be related to further cognitive interpretations (self
consciousness and embarrassment). It appears to the writer that further
exploration of the nature of sexual fantasies: how they are generated,
how they are interpreted, how they translate themselves into the
physiological indicators of sexual arousal, together with their indivi-
dual and sex-related differences--would be both a fruitful and tricky

area for future research.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

INSTRUMENTS

APPENDIX A

INSTRUMENTS

Demographic Questionnaire
Part I

’Instructions: Please complete the following questionnaire. Fill in the
appropriate space on the purple answer sheet. Please answer every item
(Items 1-9).

1. What is your sex?
a. Male b. Female

2. What is your age?
a. Under twenty b. From 20 to 24 c. From 25 to 29
d. From 30 to 34 e. 35 or over

3. What is your marital status?
a. Single b. Married c. Separated
d. Divorced e. Widow, widower

4. To which racial group do you belong?
a. White b. Black c. Mexican American
d. Oriental e. Other

5. What is your current educational status?
a. Freshman b. Sophomore c. Junior
d. Senior e. Graduate student

6. What is your present religious preference?
a. Atheist, agnostic b. Protestant c. Catholic
d. Jewish e. Other '

7. What is your political affiliation?
a. Republican b. Democrat c. Independent
d. Other

8. How would you describe your political views?
a. Very liberal b. Somewhat liberal c. Moderate
d. Somewhat conservative e. Very conservative

9. How religious would you say you are?

a. Very religious b. Somewhat religious c. Slightly religious
d. Not at all religious e. Anti-religious

112

113

Part II
Inventory of Feminine Values (Revised)

Instructions: You are asked to indicate your opinion on each of the
following items by selecting a number from one to five and marking it
on your answer sheet in the corresponding place. Use the following
scale:

STRONGLY AGREE-1 AGREE-2 NO OPINION-3 DISAGREE-4 STRONGLY DISAGREE-S

PLEASE RESPOND TO THESE STATEMENTS WITH YOUR TRUE OPINION. KEEP IN MIND
THE WAY YOU REALLY ARE. CONTINUE USING YOUR PURPLE ANSWER SHEET. Part
II begins with item 10 and ends with item 43.

 

10. Most ambitious and responsible husbands would not like their wives
to work outside the home.

11. I usually pay no attention to other people's feelings.

12. A woman who works cannot possibly be as good a mother as the woman
who stays at home.

13. I would like to gain recognition for the professional work I do.

14. I try to do what I think people want me to do.

15. I feel a conflict between what society dictates that I do as a
woman and what I wish to do myself.

16. Should I marry, I would feel uncomfortable if my husband were not
successful.

17. I sometimes feel I must do everything for myself, that I can accept
nothing from others.

18. The needs of a family should come before a woman's professional
ambitions.

19. I am not sure the joys of motherhood make up for the sacrifices.

20. I like listening to people better than talking to pe0ple.

21. I argue with people who try to give me orders.

22. Once a woman marries, marriage and children should come first in her
life.

23. When I am with a group of people, I usually become the leader.

24. I worry about what people think of me.

25. I express my ideas strongly.

26. Professional success is more important for single women than for
married women.

27. Should I marry, I would not change my political beliefs just to
satisfy my husband.

28. If a marriage should fail, it is usually the woman's fault.

29. A working mother can give her children just as much love and
attention as a mother who stays at home.

30. The greatest help a wife can give her husband is to encourage his
progress and success.

31. For women, marriage is largely a story of one unjustifiable
sacrifice after another.

32. I can put.myself in the background and work hard for a person I
admire.

33. Major decisions in a marriage should be equally shared by the hus-
band and wife.

34. My primary goal in life is to raise happy children.

35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

42.
43.

114

What I think of myself as a person is more important to me than
what others think of me.

If we disagree, I would give in to my husband more often than I
would expect him to give in to me.

The greatest satisfactions in life come from one's professional
successes.

A woman can truly love only one man.

A woman should have interests outside the home.

I am sure what a woman gains from marriage makes up for difficul-
ties she might experience.

Mothers should bring up their boys and girls to believe in equal
rights and freedom for both sexes.

A woman's place is in the bane.

If I really thought I could be famous, I would give up anything
for it.

Part III

Sexual Morality Questionnaire

Instructions: Please indicate your opinion on each of the following
items. Use the same scale you used in Part II:

STRONGLY AGREE-1 AGREE-2 NO OPINION-3 .DISAGREE-4 STRONGLY DISAGREE-S

CONTINUE USING THE PURPLE ANSWER SHEET. PLEASE ANSWER EVERY ITEM.
Part III begins with item 44 and end with item 62.

44.

45.

46.
47.

48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

58.

I would engage in premarital sex only if I were in love with my
partner.

I would engage in premarital sex only if I were engaged to be
married to my partner.

I would engage in sexual relations only if I were married.

I believe that sexual intercourse is wrong, unless it is for the
purpose of procreation.

I would feel OK having sex for no Other reason than for physical
enjoyment.

I personally reject the view that premarital sexual relations is
bad.

For me, masturbation is an acceptable way to release sexual tension.
If I masturbated, I would not feel guilty about it.

I believe the only right position for sexual intercourse is with the
man on top.

I don't think there is anything wrong with experimenting with
different positions during sexual intercourse.

There is nothing immoral about oral genital sex.

I think women should be as free as men to enjoy sex.

Sexually aggressive women turn.me off.

It is hard for me to envision myself as the initiator of sexual
activity.

For me to engage in sexual relations with a person of the same
sex would really violate my code of personal morality.

115

59. I think that watching erotic movies and reading pornographic books
or magazines is a harmless past—time.

60. I believe all pornography should be outlawed.

61. I believe that pornography causes people to commit sexual crimes.

62. No sexual act is wrong, if it takes place between consenting
partners.

Part IV
Sex Experience Scale (Female)

Instructions: Please indicate whether or not you have engaged in each
of the following activities. Respond to every item. Remember that your
answers are strictly confidential.

CONTINUE USING THE PURPLE ANSWER SHEET. Part IV begins with item 63
and ends with item 74.

63. I have kissed a man.
a. Yes b. No

64. I have engaged in kissing which involved tongue contact.
a. Yes b. No

65. I have had my clothed breast manipulated by a man.
a. Yes b. No

66. I have had my nude breast manipulated by a man.
a. Yes b. No

67. I have had my genitalia manually manipulated by a man.
a. Yes b. No

68. I have had my breast orally stimulated by a man.
a. Yes b. No

69. I have manually manipulated a man's genitalia.
a. Yes b. No

70. I have had face—to-face heterosexual intercourse.
a. Yes b. No

71. I have orally stimulated a man's genitalia.
a. Yes b. No

72. I have had my genitalia orally stimulated by a man.
a. Yes b. No

73. I have had heterosexual intercourse where I faced away from my male
partner.
a. Yes b. No

74.

116
I have had homosexual relations with another woman.

a. Yes b. No

Part III

Sex Experience Scale (Male)

Instructions: Please indicate whether or not you have engaged in each
of the following activities. Respond to every item. Remember that
your answers are held in strictest confidence.

CONTINUE USING YOUR PURPLE ANSWER SHEET. Part III begins with item 29
and ends with item 40.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

I have kissed a woman.
a. Yes b. No

I have engaged in kissing that involved tongue contact.
a. Yes b. No

I have manually manipulated a clothed female breast.
a. Yes b. No

I have manually manipulated a nude female breast.
a. Yes b. No

I have manually manipulated a woman's genitalia.
a. Yes b. No

I have orally stimulated a woman's breast.
a. Yes b. No

I have had my genitalia manually manipulated by a woman.
a. Yes b. No

I have had face-to-face heterosexual intercourse.
a. Yes b. No

I have had my genitalia orally stimulated by a wanan.
a. Yes b. No

I have orally stimulated a woman's genitalia.
a. Yes b. No

I have had sexual intercourse where my partner faced away from me.
a. Yes b. No

I have engaged in homosexual relations with another male.
a. Yes b. No

117

Part IV

Mosher True False Guilt Inventory_
Instructions: You are to read each statement and decide whether it is
true as applied to you or false as applied to you (or whether you agree
with the opinion expressed or disagree with the opinion expressed).
If a statement as TRUE or MOSTLY TRUE as it applies to you (or if you
AGREE or MOSTLY AGREE with the opinion expressed), blacken the space
under the column headed 1. If a statement is FALSE or MOSTLY FALSE as
applied to you (or if you DISAGREE or MOSTLY DISAGREE with the Opinion

expressed), blacken the space under the column headed 2. Remember to
give YOUR OWN opinion. There are no right or wrong answers. Answer

every item.

75. WHEN I WAS A CHILD, SEX excited me.
a. True b. False

76. SEX RELATIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE help people to adjust.

77. UNUSUAL SEX PRACTICES are immature.

78. IF I HAD SEX RELATIONS I would not feel guilty.

79. PROSTITUTION is a sign of moral decay in society.

80. "DIRTY" JOKES IN MIXED COMPANY makes them more interesting.
81. WHEN I HAVE SEXUAL DESIRES, I usually try to curb them.

82. MASTURBATION is fun.

83. SEXUAL RELATIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE is so common that it is no longer
morally wrong.

84. IF I HAD SEX RELATIONS I would feel a lot less bored.

85. SEX PLAY is not good for mental and emotional well being of
children.

86. WHEN I HAVE SEXUAL DESIRES I generally try to satisfy them.

87. IF IN THE FUTURE I COMMITTED ADULTERY I would prdbably feel bad
about it.

88. UNUSUAL SEX PRACTICES might be interesting.
89. SEX PLAY among children is natural and innocent.
90. PROSTITUTION should be legalized.

91 "DIRTY" JOKES IN MIXED COMPANY are not proper.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

118

MASTURBATION is all right.

PETTING, I am sorry to say, is becoming an accepted practice.
"DIRTY” JOKES IN MIXED COMPANY are lots of fun.

SEX RELATIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE ruin many a happy couple.
UNUSUAL SEX PRACTICES are O.K. as long as they're heterosexual.
WHEN I HAVE SEXUAL DESIRES they are usually quite strong.

IF IN THE FUTURE I COMMITTED ADULTERY I would be ashamed but not
say anything about it.

WHEN I HAVE SEXUAL DREAMS I cannot remember them in the morning.
SEX PLAY is quite common among children.
"DIRTY" JOKES IN MIXED COMPANY are exciting and amusing.

IF I COMMITTED A HOMOSEXUAL ACT IT would be because of the
environment and need.

SEX RELATIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE are good in my opinion.

IF IN THE FUTURE I COMMITTED ADULTERY I wouldn't feel bad about it.
SEX should be saved for wedlock and child bearing.

WHEN I HAVE SEXUAL DREAMS I wake up happy.

THERE SHOULD BE NO SEXUAL RELATIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE.

PROSTITUTION is a result of society not recognizing the needs of
her members.

"DIRTY" JOKES IN MIXED COMPANY should be avoided.

119

Part V

Post-Film Questionnaire

 

Instructions: This questionnaire is designed to assess your reactions
to the film you have just seen. Please respond to every item by
marking the appropriate space on your answer Sheet. USE THE SECOND

OF YOUR TWO ANSWER SHEETS FOR PART V. Part V begins with question 1
and ends with item 55.

1. Please indicate how sexually aroused you were while watching this
film.

If you were not aroused at all, rate yourself 1.
If you were mildly aroused, rate yourself 2.

If you were moderately_aroused, rate yourself 3.
If you were strongly aroused, rate yourself 4.
If you were extremely aroused, rate yourself 5.

 

 

 

 

 

Using the same five-point scale as above, rate the arousal you experi-
enced while viewing the following scenes:

2. The scenes of the couple undressing one another.

3. The scenes of the couple embracing and kissing one another.
4. The scenes of the couple having intercourse.

5. The scenes of oral-genital sex.

6. The shots of the penis moving in and out of the vagina.

Toward the middle and end of the film, did you experience any of the
following?

If you did, rate yourself 1.
If you are uncertain, rate yourself 2.
If you did not, mark 3.

7. Increased heart rate.

8. Increased breathing rate.
9. Dry mouth.

10. Muscle tension.

11. Muscle relaxation.

12. Flushing.

13. Sweating.

FEMALES: Did you experience any of the following?

If you did, mark 1.
If you are uncertain, mark 2.
If you did not, mark 3.

14. No genital sensations.

15. Mild genital sensations (i.e., tingling).

16. Strong genital sensations (i.e., throbbing, pulsating).
17. Breast sensations.

120

18. Vaginal lubrication.

--------

 

If you did, mark 1.
If you are uncertain, mark 2.
If you did not, mark 3.

14. No erection.

15. Penis engorgement without erection.

l6. Partial erection.

17. Full erection, less than three minutes.
18. Full erection, 3—6 minutes.

19. Full erection, more than 6 minutes

20. Emission.

21. Ejaculation.

 

20. I noticed that my level of arousal:
a. Remained constant throughout the film.
b. Was greater during the first half of the film than the second
half.
c. Was greater during the last half of the film than during the
first half.
d. Fluctuated, depending upon which scene I was viewing.

21. The dream-like or fantasy-like quality of this film:
a. Enhanced my arousal.
b. Had no effect on my arousal.
c. Interfered with my arousal.

22. The nature shots in this film (beach scenes, seascapes, birds, etc.)
a. Enhanced my arousal.
b. Had no effect on my arousal.
c. Interfered with my arousal.

23. The method of photography (multiple over-lays, etc.) in this film:
a. Enhanced my arousal.
b. Had no effect on my arousal.
c. Interfered with.my arousal.

24. The music accompanying this fihm:
a. Enhanced my arousal.
b. Had no effect on my arousal.
c. Interfered with my arousal.

25. If this film had been in color:
a. I would have been more aroused.
b. Doesn't matter.
c. I would have been less aroused.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

121

Part of my arousal was because I found myself having memories
of my own past sexual experiences.

a. Yes

b. No

Part of my arousal was because I found myself having sexual
fantasies.

a. Yes

b. No

In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to the man/woman in
the film.

a. Yes

b. No

In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to my current
sexual partner (i.e., husband, wife, boyfriend, girlfriend).
a. Yes
b. No

In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to a past sexual

partner.
a. Yes
b. No

In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love, but to no one
person in particular.

a. Yes

b. No

If I had known more about the relationship that existed between
the couple in the film:

a. I would be more aroused.

b. Doesn't matter.

c. I would be less aroused.

If the film had had more of a story or plot:
a. I would be more aroused.

b. Doesn't matter.

c. I would be less aroused.

If there had been more scenes of explicit sexual activity
(i.e., more intercourse scenes):

a. I would be more aroused.

b. Doesn't matter.

c. I would be less aroused.

If there had been more explicit shots of the male body and male
genitalia:

a. I would be more aroused.

b. Doesn't matter.

c. I would be less aroused.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

122

As I watched the film, I put myself in the male's place, and
imagined that I was doing what he was doing.

a. Yes

b. No

As I watched the film, I put myself in the wanan's place, and
imagined what it would feel like if what was being done to her
were being done to me.

a. Yes

b. No

As I watched the fihm, I found the male attractive.
a. No, and it lessened my arousal.

b. No, but I don't think it affected my arousal.
c. Yes, and it enhanced by arousal.

d. Yes, but I don't think it affected my arousal.

AS I watched the film, I found the female attractive.
a. No, and it lessened my arousal.

b. No, but I don't think it affected my arousal.

c. Yes, and it enhanced my arousal.

d. Yes, but I don't think it affected my arousal.

Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,
"I really shouldn't enjoy watching a film like this"? (Note:
Whether you believe this statement or not, answer on the basis of
whether or not such thought occurred to you.)

a. Yes

b. No

Did you, at any time during the film, look around to see if anyone
was watching you?

a. Yes

b. No

Did you, at any time during the film, wonder if people were
watching you?

a. Yes

b. No

Did you, at any time during the film, feel like you wanted to turn
around and see if other people were reacting as you were?

a. Yes

b. No

Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,
"What would my mother say if She knew I was watching a film like
this?"

a. Yes

b. No

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

123

While watching the film, did you feel yourself getting "hot,"
your face flushing, your hands sweating?

a. Yes

b. No

At any point during the film, did you find yourself becoming so
involved that you began to feel guilty §9£_the couple and what
they were doing?

a. Yes

b. No

At any point, did you find yourself feeling guilty about observing
people making love?

a. Yes

b. No

At any point during the film, did you find yourself remembering your
own sexual experiences?
a. No
b. Yes, and it was pleasant.
c. Yes, and it brought back feelings of guilt associated with
those experiences.

At any point during the film, did you find yourself experiencing a
sexual fantasy?
a. No
b. Yes, and it was pleasant.
c. Yes, and I began to feel guilty about what I was doing in
the fantasy.

Have you seen Deep Throat?

a. No

b. Yes, and this film was more arousing than Deep Throat.

c. Yes, and this film was as arousing as Deep Throat.

d. Yes, and this film was less arousing for me than Deep Throat.

 

 

 

 

Have you seen Behind the Green Door?

a. No

b. Yes, and this film was more arousing for me than Behind
the Green Door.

c. Yes, and this film was as arousing for me as Behind the
Green Door.

d. Yes, and this film was less arousing for me than Behind the
Green Door.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Have you seen The Devil and Miss Jones?

a. No

b. Yes, and this film was more arousing for me than
The Devil and Miss Jones.

c. Yes, and this film was as arousing as
The Devil and Miss Jones.

d. Yes, and this film was less arousing for me than
The Devil and Miss Jones.

 

 

 

 

53.

54.

55.

124

In comparison with other erotic films I have seen:
I have never seen a film such as this before.

a.
b.
c.
d.

This film was
This film was
This film was

After seeing this

a.
b.

Yes
No

After seeing this

a.
b.

Yes
No

more arousing than others I have seen.
as arousing as others I have seen.
less arousing than others I have seen.

film, I felt like masturbating.

film, I felt like making love.

APPENDIX B

RESULTS OF SEPARATE CLUSTER ANALYSIS:

MEN AND WOMEN, PRE-FILM AND POST-FILM

APPENDIX B

RESULTS OF SEPARATE CLUSTER ANALYSIS:
MEN AND WOMEN, PRE-FILM AND POST-FIUM

Results: Men, Pre-Film

Eleven distinct clusters emerged from the men's responses to the
pre-film measures: the Sexual Morality Scale, the Sex Experience Scale,
and Mosher's Sex Guilt Scale. Only the Sex Experience scale emerged
intact as a cluster; the items which comprised the other scales were
distributed throughout the clusters, usually on the basis of the content
of the particular iten. All of the correlations reported in this, and
the following result sections, are drawn from a correlation.matrix which
has been corrected for unreliability. For a sample of 54 subjects,
correlations of approximately .273 are significant at the .05 level,
and correlations of approximately .354 and significant at the .01 level
(Table, p. 536 from Glass and Stanley's Statistical Methods in Education
and Psycholggy, 1970).

 

 

Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex. This cluster is composed of the
following nine items, four items from the Sexual Morality scale and five
items from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale: .

I would engage in sexual relations only if I were married (R)*.

I believe that sexual intercourse is wrong, except for the purpose

of procreation (R).

I personally reject the view that premarital sexual relations are

bad.

No sexual act is wrong, if it takes place between consenting

partners.

Sex relations before marriage help people to adjust.

If I had sex relations, I would not feel guilty.

Sexual relations before marriage are so common that they are no

longer morally wrong. .

Sex relations before marriage are good, in my opinion.

Sex should be saved for wedlock and childbearing (R).

There also emerged from the men's responses, a second cluster, which also
dealt in part with premarital sexual attitudes, but in addition, included
items that dealt more generally with the subject's attitude toward his
sexual impulses and the conditions required before the subject would act
on his impulses (the cluster will be referred to as "Attitudes toward
Sexual Impulses). The Attitude toward Sexual Impulses is a five item
cluster, composed of three items from the Sexual Morality scale and two
items from the Sex Guilt Scale. It strikes the writer that the "Impulses"
cluster has a more personalized tone than does the ”Attitudes Toward
Premarital Sex" cluster, which includes a nunber of general, attitudinal
statements.

 

*AS is the case for all clusters, items were reflected so that the
direction of the content agreed with the rest of the cluster. Items were
consistently reflected in a liberal direction. (R) denotes a reflected
item.

125

126

I would engaged in premarital sex only if I were in love with my
partner (R).
I would engaged in premarital sex only if I were engaged to be
married to my partner(R).
I would feel OK having sex for no other reason than for physical
enjoyment.
When I have sexual desires, I usually try to curb them (R).
When I have sexual desires, I usually try to satisfy them.
Predictably, these two clusters were highly related to one another
(r = +.53), although the second of the two clusters,"Attitudes Toward
Sexual Impulses,“ was more highly correlated with the men's overall
rating of their arousal to the film (+.36, as Opposed to +.l9).

"Attitudes Toward Masturbation": The third cluster which emerged
from the men's responses is a cluster concerning the subject's attitude
toward masturbation. It is composed of four items, two from the Sexual
Morality Scale, and two from the Mosher Sex Guilt Scale:

For me, masturbation is an acceptable way to release sexual tension.

If I masturbated, I would not feel guilty about it.

Masturbation is fun.

Masturbation is all right.

The cluster was correlated +.35 with the Premarital Sex cluster and +.51
with Attitudes Toward Sexual Impulses.

 

"Attitudes toward Homosexuality": This cluster is composed of
three items, one of which is from the Sexual Morality scale, and two of
which are drawn from Mosher's Sex Guilt scale:

For me to engage in sexual relations with a person of the same sex

would really violate my code of personal morality (R).

If I committed a homosexual act, it would be because of environment

and need.

Unusual sex practices are OK as long as they are heterosexual (R).
This cluster showed correlations of _,35 with "Attitudes Toward Pre-
marital Sex," +.30 with "Attitudes Toward Sexual Impulses," and +.29
with "Attitudes toward Masturbation." .

 

"Attitudes Toward women's Sexual Freedom": This cluster is
composed of four items, all of which are from the Sexual Morality scale.
The items' content is related to women's behavior as sexual beings, both
specifically during intercourse, and more generally:

I believe the only right position for sexual intercourse is with

the man on top (R).

I don't think there is anything wrong with experimenting with dif-

ferent positions during intercourse.

I think women should be as free as men to enjoy sex.

Sexually aggressive women turn me off (R).

From the correlations, it appears that liberal attitudes toward women's
expression of their sexualityene.also related to liberal attitudes toward
premarital sex (r +.36 with the "Attitudes toward Premarital Sex cluster)
and liberal attitudes toward one's own sexual impulses (r = +.52 with
"Attitudes Toward Impulses" cluster). Conservative attitudes are

related to one another in the same fashion.

 

127

"Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality": This cluster is composed
of three items, all from the Sex Guilt scale:

Sex play among children is natural and innocent.

Sex play is quite common among children.

Sex play is not good for the mental and emotional well-being of

children (R).

Evidently, children and the amount of "sex play" they may or may not
engaged in, is not a particularly compelling issue for the men in this
sample. Their attitudes toward children's sexualy bear little relation
to the attitudes they might hold toward their own sexual behaviors. This
cluster correlates only +.15 with ”Attitudes toward Premarital Sex,”
+.O4with ”Attitudes toward Sexual Impulses." The cluster does correlate
+.30 with a liberally scored Sex Experience cluster; liberal sex ex-
perience and liberal attitudes toward children's sexuality appear to be
related.

"Attitudes Toward Prostitution": This cluster is composed of three
items, all from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale:

Prostitution should be legalized.

Prostitution is the result of society not recognizing the needs

of her members.

Prostitution is a sign of moral decay in society (R).
Not surprisinghbliberal (or conservative) attitudes toward prostitution
are related to liberal (or conservative) attitudes toward premarital sex
(r = +.55 with the "Attitudes toward Premarital Sex cluster), liberal
attitudes toward one's own sexual impulses (r = +.24), liberal attitudes
toward masturbation (r = +.24)--and liberal attitudes toward women's
sexual freedom (r = +.7l).

 

"Attitudes Toward Pornographyj: This cluster is composed of three
items, all from the Sexual Morality scale:

I think that watching erotic movies and reading pornographic books

and magazines is a harmless pasttime.

I believe that all pornography should be outlawed (R).

I believe that pornography causes people to commit sexual crimes (R).
As expected, liberal/conservative attitudes toward pornography are rela-
ted to a host of other liberal/conservative attitudes. This cluster
correlated .48 with Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex, .34 with Attitudes
Toward Sexual Impulses, .21 with Attitudes Toward Masturbation, .49 with
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality, and .58 with Attitudes Toward Women's
Sexual Freedom.

 

"Attitudes Toward Adulteryj: This cluster is composed of three
items, all from the Mosher Sex Guilt Scale:

If, in the future, I committed adultery, I would probably feel bad
about it. (R)

If, in the future, I committed adultery, I wouldn't feel bad about
it.

If, in the future, I committed adultery, I would feel ashamed, but
not say anything about it. (R) '

 

128

Again, as expected, the subject's liberal/conservative attitude toward
adultery were related to a number of other liberal/conservative attitudes.
This cluster correlated +.21 with Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex, +.30
with Attitudes Toward Sexual Impulses; +.42 with Attitudes Toward Mastur-
bation, +.50 with Attitudes toward Women's Sexual Freedom, +.46 with
Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality, +.57 with Attitudes Toward Prosti-
tution, and .40 with Attitudes Toward Pornography.

”Attitudes toward Dirty Jokes": This cluster is canposed of five
items, all from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale:

Dirty jokes in mixed company makes them more interesting.

-Dirty jokes in mixed company are not proper. (R)

Dirty jokes in mixed company are lots of fun.

Dirty jokes in mixed company are exciting and amusing.

Dirty jokes in mixed company should be avoided. (R)
For some reason, Mosher seems to have a special interest in subjects'
reactions to dirty jokes . . . in mixed company. Although this cluster's
relationship to the other pre-film clusters ran in the expected direction,
the correlations of the Dirty Joke cluster to other clusters were low-
moderate, at best, the strongest of the correlations being +.34 with the
Attitudes toward Adultery cluster.

 

Sex Experience: As stated previously, the Sexual Experience scale
emerged as a cluster in its own right, almost totally intact, with three
exceptions. The item, "I have kissed a woman," was dropped, as all 54
subjects responded positively to the statement, while the item, "I have
had homosexual relations with another man," was not included for lack of
statistical strength. Equally, the item, "There is nothing immoral about
oral-genital sex," was more strongly related to the Sex Experience
cluster than to any of the other clusters, and was, therefore, included
with the remainder of the sex experience items although the inclusion of
this item does upset content homogeneity.

The Sex Experience cluster was correlated, in the expected direction,
with a number of the other pre-film clusters: +.25 with Attitudes Toward
Premarital Sex, +.l8 with Attitudes Toward Sexual Impulses, +.12 with
Attitudes Toward Masturbation, +.37 with Attitudes Toward Homosexuality,
+.42 with Attitudes Toward Women's Sexual Freedom, and +.30 with Atti—.
tudes Toward Children's Sexuality. The highest correlation this cluster
showed with any of the other pre-film clusters was +.53, with the
Attitudes Toward Pornography cluster.

 

Pre-film clusters and their relationship with the Arousal sub-scale:
It is a consistent feature of the data generated by the responses of the
fifty-four men, that the pre-film clusters, derived from personality mea-
sures, are more strongly related to one another than they are related to
the men's reported arousal. The correlations of the eleven pre-fibm

 

129

clusters with an Arousal subscale* range from-+Jn.for the Sex Experi-
ence cluster to +.42 with the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality cluster.

In the main, the correlations between the per-film clusters and the
Arousal subscale are low to moderate: +.11 with Attitudes toward Dirty
Jokes, +.l3 with Attitudes toward Pornography, +.16 with Attitudes Toward
Children's Sexuality, +.l9 with Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex, +.20
with Attitudes Toward Adultery, +.25 with Attitudes Toward Masturbation,
+.36 with Attitudes Toward Sexual Impulses. As stated previously, the
Arousal subscale correlated +.42 with Attitudes Toward Homosexuality;

for both the Sex Experience and the Attitudes toward Prostitution
clusters, little relationship with reported arousal emerged (correlations
were +.01 and +.08, respectively) .

Results: Women Pre-Fihm

 

From the women's responses to the four pre-film measures--the
Sexual Morality scale, Sexual Experience scale, the Mosher True-False
Guilt Inventory, and the Inventory of Feminine Values--twenty distinct
clusters emerged. As was the case for the male subjects, only the Sex
Experience scale emerged intact as a cluster in its own right. The
items from the other three instruments were distributed throughout the
clusters, primarily upon the basis of the content of the particular
items. As will be seen shortly, many of the clusters were similar to
those which emerged from the male responses. The wcmen, however,
seemed to discriminate more finely among items of sflnilar content.
There are, therefore, several instances wherein the women's responses
generated two-item clusters, while the men's responses had generated
three-item clusters. At the same time, the pre-film clusters generated
by the women's responses are not as "clean" (content-wise) as those of
the men's. For a sample size of lxn.correlations of .195 and signifi-
cant at the .05 level of significance; correlations of approximately
.245 are significant at the .01 level.

The first of the clusters which emerged from the women's responses
might be labeled, "Attitudes Toward Sexual Activity Other Than Inter~.
course, with an Emphasis Upon Masturbation." (For convenience, this
cluster will be referred to simply as the "masturbation cluster.") The
cluster is composed of eight items, four items from the Sexual Morality
scale, and four items from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale:

If I masturbated, I would not feel guilty.

For me, masturbation is an acceptable was to release sexual tension.

There is nothing immoral about oral-genital sex.

It is hard for me to envision myself as an initiator of sexual

activity. (R)
When I was a child, sex excited me.

 

*The Arousal subscale is composed of seven items from the post-film
questionnaire, which include the subject's rating of his overall arousal,
together with six items which ask the subject to rate his arousal to Spe-
cific sexual activities depicted in the film. The "Arousal subscale" is
not to be confused with the "Arousal cluster" spoken of in the post-film
result sections; the "Arousal cluster" includes two additional items.

130

Masturbation is fun.

Unusual sex practices might be interesting.

Masturbation is all right.
One might speculate that the reason the initiator item, the "unusual
sex" statement, and the sex-as-a-child item appear in this cluster is
that the women considered masturbation as unusual sex, which, obviously,
is self-initiated, and which is likely to occur during childhood. The
inclusion of the oral-genital item is more difficult to justify on this
basis, yet what this cluster seems to imply is the women's willingness
to participate in sexual activities (maSturbation, oral-genital sex,
female-initiated sexual encounters) which may still be less acceptable
for this sample of women than even participation in premarital sexual
activity. This cluster is of further interest in light of one finding
derived from the men's responses: of all of the clusters which emerged
from the men's pre-film data, the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality cluster
showed the greatest relationship with the men's rating of their overall
arousal to the film. For the women, it is this cluster which shows the
strongest relationship with the women's rating of their arousal to the
film (r = +.44). It may be that the acceptance or non-acceptance of
various sexual activities or sex related issues (i.e., premarital sex,
masturbation, pornography, etc.) are ordered in such a way that an
acceptance or tolerance of homosexuality is a particularly discriminating
issue among men, while an acceptance of masturbation/female-initiated
sexual activity more sensitively discriminates among groups of women.

"Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (1)": The second cluster which
emerged from the women's responses is composed of eight items, three from
the Sexual Morality scale, and five from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale:

I personally reject the view that premarital sexual relations are

bad.

I would engage in sexual relations only if I were married. (R)

No sexual act is wrong, if it takes place between consenting part-

ners.

Sex relations before marriage help people to adjust.

If I had sex relations, I would not feel guilty.

Sexual relations before marriage are so common that they are no

longer morally wrong. ‘

When I have sexual desires, I usually try to satisfy them.

Sex relations before marriage are good, in my opinion.

Except for two items, all of the statements in this cluster refer

directly to premarital sex. One might speculate that these women had
sexual intercourse in.mind as the most frequent method of satisfying

their sexual desires, and that the activity "between consenting adults"
which was most frequently considered was again, sexual intercourse. Not
surprisingly, this cluster showed a definite relationship with the
Attitudes toward Masturbation cluster (r = +.40). Unlike the masturbation
cluster, this cluster showed aLmost no relationship with the women's
rating of their arousal to the film (r = +.04).

 

"Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (11)": A second, three-item.clus-
ter, whose content is also related to premarital sexual activity,
emerged from the female data. All three items are from the Sexual

 

131

Morality scale: .
I would engage in premarital sex only if I were in love with my
partner. (R)
I would engage in premarital sex only if I were engaged to be
married to my partner. (R)
I would feel 0K having sex for no other reason than for physical
enjoyment.
If one considers how the first two items would read after being
reflected, "I would engage in premarital sex if I were not engaged to
be married," and "I would engage in premarital sex if I were not in love
with my partner"—-together with the content of the third item, "I would
feel OK having sex for no other reason than physical enjoyment"--it
might be said that this cluster deals with premarital sex in the
absence of emotional commitment. This commitment.includes both
"official" commitment (engagement) and the "unofficial," but still
acceptable state of being in love. It appears that the women in this
sample seem to be clearly discriminating between sex-beforedmarriage, as
Opposed to no-sexrbefore-marriage, and sex-before-marriage—with commit-
ment, as Opposed to sex-before-marriage-without-emotional commitment.
This cluster correlated +.48 with Attitudes Toward Masturbation and
+.34 with Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I). It is perhaps not surpri-
sing that the more "liberal" attitudes encompassed by Premarital Sex (II)
would be more strongly correlated with attitudes toward masturbation,
oral-genital sex, and female-initiated sexual activity, than with Atti-
tudes toward Premarital Sex (I). It seems that if the "sexual revolu-
tion" has accomplished anything, it has been to make premarital sexual
activity more acceptable, particularly for unmarried women. Masturbation,
among a handful of issues, remains as a more "taboo" activity.

"Conservative Sexual Attitudes": This is a four-item cluster, com-
posed entirely of items from the Mosher Sex Guilt scale. The Specific
content of the items is a mixed bag, but the tone of the items is one of
undeniable conservatism--toward premarital sex, "unusual sex" (what-
ever that.might be), and childhood sexual activity:

Sex should be saved for wedlock and childbearing.

There should be no sexual relations before marriage.

Unusual sex practices are immature.‘

Sex play is not good for the mental and emotional well being of

children.
As would be expected, this cluster correlated negatively with the more
liberal clusters, Attitudes Toward Masturbation and Attitudes Toward
Premarital Sex (I) (r = -.35 and -.31, respectively).

 

"Attitudes Toward Women's Sexual Freedom": This is a three iten
cluster, drawn entirely from the Sexual Morality scale:
I believe the only right position for sexual intercourse is with
the man on top. (R) ‘
I don't think there is anything wrong with experimenting with dif-
ferent positions during intercourse.
I think women should be as free as men to enjoy sex.
This cluster correlated a striking +.57 with the Attitudes toward Mastur-
bation cluster, a relationship which is not surprising, considering that

 

132

the items in this cluster involve actions and attitudes that revolve
around women's choice and initiative. Equally, the cluster correlates
+.50 with Premarital Sex (II), which involves women's freedom to engage
in sexual intercourse for physical pleasure alone--without the benefit
of engagement, or even the existence of a "love relationshipi" This
cluster also correlates healthily (r = +.48) with Premarital Sex (I),
which involves the woman's freedom to engage in sexual relations without
being married.

"Attitudes toward Hanosexuality": This is a three-item cluster,
composed of two items from the Sexual Morality Scale and one item from
the Sex Guilt scale:

For me to engage in sexual relations with a person of the same sex

would really violate my code of personal morality. (R)

If I committed a homosexual act, it would be because of environment

and need.

I believe that sexual intercourse is wrong, unless it is for the

purpose of procreation. (R) \
Although the third item does not refer specifically to homosexuality,
there is a logical basis for its inclusion in the cluster, as homosexual
activity cannot be employed in the service of reproduction. As might be
expected, liberal/conservative attitudes toward homosexuality are related
to other liberal/conservative attitudes: this cluster showed correla+
tions of +.44 with Premarital Sex (II), +.45 with Attitudes toward Mas-
turbation, +.58 with Attitudes toward Women's Sexual Freedom, and +.69
with Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I).

 

"Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality": This cluster is composed
of two items, both from the Sex Guilt scale:

Sex play among children is natural and innocent.

Sex play is quite common among children.
This cluster is most strongly correlated with the Attitudes toward
Masturbation cluster (r = +.61), a finding which is to be expected as
masturbation is the sexual activity most readily available to children.
This cluster was also strongly correlated with.both Attitudes toward
Premarital Sex (II) and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (r for both is
+.52).

 

"Attitudes Toward Prostitution": This is a two—item cluster, drawn
from the Sex Guilt Scale:

Prostitution is a Sign of moral decay in society. (R)

Prostitution should be legalized.
The third of the prostitution items, "Prostitution is the result of
society not recognizing the needs of her members,” was not of sufficient
strength to be included in this cluster, as it had been for the men,
perhaps because the item is related more to the needs of male members of
society than to the needs of female manbers. This cluster is moderately
correlated with Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (II) (r = +.23),
Attitudes toward Homosexuality (r==+.25), Attitudes toward Masturbation
(r = +.28), Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I) (r = +.33), and Attitudes
toward Women's Sexual Freedom (r = +.48).

 

133

"Attitudes Toward Pornography": This is a three item cluster,
which is drawn entirely from the Sexual Morality scale:
I think that watching erotic movies and reading pornographic
books or magazines is a harmless pasttime.
I believe that all pornography should be outlawed. (R)
I believe that pornography causes people to commit sexual
crimes. (R)
This cluster is correlated moderately, and in the predicted direction,
with other sexual attitudes: +.29 with Attitudes toward Homosexuality,
+.32 with Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (II), +.37 with Attitudes
toward Children's Sexuality, +.38 with both Attitudes toward Premarital
Sex (I) and Attitudes toward Masturbation, and +.43 with Attitudes
toward Women's Sexual Freedom. The cluster shows its strongest relation-
ship with Attitudes toward Prostitution (r = +.74). For these women,
at least, attitudes toward prostitution and pornography are strongly
related, a finding which is not surprising, as these two issues are often
presented together by both local and national media reports.

"Attitudes Toward Adultery": This is a two item.cluster, drawn
from the Sex Guilt scale:
If, in the future, I committed adultery, I would feel bad about
it. (R)
If, in the future, I committed adultery, I would be ashamed,
but not say anything about it. (R)
Although this cluster showed low to moderate positive correlations with
a number of liberally-scored clusters (+.18 with Attitudes toward
Prostitution, +.29 with Attitudes toward Masturbation, +.43 with
Attitudes toward Children's Sexuality), its strongest relationship
was with Conservative Attitudes Toward Sexuality, wherein r = +.75.

 

"Attitudes Toward Dirty Jokes": This cluster is composed of five
items, all from the Sex Guilt scale, and all dealing with reactions to
"dirty jokes" told in "mixed company":

Dirty jokes in mixed company makes them more interesting.

Dirty jokes in mixed company are not proper. (R)

Dirty jokes in mixed company are lots of fun.'

Dirty jokes in mixed company are exciting and amusing.

Dirty jokes in mixed company should be avoided. (R)

Again, the writer marvels at Mosher's preoccupation with subjects'
reactions to dirty jokes. Nonetheless, this cluster exhibited a
variety of moderate, but predictable correlations with other attitudes
these women held: the cluster correlated +.25 with Attitudes toward
Premarital Sex (I), +.26 with Attitudes toward Children's Sexuality,
+.29 with Attitudes Toward Homosexuality, +.33 with Attitudes toward
Prostitution, +.35 with Attitudes toward Masturbation, and .42 with
Attitudes toward WOmen's Sexual Freedom. The strongest correlation
this cluster exhibited was +.52--with Attitudes toward Pornography.

 

Fand Inventornglusters

 

The following eight clusters emerged from the Fand Inventory.
Almost without exception, these clusters show stronger relationships with
one another than they do with any of the clusters whose content deals

134

specifically with either sexual activity or attitudes toward sexually
related issues.

"Professional WOman": The first of the clusters which emerged from
the Inventory of Feminine Values is a four item cluster, composed of
the following statements:
I would like to gain recognition for the professional work I do.
I feel a conflict between what society dictates that I do as a
woman and what I wish to do for myself.
The greatest satisfactions in life come from one's professional
successes.
If I really thought I could be famous, I would give up anything
for it.
This cluster showed several moderate, positive correlations with a
number of more specifically sexually oriented clusters: +.17 with
Attitudes toward Masturbation, +.22 with Attitudes Toward Adultery,
.26 with Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (II), and .30 with
Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I). The strongest correlation this
cluster showed with any of the sex-attitude clusters was +.38-—with
Attitudes Toward Women's Sexual Freedom. Overall, however, the strong-
est correlations this cluster exhibited were with two other clusters from’
the Fand Inventory: the "Assertion" cluster and the "Marriage and
Sacrifices" cluster, both of which will be described shortly.

 

"Working Mom": This cluster is compoSed of the itemS:
A woman who works cannot possibly be as good a mother as a woman
who stays at home. (R)
A working mother can give hre children just as much love and atten-
tion as a mother who stays at home.
Although this cluster was moderately correlated with a number of sexual
attitude clusters--+.20 with Attitudes toward Prostitution, +.22 with
Attitudes toward Pornography, .29 with Attitudes toward Homosexuality,
and +.43 with Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I)--its strongest corre-
lations are, again, with two Fand clusters: "Compliance" and "Marriage
and Family Come First." Both correlations are negative: -.52 and -.44,
respectively. 7 -

 

"Assertion": The Assertion cluster is composed of the following t
three items:

I argue with people who try to give me orders.

When I am with a group of people, I usually become the leader.

I express my ideas strongly.
This cluster is moderately correlated with several of the sexual
attitude clusters: .24 with Attitudes toward Pornography and -.24 with
Attitudes toward Adultery, .28 with Attitudes toward Premarital (I), .34
with Attitudes toward Masturbation, and .47 with Attitudes toward
Prostitution. Of the other Fand Inventory clusters, the Assertion
cluster showed its strongest relationship (r = .65) with the Professional
WOman cluster.

 

135

"Compliance":v The Compliance cluster is composed of the following
three items:

I try to do what people want me to do. (R)

I worry about what people think of me. (R)

I can put myself in the background and work hard for someone I

admire. (R)

Because all of the Compliance items were reflected (i.e., after reflec~
tion, they read: "I do not try to do what peOple want me to do," "I do
not worry about what people think of me," and "I cannot put myself in
the background and work hard for someone I admire), the correlations
between this cluster and a nunber of the sexual attitude clusters were
both positive and moderate. Had the content of the Compliance cluster
not been reflected, moderate, negative correlations would emerge with
Attitudes toward Homosexuality (-.22), Attitudes toward Adultery (-.26),
Attitudes toward Prostitution (-.30), Attitudes toward Pornography
(-.36), Attitudes toward Women's Sexual Freedom (-.37), and Attitudes
Toward Premarital Sex (I) (-.45). Of the eight Fahd-generated clusters,
Compliance showed the strongest relationship with the Professional WOman
cluster (-.65).

"Marriage, Motherhood, and Sacrifices": This is a three item
cluster, composed of the following statements:
I am not sure the joys of motherhood make up for the sacrifices.
For women, marriage is largely a story of one unjustifiable
sacrifice after another.
I am sure what a woman gains from marriage makes up for the diffi-
culties she might experience. (R)
The two sexual attitude clusters with which Marriage, Motherhood, and
Sacrifices Showed the greatest, although, again, moderate correlations
were with Attitudes toward Masturbation (r = +.25) and Attitudes toward
Homosexuality (r = +.32). Its highest correlations with other Fand
clusters were with Professional Woman (r = +.40) and Marriage and Family
Come First (I = -.56) .

 

"Equal Rights": The "Equal Rights" cluster is composed of the
items:
Should I marry, I would not change my political beliefs just to
satisfy my husband.
Major decisions in a marriage should be equally shared by the
husband and wife.
Children should be brought up to believe in equal rights for the
sexes.
The highest correlations this cluster showed with any of the sexual
attitude clusters were .28 with Premarital Sex (II) and .34 with Atti-
tudes toward women's Sexual Freedoms. The highest correlation "Equal
Rights" showed with any of the other Fand-generated clusters was «.45
with the "Husband" cluster.

 

"Marriage and Family Should Come First": This is a four item
cluster, composed of the following statements:
The needs of a fmaily should come before a woman's professional
ambitions.

 

136

Once a woman marries, marriage and family should come first in
her life.

My primary goal in life is to raise happy children.

A woman's place is in the home.
"Marriage and Family Should Come First" showed a number of moderate,
negative correlations with the sexual attitude clusters: -.24 with
Attitudes Toward Dirty Jokes, -.27 with Attitudes Toward Pronography, -.
-.34 with Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality. Correlations with
Attitudes toward Masturbation, Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I), and
Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (II), were even more modest (-.30, -.16,
and -.21, respectively). Of all of the sexual attitude clusters,
"Marriage and Family Should Come First," correlated most strongly with
Attitudes toward Homosexuality (-.51). Of the Fand-generated clusters,
those correlating most strongly with "Marriage and Family Should Come
First" were "Husband" (+.35), "Working Mom" (-.44), "Compliance" (+.54),
and "Marriage, Motherhood, and Sacrifices".(-.56).

"Husband": The final Fand-generated cluster is composed of the
items:
Should I marry, I would feel uncomfortable if my husband were
not successful.
Most ambitious and responsible husbands would not like their wives
to work outside the hone.
A woman can truly love only one man.
This particular cluster exhibited moderate, negative correlations with
several liberally scored sexual attitude clusters: .35 with Attitudes
Toward Adultery (here, the correlation is positive, as the Adultery
cluster was scored in a conservative direction), -.36 with Attitudes
toward Premarital Sex (I), -.37 with Attitudes toward Homosexuality,
-.38 with Attitudes toward Dirty Jokes, -.40 with Attitudes toward Pre-
marital Sex (II), -.43 with Attitudes Toward WOmen's Sexual Freedom,
and -.45 with Attitudes toward Pornography. The "Husband" cluster also
showed moderate correlations with five of the Fahd-generated clusters:
-.33 with "Working Mom," .35 with "Marriage and Family Should Come
First," -.38 with "Professional Woman," -.45 with "Equal Rights," and
.55 with "Compliance."

Sex Experience Cluster. As stated previously, the twelve items
of the Sex Experience scale emerged intact as a cluster. On the whole,
the relationship between the Sex experience cluster and the rest of the
pre-film clusters was slightly higher than had been the case for the men.
The highest correlations the Sex Experience cluster showed with any of
the pre-film clusters were with Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (I)
(r = .53) and Attitudes toward Masturbation (r = .52), thus supporting
the contention that liberal/conservative sexual attitudes are reflected
by liberal/conservative ranges of sexual experience. Attitudes toward
Prostitution, Women's Sexual Freedom, and Conservative Sexual Attitudes
followed in terms of the strength Of their correlations with the Sex
Experience cluster (.40, .38, and -.37, respectively). The "Equal
Rights" cluster, Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (II), Attitudes toward
Adultery, "Compliance," Attitudes toward Pornography, "Assertion," and
Attitudes toward Homosexuality all showed moderate correlations with
the Sex Experience cluster (.30, .29, .27, -.26, .21, .18, and .17,

137

respectively). Six clusters--Attitudes toward Dirty Jokes, "Professional
Woman," "Working Mom," "Marriage, Motherhodd, and Sacrifices," "Marriage
and Family Come First," and "Husband"--all exhibited little, if any,
relationship with the Sex Experience cluster (correlations for these
clusters ranged from -JI9to .10). It is not surprising that the two
clusters which directly reflect the women's attitudes toward engaging

in sexual activity should have the greatest relationship with sex
experience.

Pre—Film Clusters and Their Relationship With the Arousal Subscale:
Following are the correlations between the pre-film clusters, generated
from the women's responses, and an Arousal subscale. As noted previously,
the arousal subscale is composed of the first six items from the post-
film questionnaire, which ask that the subject(s) rate his/her arousal

on a five-point scale, both for specific scenes depicted in the film,

and for the subject's overall assessment of how aroused he/she was
throughout the film.

Attitudes toward Masturbation +.44
Attitudes Toward WOmen's Sexual Freedom +.29
"Working Mom" +.28
Attitudes toward Dirty Jokes +.27
"Assertion" +.26
Conservative Attitudes Toward Sexuality. -.22
Attitudes toward Homosexuality .14
"Husband" -.14
"Professional Woman" .14
Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality .12
"Compliance -.12
"Equal Rights" .12
Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (II) .12
Attitudes toward Adultery -.10
Attitudes toward Pornography .09
Marriage, Motherhood, and Sacrifices .08
Attitudes toward Prostitution - .07
"Marriage and Family Should Come First" .06
Attitudes toward Premarital Sex (I) .04

As can be quickly seen, with the exception of one cluster, Attitudes
Toward Masturbation, whose correlation is a moderate .44, none of the
pre—film clusters correlated highly with the Arousal subscale. This
finding, which is similar to the data generated by the men's responses,
reinforces several contentions: 1) that constellations of attitudes,
defined along either liberal or conservative lines, tend to go together
(i.e., liberal/conservative attitudes toward premarital sex, prostitue
tion, masturbation, pornography, etc., being related); 2) that, as had
been the case for the men, the clusters derived fromthe womenfs respon-
ses to personality measures—-Sex Guilt, Sex Morality, Sex Experience,
and the Inventory of Feminine Values--are more highly correlated with
one another than they are to the women's reported arousal to the film;

138

and 3) that for the women, (this might also be the same for men, but
the Fand was not administered to the male sample), liberal sexual
attitudes are related to liberalized views of "women's role," although
the clusters derived from the Fand Inventory are themselves, like the
other personality clusters, not highly correlated with the women's
reported arousal.

Results: Men, Post-Film

 

Desire: From the items which comprised the post-film question-
naire, a number of distinct clusters emerged from the men's responses.
The first of these clusters is labeled "Desire", a nine item cluster,
which includes items which deal with the subject's reported arousal to
the film as a whole, his arousal to specific scenes depicted in the fihm
(the scenes of thecouple undressing one another; scenes of the couple
embracing and kissing one another, scenes of intercourse, scenes of
oral-genital sex, and the close-up Shots of the penis moving in and out
of the vagina), the form the subject's arousal took (i.e., stable arousal
throughout the film, arousal greater during the first half of the film,
or the last half, or arousal which fluctuated, depending upon the scene
being depicted), and whether or not the subject felt like making love
or masturbating after having viewed the film. The weakest item in
this cluster is the item, "After seeing the film, I felt like masturba-
ting;" the strongest item, the one most predictive of the males'
overall arousal, is the item, "Indicate how aroused you were to the
scenes of the couple having intercourse." (See appendix for all cluster
item.inter—correlations.)

Self-Reported Physiological Excitement: General: This cluster is
composed of six items, that reflect awareness of physiological state of
arousal: whether or not the subject experienced increased heartrate,
increased breathing rate, dry mouth, muscle tension, flushing, or
Sweating. This cluster correlated .63 with the Arousal cluster, although
it should be noted that these items reflect a general state of arousal,
which may be caused by anxiety, among other things, as well as by sexual
arousal.

 

Self-Reported Physiolggical Arousal, Male Specific: As may be
ascertained from the label, this cluster includes items which are
specific to male sexual arousal: whether or not the subject experienced
an erection; penis engorgement without erection; partial erection; full
erection for either less than three minutes, three to six minutes, or
for more than six minutes; or emission. The item, "ejaculation," was
dropped from the cluster because none of the men reported experiencing
ejaculation as a result of having viewed the film. Not surprisingly,
this cluster correlated .90 with the Desire cluster and .63 with the
general physiological cluster.

 

Fantasy: The six items in this cluster seek to ascertain whether
or not the subject had experienced any sexual fantasies while he viewed

139

the film and the nature, or content, Of those fantasies: whether the
subject had envisioned himself making love to the woman portrayed

in the film, making love to a past sexual partner, his current sexual
partner, or to no person in particular. Also included in this cluster
is the item, "I put myself in the man's place, and imagined that I was
doing what he was doing."

Of the fifty-four men, 57.4 percent reported that they had experi-
enced sexual fantasies while viewing the film; 18.5 percent reported
fantasies Of making love to the woman portrayed in the fibn, 50 percent
reported fantasies of making love to their current sexual partner,

16.7 percent reported fantasies of making love to a past sexual partner,
and 44 percent reported fantasies which involved making love to "no per-
son in particular." Evidently, some of the men experienced more than one
kind of fantasy while viewing the film. Additionally, 51.9 percent of
the men reported that they had imagined putting themselves in the man's
place and doing what he was doing. This cluster correlated .58 with the
Desire cluster, .44 with the Excitement cluster, and .71 with the male
Arousal cluster.

Memories: This is a two item cluster whose items reflect whether
or not the subject experienced memories of 'his past sexual experiences
and whether or not those memories contributed to his arousal. The clus-
ter correlated .44 with the Desire cluster, .48 with the general
physiological cluster, .46 with the male Arousal cluster, and .58 with
the Fantasy cluster.

Self-Consciousness/"Guilt II": This four item cluster is composed
of the following statements:
Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,
'I really shouldn't enjoy watching a film like this'?
Did you, at any time during the film, wonder if people were
watching you?
Did you, at any time during the film, look around to see if anyone
was watching you?
At any point during the film, did you find yourself feeling guilty
about observing people making love?
The cluster correlated -.40 with the Arousal cluster, -.45 with the
general physiological cluster, -.44 with the male physiolotical cluster,
-.32 with the fantasy cluster, and -.49 with the memories cluster.

 

Film Characteristics, I and II: For the men, two, two-item clusters
emerged which were related to the characteristics of this particular
fihm. "Film.characteristics, I" asks the subject to respond to the . RH
method of of photography employed in the film (multiple overlays,
shifting scenes) and the fact that the film.was in black-and white,
rather than in color. "Film characteristics, II" seeks the subject's
reaction to the dream-like, or fantasy-like quality of the film and to
the presence of the nature shots that are interspersed among the scenes
of sexual activity.

 

140

Comparison with Other Films, I and II: These two clusters are,
again, each composed of two items, and involve the subject's comparison
of the film Unfolding with other erotic films the Subject may have seen.

"Other Films, I" involves the subject's comparison of Unfolding with the
movies Deep Throat and the Devil and Miss Jones, which have been shown
on the MSU campus, sometimes on the same bill. "Other Films, II" in-
volves the subject's comparison of Unfolding with Behind the Green Door,
also shown on the MSU campus during the past year, together with the
general statement: "In comparison with other erotic films I have seen,
this film was . . . more arousing/less arousing/as arousing . . ." Both
clusters, although healthily related to one another (r = .49), evidenced
only low correlations with the Arousal cluster (.23 and .17,
respectively).

Of the fifty-four men, 55.6 percent had ngE_seen Deep Throat, 83.3
percent had not seen Behind the Green Door, and 63 percent had not seen
the Devil and Miss Jones. Of the men who had seen these films,
however, a good percentage rated Unfolding as being less arousing
(i.e., 37 percent of those who had seen Deep Throat, 9.3 percent of
those who had seen Behind the Green Door, and 27.8 percent who had seen
the Devil and Miss Jones rated Unfolding as being less arousing.) In
response to the general question, "In comparison with other erotic films
I have seen . . .," 66.7 percent of the men rated Unfolding as less
arousing than other erotic films they had viewed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sexual Morality; Sex Experience, and Sex Guilt Measures: When
the Sexual Morality scale, the Sex Experience scale, and the Sex Guilt
Scale were scored as unitary instruments (Sections I and II of the
Results Section deal with the instruments after they have been broken
down into clusters), the following relationships emerged: the Sexual
Morality scale correlated a modest .23 with the Desire cluster for the
male subjects, .32 with the Sex Experience scale, and -.64 with the Sex
Guilt scale. Somewhat surprisingly, the Sexual Experience scale showed
no relationship with themen's rating of their reported arousal, the
correlation being -.01. The highest correlation the Sex Experience
scale showed with any of the post-film clusters was .47 with the
Memories cluster, thus underscoring the obvious conclusion that the more
sexual experience one accumulates, the greater number of memories one
has at one's disposal. Equally, the Sex Guilt.measure, when scored as
a whole, showed only a moderate, negative correlation with the men's
rating of their arousal (r = -.32), thus supporting the contention that
the higher one's score on the Sex Guilt scale, the lower one's reported
arousal.

A number of the items which appeared in the post-film questionnaire
were not of sufficient statistical strength to be included in the post-
film clusters. Unlike the women, the men did not seem to be affected by
such film characteristics as the presence or absence of a story or plot,
or the perceived attractiveness of the actors and actresses in the film
or at least these items did not emerge as clusters in their own right
as they had for the women. From the strength of the correlations, it
appears that the film, as an immediate stimulus, serves to induce physiol-
ogical reactions, both general and specifically sexual, together with
cognitive changes (i.e., fantasies), which are more directly related to

141

the arousal the subject reports himself having experienced than are
the personality measures, which, as stated previously, are more highly
correlated with one another than they are to the subject's reported
arousal.

Results: Women, Post-Film

 

As will be seen shortly, the clusters which emerged from the women's
responses to the post-film questionnaire are similar to those generated
by the male data:

Desire: As for the men, this cluster is composed of those items
from the post—film questionnaire which reflect the women's overall
reported arousal to the film, their reported arousal to specific scenes
depicted in the film, the course their arousal took (constant through-
out the film, greater during the first half as Opposed to the last half
or vice-versa, fluctuating, depending upon the scene), and whether or
not they felt like masturbating or making over after they had seen
the film. Again, the item that was most predictive of the women's over-
all arousal was the item asking them to rate their arousal to the scenes
of the couple engaging in sexual intercourse. As had been the case in
Mann's study of married couples, in which the film Unfolding was one of
several films the couples viewed, the women rated themselves as being
slightly more aroused by this film than the men, the mean reported
arousal of the wanen being 1.525 on a five-point scale, with a standard
deviation of .918, while the mean reported arousal of the men was 1.259,
with a standard deviation of .843. Both the men and the women rated
Unfoldigg as being "mildly" arousing.

Excitement: As for the men, this cluster is composed of items which
reflect a state of general excitement: whether or not the subject ex-
perienced increased heartrate, increased breathing rate, dry mouth,
muscle tension, flushing, or sweating. For the-women, this cluster cor-
related .94 with the Desire cluster.

 

Self—Reported Arousal-Female Specific: This cluster includes items
which are specific to female sexual arousal: whether or not the women
experienced mild genital sensations (defined as "tingling"), strong
genital sensations ("throbbin" or "pulsating"), breast sensations, and
vaginal lubrication. The item "no genital sensations" was dropped be-
cause of an unintended, but nonetheless confusing, dodble-negative word-
ing, and the item "orgasm" was dropped because none of the women reported
orgasm as a result of watching the film. This cluster correlated .89
with the general physiologcal cluster and a startling 1.0 with the Desire
cluster.

 

Fantasy: Female: The items in this cluster reflected whether or
not the women experienced sexual fantasies while viewing the film, to-
gether with the content of those fantasies: whether or not the subject
imagined herself making love to the man portrayed in the film, making
love to a current sexual partner, and whether or not the viewer had

 

142

fantasized putting herself in the woman's place and imagining, "what it
would feel like if what were being done to her were being done to me."
Approximately 53 percent of the women reported that they had experienced
sexual fantasies while watching the film. Only 11 percent of the women
reported that they had imagined making love to the man portrayed in the
film; 66 percent reported that they had imagined making love to their
current sexual partner, and 68 percent reported that they had imagined
putting themselves in the woman's place. Unlike the results for the men,
the item, "In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love, but to no one
person in particular," was not of sufficient statistical strength to be
included in this cluster; only 14 percent of the women reported experi—
encing a fantasy of this stype.

Again, it appears that the act of fantasizing, as a result of an
erotic stimulus, plays an important role in subjects' arousal. Males
seemed to identify with the male role, and females with the female role,
although there was slight evidence for some cross-sex identification:

9 percent of the men reported imaging themselves being in the female's
place, while approximately 7 percent of the women reported imagining
themselves in the male's place. It also appears that the women's fanta-
sies tended to be more personalized than those of the men's: most women
who reported fantasies which involved their current sexual partner,

and only 14 percent reported fantasies involving no person in particular,
while a much larger percentage of the men reported a non-Specific fantasy.

The Fantasy cluster correlated .88 with-the Desire cluster, .74
with the Excitement cluster, and .86 with the female specific physiolo-
gical Arousal cluster.

Memories: This cluster is canposed of two items which reflect whe—
ther or not the subject experienced fantasies of past sexual experience,
and whether or not those memories contributed to her arousal. The
cluster evidenced only moderate correlations with the Desire , general
physiological, and female-specific physiological clusters (r = .22, .12,
and .27, respectively ).

Self Consciousness Clusters, I, II, and III: Each of these clus-
ters is composed of two items which are related to some component of
self consciousness, uneasiness, or guilt that the viewer may have ex-
perienced while watching the film.

The first of these clusters is composed of the items:

Did you, at any time during the film, wonder if people were

watching you?

Did you, at any time during the film, feel like you wanted to

turn around and see if other people were reacting as you were?
This cluster's correlation with the Desire cluster was -.29; it did,
however, correlate .46 with the general physiological cluster, thus
supporting the contention that the general arousal items reflect a
state of emotional arousal that is not specific to sexual arousal, but
may include elements of self consciousness, anxiety, guilt, etc.

The second of these clusters is composed of the items:

Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,

'I really shouldn't enjoy watching a film like this'?

 

143

Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,
'What would my mother say if she knew I was watching a film
like this'?

This cluster correlated -.21 with the Desire cluster, -.23 with the
Excitement cluster, and -.27 with the female Arousal cluster.

The third of the Self Consciousness clusters is composed of state-

ments that are more directly related to guilt:

At any point during the film, did you find yourself becoming so
involved that you began to feel guilty §g£_the couple and what
they were doing?

At any point during the film, did you find yourself feeling
guilty about observing people making love?

Although this cluster correlated only -.16 with the Desire cluster,
it was more highly correlated with both the Sex Guilt and Sex Experi-
ence scales (.46 and .52, respectively).

Film Characteristics, I, II, and III: From the women's responses
to the post-film questionnaire, three clusters having to do with parti-
cular characteristics of the film Unfolding emerged:

Film Characteristics I included three items which involved the
subject's reactions to the dream-like, or fantasy quality of the film,
the presence of interspersed nature shots, and the method of photography.

 

Film Characteristics II: is a two item cluster involving the sub-
ject's reaction to the fact that the film did not have a clearly defined
story or plot and to the fact that the relationship between the couple in
the film was not clearly defined (except for the obvious fact that the
couple were lovers).

 

Film Characteristics III: is a two item cluster which deals with
the film's level of explicitness. Subjects were asked how their arousal
would have been affected if the film had been.more explicit (i.e., more
intercourse scenes) and if there had been more frequent and explicit
Shots Of the male body and genitalia. Although this film was designed to
portray women's sexual fantasies, as is the case in the majority of
commercially produced erotic films, more attention (photographically
Speaking) is devoted to the female body than to the male body. A nunber
of the women who had taken part in the pilot study had commented, someé
times quite angrily, upon the differential treatment of male and female
bodies.

"Film Characteristics, I", the photOgraphy cluster, correlated .21
with the Desire cluster, a finding that seemed to indicate that for the
women who found themselves aroused by the film, the method of photography,
the numerous nature shots, and the dream-like, or fantasy-like quality
of the film had either enhanced their arousal, or at least, had not
interfered with it. "Film Characteristics, II", the relationship-plot
cluster, showed little relationship with the women's rating of their
arousal (r = .11). "Film Characteristics, III," the explicitness
cluster correlated .36 with the Desire cluster, thereby indicating that
for the women who found themselves aroused by the film, more explicit
portrayals of both sexual activity and the male body would have enhanced

 

144

their arousal or not interfered with it. Unlike the other two film
characteristic clusters, the explicitness cluster showed moderately
strong correlations with the Excitement cluster (r = .41), the female
Arousal cluster (r = .52), and the Fantasy cluster (r = .41). Not
surprisingly, this cluster correlated —.55 with the Self Consciousness
III cluster (guilt for watching people making love, guilt for the couple
and what they were doing).

Comparison with Other Films: This cluster is composed of four items,
three of which seek the subject's comparison of Unfolding with Deep
Throat, Behind the Green Door, and the Devil and Miss Jones. The fourth
item is a general statement "In comparison with other erotic films I
have seen, this one . . . was more arousing/as arousing/less arousing."
The majority of women in this sample reported that they had ggE_seen any
of the specifically designated films (96 percent had not seen Deep Throat;
96 percent had not seen Behind the Green Door, and 91 percent had not
seen the Devil and Miss Jones). In response to the general question,

58 percent of the women reported that they had never seen "a film such

as this befOre? and of the women who had seen other erotic films, 12.5
percent reported Unfolding as being more arousing, 7.7 percent reported
Unfolding as being as arousing, and 18.9 percent reported Unfolding to be
less arousing than other films they had seen. Considerably fewer

women than men reported ever having seen an erotic film, and the women
tended to rate this film, which is more subtle than many conmercially
produced "porno" films, more favorably than did the men. This cluster
correlated a moderate .22 with the Desire cluster, .29 with the Excite-
ment cluster, and .16 with the female-Arousal cluster.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attractiveness: This cluster, which did not emerge as a distinct
cluster from the male data, is a two item cluster which seeks to
ascertain the effects the attractiveness of the male and female actors
and actresses portrayed in the film exerted on the viewer's arousal.

The cluster correlated .30 with the arousal cluster, thus indicating
that if the female viewer found the actors and actresses attractive, her
arousal was enhanced. It may be the case that attractive models pro-
vide a greater basis for identification, and in this way, serve to
enhance arousal. The Attractiveness cluster did not, however, show any
relationship withe the Fantasy cluster (r = .03).

 

Post-Film.Clusters and Their Relationship with Personality_Measures

Sex Morality Scale: When the Sex Morality scale was scores as a
whole, it was found that liberal sexual morality was related to higher
arousal ratings to the film (r = .26). The scale correlated .47 with the
Sex Experience scale, thus supporting the contention that liberal sexual
morality and liberal sexual experience tend to go together. Equally
the Morality Scale correlated -.71 with the Sex Guilt scale (high score
on the Sex Guilt scale is high guilt), thus supporting the conclusion
that high levels of sex guilt are related to more conservative moral
tendencies.

145

Sex Experience Scale: The Sex Experience Scale for the women was
moderately related to their level of reported arousal, the correlation
being .29. Sex Experience seemed to matter more for the women in this
sample than for the men.

Sex Guilt Scale: As stated previously, the Mosher True-False
Guilt Inventory, when scored as a unitary instrument (rather than being
cluster), correlated highly (and negatively) to the liberally-

Scored Sexual Morality scale. The scale also correalted .45 with the
Sex Experience Scale (scored so that low score indicated low sex
experience), thus supporting the contention that high sex guilt and low
sex experience tend to go together. The Sex Guilt scale's relationship
with the level of the women's reported arousal was, again,

modest: -.24.

 

Inventory of Feminine Values: For the purpose of this study, in
addition to being clustered, the women's re5ponses to the Inventory of
Feminine Values was scored three times: once, in order to Obtain a
"self-oriented" score, once, for an "other—oriented" score, and as a
combined score (Other—directed plus self-directed). The correlations
between these scores and the Desire cluster ranged from low'to moderate:
+.24 for Desire and the "self-oriented" score, +.l4 for the Desire
cluster and the "other-directed" score, and +.03 for the Desire cluster
and the combined score. Of all the personality measures, the Fand
Inventory, when scored as a unitary instrument, evidenced the least
relationship with the women's overall arousal, although the results of
the cluster analysis were slightly different.

In summary, a number of clusters emerged from the women's responses
to the post-film questionnaire. As was the case for the men, it was the
general physiological cluster, the female-specific physiological cluster,
and the fantasy cluster that were most highly related to the subjects'
overall arousal to the film. The unitarily-scored personality measures,
were, at best, only moderately correlated with the women's overall
arousal, although they did exhibit distinct relationships with one
another.

 

APPENDIX C

PRE-FILM "CORE CLUSTERS":

MEN AND WOMEN COMBINED

APPENDIX C

PRE-FILM "CORE CLUSTERS":
MEN AND WOMEN COMBINED

Attitudes Toward Masturbation

 

Items:

50.
51.
82.
92.

For me, masturbation is an acceptable way to release sexual tension.
If I masturbated, I would not feel guilty about it.

Masturbation is fun.

Masturbation is all right.

 

 

50 51 82 92

50 .71 .65 .46 .54

51 .65 .54 .30 .55

82 .46 .30 .25 .37

92 .54 .35 .37 .49
Masturbation .85 .74 .50 .70
Premarital Sex I .29 .33 .27 .24
Premarital Sex II .33 .15 .33 .22
WOmen .17 .14 .21 .19
Homosexuality .30 .21 .45 .25
Prostitution .15 .18 .17 .15
Pornography .25 .19 ‘ .22 .ll
Adultery .34 .33 -.18 .32
Children .25 .23 .49 .30
Dirty Jokes .15 .23 .25 .15
Experience .23 .23 .10 .17

 

 

 

Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (I)

 

46.
49.

62.

I would engage in premarital sex only if I were married (R)

I personally reject the view that premarital sexual relations are
bad.

No sexual act is wrong, it if takes place between consenting
partners.

146

147

76. Sex relations before marriage help peOple to adjust.

78. If I had sex relations, I would not feel guilty.

81. When I have sexual desires, I usually try to curb them (R).

83. Sexual relations before marriage are so common that they are
no longer morally wrong.

86. When I have sexual desires, I generally try to satisfy them.

103. Sex relations before marriage are good in my Opinion.

 

 

 

46 49 62 76 78 81 83 86 103
46 .44 .42 .19 .45 .42 .9 .36 .24 .29

49 .42 .38 .39 .28 .33 .22 .21 .29 .38

62 .19 .39 .11 .14 .15 .13 .21 .03 .23

76 .45 .28 .14 .30 .28 -.02 .35 .28 .50

78 .42 .33 .15 .28 .33 .16 .38 .37 .27

81 .09 .22 .13 -.02 .16 .08 .01 .47 .20

83 .36 .21 .21 .35 .38 .01 .22 .18 .29

86 .24 .29 .03 .28 .37 .47 .18 .27 .30

103 .49 .38 .23 .50 ' .27 .20 .29 .30 .44
Masturbation .21 .16 .12 .24 .18 .27 .08 .40 .24
Premarital Sex I .66 .62 .34 .55 .57 .28 .47 .52 .66
Premarital Sex II .32 .22 .09 .27 .28 .35 .12 .42 .23
Homosexuality .43 .34 .28 .44 .35 .20 .24 .24 .49
Prostitution .37 .21 .30 .08 .23 .10 .17 .17 .40
pornography .39 .31 .32 .21 .17 o .20 .06 .32
Adultery .03 .06 .15 -.ll .02 .49 -.04 .14 .15
Children .25 .07 -.05 .25 .19 -.1o .09 .16 .05
Dirty Jokes .23 .09 .04 .28 .04 -.08 .18 .15 .16
Experience .33 .24 .15 .22 .26 .34 .27 .33 .23

 

 

Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex (II)

 

44. I would engage in premarital sex only if I were in love with my
partner (R).

45. I would engage in premarital sex only if I were engaged to be
married to my partner (R).

48. I would feel OK having sex for no other reason than for physics
enjoyment.

1

 

148

 

 

 

44 45 48

44 .48 .43 .33

45 .42 .36 .26

48 .33 .26 .23
Masturbation .19 .17 .30
Premarital Sex I .05 .52 .30
Premarital Sex II .70 .59 .47
Women .18 .44 i .25
Homosexuality .19 .42 .24
Prostitution .15 .18 .36
Pornography .28 .32 .26
Adultery .15 -.05 .32
Children .10 .29 .13
Dirty Jokes .06 .12 .05
Experience .06 .30 .10

 

 

 

Attitudes Toward Wonen's Sexuality

52. I believe the only right position for sexual intercourse is with
the man on top (R).

53. I don't think there is anything wrong with experimenting with
different positions during sexual intercourse.

55. I think women should be as free as men to enjoy sex.

 

 

 

 

52 53 55

52 .43 .49 .25

53 .49 .53 .30

55 .25 .30 .17
Masturbation .28 .46 .08
Premarital Sex I .31 .37 .17
Premarital Sex II .23 .37 .19
WOmen .65 .74 .40
‘ Homosexuality .29 .23 .19
Prostitution .26 .30 .42
Pornography .30 .22 .36
Adultery -.10 .16 .19
Children .25 .13 .17
Dirty Jokes .22 .ll .18
Experience .23 .37 .17

 

 

149

Attitudes Toward Homosexuality»

58. For me to engage in sexual relations with a person of the same
sex would really violate my code of personal morality (R).

70. If I committed a homosexual act it would be because Of the en-
vironment and need.

 

 

 

58 70

58 .24 .19

7O .19 .24
Masturbation .22 .17
Premarital Sex I .25 .34
Premarital Sex II .27 .17
WOmen .22 .15
Homosexuality .46 .46
Prostitution .04 .13
Pornography .14 .12
Adultery .09 -.16
Children .13 .07
Dirty Jokes .19 .16
Experience .06 .06

Attitudes Toward Prostitution

 

79.
90.

79 90

79 .45 .41

90 .41 .45
Masturbation .07 .25
Premarital Sex I .17 .30'
Premarital Sex II .14 .37
Women .42 .30
HOmosexuality .05 .19
Prostitution .65 .65
Pornography .47 .54
Adultery .27 .15
Children .03 .27
Dirty Jokes .19 .16
Experience .20 .21

 

 

 

Prostitution is a sign of moral decay in society.
Prostitution should be legalized.

 

 

 

 

 

 

(R)

150

Attitudes Toward Pornography

59. I think that watching erotic moview and reading pornographic
books or magazines is a harmless pasttime.

60. I believe all pornography should be outlawed. (R)

61. I believe that pornography causes people to commit sexual crimes.

 

 

 

 

59 60 61

59 .19 .33 .28

6O .33 .59 .55

61 .28 .55 .49
Masturbation .16 .30 .07
Premarital Sex I .32 .28 .19
Premarital Sex II .26 .43 .25
Women .16 .40 .37
Homosexuality .06 .27 .19
Prostitution .48 .49 .50
Pornography .42 .77 .70
Adultery .25 .06 .10
Children .05 .31 .32
Dirty Jokes .19 .27 .24
Experience .15 .25 .17

Attitudes Toward Adultery

 

 

 

87. If in the future I committed adultery, I would probably feel
bad about it (R).

98. If in the future I committed adultery, I would be ashamed, but
not say anything about it. (R)

 

 

 

 

87 98

87 .53 .50

98 .50 .53
Masturbation .21 .21
Premarital Sex I .12 .15
Premarital Sex II .10 .24
women .02 .25
Homosexuality 0 -.10
Prostitution .18 .27
Pornography .09 .22
Adudtery .72 .72
Children .11 -.22
Dirty Jokes .05 .16
Experience .09 .17

 

 

151

Attitudes Toward Children's Sexuality

89.
100.

Attitudes Toward

89

100
Masturbation
Premarital Sex I
Premarital Sex II
WOmen
Homosexuality
Prostitution
Pornography
Adultery
Children
Dirty Jokes
Experience

Dirty Jokes

 

80. Dirty Jokes
91. Dirty jokes
94. Dirty jokes
101. Dirty jokes
109. Dirty jokes

80

91

94

101

109
Masturbation

Premarital Sex I
Premarital Sex II
WOmen
Homosexuality
Prostitution
Pornography
Adultery
Children

Dirty Jokes
Experience

mixed
mixed
mixed
mixed
mixed

in
in
in
in
in

company
company
company
company

company

Sex play among children is natural and innocent.
Sex play is quite common among Children.

 

 

 

 

89 100
.42 .38
.38 .42
.30 .28
.12 .13
.20 .24
.12 .26
.10 .18
.06 .24
.19 .20
-.13 -.16
.63 .63
.14 .21
.01 .16

 

 

makes them more interesting.
are not proper (R).

are lots of fun.
are exciting and amusing.
should be avoided.

 

 

 

80 91 94 101 109
.42 .35 .44 .58 .43
.35 .42 .45 .35 .67
.44 .45 .53 -.67 .42
.58 .35 .67 .53 .38
.43 .67 .42 .38 48
.13 .16 .20 .20 .27
.13 .08 .22 .25 .12
.05 .05 .03 .14 .17
.01 .28 .23 .21 .28
.24 .24 .19 .44 .22
.14 .21 .23 .23 .17
.18 .23 .33 .28 .25
-.18 .37 .19 -.07 .20
.32 .04 .04 .34 .23
.64 .65 .73 .73 .69
.01 .04 -.03 —.12 .07

 

 

 

 

152

 

 

Experience

30./64. I have engaged in kissing that involved tongue contact.

31./65. I have had my clothed breast manipulated by a male.

32./66. I have had my nude breast manipulated by a man.

33./67. I have had my genitalia manipulated by a man.

34./68. I have had my breast orally sthnulated by a man.

35./69. I have manually manipulated a man's genitalia.

36./70. I have had fact-to-face heterosexual intercourse.

37./71. I have orally stimulated a man's genitalia.

38./72. I have had my genitalia orally stimulated by a man.

39./73. I have had heterosexual intercourse where I faced away from

my male partner.
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

70 .26 .61 .60 .40 .42 .37 .19 .24 .23 .14
31 .61 .37 .70 .59 .48 .47 .18 .30 .28 .16
32 .60 .70 .58 .67 .70 .61 .34 .40 .33 .24
33 .40 .59 .67 .70 .78 .74 .47 .53 .50 .32
34 .42 .48 .70 .78 .68 .74 .44 .54 .51 .34
35 .37 .47 .61 .74 .74 .67 .51 .63 .53 .33
36 .19 .18 .34 .47 .44 .51 .35 .47 .45 .60
37 .24 .30 .40 .53 .54 - .63 .47 .50 .73 .46
38 .13 .28 .33 .50 .51 .53 .15 .73 .44 .49
39 .14 .16 .24 .32 .34 .33 .60 .46 .49 .24

Masturbation -.03 .30 .60 .17 .13 .18 .32 .33 .20 .39

Premarital

Sex I .27 .24 .33 .32 .35 .35 .53 .31 .32 .41

Premarital

Sex II .14 .16 .16 .13 .06 .21 .28 .17 .15 .33

Women .03 .27 .26 .31 .33 .47 .26 .33 .33 .35

Homosexuality -.27 -.12 .02 .12 .14 .12 .38 .14 .09 .27

Prostitution .17 .02 .15 .20 .22 .32 .31 .23 .23 .26

Pornography .09 .15 .16 .25 .15 .30 .25 .27 .25 .16

Adultery .09 .07 .13 .16 .15 .13 .15 .14 .07 .16

Children .01 -.03 .07 .05 .02 .17 .19 .08 .ll .20

Dirty Jokes -.04 -.06 .03 .04 0 .05 .01 .08 -.07 .02

Experience .51 .61 .76 .84 .83 .82 .59 .71 .66 .49

Residual Items

 

 

 

47.

purpose of procreation.

54.
56.
57.

63.
74.
75.
77.

I believe that sexual intercourse

is wrong unless it is for the

There is nothing immoral about oral genital sex.
Sexually aggressive women turn me off.

It is hard for me to envision myself as the initiator of sexual
activity.

I have kissed a woman/man.

I have had homosexual relations with another woman/man.

When I was a child, sex excited me.
Unusual sex practices are immature.

 

84.
85.

88.
93.
95.
96.
97.
99.
104.

105.
106.
107.
108.

153

If I had sex relations I would feel a lot less bored.

Sex play is not good for the mental and emotional well being of
children.

Unusual sex practices might be interesting.

Petting, I am sorry to say, is becoming an accepted practice.
Sex relations before marriage ruin many a happy couple.

Unusual sex practices are OK as long as they're heterosexual.
When I have sexual desires, they are usually quite strong.

When I have a sexual dream, I cannot remember it in the morning.
If, in the future, I committed adultery, I wouldn't feel bad about
it.

Sex should be saved for wedlock and childbearing.

When I have sexual dreams I wake up happy.

There should be no sexual relation before marriage.

Prostitution is a result of society not recognizing the needs of
her members.

Percentages by Item

Pre-Film Clusters :

 

 

154

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O‘l‘ LOKOKO mom
Hm mmm (Del-l
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155

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o.Ho a.mm \.oo m.mv m.vm .mm
o.mv v.hm \.mm a.mm o.oe .hm
zwouaoom Nuouaoom
m.mm m.mm H.¢N v.h m.a «.hm m.oH v.0o o.mm v.mH m.~ .Ho
m.am m.mm o.MH o o n.o~ H.N~ o.Hm v.va m.HH o.H .oo
b.m o.m v.5 a.mv ~.mm a.mm m.m «.mm a.mm m.H¢ m.NH .mm
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a.me m.mm \.om a.mm m.oo .oo
m.mh H.vm \.mv m.mo m.om .mh
coeusueomowm coeusueumoum
H.Ho a.mm \.mo ~.~o a.mm .on
m.m h.m a.mm a.mm H.Ho «.vm h.o h.n m.¢ o.om o.om .mm
muflaosxomoeom hufiaosxomoeoz
o o m.H m.nm «.0h «.HN o m.m m.H o.o~ m.mo .mm
o o 0.0m o.vn 40H m.mm m.H m.H o.vm m.ao .mm
o.hm o.mm v.h o.m 0 «.ma a.mm n.mm e.m m.m m.H .Nm
mohaooxom m.coeoz ,Nmflaooxom m.coeoz
m o m m a m v m N H
so: cosoz
.oosoeusoo.

EoUH he momouoooowm

"muoumsao saomnouo

156

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

oncommow :OHumOIN u \
oncommou cowumOIo>flm u a .soue woumoao u .0. .momopcoowom ouo mwohsos Ham n m
\ m.0m 5.m .oa a.mm m.H .mo
\ A0. ¢.5m 0.mv .mm m.00 5.mm .Hv
\ A0. 0.~v ¢.5m .mm ¢.oo 0.mm .ov
\ .0. m.mm 5.00 .5m m.Hv 5.mm .mm
\ .0. m.mm 5.00 .0m N.vv 0.0m .0m
\ A0. o.ma 0.50 .mm o.m~ o.m5 .5m
\ A0. o.ma 0.50 .vm m.ma 5.H0 .0m
x .0. m.mH m.Hm .mm n.0a 5.mm .mm
\ A0. v.5 0.~m .Nm 0.m v.0m .om
\ .0. «.5 0.mm .Hm m.m N.om .mm
x .0. 5.m n.0m .om m.m «.mm .mm
\ .ooa ..mm o.H o.mm .Hm
Aoaoom owfiucm. oocoeuomxm AoHoom onwucm. oocoawomxm

m.v0 a.mm .\.m5 m.~0 0.mm .moa

0.mm v.vv .\.50 v.o0 5.mm .ooa

5.mm m.0v \..o0 5.mm «.mm .vm

«.05 0.mm \..5m m.50 0.0m .Hm

5.mm m.0o _\.0v v.m0 5.mm .om

moron Apnea moron awnwo
«.mm m.o0 .\.00 o.mm N.vv .ooa
m.m 5.0a .\.mm «.ma 5.mm .mm
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m m H m v m N a
so: coeoz
8.0.2.380.

souH we monoucoowom

.mwoumoao Eaflmlowm

APPENDIX D

FAND INVENTORY CLUSTERS:

WOMEN ONLY, PRE-FILM

APPENDIX D
Inventogy of Feminine Values (Original)

Please read the following instructions carefully. You are asked to
indicate your opinion on each item below by selecting a number from one
to five and then marking it on the answer sheet in the corresponding
place. Use the following scale:

STRONGLY AGREE-1 AGREE-2 NO OPINION-3 DISAGREE-4 STRONGLY DISAGREE-S

PLEASE RESPOND TO THESE STATEMENTS WITH YOUR TRUE OPINION. KEEP IN MIND
THE WAY YOU REALLY ARE.

1.
2.
3.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.

19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

29.
30.

 

An ambitious and responsible husband does not like his wife to work.
I usually pay no attention to other people's feelings.

A woman who works cannot possibly be as good a mother as the one who
stays home.

I would like to do womething that everybody knows is important.

I try to do what I think people want me to do.

A woman has a conflict in what she has to do as a woman and what
she wishes to do for herself.

A woman should get married even if the man does not measure up to
all of her hopes.

I sometimes feel that I must do everything myself, that I can accept
nothing from others.

The needs of a family come before a woman's personal ambitions.

I am not sure that the joys of motherhood make up for the sacrifices.
I like listening to people better than talking.

I argue with people who try to give me orders.

Marriage and children should come first in a woman's life.

When I am with a group of people, I usually become the leader.

I worry about what people think of me.

I express my ideas strongly.

Single women need personal success, but all a married woman needs is
her husband's success.

I would not get married if I had to give up what I really believe in
order to get along with another person.

It is up to the woman to make a marriage work.

A working mother can get along as well with her children as can a
mother who stays at home.

The greatest help a wife can give her husband is to encourage his
progress.

It is unfair that women have to give up more than men in order to
have a good marriage.

I can put myself in the background and work hard for a person I
admire.

A wife's opinion should be as important as the husband's Opinion.

My main interest is to raise normal, well behaved children.

How I develop as a person is more important than what others think
of me.

If we disagree, I would give into my husband more often than I would
expect him to give into me.

The greatest satisfactions in life come from what you do yourself.

I would like to marry a man to whom I could really look up.

A woman should have interests outside the home.

157

158

31. I am.sure that what a woman gains from.marriage makes up for the

sacrifices.

32. Modern mothers should bring up their boys and girls to believe in
absolute equal rights and freedoms for both sexes.

33. A woman's place is in the home.

34. I would rather be famous, admired, and popular throughout the
nation than to have the constant affection of just one man.

 

Number __
of items a X SD Range
4 .48 8.554 2.802 0-16 Professional Woman
2 .56 2.040 1.985 0- 8 Working Mom
3 .55 5.634 2.383 0-12 Assertion
3 .50 5.455 2.382 0-12 Compliance
3 .56 7.317 2.465 0-12 Sacrifices
3 .49 1.356 1.651 0-12 Equal Rights
4 .73 10.248 3.477 0-16 Marriage and Family
Come First
3 .47 6.861 2.703 0-12 Husband

 

 

 

159

Professional WOman

13. I would like to gain recognition for the professional work I do.

15. I feel a conflict between what society dictates I do as a wonan
and what I wish to do for myself.

37. The greatest satisfactions in life cone fron one's professional
successes.

43. If I really thought I could be famous, I would give up anything
for it.

13 15 37 43
13 .10 .23 .18 .05
15 .23 .12 .10 .15
37 .18 .10 .36 .43
43 .05 .15 .43 .26
.31 .34 .61 .50 Professional WOman
.22 .04 .03 -.04 Workimg Mom
.22 .25 .27 .40 Assertion
. 30 . 18 - . 10 - . 07 Conpliance
0 .18 .21 .32 Sacrifices
.31 -.01 .01 .10 Equal Rights
.04 -.03 -.01 -.06 Marriage &.Family
. Cone First
-.13 -.22 -.20 -.12 Husband

 

 

 

 

 

WOrking Mom

 

12. A woman who works cannot possibly be as good a mother as the woman
who stays at home. (R)

29. A working mother can give her children just as much love and
attention as a mother who stays at hone.

 

 

 

 

12 29
12 .42 .39
29 .39 .42
-.21 .38 Professional WOman
. 64 . 64 Workimg Mon
.02 .27 Assertion
. 37 . 29 Compliance
-.02 -.03 Sacrifices
5.02 .06 Equal Rights
.45 .11 Marriage & Family
Come.First
.29 .13 Husband

 

160

Assertion

21. I argue with people who try to give me orders.
23. When I am with a group of people, I usually become the leader.
25. I express my ideas strongly.

 

 

 

 

21 23 25
21 .08 .29 .08
23 .29 .79 .50
25 .08 .50 .27
.26 .42 .43 Professional WOman
.22 .09 .06 WOrkimg Mom
.26 .93 .50 Assertion
.10 .14 .19 Compliance
.19 .05 .19 Sacrifices
-.14 .03 .04 Equal Rights
.14 0 -.08 Marriage & Family
Come First
-.06 .07 .17 Husband

 

Compliance

 

24. I worry about what people think of me (R)
14. I try to do what people want me to do (R)
32. I can put myself in the background and work hard for a person

 

 

 

 

 

I admire.
24 14 32
24 .30 .30 .26
14 .30 .25 .19
32 .26 .19 .19
.26 -.21 .21 Professional WOman
.32 .37 .20 WOrking Mom
.04 .16 .18 Assertion
.61 .49 .42 Compliance
-.02 -.10 .01 Sacrifices
.08 .18 .15 Equal Rights
.14 .24 .44 Marriage & Family
Come First
.29 .38 .26 Husband
Sacrifices

 

19. I am not sure the joys of motherhood.make up for the sacrifices.

31. For women, marriage is largely a story of one unjustifiable
sacrifice after another.

40. I am sure what a woman gains from.marriage makes up for diffi-
culties she might experience (R).

 

161

 

 

 

19 31 40
.44 .34 .33
.34 .25 .22
.33 .22 .25
.31 .37 -.02
.01 -.07 .04
.15 .12 .15
.03 -.18 .11
.67 .49 .49

-.05 -.24 -.17
.43 .07 .42
-.02 -.18 .38

 

 

Professional Woman
WOrking Mom
Assertion
Compliance
Sacrifices
Equal Rights
Marriage & Family
Come First
Husband

Should I marry, I would not change my political beliefs just to

satisfy my husband.

Major decisions in.marriage should be equally shared by husband

19
31
40
Eggal Rights
27.
33.
and wife.
41.

Mothers should bring up their boys and girls to believe in equal

rights and freedom for both sexes.

27
33
41

 

 

 

27 33 41
.47 .76 .33
.26 .14 .14
.33 .14 .22
0 -.09 .28

0 -.04 .08

-.09 -.ll .13
.17 .13 .11
-.07 -.32 -.05
.70 .36 .46
.13 -.07 .19
.34 .16 .18

 

 

Marriage & Family Come First

 

18.

22.

34.
42.

Professional woman
Working Mom
Assertion
Compliance
Sacrifices
Equal Rights
Marriage & Family
come First
Husband

The needs of a family should come before a woman's professional
ambitions (R).
Once a woman marries, marriage and children should come first in

her life.

My primary goal in life is to raise happy children (R).

A woman's place is in the home (R).

18
22
34
42

Husband

16.

10.

38.

162

 

 

 

18 22 34 42
.35 .51 .34 .28
.51 .61 .45 .43
.34 .45 .38 .39
.28 .43 .39 .31
.17 -.11 .11 -.25 Professional WOman
.28 .23 .17 .43 WOrking Mom
.06 .05 .10 -.12 Assertion
.36 .39 .27 .34 Compliance
.38 .25 .58 .22 Sacrifices
-.02 .12 .02 .30 Equal Rights
.59 .79 .61 .56 Marriage & Family
Come First
.07 .24 .18 .41 Husband

 

 

Should I marry, I would feel uncomfortable if my husband were not
successful (R).
Most ambitious and responsible husbands would not like their
wives to work outside the home (R).
A woman can truly love only one man (R).

 

 

16 10 38

16 .21 .19 .25
10 .19 .21 .25
38 .25 .75 .31
-.29 -.10 -.16

.19 .21 .07

.06 .12 -.02

.44 .16 .20

-.08 .03 .21

.15 .12 .38

.06 .23 .21

.45 .45 .55

 

 

 

Residual Cluster

 

11.
17.

20.
28.
30.

35.

Professional WOman
WOrking Mom
Assertion
Compliance
Sacrifices
EqualiRights
Marriage & Family

come First
Husband

I usually pay no attention to other people's feelings.

I sometimes feel I must do everything for myself, that I can
accept nothing from others.
I like listening to people rather than talking to people.

If a marriage should fail, it is usually the womanls fault.

The greatest help a wife can give her husband is to encourage his
progress and success.
What I think of myself as a person is more important to me than
what others think of me.

163

36. If we disagree, I would give in to my husband more often than I

would expect him to give in to me.
39. A woman Should have interests outside the home.

Fand Inventory Clusters: Percentages by Item.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l 2 3 4 5

Professional WOman

13. 42.3 34.6 9.6 7.7 4.8

15. 16.3 27.9 19.2 26.0 10.6

37. 1.9 11.5 16.3 47.1 23.1

43. 3.8 5.8 9.6 42.3 38.5
Working Mom

12. 1.9 10.6 4.8 36.5 43.3

29. 42.3 31.7 5.8 17.3 2.9
Assertion

21. 7.7 43.3 13.5 30.8 4.8

23. 1.0 37.5 15.4 36.6 10.6

25. 12.5 46.2 8.7 31.7 1.0
Compliance

24. 16.3 46.3 10.6" 20.2 6.7

14. 4.8 21.2 15.4 37.5 20.2

32. 14.4 43.3 21.2 19.2 1.9
Sacrifices

19. 9.6 33.7 12.5 26.9 17.3

31. 0 13.5 6.7 46.2 33.7

40. 12.5 28.8 34.6 22.1 1.9
Equal Rights

27. 57.7 31.7 4.8 2.9 2.9

33. 89.4 8.7 1.0 0 1.0

41. 59.6 26.0 10.6 2.9 1.0
Marriage & Family Come First

18. 14.4 28.8 23.1 25.0 8.7

22. 10.6 18.3 12.5 30.8 27.9

34. 7.7 16.3 14.4 42.2 16.3

42. 1.0 1.9 7.7 26.0 63.5
Husband

16. 7.7 43.3 10.6 24.0 14.4

10. 8.7 17.3 4.8 43.3 26.0

38. 15.4 13.5 13.5 39.4 18.3

 

APPENDIX E

POST-FILM CORE CLUSTERS:

MEN AND WOMEN COMBINED

APPENDIX E

POST-FILM CORE CLUSTERS: MEN AND WOMEN COMBINED

Desire
(All items are from the Post-Film Questionnaire)

1. Please indicate how sexually aroused you were while watching this
film.
2. [Rate the arousal you experienced while viewing.] The scenes of
the couple undressing one another.
3. [Rate your arousal while viewing.] The scenes of the couple
embracing and kissing one another.
4. [Rate your arousal while viewing.] The scenes of the couple
having sexual intercourse .
5. [Rate your arousal while viewing.] The scenes of oral-genital
sex.
6. [Rate your arousal while viewing.] The shots of the penis moving
in and out of the vagina.
54. After seeing this film, I felt like masturbating.
53. After seeing this film, I felt like making love.

 

 

l 2 3 4 5 6 54 55

1 .70 .49 .49 .75 .65 .67 .18 .42

2 .49 .38 .58 .54 .50 .34 .05 .30

3 .49 .58 .34 .53 .42 .25 .12 .26

4 .75 .54 .53 .88 .69 .73 .20 .56

5 .65 .50 .42 .69 .60 .64 .09 .41

6 .67 .34 .25 .73 .64 .48 .07 .43

54 .18 .05 .12 .20 .09 .07 .03 .20

55 .42 .30 .26 .56 .41 .43 .20 .31

Desire .84 .62 .58 .94 .77 .70 .18 .56
Excitement .73 .42 .49 .71 .59 .54 .28 .51
Fantasy .55 .49 .46 .60 .45 .48 .34 .50
Memories .36 .27 .12 .33 .25 .33 -.03 .35
Watching .36 .16 .19 .22 .17 .10 .06 .40
Embarrassment .11 .12 .06 .07 .07 .08 -.01 .06
Photography .09 .06 .24 .03 .04 0 .21 .04
Plot 0 .01 .01 .12 .18 .18 .30 .06
Attractiveness .29 .22 .28 .28 .27 .25 .04 .07
Explicitness .36 -.24 -.08 .44 .34 .52 .24 .26
Other Film .20 -.04 .04 .19 .15 .21 .07 .15

 

 

 

164

165

Excitement

 

Did you experience any of the following?

7. Increased heart rate

8. Increased breathing rate
9. Dry mouth

10. Muscle tension

12. Flushing

13. Sweating

 

 

 

 

 

7 8 9 10 12 13
7 .48 .60 .17 .35 .35 .30
8 .60 .36 .27 .32 .20 .19
9 .17 .27 .16 .25 .24 .21
10 .35 .32 .25 .29 .27 .27
12 .35 .20 .24 .27 .27 .36
13 .30 .19 .21 .27 .36 .23
Desire .45 .42 .43 .58 .43 .37
Excitement .69 .60 .40 .54 .52 .48
Fantasy .16 .34 .30 .41 .35 .26
watching .17 .17 .17 .24 .46 .22
Embarrassment .15 .11 -.20 .28 .31 .17
Memories .22 .22 .19 - .27 .06 .12
Photography -.O3 -.16 O -.03 -.Ol .01
Plot .09 -.03 -.ll .06 -.09 0
Attractiveness .02 .01 .16 .13 -.04 .01
Explicitness .36 .35 .13 .16 .38 .18
Other Films .18 .18 .04 .30 .21 .20
Fantasy
27. Part of my arousal was because I found myself having sexual
fantasies. .
28. In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to the man/woman
in the film.
29. In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to my current
sexual partner (i.e., husband, wife, boyfriend, girlfriend.)
30. In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love to a past
sexual partner.
31. In my fantasies, I imagined myself making love but to no one
person in particular.
36./37. As I watched the film, I put myself in the males' place and
imagined that I was doing what he was doing.
As I watched the film, I put myself in the woman's place,
and imagined what it would feel like if what was being done to
her were being done to me.
49. At any point during the film, did you find yourself experi-

encing a sexual fantasy?

166

 

 

27 28 29 30 31 36 49

27 .67 .29 .32 .12 .35 .55 .66

28 .29 .14 .05 .16 .23 .22 .23

29 .32 .05 .11 -.03 .04 .41 .29

30 .12 .16 -.03 .05 .14 .20 .13

31 .35 .23 .04 .14 .15 .14 .33

36 .55 .23 .41 .20 .14 .50 .52

49 .66 .23 .29 .13 .33 .52 .58

Desire .59 .38 .32 .15 .24 .55 .44
Excitement .52 .30 .20 .04 .10 .45 .43
Fantasy .82 .37 .33 .21 .38 .71 .76
Memories .20 .01 .40 .27 .06 .33 .36
Watching .17 .13 .12 .07 .15 .30 .18
Embarrassment .06 .11 -.21 .04 .21 .05 .03
Photography 0 .04 .07 .09 -.11 .10 .03
Plot -.18 -.24 -.05 -.04 -.06 0 .20
Attractiveness -.02 .13 0 .18 .04 .09 .14
Explicitness .19 -.02 .27 -.O9 -.18 .39 .25
Other Films .05 .02 .18 -.09 -.14 .18 .07

 

 

Arousal (Female Only)

Did
15.
16.

17.
18.

15
l6
17
18
Desire
Excitement
Fantasy
Arousal
Memories
Watching
Embarrassment
Photography
Plot
Attractiveness
Explicitness
Other Films

you experience any of the following?

Mild genital sensations (i.e., tingling)
Strong genital sensations (i.e., throbbing, pulsating)
Breast sensations

Vaginal lubrication

 

 

 

15 16 17 18
.21 .25 .25 .24
.25 .24 .24 .30
.25 .24 .31 .36
.24 .30 .36 .35
.46 .61 .44 .60
.36 .53 .38 .60
.38 .65 .38 .55
.45 .49 .56 .59
.18 .15 .19 .28
.12 -.03 .10 .30
.05 -.15 .08 -.03
.02 -.18 .19 -.15

-.12 -.12 -.21 .13

.06 .15 .22 .05
.30 .31 .19 .29
.05 .12 .11 .06

 

 

 

167

Arousal (Male Only)
Did you experience any of the following?

14. NO erection

15. Penis engorgement without erection
l6. Partial erection

17. Full erection, less than 3 minutes
18. Full erection, 3-6 minutes.

19. Full erection, more than 6 minutes
20. Emission

Sub-cluster

 

 

 

 

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

14 0 .11 .04 .02 -.14 -.04 -.14

15 .11 .01 .17 .05 -.12 -.06 .14

16 .04 .17 .09 .22 -.02 .14 .21

17 .02 .05 .22 .91 .63 .54 .39

18 -.04 -.12 -.02 .63 .23 .51 .15

19 -.04 -.06 .14 .54 .51 .35 .24

20 -.14 .14 .21 .39 .15 .24 .17

Desire -.16 .25 .54 .62 .50 .49 .49

Excitement -.19 -.03 .21 .35 .52 .30 .40

Arousal -.02 .11 .30 .98 .47 .59 .41

Fantasy -.15 .12 .25 .49 .52 .46 .26

Memories .10 .01 .10 .27 .37 .40 .11

watching -.06 -.04 -.02 .36 .37 .40 .11

Embarrassment } .09 .08 -.01 .28 0 .16 .56

photography 1 .32 -.08 -.17 -.02 .11 -.11 -.16

Plot .04 -.10 -.10 -.38 -.51 -.33 -.06

Attractiveness .10 .12 .12 -.01 -.03 -.07 -.02

Explicitness -.77 .10 .04 -.03 -.08 .04 .11

Other Films -.05 -.13 .35 .22 .10 .24 .19
Memories

26. Part of my arousal was because I found myself having memories of
my own past sexual experiences.
48. At any point during the film, did you find yourself remembering

your own sexual experiences?

 

168

 

 

 

 

26 48
26 .55 .52
48 .52 .55
Desire .44 .11
Excitement .30 .19
Fantasy .42 .24
Memories .73 .73
Watching .30 .15
Embarrassment -.08 0
Photography .11 -.O3
Plot .22 .06
Attractiveness .03 -.22
Explicitness .17 .13
Other Films .11 -.04

 

Watchigg

41.

Did you at any time during the film, look around to see if anyone
was watching you?

 

 

 

 

 

 

42. Did you, at any time during the film, wonder if people Were watching
you.
43. Did you, at any time during the film, feel like you watned to turn
around and see if other people were reacting as you were?
41 42 43
41 .24 .34 .19
42 .34 .47 .32
43 .19 .32 .21
Desire +.05 +.35 .12
Excitement .08 .40 .23
Fantasy .11 .29 .11
Memories .11 .27 .13
Watching .48 .70. .44
Embarrassment .26 .34 .23
Photography .11 .07 -.16
Plot .21 .01 -.02
Attractiveness -.16 -.12 -.15
Explicitness .01 0 .10
Other Films -.08 .23 -.01
Embarrassment
40. Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,
"I really shouldn't enjoy watching a film like this"?
44. Did you, at any time during the film, experience such thoughts as,

"What would my mother say if she knew I was watching a film like
this?"

169

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

46. At any point during the film, did you find yourself becoming
so involved that you began to feel guilty §g£_the couple and what
they were doing?
47. At any point during the film, did you find yourself feeling
guilty about observing people making love?
40 44 46 47
40 .41 .16 .28 .41
44 .16 .09 .18 .15
46 .28 .18 .21 .22
47 .41 .15 .22 .32
Desire .10 .12 .08 .08
Excitement .15 .09 .12 .13
Fantasy .11 -.01 .09 -.07
Memories .01 .04 -.09 -.06
watching .29 .26 .23 .24
Embarrassment .64 .30 .45 .57
Photography .01 -.03 .07 .12
Plot -.02 .19 .07 .21
Attractiveness -.19 .05 -.20 -.16
Explicitness -.06 .10 -.13 .30
Other Films .14 .20 .13 .27
Photography
21. The dreamlike or fantasy-like quality of this film (enhanced/had
no effect/interfered) with my arousal.
22. The nature shots in this film (enhanced/had no effect/interfered)
with my arousal.
23. The method of photography (enhanced/had no effect/interfered)
with my arousal.
25.

If this film had been in color (I would have been.more aroused/
doesn't matter/less aroused). -

 

 

 

 

21 22 23 25

21 .57 .46 .52 .15

22 .46 .29 .29 .15

23 .52 .29 .45 .23

25 .15 .15 .23 .08

Desire .14 .14 0 .19
Excitement .04 .05 -.03 -.22
Fantasy .10 .11 -.04 -.13
Memories .04 -.16 .05 -.12
watching .03 .09 .04 .02
Embarrassment .20 .08 -.01 -.07
Photography .76 .53 .67 .28
Plot .06 .01 .25 -.26
Attractiveness .36 .28 .17 .10
Explicitness -.29 -.l3 -.19 -.10
Other Films .16 .08 .08 .11

 

170

 

Plot
32. If I had known more about the relationship that existed between
the couple in the film (I would be more aroused/doesn't matter/
less aroused).
33. If the film.had had more of a story or plot (I would be more
aroused/doesn't matter/less aroused).
32 33
32 .33 .28
33 .28 .33
Desire .01 .18
Excitement . O9 . 12
Fantasy .05 -.19
Memories .19 .02
watching .17 .03
Embarrassment .16 .10
Photography .16 .73
Plot .55 .55
Attractiveness .23 -.19
Other Films .08 .03
Attractiveness
38. As I watched the film, I found the male attractive.

39.

 

 

 

 

As I watched the film, I found the female attractive.

 

 

 

38 39

38 .33 .29

39 .29 .33

Desire .12 .24
Excitement . 06 . 04
Fantasy .02 .07
Memories .03 -.12
watching .16 -.14
Embarrassment .13 -.15
Photography .37 .08
Plot .20 .05
Attractiveness .55 .55
Explicitness .15 .16
Other Films .12 .06

 

 

 

171

Explicitness

 

34. If there had been more scenes of explicit sexual activity (i.e.,
more intercourse scenes--I would be (more aroused/doesn't matter/
less aroused).

35. If there had been more explicit shots of the male body and male
genitalia, I would be (more aroused/doesn't matter/less aroused).

 

 

 

 

 

34 35

34 .26 .21

35 .21 .26

Desire +.15 .19
Excitonent . 11 . 35
Fantasy .15 .07
Memories .11 .09
Watching .04 .03
Embarrassment -.30 .11
Photography -.39 .08
Plot -.22 -.14
Atractiveness .09 .08
Explicitness .48 .48
Other Films -.22 .35

 

Other Films

 

50. Have you seen Deep Throat?

51. Have you seen Behind the Green Door?

52. Have you seen The Devil and Miss Jones?

53. In comparison with other erotic films I have seen (I have never
seen a film such as this/this film was more arousing/as arousing/
less arousing).

 

 

 

50 51 52 53

 

 

 

 

50 .34 .18 .28 .29
51 .76 .28 .58 .35
52 .42 .29 .35 .27
53 .43 .22 .39 .39
Desire .15 .07 .16 .10
Excitement .30 .07 .26 .27
Fantasy .06 .17 -.03 .01
Memories .04 .22 .01 -.15
watching .10 .12 -.10 0
Embarrassment .29 .13 .26 .31
Photography .17 .24 .05 .04
Plot .08 .05 .15 -.14
Attractiveness 0 .01 .01 .11
Explicitness .13 .01 0 .20
Other Films .43 .22 .39 .39

 

172

Residual Items

 

11.
l4.
19.
20.
24.
45.

Muscle relaxation.

No genital sensations

Orgasm (Ejaculation)

I noticed my level of arousal . . .

The music accompanying this film . . .

While watching the film, did you feel yourself getting "hot,"
your face flushing, your hands sweating?

 

Percentage by Item

Post-Film Clusters:

 

 

Men

WOmen

 

Desire

Desire

1.9

3.7
5.6

48.1 29.6

14.8

1.0

12.5 41.3 30.8 14.4

44.4 14.8

35.2

5.8

7.7
10.6

55.8 30.8

27.8 9.3

53.7

44.2 37.5 .
21.2

1.9
5.6
5.7

14.8 31.5 31.5 20.4

22.2

3.8
11.5

17.3 26.0 30.8

5.

18.5 13.0

40.7

25.0 14.4
.15.4

26.9

29.8

31.5 24.1 16.7

22.2
13.0

20.2

27.9

25.0
12.5

54.
55.

85.2

83.7

40.7

53.7

39.4

56.7

Excitement

Excitement

173

37.0 44.4
27.8 61.1

18.5
11.1

23.1 35.6
32.7 47.1

39.4
18.3

16.7 64.8

18.5

11.5 67.3

21.2

57.4

18.5

24.1

10. 50.0 10.6 39.4

12.
13.

16.7 77.8

6.7
'3.7

16.3 59.6

24.0

87.0

Fantas

9.3

82.7

4.8

12.5

Fantas

47.1

42.6

57.4

52.9

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

81.5

18.5

88.5

11.5
64.4

50.0
63.
59.

50.0

34.6

37.0

69.2

29.8
13.5

40.7

85.6

48.1

51.9

91.3

7.7
66.3

36.
37.
49.

90.7

9.3

31.7

53.8 2.9

41.3

 

 

.
'31

VII-I..

 

 

174

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.m m.mH m.55 o.H o.Hm H.0v .mm
H.v5 m.mH v.5 v.m0 «.mH v.mH .mm
5.0m 0.Nv 5.0H o.¢m m.mm ~.om .NN
m.m0 H.vm v.5 m.vm m.5m m.5H .HN
anonymouoen Nonnumouoso
m.0m 5.m m.mm m.m .0o
a.mm H.HH o.m5 H.m~ .ve
m.mm 5.0H m.m5 m.mH .ov
usoEmmouwmhem quEmmouwooem
«.05 0.m~ . .mw o.mv .mv
H.v5 a.mm 5.mm v.mm .mv
5.0m m.m m.Hm 5.0 .Hv
6:33.... 923......
o H.o5 a.mm m.m 0.05 «.mH .mv
o.5m o.m0 o.0N v.05 .0m
moHuoeoz moHnosoz
v.vm 0.m o .om
a.mm 0.m 0.m .mH
m.Hm m.m m.@ .0H
m.m0 0.0 H.HH .5H 0.0m m.HH m.mm .mH
a.mm 0.0 0.mm .0H m.m5 5.0 m.HH .5H
n.0v H.vm 0.5m .mH m.00 0.m o.vm .0H
m.Hm ¢.5 5.0a .VH N.Hm a.mH m.m0 .mH
Homoowm onz Hmmsoum oHoeom
m m H m o m m H
so: coeoz
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EoDH an oooucoowom ”muoumsHU EHthumom

175

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.00 0.0 0.0 v.0N 0 0H 5.5 0.00 5.50 .00
0.50 0.0 0.0 0.00. 0.H 0.H 0.0 0.H0 .00
0.0 5.0 0.0 0.00 0 0 m.H «.00 .H0
0.50 0.0 5.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.00 .00

mEHflm Hmnuo madam Hmnuo
0.00 0.00 H.HH 5.0 5.00 5.50 .00
0.0 0.0a 0.0m 0.0 0.00 0.00 .00

mmmcuflowaflxm mmwcufiowamxm

5.0a v.v¢ H.vm 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 v.00 .00
0.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0a 5.0 0.00 0.00 .00

mmwcm>wpomuuum mmwcmbfiuumuuud
m.H 0.00 0.00 5.5 5.00 5.00 .00
5.0 0.00 0.5 0.0 0.05 N.HN .00

uon uon
v 0 m H 0 v 0 N H
cm: :0503
Aowscfipcoov

EmuH an mmmucmoumm ”mumumsau anmnumom

 

APPENDIX F

PATH ANALYSIS

APPENDIX F

PATH ANALYSIS

Introduction

 

a. Path analysis is a procedure for systematically combining

the use of partial and multiple correlation to study the causal rela-
tions among a set of variables. Within a path analysis any variable may
be both an independent variable and a dependent variable. A variable
will act as an independent variable if it is used to explain some other
variable. However, that "independent variable" may in turn be explained
in terms of other variables in which case it is acting as a dependent
variable. The set of all variables in a discourse is called a system.

b. In path analysis two kinds of diagrams can be drawn: a quali-
tative causal diagram and a quantitative causal diagram. The qualita-
tive diagram represents the variables by circles and uses arrows pointing
from one variable to another to indicate causal influence.

8>0~+0

x has causal influence on z.
y has causal influence on 2.
2 has causal influence on w.

EXAMPLE

c. The quantitative path diagram assumes that all relations in
the system are linear functions (except for unexplained "error"). It
can then be shown mathematically that all the correlations in the system
can be determined by attaching a number to each link in the qualitative
diagra. That number is called a "path coefficient."

EXAMPLE
p P
@JtvCD—L’”
Theory Estimation
(1) r = P '
x (1 P = r
XY ) xy xy
(2) r = P
z z 2 P = r
Y Y ( ) yz xy
(3) r = P P . , =
xz xy yz (3) test.mode1. is rxz nyPyz

176

 

177

Basic Definitions

Direct link

 

The variable x has a direct link to the variable y if and only
if x exerts a direct causal influence on y. If x exerts a direct
influence on y, then the causal diagram shows an arrow from x to y.

0 <9

The variable x is said to have an indirect causal influence on
the variable y if and only if there is a set of intermediate variables
2 , z , . . ., 2 such that x exerts a direct causal influence on 2 ,
a exerts a diregt causal influence on 22, . . ., z exerts a direct
causal influence on y. r

W 0—0—0
W owe

Spurious relation

EXAMPLE

 

Indirect causation

 

 

 

The variable x is said to bear a spurious relation to y if and only

if they have a common antecedent cause, i.e., if and only if there is
some variable 2 which exerts a direct or indirect causal influence on
x and which also exerts a direct or indirect causal influence on y.

W' /©—'®
©\®__,®

/®—*©
\®

EXAMPLE

178

Recursive systems

 

If the causal diagram can be laid out so that all the causal
arrows point in one direction, then the system is "recursive." If that
definition sounds vague, its because its really the word "non-recursive"
that has the clean definition. The definition of nonrecursive will be
given in two parts.

If two variables each have a direct causal influence on each other,
then the system is nonrecursive. The graphic symbol for such a two way
causal relation is a two headed uncurved arrow, such as that below. fil
v1

GHQ)
A causal cycle is a set of variables such that (1) each variable

exerts a direct causal influence on the next and (2) the last variable
in the list exerts a direct causal influence on the first. An example

is given below:

If the system has a causal cycle, then the system is nonrecursive.
Note that the case of two variables which influence each other is a
special case of a causal cycle with two variables in the cycle.

W7
JL

 

was: .. .

Exogenous and endogenous variables

 

In a recursive system, there must be certain variables which are
used to explain other variables but which are not themselves explained,
i.e., variables whose causal antecedents are regarded as outside the
scope of the given discourse. Such "starter" variables are called

aogenous" variables, i. e., those variables which are out-side the
explanatory sc0pe of the system are exfogenous. All other‘ variables
are called "endogenous" variables, i.e., the gnfdogenous variables are
those which are explained infside the system.

/@
CED—“7‘ ®——* 0/

EXAMPLE :

179

If an author wishes to lay stress on the fact that certain variables are
exogenous variables, then he will inscribe the variable in a box instead
of a circle.

EXAMPLE:

 

 

 

 

x ——~7@~—~—>0
>0
y flea—so

If the exogenous variables are not independent of one another, then
they are connected with a curved two-way arrow. The curvature of the
arrow indicates that the causal nature of the correlation is unknown.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXMPLE:
x
Y
warning

The definitions above are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
In particular one variable x can exert a direct influence on the variable
y, it can exert indirect influence along several paths, and it can be
spuriously related as well. An example of this is given below:

180

EXAMPLE:

 

/’
/®\ PG

0\®/0

x exerts a direct influence on y
x exerts indirect influence on y through u and v

z is a ccxnmon antecedent to both x and y

Quantitative Path Analysis in a "Recursive" System

a. Let us first make certain assunptions:

1) Qualitative path diagram is given

2) We are given a population correlation matrix
3) The model fits exactly.

4) The system is "recursive."

Then all we need do is estimate the path coefficients and that's easy:

Theorem If x and y are both exogenous variables, then there is no
assumed causal direction so you can write either Px or P . In either
case

P r
KY Yx xY
Theorem If x is the only variable which exerts influence on y, then

P = r .
xy xv

Theorem If xi, x2, . . ., xr each have a direct causal effect on 2,

and if the multiple regression of 2 on x ., x is

x . .
’ 2' r

1

z = 81x1 + 62x2 + 83x3 + . . . + Brxr

181

then,
lez = 81
szz = 82
Px z = B
r

b. Let us eliminate the assumption that the model fits exactly.
Then the estimation of the path coefficients is done the same way,
but we don't know that they are correct. The question is: How do we
test the model? That is how do we calculate the predicted correlations
between the variables from the path diagram and the estimated path
coefficients? And that's not so easy! One nice write-up is Lewis-
Beck, Michael 8., Social Science Research, 1974, 3_(June), 95-108.

 

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

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and Pilkey, Dennis W. "An Investigation of Behavioral, Psycholo-
gical, and Physiological Reactions to Pornographic Stimuli."
Technical Reports of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography.
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pp. 1-40.

Athanasious, R. and Shaver, P. "A research questionnaire on sex."
Psychology Today, July, 1969, pp. 64-69.

 

Barclay, Andrew M. "The effect of hostility on physiological and fantasy
responses." Journal of Personality, Vol. 37, No. 4, December,
1969, pp. 651-667.

Barclay, Andrew M. "Linking Sexual and Aggressive Motives: Contribu-
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No. 4, December, 1971, pp. 481-492.

 

Barclay, Andrew M., and Haber, Ralph Norman. "The relation of aggres-
sive to sexual motivation." Journal of Personality, Vol. 33,
No. 3, September, 1965, pp. 462-475.

 

Barclay, Andrew M., and Little, Douglas M. "Urinary Acid Phosphatase
Under Different Arousal Conditions." Psychophysiology, Vol. 9,
No. 1, 1972, pp. 69-77.

 

Bardwick, Judith M. Psychology of Women. New York: Harper and Row,
1971.

 

Beach, Frank. "Retrospect and Prospect.” Sex and Behavior, Frank
‘Beach, editor. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965, pp.
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Byrne, Donn and Lamberth, John. "The effect of erotic stimuli on sex
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67.

 

Byrne, Donn and Sheffield, John. "Response to sexually arousing stimuli
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182

183

Cairns, Robert 8.; Paul, J.C.N.; and Wishner, J. "Psychological
assumptions in sex censorship: An evaluative review of recent
research (l96l-l968)." Technical Reports of the Commission on
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Printing Office, 1970, pp. 5-20.

 

 

Colson, Charles. "The Evaluation of Pornography: Effects of Attitude
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Davis, Keith E., and Braucht, George N. "Reactions to viewing fihms of
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ton, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970, pp. 68-96.

 

 

Fisher, Seymour. The Female Orgasm. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

 

Gebhard, Paul H. “Situational factors affecting human sexual behavior."
Sex and Behavior, Frank Beach, editor, New York: John Wiley and
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Goldstein, Bernard. Human Sexuality. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
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Grummon, Donald L., and Barclay, Andrew M. Sexuality: AySearch for
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