‘ ' ' ' " " ' ' “ 'V'WN""‘VW.‘W'-vmw ‘I -_.._- I . .g _. _._...‘.-.. L ‘~ 0 ~ 7' u 3 - . v .\ «u .0 .h . A STUDY .OF CERTAIN. COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS III RELATION To COMMUNITY ATTITUDES OF THE POLICE IN THE CITY OF MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN Thesis for the Degree of M S.- :...~ MICHIGAN STATE IIIIIIEIISITY MERLYN D. MOORE, 15' 1970 . Qoq-‘\Y-coal:'o t'v-l ;' ' g, -0..\ .. 0“ 9‘ m ‘ ‘ u I o o n . o a | . 5 \ § 0 c l I \ \ I 1 \ a“ it 0 41‘ O I ' f . . . I ‘~- 7,: I . . I ‘ I : ‘.. .L‘ ‘I I \ ‘D ‘ . I . ' . ' . . . . I . - n . D ‘ \ \ ‘- I. ‘ v uv .. '5 . C . I C .I ' u . . .5 O~ o I . o I I. fl ' . . -‘ .. - . .0 u 4 ’. ’ I #L ,. ‘ a . . v 3V t 0 .IC. 0 ' " . ' ' I ,-. " . " _ ‘-'. ,' _. _ t ‘. O r" . ‘- - .o. o . .. .-o¢ '. I'. . ”' _ , , - ,o q . . ‘l I. ru-o. of. . “ ' - . .' ‘ ' «o-Q“ . ' ' . -. . . . . 9 . . o . . . . . 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".."., Hmu-vv— po‘ '7 .' ' ‘. ‘ . 0- A fl’-"‘ 9 1' I -C-y' "- ._m00” ~‘ ." 0'.40.'oll (' .. ' u.' ' . I ... . .o . .Iv . duvet-a, - . . , . II .I ._- .- Io'o ’ Con-4.....- .‘ . ‘ [IV 0 ..—. nv . o. --'- ’ __ 9.5 IIIIIIIIIII 3 ’«r J? My 'Wémf IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII 4 3379 A STUDY OF CERTAIN COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO COMMUNITY ATTITUDES OF THE POLICE IN THE CITY OF MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN By Merlyn D. Moore An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Criminal Justice 1970 .- .' 1:4... N. /77 C/Vfizyglec \. pf. ohn H. McNamara, Chairman ' / ,/‘I Mr. J hn fif'A‘fig‘é’il 7 _* ’-/ . /%Z a. //:/Wm£1i *- m 5}. Rdhe;t_b1 Trojandfiicz <7 (7- org-"(2797 /_. ‘37- ‘7/ ABSTRACT A STUDY OF CERTAIN COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO COMMUNITY ATTITUDES OF THE POLICE IN THE CITY OF MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN by Merlyn D. Moore This author believed that to plan effectively in the area of police-community relations there must be a clear understanding and knowledgeability of citizens' attitudes toward their police. A review of the literature revealed that there were relatively few studies done which attempted to measure public attitude towards the police. In an effort to cast more light on this subject area, the author analyzed data collected for an evaluation of a unique in-service human relations training program. The evaluation of which the present study was a part, involved 388 citizens from five census tracts within the city of Muskegon, Michigan. The census tracts were rated according to one of five rating areas and one census tract was randomly chosen from each rating. Selection of the participants residing within the census tracts was of a stratified systematic nature. The goal in this research was to discover some of the attitudes of Greater Muskegon citizens toward their police and to provide this Merlyn D. Moore information for the police to utilize in establishing effective policy. The author planned to reach the objective by developing a questionnaire consisting of a variety of items related to (l) the specific police style community members may want the police to perform in a given situ- ation; (2) role perception; (3) the importance of various tasks for which the police are responsible; and (h) police image. The author hypothesized that the role or function of the police as perceived by individual members of the community differs according to certain community characteristics. The author wished to find out whether or not certain community characteristics (that is sex, age, marital status, race, family income, occupation, socio-political philosophy, and education) were associated or related to community attitudes. To discover if this hypothesis could be accepted or rejected, the association or relationship between certain community characteristics and community attitudes was determined by use of the chi-square analysis. The results of this study indicated that there were significant differences between certain community characteristics and community attitudes toward their police. Thus, the author's hypothesis was not rejected. A STUDY OF CERTAIN COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO COMMUNITY ATTITUDES OF THE POLICE IN THE CITY OF MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN By in . ‘ U“ h .‘ 9 ) Merlyn D! Moore A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Criminal Justice 1970 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this study was made possible through the com- bined efforts of numerous persons. The author wishes to express his most grateful appreciation to the following people: To Knowlton Johnson for providing the opportunity to partici- pate in the overall training program; To his major Professor and committee chairman, Dr. John H. McNamara, for his critical editing and advise that greatly enhanced a more honest and comprehensible final product; To the other members of his committee, Dr. Robert C. Trojanowicz and Mr. John E. AngelL,for their helpful assistance; To Patricia Higgins, for her many hours of interpreting my handwriting and typing the thesis; And last, but not least, to my wife Barbara for her most appre- ciated assistance as critic and editor, as well as her tolerance during times of academic stress. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapte§_ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to the Problem . . . Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the Hypothesis and Its Rationale . Definition of Terms Used . . . . . . . . . . II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . III. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An Evaluation of a Unique In-Service Human Relations Training Program The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discription of Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Techniques and Research Design . . . Limitations of Methodology . . . . . . . . . IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS . . . . . Analysis Techniques . Format of Data Presentation . . . . . . . . 12 l2 l3 13 1A 19 23 25 25 25 Chapter General Characteristics of the Sample . Attitudes of Community Members by Various Community Characteristics toward (1) Specific Police Styles (2) The Importance of Various Police Tasks (3) Police Image . . . . . . . . . . . . V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implications of Study . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv 3A 6A 102 123 123 12h 129 132 135 Table «1 ox v1 :- 10 ll l2 13 1h 15 LIST OF TABLES Buying Power Rating for Census Tract Areas Community Community Community Community Community Community Section 1 Characteristics of the Entire Sample . Characteristics of Census Tract Mu—lO Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-2l Characteristics of Census Tract Mu—S . . . Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-2 . . . Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-l . . . - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Sex . . . . . . . . . Section 1 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Age . . . . . . . . . Section 1 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Marital Status . . . . Section 1 - Significant Association or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Race . . . . . . . . . Section 1 — Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Income . . . . . . . . Section 1 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Occupation . . . . . . Section 1 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Socio—political Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Level of Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bass. 17 26 28 29 30 32 33 35 38 A3 1&7 52 55 58 62 Table 16 17 l8 19 20 21. 22 23 2h 25 26 27 28 Section 3 — Significant Association or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Section 3 - Community Attitudes of Two Law Enforcement Tasks as Seen by the Sex Characteristic . . . . . . . . 70 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Marital Status . . . . . . 75 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Race . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Income . . . . . . . . . . 81 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Occupation . . . . . . . . 85 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Socio-political Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Section 3 - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Level of Educational Attairlment I O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O 0 O 0 98 Section A - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Section A - Community Attitudes of Certain Aspects of Police Imagery by the Sex Characteristics . . . . . 10h Section h— Significant Attitudes of Police Imagery by Sex through Use of a ”Collapsing" Technique . . . . 105 Section A - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 vi Table Page 29 Section A — Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Marital Status . . . . . . 109 30 Section A - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Race . . . . . . . . . . . 111 31 Section A - Significant Associations of Relationships with Community Attitudes by Income . . . . . . . . . . 113 32 Section A - Significant AsSociations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Occupation . . . . . . . . 115 33 Section A — Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Socio-political Philosophy 0 Q C O C . O O O O C C . O 0 O . O O I O O 118 3A Section A - Significant Associations or Relationships with Community Attitudes by Level of Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 35 Section A - Community Attitudes of the General Prestige of the Police Position by Level of Educa— tional Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 vii CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM- Introduction to the Problem That the nature of the police function is facing a time of crisis and the need for change is generally conceded, but agreement ends with that concession. Current literature in the area ranges in tone from scholarly speculation to polemical diatribes, with the end result of providing police administrators with virtually no information upon which to base departmental policy. Administrators are beginning to ask for research, however, that will enable the police to better serve the community. Research which is neither speculative nor polemi- cal. Research which will facilitate equitable decisions and just policies. Research which will permeate the entire status of our present concept of the nature of the police function in a free society. It is reasonable to assume that the role or function of the police as perceived by individual members of the community would differ according to certain community characteristics (that is, sex, age, marital status, race, amount of income, kind of occupation, political philosophy, and degree of formal education). While this contention may be borrowed from Karl Marx's "economic determinatism" it cannot be denied that the socialization process for youth fails to result in total and absolute conformity for the mass majority. Thus, as one gravitates to the various sectors of society, i.e., lower class, middle class, upper class, etc., one's attitudes change and become consistent with the group's to which he belongs. If the community contained a homogeneous population the function to be performed by the police would be more likely to be a relatively simple matter to determine; however, as contemporary urban society is quite heterogeneous, it becomes a complex matter. Although no one single, simple program will result in a utopian police force, knowledge of community attitudes toward the police may assist in achieving better police service. Statement of the Problem It is the aim of this writer to provide some relevant informa- tion that the police administrator can utilize in establishing effec- tive policy. This idea is not new-~politica1 scientists have long realized the value of demographic data in determining voter prefer- ence.1 This writer feels a similar concept could be effectively used by the police. By increasing their knowledge of the relationship of certain community characteristics and community attitudes toward them the police may be better able to relate to the community by way of infbrmed decision-making. For example, the information gained as a 1See for example: Bernard R. Berelson, Lt. Ll., Voting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 195A); Angus Campbell, Lt. Ll., The American Voter (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1960); Angus Campbell, et. Ll., Elections and the Political Order (New York. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966); Robert E. Lane, Political Life (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959); Paul F. Lazarsfeld, et. g;,, The People' 5 Choice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968):. result of such a study can be extrapolated from the study and used to establish guidelines for evaluating basic training programs. Thus, for example, the police service may be improved by providing training more closely related to actual, identifiable community needs as defined by the community. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to (1) present information in the form of descriptive survey tables of various community characteristics; and (2) describe the relationship between certain community characteristics and community attitudes toward police. Inportance of the Study One feature of contemporary society is the increasing signifi— cance of relations between the police and the community. It is the Opinion of this writer that just as the action taken by a single police officer can be the catalyst for an explosive reaction by certain seg- ments of the population so can the action of a police administrator in determining ineffective and irrelevant departmental policy produce similar results. It is hoped that this study will provide a greater understanding of police-community relations, from both psychological (i.e., attitudes) and sociological (i.e., demographic data) points of view. In addition, it is also hoped that police officials, city officials, and all con- cerned community members in Muskegon will evolve more effective insights into police-community relations problems. Statement of the Hypothesis and Its Rationale The hypothesis states that the role or function of the police as perceived by individual members of the community differs according to certain community characteristics. The rationale for the foregoing hypothesis is based on pertinent information concerning socioeconomic level and attitudes toward the police that is found in the literature dealing with public attitudes toward the police. (Houston Police 3 Ennis, 1967;)4 National Center on Department, 1959;2 Gourley, 1953; Police and Community Relations, 1967;5 Mihanovich, 1967;6 Bayley and Mendelson, 1969-7) 2Survey conducted by Houston (Texas) Police Department, 1959. 3G. D. Gourley, Police and the Public (Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Company, 1953. hPhillip H. Ennis, Criminal Victimization in the United States: A Report of a National Survey, submitted by the National Opinion Research Center to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice Field Survey II (Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 52-79. 5The National Center on Police and Community Relations, A_ National Survey of Police and Community Relations, submitted by Michi- gan State University to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice Field Survey V (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 9-31. 6Clement S. Mihanovich, "Management Measurements of Public Atti— tude Towards the Police," The Police Chief, Vol. XXXIV, No. 5 (May 1967). pp. 28-30. 7David H. Bayley and Harold Mendelson, Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America (New York: The Free Press, 1969). Definition of Terms Used Attitude toward the police: This is defined as a predisposed expression, by word or deed, of one's reaction toward the police. Legalistic Police Style: A style in which all incidents are legally disposed of regardless of type. Characteristically, traffic citations are issued at a high rate, vigorous action is taken against illicit enterprises, a large number of misdemeanor arrests are made, police intervene formally in any situation coming to their attention and the policemen themselves are considered law abiding. Organiza- tionally, there is centralized control, formal authority, written accounts are maintained on each incident, there is specialization of tasks and the overall administration is professional. Watchman Police Style: A style in which the police, except for serious crimes, react as if the maintenance of order was their princi— ple function. Characteristically, such a department ignores minor violations, tolerates a certain amount of vice and gambling, informally treats family assaults and juveniles, public peace is the central issue and places little emphasis on the appearance and manner of its policemen. Organizationally, the salaries are low, policemen are recruited locally, a minimum of training is given, there is little specialization of tasks, and, generally, administration is lax. Service Police Style: A style in which the community determines the function of the police. The police take seriously all requests for either law enforcement or order maintenance but are less likely to respond by making an arrest or otherwise imposing formal sanctions. Characteristically, the police intervene frequently but not formally, the pace of police work is leisurely, usually found in middle class or upper class communities, and policemen are expected to be courteous, neat and display a pleasant attitude. Organizationally, good records are maintained, salaries are high, the department has modern up-to-date facilities and equipment, training is extensive and a large percentage of the officers have some college training. Demographic characteristics: As used throughout this study the term refers to several community characteristics chosen in order to provide a stratified grouping—-sex, age, marital status, race, income, occupation, political philosophy, and education. These units will be used in this study in the same manner in which they are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Community/city: The population from which this writer drew his sample are residents of the city of Muskegon, Michigan. The terms com- munity and city are used interchangably throughout the report. Hence, community or city is used in its generic sense, referring to all people in the city who are served by the police. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE There have been relatively few studies that have been done specifically on the subject area of this research design, namely, whether perception of the police role by the community differs accord- ing to certain community characteristics. Despite the scarcity of material one can develop from the literature the following points rele- vant to the study of the police. First, it would be naive to think that community members have a single attitude toward the police. Atti- tudes toward the police are dependent upon context. In order to under- stand police-community relations in any one city one must study particu- lar aspects of the relationship. Secondly, the police themselves must realize that different segments of the public view them differently.8 Society is continuously demanding and requiring new behavior from the police. As a result, the police often find themselves as transitional figures trying desparately to meet society halfway in order that they and society may agree on what the police are supposed to be and on how the police are supposed to function.9 8Bayley and Mendelsohn, _p, cit., p. 35. 9Charlotte Epstein, Intergroup Relations for Police Officers (Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1962), p. 186. The remainder of this chapter will be concerned with showing the attitudes people have had of the police in those few studies that have attempted a quantitative comparison of the public image toward the police through the use of standardized control variables (certain community characteristics) such as age, sex, occupation, income, edu— cation, race, etc. A 1967 survey revealed the following: The level of education is a valid and significant factor in the determination of citizens' attitudes toward the police. The type of occupation is a valid and significant factor in the determination of citizens' attitudes toward the police. The higher the income level the more favorable are the attitudes. Race is a significant variable in the determination of citizens' attitudes toward the police. Negro attitudes are more unfavorable than the attitudes of whites. The higher the social class, the lower the unfavorable attitudes toward the police. As the age level increased the attitudes, in general, were more favorable.10 It is significant to note that these conclusions are substantiated by the overall conclusions derived by the National Crime Commission in its 1967 report. (Ennis, 1967) loMihanovich, op. cit., p. 28. In another survey it was mentioned that localized attitude studies conducted in Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; San Diego, California; and Washington, D.C. revealed similar results.11 But as this report warned-~the consistency of the results should not lead one to over-simplification. For although the problems of police-community relations can be characterized in a generalized manner at the national level, there is a certain degree of uniqueness involved in a particular situation as found in any Specific community.12 For example, a very good discussion on an attempt at dissecting the public image of the police through the use of certain community characteristics was done by Preiss and Ehrlich in 1966 in their study of the Michigan State Police. The configuration of various characteris- tics provided them the following interesting and inventive composite: The pattern that emerges for a positive image of the police is found in the middle-age white female college graduate who has had con contact with the police and whose husband is engaged in a nonexecutive capacity in a white-collar occupation. In contrast, the negative image seems to stem from a somewhat younger, non-white male manual worker, with a grade school education or less, who has had some but not extensive contact with the police.1 11National Center on Police and Community Relations, op, cit., pp. 11-12 0 lerid., p. 25. 13Howard J. Ehrlich and Jack J. Preiss, An Examination of Role Theory: The Case of the State Police (Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 1966), p. 129. 10 This composite supports similar patterns suggested in studies previously mentioned. It is significant to note, however, that although police contact emerged as the most significant characteristic in determining the public image in Preiss and Ehrlichs' study, (GOUrley, 1953, con- cluded similarly), other data, with regard to age, sex, occupation, and education, were not entirely in agreement with Gourley's inter- pretation.1h In the most recent localized attitude study surveyed in the literature, an even more pronounced difference betweeen the relation- ship of the public image of the police and community characteristics was noted. The authors concluded: The judgments that people make about the police, having to do with respect, reputation, quality of work per- formed, treatment of minorities, and differential behavior, are not affected by the age, sex, and social class of the respondent. Analysis fails to reveal any significant associations for any ethnic group between evaluative judgments and background variables. We conclude, therefore, that the most important factor influencing peOple's views of the police is ethnicity. 15 From the foregoing discussion of the literature it becomes apparent that the correlates of the public image of the police are dependent upon the context of actions, needs, and expectations in a specific locality. It does not seem possible to plan effectively in lthid., p. 1A2. 15Bayley and Mendelsohn, pp, cit., p. 113. 11 the area of police—community relations unless there is an understand- ing and knowledgeability of the public's attitudes toward the police. Through attitude studies such as this police and community relations at the local scene should improve--simply by allowing one to know what people think, who thinks what and why, and what may be done to correct misconceptions, inform the uninformed, and understand the public as well as the police. An attitude survey of this kind can serve as a mirror for the police to see themselves as the public sees them. In summary, the state of the art in this area reviewed leaves one with a feeling of inadequacy. Although political scientists have long recognized the importance of attitude studies based on demographic characteristics of a population (i.e., voting preference) empirical evidence tends to show that the police still cling to the traditional concept "enforcement of the law" to govern their behavior. As a whole police still know little systematically about the nature of the police role as perceived by the community and the importance it holds for effective policy determinations. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY An Evaluation of a Unique In-Service Human Relation Training Program This particular study was part of an evaluation of a in—service human relations training program for the Muskegon Police Department. In 1969 the Michigan Civil Rights Commission (MCRC) selected one Michi- gan city and its police department (Muskegon, Michigan) to develop a relevant, workable police-community relations program. An integral part of the program was the in—service human relations training program. In an effort to determine the effectiveness of the in-service human relation training MCRC contacted the National Center on Police and Community Relations to do an evaluation of the program. Part of the evaluation was to be done by obtaining information from a cross-section of Muskegon citizens by way of a community questionnaire. The rationale for this was the following: too often in the area of police-community relations, programs are sponsored by instinct and by hearsay. One may know what a certain minority think and feels and also know what the prominent citizen wants and believes. But one does not know what the great masses between these two extremes of our population believe or think about the police. It is also significant to mention that what one thinks he knows about a minority or dominant group may be very misleading and not based on fact. Thus, it was thought that as part 13 of the overall evaluation it would be valuable to include a study involving community attitudes toward the police. This would not only identify some of the existing assumed attitudes but would unearth others and give a deeper insight to the police for good community relations. The Problem The problem was to obtain valid and reliable information describ- ing citizen perceptions of the police which could be compared with certain community characteristics to test the hypothesis, that: the role or function of the police as perceived by individual members of the community differs according to certain community characteristics. Following are the facets of this problem, as developed and/or considered by this writer. Description of Sample The population from which this writer drew his sample are resi- dents of the city of Muskegon, Michigan. Muskegon's resident-population as per the 1960 census was A6,A85 of which 3,796 were Negro. In all probability, these figures were somewhat higher at the time of this study. In addition to these figures, the resident figure for Latin- Americans, although not available in the 1960 census, is viewed as being a significant number. 1A Research Setting On January 9 a team of researchers from Michigan State University16 arrived in Muskegon to survey a representative sample of Muskegon citizens. Earlier in the week contacts were made by three members of the team with local community leaders who agreed to encourage partici- pation in the project should they be questioned about the survey's legitimacy. Also, in order to disseminate information the local news- paper ran an article on the impending survey, prior to the research team's arrival. Due to time and cost considerations the team decided to use a stratified systematic area sample. The significance of selecting a stratified systematic sample is that already-existing knowledge is used to divide the population into groups such that the elements within each group are more alike than are the elements in the population as a whole.17 In this way the researcher can reduce the chance of obtaining atypical samples while at the same time increasing the probability of a representative sample. Some other reasons for selecting a stratified sample were the following: 16Actually, the research team doing the survey consisted of five graduate students from the School of Criminal Justice, one undergradu- ate, and three Muskegon community leaders familiar with the areas selected. 17 . Mbrrls H. Hansen, W. N. Hurwitz, and W. G. Madon, Sample Survey Methods and Theory (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1953), p. A0. 15 a. It allowed us to achieve more nearly equal accuracy for the different "strata" at the same total cost. b. It required the smallest sample size for the same level of precision of those sampling procedures used in a survey.18 c. It allowed us to sample in different proportions in the different "strata" as long as we made separate estimates for the separate categories involved. d. It contributed to the efficiency of the sample because it succeeded in establishing classes that are internally compara- tively homogeneous with reSpect to the community characteris- tics being studied.19 e. One can still claim the stratified sample is a random sample, even though all people do NQT_have the same chance of falling into the sample, because the full definition of a random sample is that each member of the population EITHER has an equal chance of falling into the sample QR it is ENQWN_what chance each member has of falling into the sample.20 (Taking every jth house on a street insures randomization.) 18Charles H. Backstron and Gerald Hursch. Survengesearch Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963), p. 26T' 19Claire Selltiz and others. Research Methods In Social Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), p. 528. 20Julian L. Simon. Basic Research Methods in Social Science: The Art of Emperical Investigation—(New York: Random House, 1969), p. 259. 16 This last point is not agreed upon by all researchers but by inter- changing the words representative for random and representativeness for randomization agreement by most is achieved. In this setting the existing knowledge used was median family income and median value of homes within defined census tracts. This information was compiled by Walter Bresser and Sons of Detroit, Michigan, in their Cross-Index Directory of Greater Muskegon, 1969-1970 edition.21 With the help of U.S. Census Bureau data, block canvassing, and real estate valuations they rated each census tract area according to the median property and income values of all families within the various tracts.22 From Table 1 it can be seen that five ratings were used to distinguish the various census tract areas. It was decided that the selection of a representative sample of appropriate size from the defined target population could be best realized by selecting a census tract area from each rating. In all there are eleven census tracts that make up the Greater Muskegon area. The total number lying within each rating area were as follows: A-l; B-A; C-2; D-1; and E-3. 21Walter Bresser and Sons, Cross-Index Directory of Greater Muskegon (Detroit: Walter Bresser and Sons, 1969-1970). 225ee Appendix A. 17 Table 1 Buying Power Rating for Census Tract Areas Property Value Disposable Key Rating Range Income Range Highest Wealth Tracts A $25,ooo+ $lo,ooo+ Medium High B 19,000-2A,999 7,000-9,999 Medium C lA,000-l8,999 5,500-6,999 Medium Low D 9,000-13,999 A,OOO-5,A99 Low E Less than 9,000 Less than A,OOO Since there was only one tract with an A rating that one naturally represented the High Wealth area. The same can be said of the D rating, thus the reason for selecting that particular tract. 0n the other hand, the other three rating categories had more than one census tract included in their totals. In order to assure representativeness it was necessary to randomly select a census tract from each rating. The following five census tracts were selected: A High (Income $l0,000+ Property Value $25,QOO+) Census tract Mu-lO was selected for this rating. The area has an approximate size of 30 square blocks and is west of the downtown area. It is bounded on the north by Muskegon Lake; on the south by Bronson Park, Sherman Boulevard, and Lake Shore Drive; on the east by Muskegon Country Club and Richards Street; and on the west by Lake Michigan. 18 B Medium High (Income $7,000-9,999 Property Value $191,000) Census tract Mu-2l was selected for this rating. The area encom- passes approximately 60 square blocks and is southwest of the downtown area. It is bounded on the north by Laketon Avenue; on the south by Sherman Boulevard; on the east by Glade and Park Streets; and on the west by Wickham Drive and Ruddiman Lagoon. C Medium (Income $5,500-6,999 Property Value $1A,OOO) Census tract Mu-5 was selected for this rating. The area has an approximate size of 100 square blocks and is southeast of the downtown area. It is bounded on the north by Apple Avenue and Forrest Avenue; on the south by Keating Avenue; on the east by Getty Avenue, Wood Street, and Ambrosia Street; and on the west by Peck Street. D Medium Low (Income $A,OOO-5,A99 Prgperpy Value $9,000) Census tract Mu-2 was selected for this rating. This area has a very high concentration of Negroes who reside within it. The area itself has an approximate size of A0 square blocks and is northeast of the downtown area. It is bounded on the north by the Muskegon River; on the south by Ryerson Creek; on the east by Getty Avenue; and on the west by Muskegon Lake. l9 Samplinngechniques and Research Desigp_ It was determined that the most appropriate means of data-gathering would be accomplished through the use of questionnaires. Interviewing was rejected because it was not feasible for both reasons of time and cost. The questionnaire23 consisted of four sections that were designed to measure the following: 1. The specific police style that the community may want the police to perform in a given situation. (This writer adOpted the three styles presented by James Q. Wilson in his book Varieties of Police Behavior, viz., legalistic, watchman and services.2 ) Each response was constructed so as to specify a particular police style and the subjects involved were asked to indicate their preference of one of three answers to each question. 2. Role perception, using the following criteria: (a) use of force; (b) seeing the Negro communities as being cooperative; (c) con- sidering "extenuating circumstances" over the law; and (d) helping mem- bers of the Negro race. The idea was to place the responses along a continuum that would indicate whether the response was of a "legalistic" or "service" nature. 23See Appendix B. QhJames Q. Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968). 20 3. The importance of various tasks for which Muskegon police are responsible. This researcher's purpose was to determine whether the community see policemen involved more in law enforcement functions (legalistic), non-law enforcement functions (service), or both. A. Police image based on a prestige scale consisting of the following components: (a) general prestige; (b) degree of influence; (c) social position; and (d) economic position. A general cover sheet was included in the questionnaire stating the purpose of the overall study as well as the purpose of the com- munity questionnaire. The idea was to reduce any doubts the community may have had as to the authenticity of the study. In addition, an information sheet was attached to the question- naire on which consisted the following community characteristics: a. Sex - two categories b. Age - nine categories c. Marital Status - five categories d. Race - six categories e. Family Income — nine categories f. Occupation - nine categories g. Socio-political Philosophy - five categories h. Education - four categories 1. Police Contact - six categories 21 The sampling techniques that was used in order to assure a repre- sentative sample from the Muskegon community, was randomization within the stratified units. Specifically, every jth household on the streets within the selected census tracts were sampled. The exact numerical ratio depended upon the household density within each census tract selected. Once starting a street the design continued to the end of that street or at least to the boundaries of the selected census tract. If no one was at home the research team member took down the address and went back the following day. Because of both time and cost "callback" procedures were limited to one. If after the callback and still no response the team member considered that particular house- hold vacant and lost for this particular study. If the community mem— ber did not wish to participate the research team member noted this and considered that particular household lost for this study. If the community member was at home and willing to participate the research team member gave a brief explanation of the study and then asked the participant what would be the best time the following day to pick up the questionnaire. (This procedure was thought best over mailed-in questionnaires because it was thought it would insure a larger number of returns.) The questionnaire was distributed and collected during a three day period with the following results: The questionnaire was distributed and collected during a three day period with the following results: Census Tract Mu-lO Mu—2l Mu-S Mu—2 Mu-l Houses NAH or Not Questionnaires Questionnaires Contacted Interested Distributed Collected 137 28 109 8A 157 30 127 81 205 2A 181 98 192 32 160 52 185 16 169 7A Participant reaction varied according to the particular census tract sampled. Overall, the cooperation of community members was very good - although the research team had hoped for a better response from census tract Mu-2. There could have been a number of reasons for the percentage of low returns in this area. Some of these might have been: 1. Community members were not convinced of the legitimacy of the study. Even if they were convinced of the legitimacy of the study, past experience had showed them that nothing would come of it. The questionnaire was difficult for many of them to interpret, thus they could not respond to it. Apathy. Minority group militancy was influential in convincing some to not cooperate. 22 23 Limitations of Methodology 1. Since the stratified systematic area sample depended upon existing knowledge already apparent, it was necessary to check the accuracy of the data compiled by Bresser's Cross—Index Directory Com- pany in constructing the Buying Power Map of Muskegon, Michigan. A determination of the median income for each rating area selected was made from data collected on family income and was compared with Bresser's median income for the same rating area. Results showed a close comparison with rating areas A, B, C, and D but a substantial difference with rating area E. It was found that the reason for this had been that rating area B (census tract Mu—l) had been the focal point for a recent urban re ewal project thus changing the composition of those whom reside within it. Thus, the representativeness of the sample to the population is limited in that we were not able to make sound generalizations about that rating area (B) which was supposed to be a representation of Greater Muskegon's low income area. 2. Randomization within stratified units was not what it could have been. For instance, the technique for deciding the interval between housing units was determined by a cursory look of the area and not by city material containing the number of housing units per census area. Also there was no procedure for the selection of the respondent who was to answer the questionnaire. This decision was left up to those residing within the housing Unit — the only stipulation being 2A that whoever was chosen had to answer the questionnaire. Although the procedure took the selection of respondents out of the hands of research team members it did not allow for the representation of the whole range of community attitudes. (This is evident in that there were no students in the sample chosen.) A better procedure would have been to use a respondent-selection key used in many surveys.2S In this way we would have enhanced the possibility of leaving as much as possible to chance and decreased the possibility of contamination to the survey. 3. The absence of a pre-test did not allow the research team to see the questionnaire's weaknesses. As a result, certain items within the questionnaire could not be used in the analysis. (A further dis- cussion of this occurs in Chapter A.) Had a pre—test been given those weaknesses noted could have been corrected to give the maximum informa- tion desired. 25Backstrom and Hursch, op. cit., pp. 50-58. CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Analysis Techniques All responses to the measurement utilized were compiled and coded and punched on IBM cards. All data manipulation was made by a computer. Descriptive survey tables were produced showing frequency and percentage distributions. Comparison of community characteristics and community attitudes are in the form of contingency tables using frequencies and percentages. The statistical analysis utilized was the chi-square test for significance and the level of significance chosen was the .05 level or less. The computer program utilized was the analy- sis of contingency tables - Act II. Format of Data Presentation The data collected from this study was analyzed in three major categories and will be presented in this sequence so as to present the findings in a logical, comprehensible manner. The categories are: (l) the general characteristics of the sample in total, as well as by 26 individual community tracts; (2) the attitutdes of the community 26The community characteristic categories anticipated income and police contact were deleted from the analysis because of the lack of responses and misinterpretation of those responses received. 27 members toward the four sections within the measurement device by various community characteristics; and (3) the overall summary and con- clusions of the study. I. General Characteristics of the Sample Table 2 shows the overall picture of those respondents who took part in the study. Table 2 Community Characteristics of the Entire Sample Characteristic Category Number Percent 1. ES! Male 260 67 Female 128 33 2. Agg_ Under 29 83 21 30-39 77 20 AO-A9 78 20 50-59 7A 19 60 and over 76 2O 3. Marital Married 315 81 Status Single 73 19 A. Race White 336 87 Non-white 51 13 5. Income $5,999 or under 107 29 $6,000 to $9,999 129 35 $10,000 to $13,999 7A 20 $1A,000 to $17,999 32 8 $18,000 and above 30 8 27Section two, involving role perception, was discarded for lack of responses and difficulty in computer programming. Table 2 (Cont.) Characteristic Category Number Percent 7. Occupation Unskilled 18 5 Professional 53 1A Middle Management 33 9 Self-employed 1A A White Collar 56 15 Skilled 32 8 Semi-skilled 57 15 Retired 52 1A Housewife 62 16 8. Philosophy Conservative 106 29 Liberal 55 15 Moderate 139 38 Independent 69 19 9. Education Elementary School 38 10 High School 195 50 College (Undergraduate) 127 33 College (Post graduate) 2A 7 “Percentage is based upon the responses received to each individual community characteristic - nonresponses are not figured in. "Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. The majority (n = A7) were Negro. As reflected by Table 2, the overall picture portrays a fairly representative sample of the Greater Muskegon community. In most categories the outcome was most satisfying. It allowed for a more significant comparison within individual categories. Of course a limi— tation must be placed on the degree of representativeness because of the lack of representation given a low income area. (The area selected, census tract Mu-l, is no longer a true representation of a low income area.) Tables 3, A, 5, 6, and 7 show the individual make-up of each census tract area selected. With the exception of Table 7, the figures correspond as would be expected to the general make-up of the particular census tract ratings given by Walter Bresser and Sons of Detroit, Michigan. Thus, this writer is confident that Tables 3 thru 6 reflect representativeness of those rating areas they were selected to represent. Table 3 Community Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-lO Characteristic Category Number Percent 1. SEE' Male 63 75 Female 21 25 2. Agp_ Under 29 ll 13 30-39 16 19 AO-A9 29 35 50-59 15 18 60 and over l3 l5 3. Marital Married 75 89 Status_ Single 9 11 A. Race White 83 99 Non-white l l 5. Income $5,999 or under 11 1A $6,000 to $9.999 9 11 $10,000 to $13,999 19 2A $1h,000 to $17,999 20 25 $18,000 and above 20 25 Table 3 (Cont.) Characteristic Category Number Percent 7. Occupation unskilled O 0 Professionals 2A 29 Middle Management 18 21 Self-employed 5 6 White Collar 12 1A Skilled 2 2 Semi-skilled 5 6 Retired 8 10 Housewife 9 11 8. Philosophy, Conservative 19 23 Liberal 12 15 Moderate 39 A8 Independent 11 13 9. Education Elementary School 2 2 - High School 29 35 College (Undergraduate) A0 A9 College (Post graduate) 11 13 Table A Community Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-21 Characteristic Category Number Percent 1. Sex Male 6A 79 Female 17 21 2. Agg_ Under 29 15 19 30—39 13 16 AO-A9 18 22 50-59 18 22 60 and over 17 . 21 3. Marital Married 6A 79 Status Single 17 21 Table A (Cont.) Characteristic Category Number Percent A. Race White 80 99 Non-white l l 5. Income $5,999 or under 16 21 $6,000 to $9,999 28 37 $10,000 to $13,999 21 28 $1A.000 to $17,999 3 A $18,000 and above 8 10 7. Occupation Unskilled 3 A Professionals 17 22 Middle Management 9 11 Self-employed 1 1 White Collar 1A 18 Skilled 10 13 Semi-skilled 7 9 Retired 11 15 Housewife 6 7 8. Philosophy Conservative 18 23 Liberal 16 20 Moderate 28 36 Independent 16 2O 9. Education Elementary School 6 7 High School 39 “8 College (Undergraduate) 27 33 College (Post graduate) 9 ’ 11 Table 5 Community Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-S Characteristic Category Number Percent 1. Sex Male 61 62 Female 37 38 Characteristic 2. 9. Ass. Marital Status Race Income Occupation Philosophy Education Table 5 (Cont.) Category Under 29 30-39 10-19 50-59 60 and over Married Single White Non-white $5,999 or under $6,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $13,999 $1A,000 to $17,999 $18,000 and above Unskilled Professionals Middle Management Self-employed White Collar Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent Elementary School High School College (Undergraduate) College (Post graduate) Number 23 18 1A 19 23 76 22 Percent 2A 18 1A 19 2A 78 22 92 8 29 A8 19 3 1 WNWN 17 20 16 19 32 12 37 19 61 28 31 Community Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-2 Characteristic 1. Sex 2. Age 3. Marital Status A. Race 5. Income 7. Occupation 8. Philosophy 9. Education Table 6 Category Male Female Under 29 30-39 AO-A9 50-59 60 and over Married Single White Non-white $5,999 or under $6,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $13,999 $1A,ooo to $17,999 $18,000 and above Unskilled Professionals Middle Management Self-employed White Collar Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent Elementary School High School College (Undergraduate) College (Post graduate) Number 28 2A 10 17 10 8 7 38 l3 16 36 33 Percent 5A A6 19 33 19 15 1A 73 27 31 69 6A 29 7 O 0 1 ONNOI'UOM 3O 30 27 18 33 22 23 10 32 Community Characteristics of Census Tract Mu-l Characteristic 1. Sex 2. Age 3. Marital Status A. Race 5. Income 7. Occupation 8. Philosophy 9. Education Table 7 Category Male Female Under 29 30-39 10-19 50-59 60 and over Married Single White Non-white $5,999 or under $6,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $13,999 $1A,000 to $17,999 $18,000 and above Unskilled Professionals Middle Management Self-employed White Collar Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent Elementary School High School College (Undergraduate) College (Post graduate) Number AA 29 2A 13 7 1A 16 62 12 67 5 21 32 12 6 1 a: F4 W)F‘O\UJU)U)K)R) 1A 26 21 13 33 26 Percent 60 A0 32 18 9 19 22 8A 16 93 7 30 AA 17 8 l 3 13 h h 18 8 16 13 2O 39 10 31 19 13 A6 37 h 33 3A II. Attitudes of community members by various community characteris- tics toward (1) the specific police style they may want the police to perform in a given situation; (2) the importance of various tasks for which the police are responsible; and (3) police image. (1) Specific police styles Twenty questions were developed giving the respondent a choice of one of three answers. Each answer was classified as either being one that reflected a "legalistic" police style, "watchman" police style, or "service" police style. (For an extensive definition see section entitled Definition of Terms Used.) The following are the results of the statistical analysis dealing with certain community characteristics of community members with the specific police style they choose the police to perform in given situations. A. Sex of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following questions con- tained within Section 1. Table 8 Question Response (N = 378) Males 1' Females %—_ A. Prostitution should: L a. be stamped out. 118 A7 81 6A W b. be tolerated as long as it does not involve organized crime and innocent people are not harmed. 96 38 30 2A S c. be permitted as long as the com- munity does not consider it an issue that needs police attention. 38 15 15 12 Total 252 100 126 100 “Eleven did not respond. i"'Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 10.611 was significant beyond the .01 level (.005 . *'**Before all answers involving questions in Section 1 a letter L, W, or S can be seen. This represents whether the answer characterizes a "legalistic" style, "watchman" style, or "service" style. Question __ Regponse (N = 376) Males 571 Females $47 9. What should the Chicago Police have done during the 1968 Democratic Convention: W a. no permits issued but the demon- strators watched closely; police should have stepped in only if situation became riotous. 53 21 A1 33 S b. they should have allowed the demonstration without police interference. 9 A 5 A L c. they should have issued parade permits and strictly enforced the requirements of those per- mits. _ 1§2_ 75 79 63 Total 251 100 125 100 “Thirteen did not respond. *‘Percentage was rounded to the nearest whole number. **'The chi-square value of 6.309 was significant at the .05 level. 36 Table 8 (Cont.) Question Response (N = 376) Males %7 Females %7 11. How should a policeman react when called to a home where a husband and wife are fighting: S a. take whatever action is accepta- ble to the neighborhood. A 2 3 2 W b. avoid arrest while making every effort to settle the dispute. 133 53 A7 38 L c. if the law has been broken arrest the violator. llA_ _A§_ _15_ _£fil Total 251 100 125 100 “Thirteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 7.9A9 was significant at the .025 level. Question Response (N = 381) Males $7 Females %7 20. What should be the policy of police concerning public high schools: L a. there should be a plain clothes policeman assigned to the school to help school officials to maintain order. A9 19 26 21 W b. police should be kept out of the schools unless Specifically requested by school officials. 172 67 67 5A S c. 'the school district should be polled to determine whether or not police are assigned to schools. _Q$i 1A 32 26 Total 256 100 125 101 *Eight did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to nearest whole number. ’*'The chi-square value of 9.385 was significant at the .01 level. 37 As can be discerned from Table 8, sex of the respondent did have an association or relationship with the specific police function the respondent wanted the police to perform in a given situation. Though it should be emphasized that sex was not significant in choosing one of the three answers--in other words males were not more inclined to answer legalistic and vice versa. It depended entirely on the situ- ation within the question. For example, question A dealing with prostitution revealed sharp differences in Opinion between the sexes. Females were much more inclined to feel that prostitution should be stamped out. Question 11 concerning domestic disputes revealed similar results. Females were much more inclined to favor the "legalistic" response than were males. In both these situations the results obtained were predic- table. The situations developed in both questions, concerning prosti- tution and domestic disputes, were such that one might assume that females would be more favorable toward the "legalistic" choice. Other than those questions listed in Table 8, for the most part, both sexes were in rather close agreement as to their choices on most questions in Section 1. B. Age of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on some of the questions contained within Section 1. Question A. N = 379 Under 25 25-29 30-3A 35-39 AO-AA A5—A9 50-51 55-59 60 and over Table 9 Prostitution should: 8.. be stamped out. be tolerated as long as it does not involve organized crime and innocent people are not harmed. be permitted as long as the community does not con- sider it an issue that needs police attention. b. C . Chose (a) N 25 61 18 A6 17 AA 16 A2 20 57 23 55 27 56 10 A0 A3 60 *Ten did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. Chose (b) N 8 20 17 AA 18 A6 15 A0 1A A0 16 38 15 31 5 20 18 2S Chose (c) N 8 20 A 10 A 10 7 18 1 3 3 7 6 13 10 A0 ll 15 N Al 39 39 38 35 A2 A8 25 72 Total 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ***The chi-square value of 32.212 was significant at the .01 level. 38 Table 9 (Cont.) Question 13. A marijuana user should be: W a. ignored unless he engages in illegal activities because of his use of marijuana. L b. arrested. S c. take whatever action the majority of the neighborhood wants. N = 379 Qhose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N i N i N i N Under 25 16 37 23 5A A 9 A3 100 25—29 . A 10 31 80 A 10 39 100 30-3A 10 26 27 71 l 3 38 100 35-39 9 2A 26 70 2 5 37 100 AO-AA 8 23 27 77 0 0 35 100 A5-A9 10 2A 31 7A 1 2 A2 100 50—5A 11 2A 35 76 o 0 A6 100 55-59 3 12 19 76 3 12 25 100 60 and over 1A 19 50 68 10 1A 7A 100 *Ten did not respond. 9*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 26.85A was significant at the .05 level. **'*A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (33%). A0 Table 9 (Cont.) Question 15. Would you like to see your policeman in Muskegon as: W a. one whose primary aim would be to keep peace in the neighborhood. L b. one who would arrest when the law is broken. S c. one who would, except for serious crime, enforce only those laws that the neighborhood saw as important. N = 380 Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 5 N i N i N 5 Under 25 2A 56 15 35 9 A3 100 25-29 15 39 22 56 2 5 39 100 30-3A 10 26 26 68 2 5 38 99 35-39 8 21 27 71 3 8 38 100 AO-AA 10 29 20 59 A 12 3A 100 A5-A9 6 1A 33 79 3 7 A2 100 50-5A 6 13 A0 83 2 A A8 100 55-59 6 2A 18 72 1 A 25 100 60 and over 1A 19 55 7A A 6 73 100 *Nine did not respond. “*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 38.698 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (30%). Al Table 9 (Cont.) Question 19. Concerning gambling, I believe that: S a. except for gambling associated with organized crime, whether or not police arrest private gamblers should depend on how the neighborhood feels about gambling. L b. if gambling is against the law, all gamblers who are caught should be arrested. W c. police should arrest those gamblers who are connected with organized crime, and those gamblers who gamble Openly, in public view. N = 379 Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N i N i N i N under 25 10 23 16 37 17 A0 A3 100 25—29 3 8 20 51 16 A1 39 100 30-3A 9 2A 21 57 7 19 37 100 35-39 8 21 20 53 10 26 38 100 Ao—AA 5 1A 20 56 11 31 36 101 A5—A9 3 8 2o 50 17 A3 A0 101 50-5A o 0 37 79 10 21 A7 100 55-59 1 A 16 6A 8 32 25 100 60 and over 9 12 A6 62 19 26 7A 100 *Ten did not respond. “'Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. *'*The chi-square value of 35.337 was significant at the .005 level. As reflected by Table 9, age of the respondent did have an asso- ciation or relationship with their preference for a particular police style. It might even be suggested that most age groups had a preference for the "legalistic" style and the degree of preference was directly related to increasing age. (As indicated by questions 15 and 19.) But, again, a qualification must be made because as questions A and 13 indi- cate this was not exactly the case. A2 In those questions that did produce significant differences there were some interesting developments. The age group under 25 were much less likely to choose the "legalistic" answer for those questions deal- ing with marijuana, gambling, and how one would like to see the police. On questions 15 and 19, concerning how one would like to see his police and gambling, the majority of respondents under 25 preferred the "watch- man" answer--the only age group to do so. Even on the question concern- ing the marijuana user where fifty-four percent of those under 25 chose the "legalistic" answer, there was a significant difference between this percentage and that for any other age group. Before one assumes that the age group under 25 is least likely to prefer the "legalistic" style one should mention the results obtained for question A involving prostitution. Surprisingly enough, at least to this writer, those under 25 were more likely to choose the "legalistic" answer. Once again, as mentioned for the sex characteristic, the preference for a particular police style depended on the situation within the questions. In conclusion, although age did reflect some significant differences in Table 9, most questions elicited little difference between age and the preference for a particular police style. C. Marital status of the respondent did have a significant asso- ciation or relationship with community attitudes on five of the questions found within Section 1. Table 10 Question Single % Married % (N = 38A) 3. The police upon stopping a vehicle for speeding 10 miles over the speed limit should: W a. give a strong verbal warn- ing. 5 7 1A 5 S b. give a verbal warning with emphasis on the safety factors involved. 28 39 75 2A L c. give a ticket to the law- breaker. 32_ 5A 223 72 Total 72 100 312 101 *Five did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Sing1e includes those who are single, separated, divorced, and widowed. '***The chi-square value of 8.092 was significant at the .025 level. Question Single % Married % (N = 378) A. Prostitution should: L a. be stamped out A2 61 156 51 W b. be tolerated as long as it does not involve organized crime and innocent people are not harmed. 1A 20 112 56 S c. be permitted as long as the community does not consider it an issue that needs police attention. 13 19 Al 13 Total 69 100 309 100 *Eleven did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Singe includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. ****The chi-square value of 6.695 was significant at the .05 level. Table 10 (Cont.) Questiop. Single % (N = 376) 9. What should the Chicago Police have done during the 1968 Democratic Convention: W a. no permits issued but the demonstrators watched closely; police should have stepped in only if situation became riotous. 21 30 S b. they should have allowed the demonstration without police interference. 7 10 L c. they should have issued parade permits and strictly enforced the requirements of those permits. A3 61 Total 71 101 ”Thirteen did not respond. i”Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced, and widowed. Married 5 73 2A 7 2 22.5.3 305 100 ****The chi-square value of 10.993 was significant at the .005 level. A5 Table 10 (Cont.) Question Single % Married % (N = 379) 13. A marijuana user should be: W a. ignored unless he engages in illegal activities because of his use of marijuana. 19 26 66 22 L b. arrested. A3 60 226 7A S c. take whatever action the majority of the neighbor- hood wants. 10 1A 15 5 Total 72 100 307 101 *Ten did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. *'*Sing1e includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. **"The chi-square value Of 9.37A was significant at the .01 level. Question Single % Married % (N = 372) 18. Police should: L a. worry only about enforcing the laws. 30 AA 201 66 S b. become involved in enforc- ing those laws requested by the neighborhood. 17 25 A2 1A W e. worry less about enforcing the law and more about keeping the neighborhood peaceful. 22 32 60 20 Total 69 101 303 100 ”Seventeen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. ****The chi-square value Of 12.566 was significant at the .005 level. A6 As Table 10 reflected, marital status did have a bearing on a respondent's preference for a particular police style. Married respon- dents tended to have a greater preference for the "legalistic" answer on four of the five questions that were found to have significant dif- ferences. For that matter, married respondents tended to favor the "legalistic" answer more than the single respondents on almost all of the questions found within Section 1. Oddly enough, one of the few questions that produced a different pattern was Question A, concern- ing what should be done about prostitution. Single respondents were more inclined to choose the "legalistic" answer than were married respondents (61% to 51%). In conclusion, there was a very high proba- bility that marital status Of the respondent did have an association or relationship with community attitudes on their preference for a particular police style. D. Race of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following ques- tions in Section 1. Table 11 Question White % Non-white % (N = 383) 1. Police should be primarily con- cerned with: L a. enforcing the law. 237 71 27 53 W b. keeping order in the streets. 1A A A 8 S c. giving the community what- ever police services the community wants. 81 2A 20 39 Total 332 99 51 100 *Six did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 7.100 was significant at the .05 level. Question White % Non-white % (N = 383) 3. The police upon stopping a vehicle for speeding 10 miles over the speed limit should: W a. give a strong verbal warning. l8 5 1 2 S b. give a verbal warning with emphasis on the safety factors involved. 79 2A 23 A6 L c. give a ticket to the law- breaker. 236 71 g§_ 52 Total 333 100 50 100 *Six did not respond. flPercentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. *‘**The chi-square value of 11.380 was significant at the .005 level. A7 Table 11 (Cont.) Question White % Non-white % (N = 379) 6. Concerning the appearance of the police, I feel that: W a. appearance is not that important. 10 3 5 10 S b. all public servants should be neatly attired. 137 Al 21 AA L c. the image of police profes- sionalism demands a neat appearance. 18A 56 22 A6 Total 331 100 A8 100 *Ten did not respond. “*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 6.583 was significant at the .05 level. Table 11 (Cont.) Question White 1 Non-white % (N 3 375) 9. What should the Chicago Police have done during the 1968 Democratic Convention: W a. no permits issued but the demonstrators watched closely; police should have stepped in only if situ- ation became riotous. 72 22 21 A3 S b. they should have allowed the demonstration without police interference. 9 3 5 10 L c. they should have issued parade permits and strictly enforced the requirements of those permits. 235 _;E2 23 A7 Total 326 100 A9 100 *Fourteen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American and Oriental American. *"'The chi-square value Of l8.A77 was significant at the .005 level. Table 11 (Cont.) Question White % Non-white % (N = 378) 13. A marijuana user should be: W a. ignored unless he engages in illegal activities because of his use of marijuana. 69 21 15 30 L b. arrested. 2A1 7A 28 56 S c. take whatever action the majority of the neighbor- hood wants. 18 6 .;1 1A Total 328 101 50 100 “Eleven did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 8.18A was significant at the .025 level. Question White % Non-white % (N = 373) 1A. Drug users should be prosecuted: L a. always. 253 79 29 57 S b. prosecuted or ignored depending on neighborhood concern. 22 7 7 1A W c. ignored unless the order of the community is being disturbed. A7 15 l§_ 29 Total 322 101 51 100 *Sixteen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ’ *'**The chi-square value of 11.2A9 was significant at the .005 level. 50 51 Table 11 (Cont.) Question White % Non-white % (N = 380) 20. What should be the policy of police concerning public high schools: L a. there should be a plain clothes policeman assigned to the school to help school Officials to main- tain order. 65 2O 10 20 W b. police should be kept out of the schools unless specifically requested by school officials. 21A 65 2A A8 S c. the school district should be polled to determine whether or not police are assigned to schools. 51 l6 16 32 Total 330 101 50 100 *Nine did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American and ****The chi-square value Of 8.712 was significant at the .025 level. As Table 11 indicated, whites were more inclined to prefer the "legalistic" response, while non-whites were more likely to prefer the "watchman" and "service" responses. On inspection Of the other ques- tions in Section 1 this pattern persisted throughout most of the items. One exception to this can be seen from question 20 regarding the policy of police involvement within public high schools. Both whites and non- whites were coexistent in their choice of the "legalistic" answer. 52 Whites more readily chose the "watchman" answer (65% to A8%). Non- whites remained more likely to prefer the "service" answer as was the case in the other questions in Table 11 (32% to 16%). In conclusion, there was a very high probability that an association or relationship exists between race and community attitudes toward a particular police style. E. Income of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following two questions in Section 1. Table 12 Question 15. Would you like to see your policeman in Muskegon as: W a. one whose primary aim would be to keep peace in the neighborhood. L b. one who would arrest when the law is broken. S c. one who would, except for serious crime, enforce only those laws that the neighborhood saw as important. (N = 369) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N i N 7 N i N $3,999 or under 17 3A 30 6O 3 6 50 100 $A,000 to $5,999 15 28 36 67 3 6 5A 101 $6,000 to $7,999 25 36 A2 60 3 A 70 100 $8,000 to $9,999 18 27 A6 70 2 3 66 100 $10,000 to $11,999 9 17 A2 81 l 2 52 100 $12,000 to $15,999 8 17 32 70 6 13 A6 100 $16,000 and above 6 19 18 58 7 23 31 100 *Twenty did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 27.951 was significant at the .01 level. **'*A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (33%). 53 Table 12 (Cont.) Question 17. Johnny Jones and three other young men are standing on a street corner late at night. Patrolman X comes driving up. The patrolman should: L a. stop, obtain the young men's names, and determine exactly what they are doing. S b. drive right on by, if this gathering on street corners is considered by this neighborhood to be normal. W c. let them alone, unless they were noisy and otherwise disturbing the peace. (N = 37A) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N 7 N 7 N $3,999 or under 15 30 A 8 31 62 50 100 $A,000 to $5,999 21 38 6 ll 28 51 55 100 $6,000 to $7,999 36 50 7 10 29 A0 72 100 $8,000 to $9,999 25 39 8 12 32 A9 65 100 $10,000 to $11,999 27 51 2 A 2A A5 53 101 $12,000 to $15,999 1A 30 l 2 32 68 A7 100 $16,000 and above A 13 5 16 23 72 32 101 *Fifteen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 27.012 was significant at the .01 level. This writer had assumed that the family income characteristic would produce significant differences toward the particular police style preferred in a given situation, but as Table 12 indicated only two of the twenty questions produced differences that were significant. On Question 15, concerning what the respondents saw as the main func- tion of the Muskegon police, the "legalistic" answer was favored by the majority of respondents at all income levels. The major differences were evident from those who chose the "service" answer. Individuals 5A making $16,000 and above were much more inclined to choose the "service" answer on both questions. This tended to support Wilson’s premise that high income areas are more inclined to prefer a police style with a "service" orientation. In conclusion, the community characteristic family income was not found to be a significant factor in one's atti- tude toward preferring a particular police style in most situations presented in Section 1. (Although the higher income levels were more inclined to favor the "service" answer in the two situations that produced significant differences.) F. Occupation of the respondent did have a significant associ- ation or relationship with community attitudes on the follow- ing two questions in Section 1. Table 13 Question 8. What do you think should be done about people who march and protest: S a. they should be allowed to march, except in a neigh- borhood where there would be strong disagreement with their cause. W b. they should be watched but not interfered with unless they create a public disorder. L c. they should be allowed to march if they have a parade permit. (N = 367) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N 7— N 7 N Unskilled 2 ll 10 56 6 33 18 100 Professionals and Executives 1 2 3A 6A 18 3A 53 100 Middle Management 1 3 19 58 13 39 33 100 Self-employed l 7 8 57 5 36 1A 100 White-collar: sales, technical, clerical O O 27 50 27 50 5A 100 First-line supervisors and skilled 0 O 15 A7 17 53 32 100 Semi-skilled 3 5 37 65 17 30 57 100 Retired A 8 15 31 29 60 A8 99 Housewife 5 9 A2 72 ll 19 58 100 *Twenty-two did not respond. "Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 37.252 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioged due to some cells having an expected value of less than one 2 . 56 Table 13 (Cont.) Question 18. Police should: L a. worry only about enforcing the laws. S b. become involved in enforcing those laws requested by the neighborhood. W e. worry less about enforcing the law and more about keeping the neighborhood peaceful. (N = 363) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N 7‘7’ N 7* N 7 Unskilled 7 39 A 22 7 39 18 100 Professionals and Executives 25 50 6 12 19 38 50 100 Middle Management 25 81 2 7 A 13 31 101 Self-employed 8 62 2 15 3 23 13 100 White-collar: sales, technical, clerical 36 67 ll 20 7 13 5A 100 First-line supervisors and skilled 25 81 A 13 2 7 31 101 Semi-skilled 37 67 A 7 1A 26 55 100 Retired 28 56 8 16 1A 28 50 100 Housewife 37 61 1A 23 10 16 61 100 *Twenty-six did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value Of 31.771 was significant at the .025 level. ***'A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value Of less than five (22%). Significant differences between occupational groupings and their attitudes toward a particular police style were relatively few. Even on those two questions that produced significant differences, a pattern was not developed. For example, Question 8 regarding people who march and protest indicated that retired people were the most inclined to favor the 57 "legalistic" answer whereas housewives were least likely to favor this particular response. In regards to the "watchman" answer, this obser- vation was reversed. Housewives were most inclined to answer this way while retired people were least inclined. For the "service" answer the unskilled respondent was most likely to prefer this alternative whereas the white collar, first-line supervisor,and skilled occupations were least likely to choose this response. On Question 18 regarding police policy middle management, first- line supervisors, and skilled occupational groupings were most likely to favor the "legalistic" choice. The unskilled category were least likely to prefer this response. In regards to the "watchman" answer the unskilled group were the most inclined to prefer this response whereas first-line supervisors and skilled occupations were least inclined. For the "service" answer housewives were most inclined to prefer this response while the middle management and semi-skilled groupings were least inclined. As can be noted from the above, no distinguishable pattern was evident. Further examination of the remaining questions also showed that a preference fOr a particular police style was largely dependent on the situation described within the individual questions. Thusly, it must be concluded that occupation was not a significant factor in associating one's attitude toward a particular police style. 58 G. The socio—political philOSOphy Of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community atti- tudes on the following questions in Section 1. Table 1A Question 5. Johnnie Jones and his four friends, all under 16 years Old are Observed by Patrolman X on a public street, drunk. Patrolman X should: S a. L b W c (N = 363) Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent take the offenders to the police station, call the parents to the police station. After both children and parents are warned as to the serious consequences of under age drinking, release the children without further police action. arrest all of the teen-agers and take them to the police station where juvenile authorities can take official action. give them a moderate amount of "curbstone justice" (to give tongue lashing, kick in the pants) and take them home to their parents without further action. Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7 62 60 39 38 2 2 103 100 A3 80 5 9 6 11 5A 100 9A 68 A0 29 A 3 138 100 A5 66 20 29 3 A 68 99 *Twenty-six did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 20.261 was significant at the .005 level. 59 Table 1A (Cont.) Question 9. What should the Chicago Police have done during the 1968 Democratic Convention: W a. no permits issued but the demonstrators watched closely; police should have stepped in only if situ- ation became riotous. S b. they should have allowed the demonstration without police interference. L c. they should have issued parade permits and strictly enforced the requirements of those permits. (N = 357) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N i N 7 N Conservative 27 27 A A 70 69 101 100 Liberal 16 3O 6 ll 31 59 53‘ lOO Moderate 38 28 O O 98 72 136 100 Independent 10 15 3 5 5A 81 67 101 *Thirty-two did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 19.569 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than 5 (25%). Question 13. A marijuana user should be: W a. ignored unless he engages in illegal activities because of his use of marijuana. L b. arrested. S c. take whatever action the majority of the neighborhood wants. (N = 361) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N i N 7 N Conservative 19 18 82 79 3 3 10A 100 Liberal 19 35 29 5A 6 11 5A 100 Moderate 27 2O 99 72 ll 8 137 100 Independent 13 20 A9 7A A 6 66 100 'Twenty-eight did not respond. flPercentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 12.988 was significant at the .05 level. 60 Table 1A (Cont.) Question 1A. Drug users should be prosecuted: L a. S b. W c (N = 356) Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent always. prosecuted or ignored depending on neighborhood concern. ignored unless the order of the community is being disturbed. Qupse (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N i N 7 N 7 N 87 85 2 2 1A 1A 103 101 32 62 6 l2 1A 27 52 101 102 75 13 10 21 15 136 100 51 79 6 9 8 12 65 100 i’Thirty-three did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 13.607 was significant at the .05 level. Question 15. Would you like to see your policeman in Muskegon as: W a. L b. S c. (N = 361) Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent one whose primary aim would be to keep peace in the neighborhood. one who would arrest when the law is broken. one who would, except for serious crime, enforce only those laws that the neighborhood saw as important. Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N i N 7 N l8 18 82 8O 3 3 103 101 21 39 29 5A A 7 5A 100 39 28 91 66 9 7 139 101 l7 26 A2 65 6 9 65 100 *Twenty-eight did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 13.330 was significant at the .05 level. 61 Table 1A reflected an extremely high probability that socio- political philosophy did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes toward a particular police style. On nearly all questions conservatives had the greatest preference for the "legalistic" response and were least favorable toward the "service" answer. Liberals had the greatest preference for both the "watchman" and "service" responses and the least preference for the "legalistic" answer when compared to the other categories. Interestingly enough, the moderates and the independents are very close in their preferences for a particular police style. In conclusion, the socio-political philosophy of the respondent was found to be significant factor in associating one's attitude toward preferring a particular police style. H. The level of educational attainment of the respondent had a significant association or relationship with community atti- tudes on two of the following questions in Section 1. 62 Table 15 Question 8. What do you think should be done about people who march and protest: S a. they should be allowed to march, except in a neigh- borhood where there would be strong disagreement with their cause. W b. they should be watched but not interfered with unless they create a public disorder. L c. they should be allowed to march if they have a parade permit. (N = 372) Chose (a) Quose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 N i N 7 N Elementary School 6 17 15 A3 1A A0 35 100 High School 9 5 111 58 7O 37 190 100 College (Undergrad) 1 1 72 59 50 A1 123 101 College (Post grad) l A 15 63 8 33 2A 100 *Seventeen did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 17.853 was significant at the .01 level. Question 10. What do you think the attitude Of the police should be when he stOps a law violator: W a. the violator should be treated in terms of how he treats the police officer (anger met with anger; courtesy met with courtesy, etc.). L b. the policeman should never show his true feeling. S c. the policemen's personal attitude should be determined by how serious the community sees the offense (police anger at speeding in a school zone; mild reproach when speeding on an untraveled road, etc.) (N = 366) Chose (a) Chose (b) Chose (c) Total N 7 '77‘——_77' ’NF"_—77“ N 7 Elementary School 17 A7 1A 39 5 1A 36 100 High School 56 30 88 A7 A3 23 187 100 College (Undergrad) 23 19 65 5A 33 27 121 100 College (Post grad) 3 1A 10 A6 9 Al 22 101 “Twenty-three did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of l6.AA9 was significant at the .025 level. 63 Like family income, this writer had assumed that the education characteristic would produce significant differences toward the particu- lar police style preferred in a given situation, but as Table 15 indi- cated only two of the twenty questions produced differences that were significant. Even with those differences no particular pattern could be Observed. On Question 8 regarding people who march and protest, all categories preferred the "watchman" answer, were evenly distributed in their preference for the "legalistic" response, with elementary school respondents showing the greatest preference for the "service" answer. On Question 10 regarding police attitude all except those with an ele- mentary school education favored the "legalistic" answer. The prefer- ence for the "service" answer was reversed from Question 8. Those with a post-graduate education had the greatest preference for the "service" answer as opposed to those with an elementary education who had the least preference. In conclusion, the amount of education a respondent had was not a significant factor in associating a preference for a particular police style. Once again, on closer examination, the preference for a particular police style depended on the given situ- ation within the question. Although all community characteristics produced significant dif- ferences toward the particular police style preferred in a given situ- ation only three established a noticeable pattern. They were marital status, race, and socio-political philosophy. All other characteris- tics did not reveal a distinguishable pattern in associating the 6A respondent's attitude toward preferring a particular police style. It seemed to depend to a large extent on the given situations within the question. It should be reiterated at this point that the absence of further relationship between community characteristics and community attitudes of the police may be the fault of question construction within Section 1. The lack of a pre-test was sorely noticed by this writer. But even with this limitation it was felt that Section 1 did produce some inter- esting findings that might be of interest to the Greater Muskegon com- munity. At least this was the hOpe Of this writer. 2. The Importance of Various Police Tasks Section 3 was constructed presenting a number of tasks that the Muskegon police do. These tasks were classified into one Of three groupings: (1) law enforcement tasks; (2) non-law enforcement tasks; and (3) those tasks that could be considered either law enforcement or non-law enforcement depending on the circumstances. These groupings are presented below with the number given the particular task corres- ponding with the number it had in Section 3 of the questionnaire. Law Enforcement Tasks A. Persons breaking into a business. 6. Arresting a drunk walking down the sidewalk. 10. Stamping out prostitution. 13. Responding to a burglar alarm. 65 15. Stamping out gambling. 22. Investigating attempted suicide cases. 23. Checking I.D. of a person who looks as if he has something to hide. 2A. Responding to a prowler call. Non-law Enforcement Tasks (Pure Service) 5. Assisting a stalled motorist. 7. Quieting a neighbor's barking dog. 11. Searching for a missing child. 1A. Responding to a fire alarm. 16. Helping with school traffic. 17. Escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks. 18. Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital. 19. Checking on persons who have been bitten by animals. Tasks that Could Be Law Enforcement/Non-law Enforcement Depending on Circumstances 1. Person(s) fighting in a bar. 2. Kids violating curfew. 3. Handling family disputes. 8. Handling an unwanted guest complaint. 9. Quieting down a loud party. 12. Look for youths who have run away from home. 20. Assisting two neighbors in settling a dispute. 21. Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute. 66 Table 16 Task 2 - Kids violating curfew (N = 381) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Important Important Important Total N 7* N 7' N 7_" N 7_’ N 7 N 77 Males 15 6 39 15 A6 18 72 28 83 33 255 100 Females 3 2 1A 11 28 22 2A 19 57 A5 126 99 *Eight did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value Of 10.529 was significant at the .05 level. Task 5 - Assisting a stalled motorist (N = 378) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Important Important Important Total N 7—_’ N 7' N 777’ N 7 N 7—7' N 7 Males 10 A A0 16 55 22 57 22 92 36 25A 100 Females A 3 9 7 17 1A A0 32 5A AA 12A 100 *Eleven did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 11.795 was significant at the .025 level. 67 Table 16 (Cont.) Task 16 - Helping with school traffic (N = 378) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Important Important Important Total N 7’ N 7* N 7' N 7’ N 77* N 77 Males 11 A 27 ll 68 27 58 23 89 35 253 100 Females 3 2 6 5 18 1A 38 30 60 A8 125 99 *Eleven did not respond. i"'Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of 10.061 was significant at the .05 level. Task 18 - Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital (N = 381) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Import ant Iglport ant Important Total N '7' N 7 N 7’ N 7__' N 7_“’ N 7 Males 21 8 31 12 Al 16 60 2A 102 A0 255 100 Females 3 2 8 6 18 1A 39 31 58 A6 126 99 1"Eight did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 10.061 was significant at the .05 level. 68 Table 16 (Cont.) Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 377) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Important Important Important Total N 7"—' N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7_7 N 7 Males 83 33 63 25 67 26 28 ll 13 5 25A 100 Females 22 18 36 29 32 26 21 17 12 10 123 100 *Twelve did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 12.16A was significant at the .025 level. As indicated by Table 16, five of the twenty-four tasks did reveal significant differences in the degree of importance placed on them by the respondent's sex characteristic. Three of those tasks were classi- fied as non-law enforcement tasks while the other two were considered to be tasks that could be law enforcement/non-law enforcement oriented depending on the circumstances. On all five tasks females were more inclined to place a higher degree Of importance than were males. On closer examination of three of the five tasks one would have expected the results Observed. For example, task 2 concerning kids violating curfew, females thought this task to be very important by a margin of twelve percent over males. This may be explained by a females role of motherhood and responsibility for her children. Task 5 involv- ing assistance to a stalled motorist again females thought it very impor- tant by a margin of eight percent over males. If one combined the 69 quite important and very important responses the marginal difference would increase to eighteen percent. This may be explained by a female's lack of knowledge of automobiles and her desire for assistance in time of trouble. Task 16 regarding helping with school traffic, could be placed in the same category as task 2 as both involve children and their well being. The remaining two tasks although producing significant differences were not as predictable to this writer. No discernable differences could be observed for the other nine- teen tasks. For instance, regardless of sex, law enforcement tasks, non-law enforcement tasks, and law enforcement/non—law enforcement tasks depending on the circumstances were deemed important by both, with little difference existing in degree of importance. In conclusion, there is little probability that an association or relationship exists between sex and community attitudes in the degree of importance placed on the majority of police tasks in Section 3. Nineteen of the twenty-four tasks reflected very small differences. For example, the following are two law enforcement tasks and their degree of importance as seen by both sexes. 70 Table 17 Task A - Persons breaking into a business (N = 382) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All I_mportant Important I_mport ant Important Total N 7‘ N 77’ N 7" N 7‘ N 7‘ N 7‘ Males 1 o 0 0 2 l 13 5 2A0 9A 256 100 Females o 0 o o 0 0 7 6 119 9A 126 100 Task 2A - Responding to a prowler call (N = 382) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Important Important Ipportant Important Total N 7‘ N 7 N 7‘ N 7‘ N 77' N 7 Males 2 l 6 2 5 2 33 13 210 82 256 100 Females 0 0 0 o 3 2 21 17 102 81 126 100 As Table 17 indicated, there was very little difference between sexes in their attitudes toward the degree of importance given these two tasks. For the majority Of tasks similar results were evident. B. Age of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following tasks in Section 3. Table 18 Task 1 - Person(s) fighting in a bar (N = 380) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant N 7‘ N 7‘ N 7‘ N 7’ N 7 Under 25 o 0 9 21 7 16 13 30 15 3A 25-29 0 0 2 5 ll 28 1A 36 12 31 30-3A 2 5 A ll 10 27 7 19 1A 38 35-39 1 3 9 25 5 1A 12 33 9 25 AO-AA 3 8 5 1A A ll 9 25 15 A2 A5-A9 2 5 5 12 16 38 8 19 11 26 50-5A 6 13 10 21 9 19 7 15 16 33 55-59 2 8 1 A 6 2A 6 2A 10 A0 60 and over 1 l 12 16 1A 19 1A 19 32 AA Total N AA 39 37 36 A2 A8 73 73 101 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 99 *Nine did not respond. “*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A6.76l was significant at the .05 Task 2 - Kids violating curfew level. Total (N = 381) Not Slightly Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All t ant tant tant tant N ‘77‘ N 7‘ N N 7 N 7 Under 25 5 ll 13 3O 9 21 12 27 5 11 25-29 0 o 6 15 12 31 10 26 11 28 3o-3A 3 8 A ll 8 21 7 18 16 A2 35-39 0 o A 11 12 33 7 19 13 36 Ao-AA o 0 5 1A 10 28 5 1A 16 AA A5-A9 3 7 A 10 7 17 1A 33 1A 33 50-5A 3 6 9 19 8 17 10 21 18 38 55-59 1 A 2 8 1 A 10 A0 11 AA 60 and over 3 A 6 8 7 10 22 30 35 A8 *Eight did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. AA 39 38 36 A2 .A8 25 73 100 100 100 99 100 100 101 100 100 ***The chi-square value of 57.389 was significant at the .005 level. 71 Table 18 (Cont.) Task 7 - Quieting a neighbor's barking dog (N = 380) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor— Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N ‘_7' N 77 N %’ N 57' N x' N % Under 25 17 39 13 30 9 21 3 7 2 5 AA 102 25-29 7 18 16 A1 12 31 1 3 3 8 39 101 30-3A 13 3A 10 26 A 11 6 16 5 13 38 100 35-39 1A 39 10 28 9 25 2 6 1 3 36 101 A0-AA 1o 28 9 25 9 25 6 17 2 6 36 101 A5-A9 19 A5 12 29 8 17 2 5 1 2 A2 100 50-5A 1A 30 16 3A 9 19 3 6 5 11 A7 100 55—59 6 2A 8 32 6 2A 0 o 5 2o 25 100 60 and over 1A 19 21 29 15 21 7 10 16 22 73 101 “Nine did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A7.392 was significant at the .05 level. Task 9 - Quieting down a loud party (N = 380) Not Some— Impor— Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor— Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N z N i57’ N 73’ N %* N i N Under 25 A 9 9 21 13 30 13 30 5 11 AA 101 25-29 1 3 ll 28 18 A6 A 10 5 13 39 100 30-3A 5 1A A ll 13 35 7 l9 8 22 37 101 35-39 3 8 10 28 10 28 7 l9 6 17 36 100 Ao-AA A 11 1o 28 15 A2 6 17 1 3 36 101 A5-A9 l 2 15 36 12 29 10 2A A 10 A2 101 So-SA 3 6 12 25 1A 29 13 27 6 13 A8 100 55-59 0 O 3 12 10 A0 5 2O 7 28 25 100 60 and over 3 A 10 1A 17 23 22 30 21 29 73 100 *Nine did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A9.391 was significant at the .025 level. 72 Table 18 (Cont.) Task 19 — Checking on persons who have been bitten by animals (N = 379) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N i N %7F’ N 7% N i N i N 2 Under 25 5 11 A 9 9 21 1A 32 12 27 AA 100 25-29 0 0 8 21 9 23 11 28 11 28 39 100 30-3A 5 13 3 8 5 13 12 31 1A 36 39 101 35-39 3 9 7 20 9 26 9 26 7 20 35 101 A0-AA A 11 3 8 11 31 8 22 10 28 36 100 AS-A9 2 5 7 17 8 2o 15 37 9 22 A1 101 50-5A 2 A 8 17 6 13 10 22 20 AA A6 100 55-59 1 A 2 8 5 19 5 19 13 50 26 100 60 and over A 6 1 1 10 1A 20 37 38 52 73 100 *Ten did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A8.l76 was significant at the .025 level. Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 378) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N i N % N z N Z N z N Under 25 10 23 9 21 1A 32 9 21 2 5 AA 102 25-29 5 l3 16 A1 11 28 5 13 2 5 39 100 30-3A 8 21 13 3A 9 2A 7 18 1 3 38 100 35-39 8 22 11 31 8 22 9 25 o 0 36 100 Ao-AA 17 A7 6 17 8 22 3 8 2 6 36 100 A5-A9 10 25 1A 35 9 23 2 5 5 13 A0 101 SO-SA 18 38 15 32 8 17 A 9 2 A A7 100 55-59 11 A2 2 8 8 31 1 A A 15 26 100 60 and over 18 25 1A 19 2A 33 9 13 7 10 72 100 “Eleven did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 52.711 was significant at the .01 level. 7A As indicated by Table 18, six of the twenty-four tasks did produce significant differences in the degree of importance placed on them by the respondent's age level. Two of these tasks were classified as non-law enforcement tasks while four were placed in the category that could be law enforcement/non-law enforcement oriented depending on the circumstances. On closer examination of Table 18 one can see that the two non-law enforcement tasks (service) did develop a pattern. Older people were more inclined to answer either quite important/very impor- tant than were the younger age levels. For the most part it seemed that the degree of importance for a non-law enforcement task was directly related to increasing age. This was also found to be true for the other six non-law enforcement tasks although the differences were much smaller. No discernable pattern was evident for those tasks that could be considered law enforcement/non-law enforcement depending on the cir- cumstances although tasks 2 regarding kids violating curfew and 9, quieting loud parties, did produce a similar pattern to the two non- law enforcement tasks. The other tasks in this grouping produced responses that did not seem to have a relationship with varying age levels. As for those tasks considered to be strictly law enforcement all ages placed a high degree of importance on them. In conclusion, all age groups were in close agreement as to the degree of importance placed on law enforcement tasks. Those tasks 75 that were considered non-law enforcement (pure service) did produce a pattern. The degree of importance was directly related to increasing age. Higher age levels were much more inclined to place a higher degree of importance on them. As for those tasks that could be either categorized law enforcement or non-law enforcement no discernable pat- tern was evident. No one particular age level placed a higher or lower degree of importance on the majority of tasks in this grouping. C. Marital status of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on only two tasks in Section 3. Table 19 Task 1A - Responding to a fire alarm (N = 376) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very g; All Important Important Important Important Total N7 N76 N% N37 1117-er Single 0 o A 6 2 3 1 1 65 9o 72 100 Married 9 3 8 3 2A 8 27 9 236 78 30A 101 *Thirteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ‘**Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. ****The chi-square value of ll.AA7 was significant at the .025 level. 76 Table 19 (Cont.) Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and lan lord in settling a dispute (N = 377) Not Important Slightly Somewhat Quite Very At All Import ant Import ant Import ant Import ant Total N % N 2’ N % N 7* N % N % Single 10 1A 20 28 18 25 12 17 11 16 71 100 Married 95 31 80 26 81 27 36 12 1A 5 306 101 “Twelve did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced and widowed. ****The chi-square value of 17.622 was significant at the .005 level. Although marital status was significant on the two tasks mentioned above it was not found to have an association or relationship with com- munity attitudes on the degree of importance placed on most individual tasks. The differences noticed in the two categories were very insig- nificant. In conclusion, there was a very low probability that marital status of the respondent did have an association or relationship with community attitudes in their placement of importance on the majority of police tasks. D. Race of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following tasks in Section 3. 77 Table 20 Task 15 - Stamping out gambling (N = 376) Not Some— Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor— Impor— At All tant tant tant tant Total N z N %_7 N N i N i N White 23 7 A6 1A 77 2A 73 23 106 33 325 101 Non—white 8 16 12 2A 6 12 10 20 15 29 51 101 *Thirteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi—square value of 9.619 was significant at the .05 level. Task 16 - Helping with school traffic (N = 377) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor— At All tant tant tant tant Tot al N % N i’ N i N i N i N 8 White 12 A 29 9 83 25 88 27 115 35 327 100 Non-white 2 A A 8 3 6 7 1A 3A 68 50 100 *Twelve did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 21.890 was significant at the .005 level. 78 Table 20 (Cont.) Task 17 - Escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks (N = 378) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7 N 7’ N 7* N 7 N ‘77“ N White 79 2A A1 13 7A 23 70 21 63 19 327 100 Non-white 6 12 8 l6 9 18 7 1A 21 A1 51 101 *Eleven did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non—white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 1A.659 was significant at the .01 level. Task 18 — Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital (N = 380) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor— Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant _T_o_tal N 7' N 7* N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7 White 2A 7 37 ll 55 17 86 26 127 39 329 100 Non—white 0 0 2 A A 8 13 26 32 63 51 101 *Nine did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American ****The chi—square value of 1A.A27 was significant at the .01 level. *****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to one of the cells having an expected value of less than one. 79 Table 20 (Cont.) Task 20 - Assisting two neighbors in settling a dispute (N = 377) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tagt__ tant Total N7N7 N"7N%N7N% White 79 2A 89 27 95 29 A2 13 21 6 326 99 Non-white A 8 10 20 1A 28 12 2A 11 22 51 102 “Twelve did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi—square value of 21.797 was significant at the .005 level. Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 376) White Non-white *Thirteen did not respond. Not Impor- tant At All N 7 102 31 2 A Slightly Impor- tant N a [0 9O 28 9 18 Some- what Impor- tant W 85 26 1A 29 Quite Impor- tant T7 31 10 18 37 Very Impor- tant Total N 7 N 7 19 6 327 101 6 12 A9 100 *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***Non-white includes Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. ****The chi-square value of 39.732 was significant at the .005 level. 80 As indicated by Table 20, race of the respondent was indeed a significant factor in the association of his attitude toward six of the twenty-four tasks found in Section 3. The individual breakdown of those six tasks were 1 law enforcement, 3 non—law enforcement (service), and 2 tasks that could be law enforcement/non—law enforcement depend— ing on the circumstances. The law enforcement tasks were thought more important by the whites while the non-law enforcement and law enforce- ment/non-law enforcement tasks were deemed to be more important to the non-whites. On closer examination of the other eighteen tasks similar results could be found although the differences were not as significant. In conclusion, race of the respondent did play a significant part in associating community attitudes toward particular police tasks. For those tasks categorized as law enforcement tasks, whites were more inclined to place a greater degree of importance to them than were non- whites although the magnitude of difference was much less than observed for the remaining two categories. For those tasks categorized as non- law enforcement non-whites placed a higher degree of importance to them than did whites. The same might be said for those tasks categorized as law enforcement/non-law enforcement although the differences for some were quite negligible. E. Income of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following tasks in Section 3. Table 21 Task 9 - Quieting down a loud party (N = 369) Not Some- Impor— Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7 N 77" N '7' N '7' N 7' N 7' $3,999 or under 3 6 10 20 8 16 1A 28 16 31 51 99 $A,000 to $5,999 3 6 7 13 15 27 11 20 19 35 55 101 $6,000 to $7,999 6 9 15 21 22 31 18 25 10 1A 71 100 $8,000 to $9,999 6 9 10 15 28 A3 18 28 3 5 65 100 $10,000 to $11,999 A 8 11 22 21 A1 11 22 A 8 51 101 $12,000 to $15,999 1 2 11 2A 18 39 9 20 7 15 A6 100 $16,000 and above 0 0 17 57 8 27 A 13 l 3 30 100 “Twenty did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 66.6A9 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the signficance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (20%). Task 16 - Helping with school traffic (N = 368) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 777' N 7' N 7’ N 7 N 7— $3,999 or under 0 0 5 10 8 16 1A 29 22 A5 A9 100 $A,000 to $5,999 1 2 3 6 7 13 11 20 33 6o 55 101 $6,000 to $7,999 3 A 6 8 18 25 20 28 25 35 72 100 $8,000 to $9.999 3 5 3 5 19 30 10 16 29 A5 6A 101 $10,000 to $11,999 2 A 3 6 11 22 18 35 17 33 51 100 $12,000 to $15,999 5 11 9 19 9 19 9 19 15 32 A7 100 $16,000 and above 0 0 A 13 10 33 11 37 5 17 30 100 *Twenty-one did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of AA.878 was significant at the .01 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (28%). Table 21 (Cont.) Task 17 - Escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks (N = 370) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor— Impor- Impor- At All tant ' tant tant tant Total N 7' N 77' N “77' N 77' N '7' N 77 $3,999 or under 6 12 6 12 8 16 9 18 20 A1 A9 99 $A,000 to $5,999 7 13 A 7 10 18 9 16 25 A6 55 100 $6,000 to $7,999 13 18 8 11 13 18 21 29 17 2A 72 100 $8,000 to $9,999 20 31 8 12 17 26 10 15 10 15 65 99 $10,000 to $11,999 12 23 7 13 13 25 15 28 6 11 53 100 $12,000 to $15,999 17 37 8 17 13 28 5 11 3 7 A6 100 $16,000 and above 8 27 7 23 7 23 6 20 2 7 30 100 *Nineteen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 60.737 was significant at the .005 level. Task 18 - Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital (N = 371) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 7' N'777' N 7' N 7' N 77 A 8 A 8 7 1A 35 70 50 100 1 2 7 13 15 27 31 56 55 100 10 1A 10 1A 22 31 28 39 72 101 5 11 17 18 28 2A 37 65 101 6 11 10 19 13 25 20 38 53 101 10 12 7 16 9 20 1A 31 A5 100 5 16 7 23 12 39 5 16 31 101 $3,999 or under $A,000 to $5,999 $6,000 to $7.999 $8,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $11,999 $12,000 to $15,999 $16,000 and above n>uazn0Iu+~<3 P‘ F‘ «:h'oac-ulnacp w *Eighteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 56.922 was significant at the .005 level. '***A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (20%). Table 21 (Cont.) Task 19 - Checking on persons who have been bitten by animals (N = 369) $3,999 or under $A,000 to $5.999 $6,000 to $7.999 $8,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $11,999 $12,000 to $15,999 $16,000 and above Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant - ’ tant tant tant Tot al N 7' N '7' N '7' N 7 N 7' N 77 2 A 2 A 5 10 16 33 2A A9 A9 100 3 6 A 7 8 15 1A 26 26 A7 55 101 6 9 11 16 8 ll 17 2A 29 A1 71 101 5 8 A 6 15 23 19 29 22 3A 65 100 A 8 3 6 17 32 16 30 13 25 53 101 5 ll 8 18 10 22 9 2O 13 29 A5 100 1 3 10 32 7 23 7 23 6 19 31 100 “Twenty did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square vaue of A6.082 was significant at the .005 level. Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 367) $3,999 or under $A,000 to $5.999 $6,000 to $7.999 $8,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $11,999 $12,000 to $15,999 $16,000 and above Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor— Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7 N 7 N '“7' N '7' N 7 N 7 8 17 7 15 16 3A 7 15 9 19 A7 100 10 18 12 22 15 27 12 22 6 11 55 100 17 2A 20 29 16 23 12 17 5 7 70 100 17 26 20 31 18 28 7 11 3 5 65 101 22 A2 11 21 15 28 5 10 0 o 53 101 17 37 12 26 9 20 6 13 2 A A6 100 11 36 1A A5 6 19 0 0 0 0 31 100 *Twenty-two did not respond. i"Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of A8.277 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (20%). 83 8A Table 21 (Cont.) Task 23 - Checking I.D. of a person who looks as if he has something to hide (N = 367) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor— Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7 N 7' N '7' N 7' N 7' N 7' $3,999 or under 3 6 5 10 12 25 12 25 16 33 A8 99 $A,000 to $5,999 11 20 8 15 8 15 13 2A 15 27 55 101 $6,000 to $7.999 9 13 11 16 23 32 8 11 20 28 71 100 $8,000 to $9,999 10 16 11 17 22 3A 1A 22 7 11 6A 100 $10,000 to $11,999 A 8 8 15 13 25 11 21 16 31 52 100 $12,000 to $15,999 6 13 9 20 5 11 1A 30 12 26 A6 100 $16,000 and above 9 29 6 l9 9 29 1 3 6 19 31 99 *Twenty-two did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of AO.A25 was significant at the .025 level. As indicated by Table 21, the family income level did produce significant differences in the degree of importance given various police tasks. Of those seven tasks that showed significant differences, one was categorized as a law enforcement task, four could be classified as non-law enforcement tasks and the remaining two as law enforcement/ non-law enforcement depending on the circumstances. Lower family income levels were more likely to place a greater degree of importance to the various tasks than were higher family income levels. For the most part, this pattern continued regardless of the type task involved. In conclusion, family income level was found to be a significant factor in the degree of importance given various police tasks. F. Occupation of the respondent did have a significant associ- ation or relationship with community attitudes on the follow- ing tasks in Section 3. Task 1 - Person(s) fighting in a bar Table 22 (N = 369) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 7 N 7' N '7 N 7 N 7 Unskilled O O l 6 A 22 A 22 9 50 18 100 Professionals & Executives 5 9 7 l3 12 23 10 19 19 36 53 100 Middle Management 0 O 1 3 13 Al 9 28 9 28 32 100 Self-employed 3 23 5 39 l 8 2 15 2 15 13 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical 2 A 12 22 8 15 18 33 15 27 55 101 First-line Super- visors & Skilled 2 6 5 16 10 31 7 22 8 25 32 100 Semi-skilled 2 A S 9 11 2O 12 21 26 A6 56 100 Retired 1 2 7 1A 8 16 11 22 23 A6 50 100 Housewife 2 3 ll l8 13 22 1A 23 2O 33 6O 99 *Twenty did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 50.706 was significant at the .05 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to two of the cells having an expected value of less than one. 85 Table 22 (Cont.) Task 2 - Kids violating curfew (N = 370) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N N '7' N 7' N '7' N 7' N 7' Unskilled 0 0 6 33 1 6 6 33 5 28 18 100 Professionals & Executives 5 10 8 15 1A 27 1A 27 ll 21 52 100 Middle Management 0 O 3 9 10 30 9 27 11 33 33 99 Self-employed l 8 A 31 2 15 3 23 3 23 13 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical A 7 6 ll 12 22 17 31 16 29 55 100 First-line Super- visors & Skilled 1 3 A 13 5 16 9 28 13 A1 32 101 Semi-skilled 0 0 5 9 13 23 13 23 25 A5 56 100 Retired 3 6 A 8 A 8 1A 28 25 50 50 100 Housewife 1 2 7 12 12 20 10 16 31 51 61 101 *Nineteen did not respond. *“Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A7.903 was significant at the .05 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to two of the cells having an expected value of less than one. 86 Task 3 - Handling family disputes (N = 366) Unskilled Professionals & Executives Middle Management Self-employed White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical First-line Super- visors & Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Table 22 (Cont.) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 7 N '7 N 7' N 7' N 77 0 0 5 28 6 33 5 28 2 11 18 100 9 17 8 15 21 A0 11 21 3 6 52 99 l 3 8 25 1A AA 7 22 2 6 32 100 l 8 A 31 A 31 3 23 1 8 13 101 2 A 13 2A 22 A0 12 22 6 11 55 101 A 13 3 9 15 A7 6 19 A 13 32 101 A 7 9 16 12 21 15 27 16 29 56 100 2 A 5 10 1A 29 16 33 11 23 A8 99 2 3 15 25 1A 23 15 25 1A 23 60 99 “Twenty-three did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of A9.720 was significant at the .05 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to one of the cells having an expected value of less than one. 87 Table 22 (Cont.) Task 9 - Quieting down a loud party (N = 369) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7 N 7' N 7 N '7' N '7' N 7 Unskilled 3 17 A 22 2 ll 6 33 3 17 18 100 Professionals & Executives 3 6 12 23 26 50 8 15 3 6 52 100 Middle Management 0 O 12 38 12 38 A 13 A 13 32 102 Self-employed 2 15 3 23 7 5A 0 O l 8 13 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical 17 13 12 22 18 33 12 22 6 ll 55 101 First-line Super- visors & Skilled 3 10 6 l9 9 28 9 28 5 16 32 101 Semi-skilled 2 A 111 20 13 23 19 3A 11 20 56 101 Retired 2 A 5 10 10 20 1A 28 19 38 50 100 Housewife 2 3 15 25 20 33 13 21 ll 18 61 100 *Twenty did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 63.535 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to one of the cells having an expected value of less than one. 88 Table 22 (Cont.) Task 10 - Stamping out prostitution (N = 363) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Imporé Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N '“7' N 7'"' N 7' N 7' N 7 N 7' Unskilled 2 11 A 22 A 22 3 17 5 28 18 100 Professionals & Executives 7 13 10 19 12 23 8 15 16 30 53 100 Middle Management 2 7 A 13 7 23 7 23 11 36 31 102 Self-employed 6 50 l 8 O O 3 25 2 17 12 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales Clerical 13 25 8 15 7 1A 9 17 15 29 52 100 First—line Super- visors & Skilled 7 23 A 13 6 19 3 10 ll 36 31 101 Semi-skilled 11 20 6 ll 7 13 10 18 22 39 56 101 Retired A 8 A 8 6 l2 5 10 3O 61 A9 99 Housewife 5 8 10 16 8 l3 7 12 31 51 61 100 *Twenty-six did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of A7.l20 was significant at the .05 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (22%). Table 22 (Cont.) Task 16 - Helping with school traffic (N = 368) Not Some- Impor— Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor— At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 7 N '77' N w7' N 7' N 7' Unskilled 0 0 5 28 1 6 6 33 6 33 18 100 Professionals & Executives 5 3 6 15 29 18 35 ll 21 52 101 Middle Management 1 3 5 16 11 3A 8 25 7 22 32 100 Self-employed O 2 15 5 39 3 23 3 23 13 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales Clerical 2 A 5 9 12 22 21 38 15 27 55 100 First—line Super- visors & Skilled 2 7 2 7 5 16 5 16 17 55 31 101 Semi-skilled 2 A 6 ll 12 21 8 1A 28 50 56 100 Retired 0 0 l 2 11 22 13 26 25 50 50 100 Housewife 1 2 3 5 9 15 1A 23 3A 56 61 101 *Twenty-one did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of 61.538 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to two of the cells having an expected value of less than one. Task 17 - Escorting (N = 368) Unskilled Professionals & Executives Middle Management Self-employed White-collar: Tech— nical, Sales, Clerical First-line Super- visors & Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Table 22 (Cont.) Not Impor- Slightly tant Impor- AtAn.tmn N 7' N 7 2 ll 1 6 16 31 9 17 10 31 3 9 5 36 3 21 15 28 6 11 8 26 3 10 13 23 10 18 7 1A 3 6 7 ll 9 15 *Twenty-one did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi square value of 62.096 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (277). Some- what Impor- tant N 5 28 27 28 1A H N03? 11 21 9 29 ll 20 5 10 l2 l9 Quite Impor- tant Very Impor- tant businessmen with large sums of money to banks Total N 7 3 17 ll 21 9 28 A 29 10 19 7 23 7 13 13 26 l2 l9 7...: owl:- 11 21 A l3 15 27 22 AA 22 36 18 52 32 1A 53 31 50 62 7 101 100 99 100 100 101 101 100 100 91 Table 22 (Cont.) Task 18 - Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital (N = 370) Not Some- Impor— Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor— Impor- Impor-' At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N 7 N 7' N 7' N 77' N 7' Unskilled l 6 l 6 2 ll 5 28 9 50 18 101 Profeesionals & Executives 3 6 6 12 1A 27 1A 27 15 29 52 101 Middle Management 2 6 7 22 13 Al 6 19 A 13 32 101 Self-employed l 7 2 1A 2 1A A 29 5 36 1A 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical 5 9 A 8 6 ll 22 A2 16 3O 53 100 First-line Super- visors & Skilled A 13 2 6 3 9 7 22 16 50 32 100 Semi-skilled 2 A 12 21 8 1A 11 20 23 Al 56 100 Retired 2 A 2 A 3 6 9 18 35 69 51 101 Housewife l 2 3 5 6 10 19 31 33 53 62 101 *Nineteen did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 76.380 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to one of the cells having an expected value of less than one. Table 22 (Cont.) Task 19 - Checking on persons who have been bitten by animals (N = 368) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All tant tant tant tant Total N 7' N '7' N 7' N '7' N '7' N 7" Unskilled 0 o A 22 2 11 6 33 6 33 18 99 Professionals 8 Executives 3 6 12 23 12 23 15 29 10 19 52 100 Middle Management 5 l6 3 9 12 38 7 22 5 16 32 101 Self-employed 1 7 A 29 2 1A 3 21 A 29 1A 100 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales, Clerical 9 17 A 8 9 l7 19 36 12 23 53 101 First-line Super- visors 8 Skilled l 3 A 13 A 13 7 22 16 50 32 101 Semi-skilled A 7 6 ll 10 18 10 18 25 A6 55 100 Retired 2 A l 2 A 8 1A 28 29 58 50 100 Housewife O O A 7 16 26 17 27 25 A0 62 100 *Twenty-one did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of 73.705 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (36%). 93 Table 22 (Cont.) Task 21 - Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 366) Not Some- Impor- Slightly what Quite Very tant Impor- Impor- Impor- Impor- At All .EEPt tant tant tant Total N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7 N 7 Unskilled 2 12 A 2A 6 35 2 l2 3 18 17 101 Professionals 8 Executives 16 31 2O 39 12 2A 2 A l 2 51 100 Middle Management 1A AA 10 31 7 22 l 3 O O 32 100 Self-employed 7 50 3 21 3 21 l 7 O 0 1A 99 White-collar: Tech- nical, Sales Clerical 21 39 12 22 ll 20 7 l3 3 6 5A 100 First-line Super- visors 8 Skilled 8 25 10 31 9 28 3 9 2 6 32 99 Semi-skilled 16 29 9 16 15 27 ll 20 5 9 56 101 Retired 10 21 9 19 19 A0 6 13 A 8 A8 101 Housewife 7 ll 22 36 13 21 13 21 7 ll 62 100 *Twenty-three did not reSpond. i”Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square vaue of 53.670 was significant at the .01 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi—square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (38%). The occupational characteristic produced more significant differ- ences in Section 3 than any other community characteristic. Of course a note of caution should be mentioned due to the limitations placed on the chi-square analysis. Even so, some of those observed differences did suggest a significant association between a particular occupational grouping and community attitude. In fact, the degree of importance 95 placed on a particular task by respondents indicated an association in some instances with their particular occupational grouping. For example, Task 2 regarding kids violating curfew and Task 16 helping with school traffic produced similar results obtained by the sex characteristic. Housewives were most inclined to feel these tasks to be a very important police responsibility. Another example may be made by looking at Task 3 handling family disputes and Task 9 quieting down a loud party. For both of these tasks professionals and executives were least inclined to see this as an important police task. This result would tend to support Wilson's observation about high occupa- tional groupings valuing their right of privacy. To this writer both of these tasks could result in cries of invasion of privacy. One further example of a possible association between a task and particular occupational grouping may be seen by observing the results obtained for Task 17 concerned with escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks. The self-employed were least likely to see this task as being a police responsibility. A possible explanation of this may be that those who are self-employed know of other private agencies whose primary task is of that nature. Thus, many saw this as a task that police should not be bothered with. One final observation that should be mentioned was that the retired occupational grouping were most likely to feel that the majority of tasks regardless of classification were an important police responsibility. G. The socio-political philOSOphy of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community atti- tudes on the following two tasks in Section 3. Task 3 - Handling family disputes (N = 363) Conservative Liberal Moderate Independent Not Impor- tant At All N a O O 8 15 9 7 8 12 Table 23 Slightly Impor- lent N 2A 23 ll 20 26 20 8 l2 “Twenty-six did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi—square value of 23.8A6 was significant at the .025 level. Some- what Impor- tant N a 37 35 16 30 A8 36 23 3A Quite Impor- tant '13—‘77 2O 19 12 22 33 25 19 28 Very Impor— tant 2A 23 7 13 17 13 9 13 N 105 5A 133 67 Total 7 100 100 101 99 Task 23 - Checking I.D. of a person who looks as if he has something to hide (N = 362) Not Impor- tant 3.1.411 N 7 Conservative 7 7 Liberal 1A 27 Moderate 18 1A Independent 10 15 *Twenty-seven did not respond. Slightly Impor- tant N l2 12 12 23 19 1A 13 19 Some— what Quite Impor- Impor- tant tant N 7' N 7 2A 23 27 26 ll 21 6 12 39 29 28 21 17 25 10 15 Very Impor- tant N 7 3A 33 9 17 29 22 19 27 *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 2A.52A was significant at the .025 level. N 10A 52 133 69 Total 101 100 100 101 97 Both tasks found to have produced significant differences in Table 23 were of the nature that involved the question to right of privacy. In both instances those with a conservative socio-political philosophy were most likely to see those tasks as a very important police responsibility while those with a liberal philOSOphy were least likely to see either task as a very important police responsibility. On inspection of the other twenty-three tasks it was noted that the differences in the degree of importance placed on the various tasks by the socio—political philOSOphies of the respondents were insignifi- cant. In conclusion, although the socio-political philosophy of the respondent was found to be a significant factor in associating one's attitude to the degree of importance placed on two of the tasks in Section 3. socio-political philosophy of the respondent was not found to have a significant association with one's attitude toward the degree of importance placed on the majority of tasks one thought were the responsibility of the Muskegon police. H. The level of educational attainment the respondent had did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the following tasks in Section 3. Table 2A Task 2 - Kids violating curfew (N = 376) Not Impor- tant At All N 5 Elementary School 0 0 High School 6 3 College (Under- graduate) 10 8 College (Post graduate) l A Slightly Impor- tant N a ,b A 11 2A 12 22 18 l A *Thirteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 2A.366 was significant at the .025 level. Task 3 - Handling family disputes (N = 373) Not Impor- tant At All N 7 Elementary School 2 6 High School 9 5 College (Under- graduate) 10 8 College (Post graduate) 5 21 Slightly Impor tant N 7 6 18 38 20 26 21 2 8 *Sixteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded Some- what Impor- tant N /a A 11 36 19 2b 21 6 25 Some- what Impor- tant N 7 10 29 6A 33 A3 35 9 38 98 Quite Very Impor- Impor- tant tant Total N '7' N 7' N 7 9 25 19 53 36 100 A3 22 8A AA 193 100 35 29 30 2A 123 100 9 38 7 29 2A 100 Quite Impor- N 7 7 21 A2 22 35 29 5 21 Very Impor- tant Total N 7 N 7 9 27 3A 101 39 20 192 100 9 7 123 100 3 13 2A 101 to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 22.616 was significant at the .05 lGVEl- Table 2A (Cont.) 99 Task 17 — Escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks (N = 37A) Elementary School High School College (Under- graduate) College (Post graduate) Not Impor— tant 5.2.111 N 77 A 11 A5 23 31 25 5 21 Some— Slightly what Impor- Impor- tant tant N 7' N '77 5 1A 6 17 2A 13 31 16 15 12 35 29 A 17 11 A6 *Fifteen did not respond. “*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 31.527 was significant at the .005 level. Quite Impor- 6 17 23 19 A 17 Very Impor- tant 15 A2 50 26 18 15 0 0 Total 36 101 192 100 122 100 2A 101 Task 18 - Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital (N = 376) Elementary School High School College (Under— graduate) College (Post graduate) Not Impor- tant At All N 1A 6 5 3 13 Some- Slightly what Impor- Impor- tant tant N 7‘7 N '77 l 3 l 3 2O 10 23 12 1A 12 3O 25 A 17 A 17 *Thirteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 31.012 was significant at the .005 level. ****A limitation on the significance of the chi-square value should be mentioned due to the number of cells with an expected value of less than five (257). Quite Very Impor- Impor- tant tant N '7' N 7' 8 22 26 70 56 29 81 A2 26 22 A5 37 8 33 5 21 Total N 37 101 19A 100 121 101 2A 101 Table 2A (Cont.) Task 20 - Assisting two neighbors in settling a dispute (N = 373) Elementary School High School College (Under- graduate) College (Post graduate) Not Impor- tant At All N 7 6 17 AA 23 29 2A A 17 Some- Slightly what Impor- Impor- tant tant N 7' N 7 1 3 1A A0 51 27 A7 25 38 31 39 32 9 39 5 22 *Sixteen did not respond. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 26.009 was significant at the 100 Task 21 — Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute (N = 372) Elementary School High School College (Under- graduate) College (Post graduate) Not Impor- tant At All N 12 52 27 39 32 8 33 Some- Slightly what Impor- Impor- tant tant N 7" N '7 A 12 10 29 A9 25 50 26 37 31 3O 25 10 A2 5 21 *Seventeen did not respond. i"*Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 30.555 was significant at the Quite Very Impor- Impor- tant tant Total '777777 N' 7' N 7 7 2O 7 20 35 100 32 17 18 9 192 101 ll 9 6 5 123 101 A 17 1 A 23 99 .025 level. Quite Very Impor- Impor— tant tant Total N 7' N 7“ 17 7' ll 32 5 15 3A 100 26 1A 16 8 193 100 ll 9 A 3 121 100 l A O 0 2A 100 .005 level. 101 As indicated by Table 2A, the level of educational attainment the respondent had did have a significant association or relationship with his attitude on six of the twenty-four tasks listed in Section 3. 0n closer examination of Table 2A the degree of importance placed on the six tasks was directly related to the educational level attained by the respondent. The higher the level of educational achievement the lower the importance placed on the particular police task. This pat- tern was also apparent for the remaining eighteen tasks with the differences between educational levels being less significant. This may be explained by the fact that those with a higher level of educa- tional achievement reside in low-crime areas and thus don't feel the need for the police that people in other areas do. In conclusion, the educational level of the respondent was found to be a significant factor in associating one's attitude with the degree of importance placed on a number of tasks thought to be the responsibility of the Muskegon police. All community characteristics did have some associations or rela- tionships with community attitudes on a number of tasks listed in Section 3. For those tasks classified as law enforcement tasks there were very few significant associations or relationships with community attitudes. (There were only four.) Although the majority of respon- dents saw the performance of law enforcement tasks by the police as important to them. Tasks classified as non-law enforcement (pure 102 service) and those that could be law enforcement/non-law enforcement depending on circumstances illicited many more significant associations or relationships with community attitudes. The latter produced nine— teen while the former produced twenty. Those associations or rela- tionships produced may be observed in Tables 16 thru 2A. These obser- vations should be a help to the police. Not only can one see the feeling of the community towards non-law enforcement tasks and those tasks that could be considered law enforcement/non-law enforcement depending on the circumstances, but one can also see the cleavages in attitudes by the various community characteristics. This measure should be of assistance to the police in determining policy. (3) Police Image Section A was taken from a prestige scale developed by Preiss and Ehrlich (1966) in their study of the Michigan State Police. The respondent was asked to picture the Job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time with reSpect to (l) the general prestige of the posi- tion; (2) the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs; (3) the social position of policemen in the community; and (A) the economic position of policemen in the community. The following are the results of the statistical analysis dealing with certain community characteristics of community members and the rating given each compon- ent part of the overall picture. The null hypothesis assumed that 103 there were no significant associations or relationships with community attitudes in the rating given the four component parts of the overall picture of the Job of a policeman in Muskegon. A. Sex of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the rating given the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs. Table 25 How would you picture the Job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have Very High Quite Low Moderately Fairly Degree of (N= 380) In Prestige __ Low Hi h Influence Total N % N N i N i N Males 8 3 73 29 138 55 33 13 252 100 Females 5 A 25 20 69 5A 29 23 128 101 “Nine did not respond. *‘Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***The chi-square value of 7.831 was significant at the .05 level. As indicated by Table 25 females pictured the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs higher than males did. Although both sexes were in close agreement as to the rating "fairly high" females were more inclined to feel the policeman's degree of influence in community affiars was very high (23% to 13%). 10A As for the other three component parts of the overall picture of the Job of a Muskegon policeman the sex of the respondent made little difference in the rating given. (Although in those differences noted women were more likely to view the police in a positive image.) Table 26 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? l. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 381 Quite Low Moderately Fairly Very High NR = 8 In Prestige Low High In Prestige Total N %5 N % N % N fi" N % Males 7 3 Al 16 151 60 5A 21 253 100 Females l l 18 1A 79 62 3O 23 128 100 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 381 Quite Low Moderately Fairly Very High NR = 8 In Prestige Low High In Prestige Total___ N % N z N % N % N % Males 6 2 79 31 1AA 57 2A 10 253 100 Females 2 2 32 25 80 62 1A 11 128 100 A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 380 Quite Low Moderately Fairly Very High NR = 9 Ig_Presti e Low High In Prestige» Total N 7 N %* N 1* N % N 2 Males 9 A 108 A3 116 A6 20 8 253 101 Females 6 5 52 Al 61 A8 8 6 127 100 “All percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ”*NR refers to the number of no responses. 105 In all four aspects of the imagery of the police the majority of respondents, regardless of sex, gave a positive evaluation of the police. A clearer interpretation of this evaluation may be observed by use of a "collapsing" technique that is explained in Table 27. Table 27 How would you picture the Job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 381 NR = 8 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total N 74 N i N Males A8 19 205 81 253 100 Females 19 15 109 85 128 100 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have: N = 380 NR = 9 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total N ”A N % N °Z Males 81 32 171 68 252 100 Females 30 2A 98 77 128 101 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 381 NR = 8 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NT N% N73 Males 85 33 168 67 253 100 Females 3A 27 9A 73 128 100 106 Table 27 (Cont.) A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 380 NR = 9 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total N % N % N % Males 117 A7 136 5A 253 101 Females 58 A6 69 5A 127 100 *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. **NR refers to the number of no responses. ***Table 27 was produced by collapsing the two "low" rating spaces together and labelling this a negative evaluation and collapsing the two "high" rating spaces and labelling this a positive evalu- ation. For a clearer interpretation the "collapsing" technique will be used throughout this section on police image. B. Age of the respondent did not have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on how they pictured the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respondents, regardless of age levels, felt that police work in Muskegon was a prestigious occupation. 107 Table 28 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 381 NR = 8 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total N %* N %’ N % Under 25 7 17 35 83 A2 100 25-29 A 11 3A 89 38 100 30~3A 12 32 26 68 38 100 35-39 8 21 30 79 38 100 Ao-AA 7 2o 29 80 36 100 A5-A9 6 15 35 85 A1 100 50—5A 10 21 38 80 A9 101 55-59 5 2o 20 80 25 100 60 and over 8 11 67 89 75 100 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: N = 380 NR = 9 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation _Tgtal N 7' N %’ N Under 25 1A 3A 28 66 A2 100 25-29 8 21 3o 79 38 100 30-3A 15 39 23 6o 38 99 35-39 12 32 26 69 38 101 Ao—AA ll 31 25 69 36 100 A5-A9 8 20 33 81 A1 101 50_5A 20 A2 28 58 A8 100 55-59 9 36 16 6A 25 100 60 and over 1A 19 60 81 7A 100 Table 28 (Cont.) 108 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 380 NR = 9 Negative Evaluation N % Under 25 18 A3 25-29 10 26 30-3A 17 AS 35-39 13 35 AO-AA ll 31 A5-A9 10 2A SO—SA 18 37 55-59 9 36 60 and over 20 27 A. With respect to the N = 3 NR = Under 25-29 30—3A 35-39 AO-AA A5—A9 50-5A 55-59 60 an *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. Positive Evaluation N 2A 28 21 25 25 31 30 16 55 ”I 57 7A 55 66 70 75 62 6A 73 N A2 38 38 38 36 Al A8 25 75 Total % 100 100 100 101 101 99 99 100 100 economic position of policemen in the community: 80 7 Negative Evaluation N 35 25 25 60 21 57 19 50 16 A2 18 50 15 37 27 56 1A 56 d over 20 27 Positive Evaluation N 17 l6 19 22 18 26 21 ll 55 **NR refers to the number of no responses. and the relative favorableness of imagery, Table 28 did not indicate this. %77 Al A3 50 58 SO 63 AA AA 73 Total N A2 37 38 38 36 Al A8 25 75 This writer had assumed that younger persons would be less 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Although one may have expected a linear relationship between age favorable and older people more favorable with respect to the composite 109 image of the police. Although the age grouping 60 and over were very favorable in their evaluation of the police no discernable pattern for the other age groupings could be made. In some aspects of police imagery younger age levels gave a very high positive evaluation. As can be discerned from Table 28 a negative evaluation was given by some age levels to the economic position of policemen in Muskegon. The negativism of some respondents was no doubt in part reflective of a feeling that for the prestigious occupation that police work is in Muskegon the position is sorely underpaid. C. Marital status of the respondent did not have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on how they pictured the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respondents, regardless of marital status, felt that police work in Muskegon was a prestigious occupa- tion. Table 29 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 381 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 8 N 7 N N’f N 7. Single ll 16 59 85 70 101 Married 56 18 255 82 311 100 110 Table 29 (Cont.) 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs. N = 380 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 9 N 5’ N 77' N 3 Single 19 27 5O 72 69 99 Married 92 30 219 71 311 101 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 381 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 8 N % N i' N 7 Single 20 29 50 71 70 100 Married 99 32 212 68 381 100 A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 380 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 9 N Z7 N %"' N 5 Single 32 A6 38 5A 70 100 Married 1A3 A6 167 5A 310 100 *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. **Single includes those who are single, separated, divorced, and widowed. ***NR refers to the number of no responses. As can be discerned from Table 29 the evaluation given the com- posite image of the Muskegon policemen was positive regardless of the marital status of the respondent. The differences in attitude of the single and married respondents were practically negligible. 111 D. Race of the respondent did not have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on how they pictured the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respondents, regardless of race, felt that police work in Muskegon was a prestigious occupation. Table 30 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 380 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR=9 N 76 N 75 N % Whites 59 18 272 82 331 100 Non-whites 7 1A A2 86 A9 100 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: N = 379 Negetive Evaluation_ Positive Evaluation Total NR=lO N 5’ N 75 N % Whites 98 30 232 70 330 100 Non-whites 12 25 37 76 A9 101 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 380 Negative Evaluatigg_ Positive Evaluation Total NR=9 N f N ”i N ”Z Whites 101 30 230 70 331 100 Non-whites 17 35 32 65 A9 100 112 Table 30 (Cont.) A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 379 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR=lO N 7% N % N Whites 158 A7 173 53 331 100 Non-whites 16 33 32 67 A8 100 *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. **Non-whites include Negro, American Indian, Mexican American, and Oriental American. The results shown by Table 30 were rather surprising to this writer. He had assumed that non-whites would be less favorable in their evaluation of the police (excluding the evaluation with respect to the economic position of policemen in the community) but as can be seen non—whites gave a more favorable evaluation to three of the four aspects of police imagery. Although the differences noted were not statistically significant they were significant by the fact of the lack of negativeness between non-whites and the police. E. Income of the respondent did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the rating given the overall picture of the job of a policeman in Muskegon. How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: Table 31 113 N - 372 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 17 N %‘ N N % $3,999 or under 8 16 A3 8A 51 100 $A,ooo to $5,999 5 9 A8 91 53 100 $6,000 to $7,999 9 13 62 87 71 100 $8,000 to $9,999 10 15 55 85 65 100 $10,000 to $11,999 10 19 A3 81 53 100 $12,000 to $15,999 12 26 35 75 A7 101 $16,000 and above 9 28 23 72 32 100 *The chi-square value of 39.298 was significant at the .005 level. 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: N = 371 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 18 N z N 7’ N 7 $3,999 or under 12 2A 38 76 50 100 $A,ooo to $5.999 10 19 A3 81 53 100 $6,000 to $7,999 1A 20 57 81 71 101 $8,000 to $9,999 20 31 A5 69 65 100 $10,000 to $11,999 16 30 37 70 53 100 $12,000 to $15,999 19 A0 28 60 A7 100 $16,000 and above 15 A7 17 53 32 100 *The chi-square value of A6.722 was significant at the .005 level. 3. With respect to the social position of the policeman in the community: N = 372 NR = 17 $3,999 or under $A,000 to $5.999 $6,000 to $7.999 $8,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $11,999 $12,000 to $15,999 $16,000 and above *The chi-square value of 53.592 was significant at the .005 level. Table 31 (Cont.) Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation 11A N %' N 2’ N % 9 18 A2 83 51 101 10 19 A3 82 53 101 17 2A 5A 76 71 100 18 28 A7 73 65 101 19 36 3A 6A 53 100 2A 51 23 A9 A7 100 18 56 1A AA 32 100 A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 371 NR = 18 $3,999 or under $h,000 to $5,999 $6,000 to $7.999 $8,000 to $9.999 $10,000 to $11,999 $12,000 to $15,999 $16,000 and above *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. *“The chi-square value of 3A.87A was significant at the .01 level. ***NR refers to the number of no responses. Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluatigg_ N %’ N 5* 17 3A 3A 67 17 32 36 68 26 36 A5 63 35 5A 30 A6 25 A7 28 53 28 61 18 39 21 66 11 3A Total N 51 53 71 65 53 A6 32 101 100 101 100 100 100 100 As can be discerned from Table 31, a meaningful pattern of rela- tionship was obtained from the income characteristic. levels were more likely to give a positive evaluation on all aspects of the overall image of the police. The lower income It seems a linear relationship was 115 produced. As the income level increased the lower the positive evalu- ation given. In fact, the income levels $12,000 to $15,999 and $16,000 and above gave negative evaluations with respect to the social and economic position of policemen in the community. F. Occupation of the respondent did not have a significant asso- ciation or relationship with community attitudes on how they pictured the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respondents, regardless of occupation, felt that police work in Muskegon was a pretigious occupation. Table 32 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 372 ' Negative Positive NR = 17 Evaluation Evaluation Total ‘3? i N T N % Unskilled 2 l2 15 88 17 100 Professionals and Executives 1A 26 39 7A 53 100 Middle Management 10 30 23 70 33 100 Self-employed 3 21 ll 79 1A 100 White-collar: Technical, Sales, Clerical 10 18 A5 82 55 100 First—line Supervisors & Skilled 3 10 28 90 31 100 Semi-skilled ll 20 A5 80 56 100 Retired 7 1A AA 86 51 100 Housewife A 7 58 9A 62 101 Table 32 (Cont.) 116 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: N = 371 NR = 18 Unskilled Professionals and Executives Middle Management Self-employed White-collar: Technical, Sales, Clerical First-line Supervisors & Skilled Semi—skilled Retired Housewife Negative Evaluation N % 3 18 15 28 15 A5 7 50 25 A5 A 13 1A 25 10 20 1A 23 Positive Evaluation N 1— 1A 83 38 72 18 SS 7 50 30 55 27 87 A2 75 A0 80 A8 77 Total N 17 53 33 1A 55 31 56 50 62 0 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: NR = 17 Unskilled Professionals and Executives Middle Management Self-employed White-collar: Technical, Sales Clerical First-line Supervisors & Skilled Semi-skilled Retired Housewife Negative Evaluation N % 6 35 25 A7 15 A5 6 A3 11 38 8 26 12 22 10 20 12 20 Positive Evaluation N 7 11 65 28 53 18 55 8 57 3A 62 2 7A AA 79 A1 81 50 81 Total N 17 53 33 1A A5 31 S6 51 62 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 Table 32 (Cont.) 117 A. With reSpect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 371 Negative NR = 18 Evaluation N 75' Unskilled 7 Al Professionals and Executives 31 59 Middle Management 21 6A Self-employed 6 A3 White-collar: Technical, Sales Clerical 27 50 First-line Supervisors & Skilled 15 A8 Semi-skilled 22 39 Retired 15 30 Housewife 25 A1 Positive Evaluation N 1 10 59 22 A2 12 36 8 57 27 50 16 52 3A 61 36 71 37 60 Total N 7 17 100 53 101 33 100 1A 100 5A 100 31 100 56 100 51 101 62 101 Although the differences observed were not statistically signifi- cant the results obtained did disclose some interesting relationships. For example, the middle management occupational grouping were the most negative in their evaluation of the police with respect to the general prestige and economic position of policemen in the community and gave the second most unfavorable rating with respect to the degree of influ— ence and social position of the policemen. Those occupational groupings who were most evident in their posi- tive evaluation of the police were first-line supervisors and skilled, retirees, and housewives. The only instance of a majority of respondents giving a negative evaluation occurred from the occupational groupings professional and executives and middle management with respect to the economic position of policemen in the community. This result was not surprising. Possi— bly the surprise was that only two occupational groupings felt this way. 118 G. The socio-political philosophy of the respondent did not have a significant association or relationship with community atti- tudes on how they pictured the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respondents, regardless of socio- political philosophy, felt that police work in Muskegon was a prestigious occupation. Table 33 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: N = 367 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 22 N f N 7 N Conservative l8 17 87 83 105 100 Liberal 10 19 AA 81 5A 100 Moderate 26 19 111 81 137 100 Independent 9 13 58 87 67 100 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: N = 366 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR=23 N 7 N 75 N % Conservative 28 27 76 73 10A 100 Liberal 15 28 39 72 5A 100 Moderate 38 28 99 72 137 100 Independent 23 3A AA 66 67 100 119 Table 33 (Cont.) 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 367 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 22 N %' N 7* N Conservative 31 30 7A 70 105 100 Liberal 20 37 ' 3A 63 5A 100 Moderate A2 31 95 69 137 100 Independent 19 28 A8 72 67 100 A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: N = 366 Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation Total NR = 23 N 7' N 7* N i Conservative A7 A5 58 55 105 100 Liberal 26 A9 27 51 53 100 Moderate 65 A7 72 53 137 100 Independent 28 A2 39 58 67 100 As reflected by Table 33, the socio—political philosophy of the respondent did not produce significant differences between the various socio—political philosophies. In those differences noted conservatives were more likely to give a positive evaluation than their liberal counterparts on all aspects of police imagery. Those respondents who considered themselves independent gave the highest evaluation on three of the four indicators of police image. 0n the aspect of the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs they gave the lowest positive evaluation. As demonstrated previously, although all philoso- phies gave a positive evaluation to all aspects of police imagery, the economic aspect produced the lowest positive evaluation of the four. 120 H. The level of educational attainment the respondent had did have a significant association or relationship with community attitudes on the rating given (2) the degree of influence, (3) the social position, and (A) the economic position of policemen in Muskegon. Table 3A How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? 2. With respect to the degree of influence affairs: N = 375 Negative NR = 1A Evaluation N Elementary School 5 13 High School 53 28 College (Undergraduate) A3 35 College (Post graduate) 7 29 *The chi-square value of 22.989 was significant at the .01 level. policemen have Positive Evaluation N % 33 81 138 72 79 65 17 71 in community Total N % 38 101 191 100 122 100 2A 100 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: N = 376 Negative NR = 13 Evaluation N 7 Elementary School 6 16 High School A8 25 College (Undergraduate) 5A AA College (Post graduate) 10 A2 Positive Evaluation N 75 32 8A 1AA 75 68 56 1A 58 *The chi-square value of 33.59A was signifiCant at the Total N a 38 100 192 100 122 100 2A 100 .005 level. Table 3A (Cont.) 121 A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community N = 375 ' Negative Positive NR = 1A Ezaiuation Evaluation N 7 N 7 Elementary School 9 2A 29 76 High School ‘ 79 A1 113 59 College (Undergraduate) 69 57 52 A3 College (Post graduate) 13 5A ' 11 A6 Total N 7 38 100 192 100 121 100 2A 100 *The chi—square value of 28.75A was significant at the .005 level. **Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ***NR refers to the number of no responses. Table 3A showed that a meaningful pattern of relationship was obtained for the educational variable. As the level of education increased the positive evaluation decreased. This pattern was even evident with respect to the general prestige of the position but the differences observed were not statistically significant. Table 35 How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? N = 376 Negative Positive NR = 13 Evaluation Evaluation N % N 1 Elementary School A 11 3A 90 High School 29 15 163 85 College (Undergraduate) 28 23 9A 77 College (Post graduate) 5 21 19 79 *Percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. *‘NR is the number of no responses. Total N 38 101 192 100 122 100 2A 100 122 Regardless of the educational grouping, the police imagery was given a positive evaluation with the exception of the rating given the economic position of policemen in the community. This exception was with those respondents with an undergraduate or post-graduate college background who gave the economic position a negative evaluation. From the foregoing data one can conclude that the image of the Muskegon police was very good with the possible exception that many felt policemen's economic position was not as high as it should be. CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I. Summary This author believed that to plan effectively in the area of police-community relations there must be a clear understanding and knowledgeability of citizens' attitudes toward their police. A review of the literature revealed that there were relatively few studies done which attempted to measure public attitude towards the police. In an effort to cast more light on this subject area, the author analyzed data collected for an evaluation of a unique in-service human relations training program. The evaluation of which the present study was a part, involved 388 citizens from five census tracts within the city of Muskegon, Michigan. The census tracts were rated according to one of five rating areas and one census tract was randomly chosen from each rating. Selection of the participants residing within the census tracts was of a stratified systematic nature. The goal in this research was to discover some of the attitudes of Greater Muskegon citizens toward their police and to provide this information for the police to utilize in establishing effective policy. The author planned to reach the objective by developing a questionnaire consisting of a variety of items related to (1) the specific police 12A style community members may want the police to perform in a given situ- ation; (2) role perception;28 (3) the importance of various tasks fer which the police are responsible; and (A) police image. The author hypothesized that the role or function of the police as perceived by individual members of the community differs according to certain community characteristics. The author wished to find out whether or not certain community characteristics (that is, sex, age, marital status, race, family income, occupation, socio-political philosophy, and education) were associated or related to community attitudes. To discover if this hypothesis could be accepted or rejected, the association or relationship between certain community characteristics and community attitudes was determined by use of the chi-square analysis. II. Conclusions The results of this study did indicate that there were signifi- cant differences between certain community characteristics and com- munity attitudes toward their police. Therefore, the author's hypothe— sis was not rejected. This decision was based on the following find- ings: 125 Section 1 Although all community characteristics produced significant dif- ferences toward the particular police style preferred in a given situ- ation only three established a noticeable pattern. They were marital status, race, and socio-political philosophy. 1. Marital status did have an association or relationship with preference for a particular police style. Married respondents tended to have a greater preference for the legalistic style. 2. Race was a significant characteristic in the determination of citizens' attitudes toward the police. Whites were more inclined to prefer the legalistic style, while non~whites were more likely to prefer either the watchman or service styles. 3. Socio-political philosophy of the respondent was a signifi- cant factor underlying one's preference for a particular police style. Conservatives had the greatest preference for the legalistic style and were least favorable toward the service style. On the other hand, liberals had the greatest preference for both the watchman and service styles and the least preference for the legalistic style. All other characteristics did not reveal a distinguishable pat— tern in associating the respondent's attitude toward preferring a particular police style. 126 Section 3 All community characteristics did have some associations or rela- tionships with community attitudes on various police tasks listed in Section 3. The following are some of the more significant relation- ships. 1. All age levels are in close agreement as to the degree of importance placed on law enforcement tasks. The opposite was true for those tasks considered to be non-law enforcement or pure service tasks. The degree of importance of these latter tasks related to age. Higher age levels were much more inclined to place a higher degree of impor— tance of them. 2. Race of the respondent did play a significant part in asso- ciating community attitudes toward particular police tasks. For those tasks categorized as law enforcement tasks, whites were more inclined to place a greater degree of importance to them than were non-whites. For those police tasks categorized as non-law enforcement (pure serv- ice), non-whites attached a higher degree of importance to them. 3. Lower family income levels were more likely to place a greater degree of importance to the various police tasks than were higher family income levels. For the most part, this patter continued regard- less of the type task involved. A. The occupational characteristic did produce differences that suggested a significant association or relationship between a particu- lar occupational grouping and community attitude. The degree of 127 importance placed on a particular police task by respondents indicated an association or relationship in some instances with their occupational grouping. For example, Task 2, involving kids violating curfew, was thought most important by the housewife occupational grouping. This was also the case involving Task 16, concerned with the police helping with school traffic. In both of these instances the significant asso- ciation of the occupational grouping and the attitude of the respondent could have been anticipated. 5. Generally, the higher the level of educational achievement the lower the importance placed on the particular police tasks. This would substantiate the idea that those with the least amount of police contact are least concerned about police responsibility for various police tasks. Section A The overall image of the Muskegon police was very positive with the exception of many respondents who felt the policeman's economic position was lower than it should have been. Individual findings were: 1. In those differences noted women were more likely to view the police in a more positive image. 2. A negative evaluation was given by some age levels to the economic position of policemen in Muskegon. The negativism of some 128 respondents was no doubt in part reflective of a feeling that for the prestigious occupation that police work is the position was sorely underpaid. 3. Lower income levels were more likely to give a positive evalu- ation on all aspects of the overall image of the police. As the income level increased the lower the positive evaluation given. In fact, the income levels $12,000 to $15,999 and $16,000 and above gave negative evaluations with respect to the social and economic position of police— men in the community. A. As the level of education increased the positive evaluation decreased for the overall police image. But it should be noted that regardless of the educational level the police imagery was given a positive evaluation. (Except for the economic position where those respondents with an undergraduate or post graduate college background gave the economic position a negative evaluation.) 5. The remaining characteristics did not produce a significant association or relationship with community attitude on how they viewed the overall job of a policeman in Muskegon. The majority of respon- dents, regardless of characteristics, felt that police work in Muskegon was a prestigious occupation. *It is important to emphasize that no one of these characteristics is independent or the sole determinant of community attitudes. 129 III. Implications of Study As stated in the very beginning of this study, one of the reasons for this research was to provide information to the Muskegon police department concerning community attitudes toward the police. Because of the number of significant differences noted between the various community characteristics and community attitudes, it is felt that the Muskegon police should consider these in decisions affecting how the police are to serve the community. Although the study does have limi- tations, it is a decidedly more scientific method of determining com- munity attitude than merely one man's observation and opinion. Secondly, since this study is an original one it is felt that it could be utilized as a model for additional studies in other cities. Information similar in nature to what was found in this study could prove to be of invaluable assistance in formulating departmental policy in virtually every police department across the country. Thirdly, it is becoming more and more apparent that the adoption of a particular police style, without consideration of the community setting in which it occurs, essentially deprives the police adminis- trator of many management perogatives. What is needed is for police administrators to objectively analyze the needs and desires of the citizenry first, then tailor police policy accordingly. Included in his evaluation should be an analysis of findings such as this study produced. Although no one single, simple program will result in a 130 utopian police ferce, it is this writer's contention that if, in fact, different members of a community perceive the police function differ- ently situational or team policing may greatly reduce the tension and abrasion which is so evident in today's police-community relations. Due to the nature and scope of this study there are also several implications for further research. Perhaps the most obvious one would be to test the strength of the relationships which were determined to be existent in our study. Such a study would greatly increase the reliability and validity of the findings of this study as well as provide additional information which would be of tremendous practical and theoretical value. Another implication of this study would be to conduct an item analysis of the questionnaire to determine whether there is a relation- ship between responses to varioussituational questions. That is, determine whether individuals who feel that all marijuana users should be arrested also feel that drunkenness offenders should be dealt with harshly by the police and similar analyses of this nature. One further implication for future research would be to do an analysis of the findings by individual census tracts to determine what relationships exist between various sections of the community. In general, the implications of this study are many. This study has determined some basic relationships but the findings merely set a framework upon which further studies can be based. That further studies are needed is indisputable. Police administrators need scientifically 131 determined information so that their decisions will facilitate equita- ble and just departmental policies. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Adams, Thomas F. Law Enforcement: An Introduction to the Police Role in the Communit . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Backstrom, Charles H. and Gerald Hursch. Survey Research. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963. Banton, Michael. The Policeman in the Community. New York: Basic Books, 1965. Bayley, David H. and Harold Mendelson. Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America. New York: The Free Press, 1969. Berelson, Bernard R., et. 3i. Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955; Blalock, Hubert M. Social Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960. Bogue, Donald J. Principles of Demoggaphy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1969. Borg, Walter R. Educational Research: An Introduction. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1963. Bresser, Walter and Sons. Cross-Index Directogy of Greater Muskegon. Detroit: Walter Bresser and Sons, 1969-1970. Campbell, Angus, 53, ei, The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 1960. Campbell, Angus, e3, 2;. Elections and the Political Order. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 19665 Ehrlich, Howard J. and Jack J. Preiss. An Examination of Role Theogg: The Case of the State Police. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 1966. 133 Epstein, Charlotte. Intergroup_Relations for Police Officers. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1962. Gourley, Gerald D. Police and the Public. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Company, 1953. Hansen, Morris H., e}, ei, Sample Survey Methods and Theory. New York: John Wiley and Sons., Incorporated, 1953. Lane, Robert E. Political Life. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1959. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., e3, 2i, The People's Choice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968. Selltiz, Claire. Research Methods In Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965. Simon, Julian L. Basic Research Methods In Social Science: The Art of Emperical Investigation. New York: Random House, 1969. Skolnick, Jerome H. Justice Without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Socie_y. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966. Wilson, James Q. Varieties of Police Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. B. Government Publications Ennis, Philip H. Criminal Victimization in the United States: A Report of a National Survey. Submitted by the National Opinion Research Center to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Field Survey II. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1967. The National Center on Police and Community Relations. A National Survey of Police and Communitngelations. Submitted by Michigan State University to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Field Survey V. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1967. 13A C. Periodicals Mihanovich, Clement S. "Management Measurements of Public Attitude Towards the Police," The Police Chief, XXXIV (May, 1967), 28-30. D. Unpublished Materials Houston (Texas) Police Department Public Attitude Survey, 1959. Morris, John. "Nonparametric Statistics." (Mimeographed.) APPENDIX A 7 ............. Key Highest Wealth Tracts Medium High Medium Medium Low Low Rating HUQW> PrOperty Value Range $25,000+ 19,000—2A,999 lA,000-18,999 9,000-13,999 Less than 9,000 Disposable Income Range $10,000+ 7.000-9.999 5.500-6.999 A,000—5,A99 Less than A,000 APPENDIX B THE COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE Michigan State University Administered by National Center on Police-Community Relations General Information This questionnaire is part of a coordinated research project involving Muskegon police personnel, social agency personnel, and the community. During the past decade, the police have experienced criticism to an extent and degree unequaled in the annals of American history. A major portion of the criticism is concerned with the very nature and function of contemporary policing. For example, evidence seems to point toward the police and their function in our present society as being one major cause of the conflict between minority group members and the police. As a result, the Michigan Civil Rights Commission (MCRC) with the financial assistance of the Michigan Crime Commission selected one Michigan city and its police department (Muskegon, Michigan) to con- struct a model program which would concentrate on the police. The idea is to introduce an appropriate influence which will cause the police to re-examine their past modes of operations. The influence will be in the form of in-service human relation training over a period of a year. Since the community is who the police ultimately serve, it would be useful to know how the community feels about various issues which concern police officers. You are asked to express your honest opinions and true perceptions of the various issues included in this question- naire. It is our hope that through your cooperation we will be able to make some valid conclusions about community perceptions in Muskegon toward their police in the hopes that the present police services can better be evaluated. 137 PLEASE DO NOT SIGN YOUR NAME TO THIS MATERIAL. OUR AIM IS NOT TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS . The answers to the questions to follow will be made available only to the research staff from Michigan State University and/or computer. Your information will be held in the strictest confidence and the results will be tabulated on a group basis only. THANK YOU FOR YOUR VALUABLE TIME AND EFFORT! Knowlton Johnson Tom Christian Douglas Moore Research Staff National Center on Police and Community Relations 138 INSTRUCTIONS Below are twenty questions pertaining to various situations in which the police may become involved. We would like you to circle what you feel is the BEST appropriate choice for the specific situation. Be sure and select only one situation--that which seems most appropri- ate. 1. Police should be primarily concerned with: a. enforcing the law. b. keeping order in the streets. c. giving the community whatever police services the community wants. 2. Police should: a. avoid arresting drunks. They should either take them home if they live in the city or refer them to agencies (like the Alcoholics Anonymous) who are able to take care of them. b. arrest all public drunks because they are law violators. c. arrest only those drunks that are endangering life or causing disturbance. 3. The police upon stopping a vehicle for speeding 10 miles over the speed limit should: a. give a strong verbal warning. b. give a verbal warning with emphasis on the safety factors involved. c. give a ticket to the lawbreaker. A. Prostitution should: a. be stamped out. b. be tolerated as long as it does not involve organized crime and innocent peOple are not harmed. c. be permitted as long as the community does not consider it an issue that needs police attention. 139 Johnnie Jones and his fOur friends, all under 16 years old are observed by Patrolman X on a public street, drunk. Patrolman X should: 8.. take the offenders to the police station, call the parents to the police station. After both children and parents are warned as to the serious consequences of under age drinking, release the children without further police action. arrest all of the teen-agers and take them to the police station where juvenile authorities can take official action. give them a moderate amount of "curbstone justice" (to give tongue lashing, kick in the pants) and take them home to their parents without further action. Concerning the appearance of the police, I feel that: a. b. c. appearance is not that important. all public servants should be neatly attired. the image of police professionalism demands a neat appearance. In regards to the alcoholic, the police should: a. b. c. ignore him unless he creates a public disorder. treat the alcoholic as a law violator. treat him according to how the community in which he lives would like him treated. What do you think should be done about people who march and protest: they should be allowed to march, except in a neighborhood where there would be strong disagreement with their cause. they should be watched but not interfered with unless they create a public disorder. they should be allowed to march if they have a parade permit. What should the Chicago Police have done during the 1968 Demo— cratic Convention: 8.. b. no permits issued but the demonstrators watched closely; police should have stepped in only if situation became riotous. they should have allowed the demonstration without police interference. they should have issued parade permits and strictly enforced the requirements of those permits. 10. ll. l2. 13. 1A. 1A0 What do you think the attitude of the police should be when he stops a law violator: a. the violator should be treated in terms of how he treats the police officer (anger met with anger; courtesy met with courtesy, etc.). b. the policeman should never show his true feeling. c. the policemen's personal attitude should be determined by how serious the community sees the offense (police anger at Speed— ing in a school zone; mild reproach when speeding on an untraveled road, etc.). How should a policeman react when called to a home where a husband and wife are fighting: a. take whatever action is acceptable to the neighborhood. b. avoid arrest while making every effort to settle the diSpute. c. if the law has been broken, arrest the violator. Billy Smith has been caught shoplifting at the local department store: a. the policeman should administer "curbstone justice" depending on the seriousness of the crime. b. handle the juvenile offender as the community wants their juveniles treated. c. Billy Smith should be arrested and brought down to the police department. A marijuana user should be: a. ignored unless he engages in illegal activities because of his use of marijuana. b. arrested. c. take whatever action the majority of the neighborhood wants. Drug users should be prosecuted: a. always. b. prosecuted or ignored depending on neighborhood concern. c. ignored unless the order of the community is being disturbed. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1A1 Would you like to see your policeman in Muskegon as: 8.. b. c. The act a. C. one whose primary aim would be to keep peace in the neighbor- hood. one who would arrest when the law is broken. one who would, except for serious crime, enforce only those laws that the neighborhood saw as important. T.V. show that best expresSes how you would like to see police is: Dragnet. Adam 12. Gunsmoke. Johnny Jones and three other young men are standing on a street corner late at night. Patrolman X comes driving up. The patrol— man should: stop, obtain the young men's names, and determine exactly what they are doing. drive right on by, if this gathering on street corners is considered by this neighborhood to be normal. let them alone, unless they were noisy and otherwise disturb- ing the peace. Police should: worry only about enforcing the laws. become involved in enforcing those laws requested by the neighborhood. worry less about enforcing the law and more about keeping the neighborhood peaceful. 19. 20. 1A2 Concerning gambling, I believe that: 8.. b. C. except for gambling associated with organized crime, whether or not police arrest private gamblers should depend on how the neighborhood feels about gambling. if gambling is against the law, all gamblers who are caught should be arrested. police should arrest those gamblers who are connected with organized crime, and those persons who gamble openly, in public view. What should be the policy of police concerning public high schools: there should be a plain clothes policeman assigned to the school to help school officials to maintain order. police should be kept out of the schools unless specifically requested by school officials. the school district should be polled to determine whether or not police are assigned to schools. INSTRUCTIONS: Below is a list of statements. opinion about these statements. If a patrolman thinks he may have to use force in a situation he should use it right after his entrance into the situ- ation in order to gain the advantage of sur— prise.... Some force is necessary and justified when a citizen unjustly insults or curses a police offi- cer... If patrolmen working in the tough neighborhoods had more leeway and fewer restrictions on the use of force, many of the serious police problems in those neighborhoods would be greatly reduced. Respect for the police in a predominantly Negro neighborhood depends on the willingness of patrolmen to use force frequently and effec- tively... We would like to have your HONEST (Check one square per statement. Agree More Do Strongly than Some- Slight- Not 1y Dis- what 1y Agree Agree agree Agree Agree At All 1A3 10. Police officers almost never receive the cooper- ation from a predomi- nately Negro area that is needed to properly handle police work... The best way to get coop- eration from a Negro is to indicate that you mean business... When officers indicate they will use the force necessary to gain compli- ance from a citizen they are helped considerably if the citizen thinks they are getting angry... When a policeman is called to a situation involving a family dis- pute, the officer should reflect the attitude that he has been called to help all citizens involved... Generally, Negroes are appreciative when police officers go out of their way to be nice to them... An officer can be pretty sure he will gain control of the situation which involves a Negro man if he somewhat frightens him Agree More Do Strong- than. Some- Slight- Not 1y Dis- what 1y Agree Agree agree Agree Agree At All 1AA ll. l2. 13. In a situation where two men are fighting in a public place, generally, it is best to arrest both of the men immediately... When deciding on whether to arrest for a mis- demeanor offense, extenu- ating circumstances should be weighed heavier than the fact that a law has been violated... When considering any type of offense, the police officer is bound by the law... Agree More Do Strong- than Some- Slight- Not 1y Dis- what ly Agree Agree agree Agree Agree At All 1A5 INSTRUCTIONS: sible. for these various tasks? O‘. 10. ll. 12. Below is a list of tasks for which Muskegon Policemen are respon- Person(s) fighting in a bar. Kids violating curfew. Handling family disputes. Persons breaking into a business. Assisting a stalled motorist. Arresting a drunk walking down the sidewalk. Quieting a neighbor's barking dog. Handling an unwanted guest complaint. Quieting down a loud party. Stamping out prostitution. Searching for a missing child. Look for youths who have run away from home. Some- Slight- Very Quite what ly Im- Im- Im- Im- Not Im- por por por por portant _t_ant tant tant tant At All How important is it to you for the police to be responsible (Check one square on each line.) 1A6 13. 1A. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 22. Responding to a burglar alarm. Responding to a fire alarm. Stamping out gambling. Helping with school traffic. Escorting businessmen with large sums of money to banks. Transporting sick persons who have no car to the hospital. Checking on persons who have been bitten by animals. Assisting two neighbors in settling a dispute. Assisting a tenant and landlord in settling a dispute. Investigating attempted suicide cases. Very Im- por tant Quite Im- por tant Some- what Im- por tant Slight- 13' Im- por tant Not Im- portant At All 1A7 2A. 25. Some- Slight- Very Quite what ly Im- Im- Im- Im- Not Im— por por por por portant tant tant tant tant At All 1A8 Checking I.D. of a person who looks as if he has something to hide. Responding to a prowler call. In general, do you feel that other community members agree with your opinion of those tasks for which police should be responsi- ble? (Circle your answer.) Nearly Most Some A Few None All Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree 1A9 INSTRUCTIONS: How would you picture the job of a policeman in Muskegon at the present time? Make a check in the spaces to indicate your answer. For example: With respect to satisfaction of the position: / L 1 1 J 1 1 Very High _7—_ iFairlyl lModeratelyI IQuite Low In High Low In Satis- Satisfaction faction A check in the first space in the example shows that the reader felt that police work in Muskegon is a very highly satisfying job. 1. With respect to the general prestige of the position: 1 l l _L L 1 Very High I IFairlyI {Moderately I ‘Quite Low In Prestige High Low In Prestige 2. With respect to the degree of influence policemen have in community affairs: é l I L 1 Very High 7 TFairlyl iTModerately7 ‘(Quite Low Degree of High Low Degree of Influence Influence 3. With respect to the social position of policemen in the community: l | I 1L 1 1 Very High‘1 AlFairly 1 _]Moderately7 {Quite Low Social High Low Social Position Position A. With respect to the economic position of policemen in the community: 1 l l l J 1 Very High I [Fairly 1 (Moderately 7 TQuite Low Economic High Low Economic Position Position 150 INFORMATION SHEET Please check the appropriate box. 1. §9£= Male Female 1:: [:7 2. Age: Under 25 [:I ' 25-29 I I 30-3A I I 35-39 [:I “0-“ [:3 A5-A9 1:: 50-5A E 55-59 [:3 60 and over I: 3. Marital Status Single :I Married I: Separated I::I Divorced [:1 Widowed I: A. Race: Caucasian (white) I II Negro (black) I | American Indian :3 Spanish American L I Oriental American I I Other (specify) :3 5. 151 Family Income: $3,999 or Uhder I —_I $A,ooo $6,000 $8,000 to to to $5.999 [:1 $7,999 :3 $9.999 I I $10,000 $12,000 $1A,ooo to to to $11,999 I I $13,999 I I $15.999 I I $16,000 $18,000 $20,000 to to and $17,999 I I $19,999 I I Above [:::3 In five years what do you think your income per year will be? $3,999 $A,ooo $6,000 or to to Under I I $5.999 [:::] $7,999 [:::1 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 to to to $9,999 I I $11,999 [:1 $13.999 [:j $1A,000 $16,000 $18,000 to to to $15.000 L._I $17,999 [:1 $19,999 [:1 $20,000 and __ Above I I 152 7. Occupation: Unskilled C: Professionals and executives I:::] Middle Management: other managers and officials [:::] Self-employed: small business I: Other [3 White-collar: sales, clerical, technical [:::] First-line supervisors and skilled I I Semi-skilled I I Retired {:3 Housewife [:::] Student I I 8. In general, how would you classify your ideas on most modern issues? Conservative [:::] Liberal [:::I Moderate I I Independent I I Other (please specify) [:::I 9. Education (circle highest year completed): Elementary School 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 High School 1 2 3 A College (undergraduate) l 2 3 A College (post graduate) l 2 3 A 10. How many times have you had contact with Muskegon police in the past year? (check the appropriate box.) More than None CI 1 E] 2C: 3:] AEIAtimes I: a...) ) HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES IIII|IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 293100343379