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A SURVEY or THE INSECT ELUNA 0F GOLDENROD, (SOLIDAGO app.) By Thomas Howard Earr A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1948 :IHESIS . . \11': rru'llyltl. . u\x \Afif ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express his thanks to Prof. Ray Hutson under whose guidance this survey was carried out. Appreciation is also expressed to Prof. E. I. McDaniel for her suggestions and assistance. Grateful acknowledgement of the work of the following peOple is also included: 0. w. Sabrosky, C. T. Greene, Alan Stone of the U. S. National Museum for the determination of the Diptera, c. F. We MuGSbeCk, A. B0 Gahan, K. v. Krombein. In H. Weld of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the determination of the parasitic Hymenoptera, J. H. Newman of South Lyon, Michigan for the determina- tion of the majority of Lepidoptera, Dr. William Drew of the Botany Department of Michigan State College for the determination of the Species of Solidago, F. C. Strong of the Botany Department of Michigan State College for assistance in reviewing the literature concerning Solidago as a disease host. 198852 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page IntrOduCtion O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 l Insect faunal survey Insects obtained from the plant . . . . . 8 Insects reared from stem galls . . . . . 57 DichSSion o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 41 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Bibliography 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 45 INTRODUCTION Much attention has been given in the past to insects affecting plants of economic importance. Scattered rd- ferences, it is true, may be found regarding insects on weeds, but little has been done in the way of exhaustive surveys of the insects found on a particular weed. That such a survey might prove useful can be at- tested by the records of important insect pests which have been observed as facultative parasites of weeds. Metcalf and Flint (22), for instance, report having seen numbers of_flea beetles and tomato hornworms feeding on Jimson weed, horse nettle, and morning glories. Later in the season, these insects began foraging on potato, tomato and tobacco plants in adjoining fields. A few other insects which have the known habit of mov- ing from weeds to crop plants are: common stalk borer (Papaipema nebris Guen.) bean aphis (Aphis rumicis L.) spinach flea beetle (Ddsonycha xanthomelaens Dalman.) chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus Say) four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapgus lineatus Fab.) tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis L.) meadow plant bug (Miris dolabratus L.) rapid plant bug (Adelphocoris rapidus Say.) The role of insects in the transmission of plant diseases is a subject which has caught the interest of both entomOIOgists and plant pathologists. The possi- bility of transmission of plant pathogens from a weed reservoir has not been overlooked. A nice illustra- tion of this has been furnished by Wellman (32) in his work with southern celery mosaic virus on vegetable crops in Florida. This virus affects many species of plants. One of the most susceptible happens to be a weed, Commelina nudiflora L. This perennial serves as the winter host of the virus. "When plants die or are chopped down, aphids leave and carry the virus back to nearby pernnials, re- establishing themselves on old plants, or colonizing and infecting the young perennials, which act as reser- voirs of the virus over periods unsuited to the growth of the more tender plant species. It is upon advent of new growth of many of the annuals that dissemination of the disease becomes noticeable. The virus carrying aphids migrate back from the less succulent and pala- table reservoir hosts to annual craps and weeds and the virus then becomes economically significant." The various species of goldennod have not as yet been shown to serve as reservoirs or alternate hosts for plant pathogens of a serious economic nature. The close relationship, taxonomically, between the members of the genus Solidago and the China aster, Callistephus chinensis Nees., might suggest the presence of the virus of aster yellows, but no confirmation of this is to be found in the literature. Rust diseases are not uncommon on golden- rod and one of them, ColeOSporium solidagninis Schw., goes from goldenrod to various species of pine. One of the more susceptible pines is the red pine, and seed— ling plantations of it in the vicinity of large patches of Solidago are likely to be so severely attacked by the fungus that there is a considerable loss of needles and stunting in growth. (7) THEORY Concentrated collecting of insects from a certain weed might prove of value from the strictly scientific point of view. Carried on over a period of two or three seasons, a fairly thorough list of the foragers on that weed could be obtained. Such collecting may produce new records as to the fauna of an area. For instance, among the flies secured in this study as determined by Sabrosky (30) was a specimen of Bombyliidae, SystrOEus macer Lw., with no previous record from this state. To the serious student of entomology, such conp centrated collecting, can prove of value whether he makes new finds or not. In order to obtain as much knowledge as possible about the insect pests of a weed, one has to examine the underground parts as well as the aerial portions of a weed, keep records and consult the litera- turee METHODS The chief method by which specimens were obtained in this survey was sweeping with the collecting net. Of course, sweeping with a net entailed the danger of obtaining insects from other plants than goldenrod. In order to obtain as accurate a sampling as possible, most of the sweeping was done in patches consisting entirely of goldenrod. Isolated plants were examined also and the insects were either knocked directly into the cyanide jar or captured by separate sweeps of the net. Roots and other underground parts were examined throughout the Spring, summer and fall of 1947. Some rearing of leaf-feeding Lepidoptera was car- ried on. it first, goldenrod plants were taken from the field and placed in pots in the greenhouse to pro- vide food for the larvae, but the abundance of the plant in the neighborhood of the college was such that it was just as easy to place freshly cut stalks in the cages when needed. The stem galls so common on the various species of goldenrod have always attracted attention. The moth and fly larvae found inside furnish, an excellent bait fought by the votaries of ice fishing. Winter birds have been observed drilling into the galls and extract- ing their insect contents and this may be an important source of food for them since many galls were found in the field with large areas gouged out of them. During March, April and the early part of may, eight hundred galls were collected and placed in jars which were kept in an.outside insectary. Five galls were placed in each jar and labeled to indicate the date and locality of collection. The mouths of the jars were covered witha a double layer of gauze. These cages were examined from time to time until the insects began to emerge and then they were examined every other day. The insects were killed, mounted and labeled the day they emerged. Sollecting from the plants in the field was done in a variety of habitats. Areas bordering woodlots seemed to provide the greatest variety of insects. margins of fields in which grain craps had been harvested seemed to harbor the greatest number and variety of hemipterans. Some collecting was done among the sand dunes of Berrien county, but the variety of insects obtained was not great. collecting was carried out along creeks, in swampy areas, along the Red Cedar and Grand Rivers, in pasture land and in waste places in the cities of Grand Rapids and Lansing. Following is a list of counties and the towns in those counties near which collecting was done: Allegan -------- Allegan Barry ------- - Hastings Berrien -------- South Haven, Lakeside Calhoun -------- Battle Creek Clinton -------- St. Johns Eaton -------- Charlotte, Olivet, Eaton Rapids Ingham -------- East Lansing, Mason, Okemos Jackson -------- Jackson, Rives Junction Kent -------- Grand Rapids Shiwassee ------ Owosso Saginaw -------- Saginaw' VanBuren ------- Kalamazoo There are 31 species of goldenrod in Michigan (29) and 56 in the United States. (15) To complicate their taxonomy is the factor of hybridization which is said to occur readily among closely related species. Collect- ing for this survey was not restricted to a single species but the bulk of the specimens obtained came from Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens Rydb. and g. altissima L. Weather conditions have a great effect on the variety and number of insects present in a given area. The num- ber and variety of insects present would of course have an important effect on the data obtained from such a sur- vey as this. Therefore, a summary of weather conditions in Michigan from January to October 1947 is included. The early spring and summer months were extremely un- seasonable. The month of may was the fourth coldest and fifth wettest on record. There was even a light but general snowfall over the state on the 6th, 7th, and 8th. To counterbalance this slow start for a growing season, the state enjoyed a long, a very mild fall. October was the warmest on record and it was the only October in 61 years in which no snow fell. Average monthly temperature, snowfall and rain- fall in Micligan for 1947. (Temperature in de- grees Fahrenheit)‘ Month Temperature Snowfall Rainfall January 25.90 or 2.9° 18.4 inches, above average. 4.1 above average February coldest since 22.3 inches 1956, 18.7°. 10.5 above average march 27.2° or 2.8° 11.9 inches, below normal. 2.? above average. April 40169 or 2.2° 4.8 inches below average. 2.4 above average. may 49.5° or 4.6° 4.91 inches below average. 1.6 above average. June 61.6° or 2.7° 2.9 inches, below average. .20 below average. July 67.7° or 1.5° 2.68 inches, below average. about average. * ClimatOIOgical Data, U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Month Temperature Snowfall Rainfall August Warmest August 2.52 inches, on record in slightly less Michigan. 74.1° than average. or 6.80 above average. September 61.7° or 1.30 4.48 or 1.27 above average. inches above average. Octoher 57.70 or 8.8° 1.08 or 1.59 above average. inches lower than average. DATA The arrangement of families, orders, genera, and species in the following list of insects secured in the manner detailed is according to Leonard's EEEE.2£.£EE Insects of New York. The common names, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from C.F.W. Huesebeck's Common Names of Insects Approved by the American Association ‘22 Economic Entomologists. (Reprint from the Journal of Economic Entomology, 39: (4): 427.) ORTHOPTERA Family: Phasmidae 1. Diapheromera femorata Say. Walking stick E. Lansing, 17,24, Aug., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Tettigoniidae 2. Scudderia furcata Brunner. Fork-tailed bush katydid Grand Rapids, 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 3 Sept., VanBuren Co., 14 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. 3. 4. 5. 6. '7. 8. Amblycorypha oblongifolia DeG. Mason, 24 Aug., E. Lansing, 5 Sept., Grand Rapids, 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Conocephalus brevipennis Scud. mason, 24 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Col, 19 Sept. Conocephalus ensiger Harris. E. Lansing, 17 Aug. Family: Gryllidae Gryllus abreviatus Serv. Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. no no no no common common common common Nemobius fasciatus var. vittatus Harris Allegan Co., 14 Sept. no common "When occuring in abundance, it would be name name name name name able to cause a large amount of loss and may vary proper- ly be associated with the common locusts as a destructive meadow insect." (28) Oecanthus fasciatu§_F1tch. Mason, 24 Aug., Grand Rapids, 31 Aug . tree cricket The two Species listed have not been designated as injurious, but another, 9. nevus DeG., causes damage to fruit trees and bramble berries by punc- turing twigs and canes in the egg laying process. (22) This same insect is also instrumental in the spread of apple tree canker, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium Sacc. (l9) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 10 Oecanthus quadripunctatus Bent. tree cricket mason, 24 Aug., Grand Rapids, 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 17 Aug. Family: Locustidae Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. red-legged grasshopper Mason, 24 Aug., Grand Rapdis, 31 Aug., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. EAlong with other species of grasshoppers, this species has b en a serious pest in legumes ......" (22) It was the only locustid observed feeding on goldenrod and during the blooming season great numbers were seen crawling about over the blossoms. Family: Tettigidae Tettigidea parvipennis pennata Morse. no common name Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Not common. Tettigidea polymorpha Scudder. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Not common. Tettix granulatum varigatus Charpentier. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Not common. NEUROPTEEL Family: ChrysOpidae ChrySOpa occulata Say. golden-eye lacewing Found on plants throughout the season from June until 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. October. very common. THYSANOPTERA Family: Phlaeothripidae Idolothripg armata Hood. no common name Saginaw, 9,11 June, Kalamazoo, 29 June. Found in empty moth gall. .HETEROPTERA Family: Cydnidae Corimelaena pulicaria Germar. negro bug E. Lansing, 10 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Eaton Co., 7 Sept. "Outbreaks of the bug in Michigan and Ohio have destroyed thousands of dollars worth of celery, but the pest occurs only sporadic- ally." (22) Family: Pentatomidae Peribalus limnobalarius Stal. no common name Mason, 24 Aug., Jackson 00., 7 Sept. Mbrmidea lugens, Fab. no common name VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Euschistus euschistoides vell. no common name Mason, 24 Aug., E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept., Calhoun Col, 7 Sept. Euschistus tristigmus Say. no common name E. Lansing, 26 July, Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. 21. 22. a 24. 25. 26. 27. 12 Coenus delius Say. no common name Allegan, 14 Sept. Cosmopgpla bimaculata Thomas. no common name E. Lansing, 10,17 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Has been taken on rasterry, blackberry, mint, potato, and current. Damage not mentioned. (6) Stiretrus fimbriatus Say. no common name Manon , 24 Aug. Family: Coreidae Harmostes reflexulus Say. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 17 Sept., E. Lansing, 4 Sept. Family: Lygaeidae Lygaeus kalmii Stal. small milkweed bug E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 17 Sept. gysius ericae Schill. false chinch bug E. Lansing, 17 Aug. "The false chinch bug feeds in most part upon purslane, amaranth and other weeds in which it may be found in large numbers although it may occasionally damage such crOps as potatoes and strawberries, and injure grape vines, young grafts and various cruciferous plants." (28) ‘Ligygocoris gylvestris L. no common name Clinton Co., 81 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Family: Tingitidae Corythuca marmorata Uhl. Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 4 Sept. "Known as the chrysanthemum lace bug, and breeds on ragweed and allied Compositae, often doing. damage to cultivated froms .... By far the most abundant Tingid in Berrien county Michigan, oc- curring on goldenrod but rarely taken on other plants." (6) Family: Phymatidae Phymata fasciata Gray. ambush bug (6) Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Phymata wolffii Stal. ambush bug (6) E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Col, 14 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Reduviidae Sinea spinipes H. Schr. no common name E. Lansing, 27 July, 10 Aug., Mason, 24 £15., “1688.11 COO. 14 Sept. Very common. Family: Nabidae £3233 [.3335 L. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept., but very common throughout the summer in all areas in which collecting was done. Nabis subcoleoptratus Kirby. no common name 13 Chrysanthemum lace bug (6) 54. 35. 36. E. Lansing, 25 July, 10 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Anthocoridae Orius insidiosus Say. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., but very common throughout the summer in all areas in which collecting was done. "It has been recorded by Garmand and Jewett (1914) as frequenting young corn ears, where it feeds on the corn ear worm and deposits its own eggs in the strands of corn silk, its injuries made in oviposition furnishing a place for the entrance for the Spores of the disease known as corn ear rot." (6) Family: Miridae Plagionathus obscurus Uhl. no common name. Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Col, 51 Aug. very common. £13.13. dolabratus L. meadow plant bus E. Lansing, 29 June, 8 July. The meadow plant bug is generally present from June until late September. "That the species is of considerable importance is certain from the method of its feeding and the great numbers often observed, but there is probably much greater loss than is appreciated because the insect works upon the bloom and seed 37. 38. and doubtless causes an important reduction in the seed crop." (28) Lygug pratensis var. oblineatus Say. tarnished plant bug E. Lansing, 12 June, 10 Aug., Mason, 24 Aug. Generally present from early spring until the first frost. RPlants attacked: Beet, chard, celery, bean, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, salsify, cucumber, cotton, tobbaco, alfalfa, many flowering plants and most deciduous and small fruits --- more than 50 economic plants, besides many weeds and grasses." (22) Adelphocoris rapidus Say. rapid plant bug Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 81 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Eaton Co., 7 Sept. "This species occurs at times very abundantly in clover and may be observed on the blossoms and there can be no question but that it is in- jurious, although the extent of injury is difficult to determine." (28) In Michigan, it is known to cause "dimple" bean. Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze. alfalfa plant bug (18) E. Lansing, 17 Aug., Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Hughes (18) states that the alfalfa plant bug is one of the most important factors in the reduction of alfalfa seed yields in Minnesota. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. HOMDPTERA Family: Cercopidae ‘Aphrophora quadrinotata Say. no common name E. Lansing, 26 July, 10, 17 Aug. Philaenus leucopthalmus Fab. meadow spittlebug E. Lansing, 20,26,27,29, July, 10 Aug. This Species has been mentioned as one of those infesting strawberries, but no account of the damage has been included. (25) Philaenus leucopthalmus var. marginellus Fab. meadow spittlebug E. Lanling, 10,20,26,27, July, Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Calhoun co., 7 Sept., Jack- son Co., 7 Sept. Family: Membracidae Ceresa diceros Say. no common name E. Lansing, 3,4 Sept. Ceresa bubalus Fab. buffalo treehopper E. Lansing, 26 July, 17 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Causes damage to "apple, pear, peach, quince, cherry, elm, locust, cottonwood and many other trees" by puncturing twigs in the process of egg laying. (22) Cgmpylenchia latipes Say. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug., Mason, 24 Aug., Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. Acutalis semicrema Say. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 17 Cyttolobus maculifrontis Cmm. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Cicadellidae Graphocephala coccinea Forst. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug., 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Draeculacephala mollipes Say. no common name Clinton 00., 31 lug. "It has been taken upon wheat, oats, rye and the list of grasses affected includes many Species." (28) Cypona octolineata Fitch. no common name E. Lansing, 10, 17 Aug., 9 Sept., Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Platymetogius frontalis VanD. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Platymetopius acutus Say. no common name mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Fulgoridae Scologs sulcipes Say. no common name E. Lansing, 10, 17 Aug. Common in all areas in which col- lecting was done. Acanalonia bivittata Say. no common name E. Lansing, 10,17 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Oremenis pruinosa Say. mealy lantern fly (20) E. Lansing, 10,20, 31 Aug. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 4.0 Oremenis septentrionalis Spinola. no common name Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Family: Chermidae Psylla sp. E. Lansing, 10, 17 Aug., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Aphiidae Macrosiphum rudbeckiae Fitch. goldenglow aphid (l7) South Haven, 25 July. Prociphilus erigernnensis Thomas. aster root aphid (ll) E. Lansing, 27 Julyl A root aphid which has been known to wipe out plantings of asters. (ll) COLEOPTERA Family: Carabidae Lebia tricolor Say. no common name mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. ‘Lgbia viridis Say. no common name E. Lansing, 4 Sept. £5212 lobulata Lec. no common name E. Lansing, 9 Sept. Family: Lycidae Calopteron reticulatum Fab. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 19 Family: Lampyridae Lucidora corrusca L. no common name E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Cantharidae Chauliggnathus pennsylvanicus DeG. soldier beetle (4) Present in all areas in whidh collecting was done from mid-August until the first frost. It was the commonest beetle observed on goldenrod. Family: Meloidae Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG. black blister beetle E. Lansing, 17 Aug., Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Epicauta marginata Fab. no common name E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Has been reported on beets and tomatoes; no account given of damage. (4) Family: Coccinellidae Hippodamia parenthesis Say. no common name Clinton 00., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Hippodamia lZ-punctata L. no common name Mason, 24 Aug. ggccinella sanguinea L. no common name E. Lansing, 26 July, Jackson Co., 7 Sept. gpccinella‘trifasciata L. no common name E. Lansing, 1 Aug., Calhoun Co., 7 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 6U Caccinella novemnotata Herbst. no common name E. Lansing, 4 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Megilla maculata DeG. no common name Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Family: Cerambycidae Cyllene robiniae Forst. locust borer E. Lansing, l,3,4,5, Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept., Clinton 00., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. "This insect is so numerous throughout most of the eastern United States as to prevent the profitable growing of black locust. If this insect could be controlled, the black locust would become of much greater value as a farm woodlot tree." (22) Oberea tripunctata Swed. dogwood twig borer E. Lansing, 10 Aug. fiBreeds in the twigs of cottonwood, also in those of blackberry." (4) Only two were found in goldenrod. Family: Chrysomelidae [£323 trilineata Oliv. three-lined potato beetle E. Lansing, 10 Aug. "Occurs on th foliage of various Solonaceous herbs, especially the potato." (4) Exema dispar Lac. no common name 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 88. 84. 21 Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 4 Sept. The larvae were also observed on goldenrod. Pachybrachzs trinotatus Helsh. no common name E. Lansing, 10,17 Lug. Labioderma clivicollis Kirby. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Calligrapha multipunctata bigsbyana Kirby. no common name E. Lansing, 12,13 July. Calligrapha similis ROgers. no common name E. Lansing, 26 July, Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept., Van Buren Co., 14 Sept. Anomoea laticlavia Forst. no common name E. Lansing, 20 July. Trirhabda canadensis Fab. no common name E. Lansing, 12,20,26,27 July, 17 Aug. This species was the commonest chrysomelid on golden- rod this summer. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata Oliv. spotted cucumber beetle southern corn root worm Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. "This insect has been taken from a very large number of plants, including more than 200 of the common weeds, grasses and cultivated crops." (22) It has also bean shown to be a carrier of bacterial wilt of corn and of cucurbits. (19) 22 85. Oedionvchis sub-vittata Horn. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept., E. Lansing, 29 July. 86. Chalepus dorsalis Thun. locust leaf miner E. Lansing, 3 Sept. 87. Chalepus nervosa Panz. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug. Family: Curculionidae 88. per: pgnctata Say. the clover leaf weevil mason, 24 Aug., Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., E. Lansing, 3 Sept. "The damage by this insect is most apparent in clover fields during the early spring. In late, cool, dry springs, red clover and alfalfa plants are frequently totally destroyed." (22) Two or three adults were collected on each collecting trip. 89. Polvdrusus sericeus Schall. no common name E. Lansing, 25 June. This weevil is fairly common on weeds throughout southern Michigan. 90. Madarellus undulatus Say. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. 91. Sitona flavescens Marsham. clover root curculio (23) E. Lansing, 4 Sept. "They may destroy from 60 to 80 percent of the plants on young stands of alfalfa. In most years, they are not of much importance. Clover or alfalfa plants infested by these insects wilt and often die, especially during periods of dry weather.n (22) LEPIDOPTEEL Family: Gelechiidae 92. Epicorthylis flavocostella Clem. no common name E. Lansing, 27 July. Reared from the plant. Family: Yponomeutidae 93. Attevalagggg Fitch. no common name Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Tortricidae 94. Epiblema scudderiana Clem. no common name E. Lansing, 27 July. Reared from the plant. 95. Archips purpurana Clem. no common name E. “ansing, 27 July. Family: Pterophoridae 96. Platyptilia‘pallidactyla Haw. no common name E. Lansing, 10 June. Chrysalis found attached to the leaves of goldenrod. Family: Noctuidae ' 97. Cucullia asteroides Gn. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug. Reared from the plant. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 24 Feltia ducens Wlk. dingy cutworm (20) Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., E. Lansing, 5 Sept., Jackson 00., 7 Sept. Very common on the flowers in late August and September. This genus of cutworms has some very destructive species, but this particular insect has not been recorded as economically significant. Scepsis fulvicollis Hubner. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Common on the flowers in late August and September. Family: Papilionidae Fapilio agax L. black swallowtail, celerworm, parsleyworm One adult taken on goldenrod. Family: Nymphalidae gymphalis milberti Godart. American tortoise shell (21) E. Lansing, 17, 25 Aug. Danaus plexippus L. monarch butterfly Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Although the monarch butterfly is one of our commoner butterflies, it does not seem to be attracted to goldenrod. mhe specimens taken in this survey occured in what might be termed a swarm in low lying, wet ground a few miles south of South Haven. It was late in the afternoon and the butterflies were settling down on all the trees, shrubs and 105. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. weeds in the vicinity. vanessa cardue L. E0 yanSing, 29 Aug. Argynis cybele Fab. E. Lansing, 5 Sept. HYMENOPTERL Family: Argidae §terictiphora zabriskiei W and S. Mason, 24 Aug. Family: Tenthredinidae Dolerus similis Nort. ‘E. Lansing, 24 June. Family: Braconidae gheloneus Egriceus Say. Clinton C00, 31 Aug. Bassus bicolor Prov. Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Bassus perforator Prov. Mason, 24 Aug. Bassus tibiator Prov. Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Ichneumonidae (Lissonota rufipes Cr. Calhoun C00. 7 Sept., Allegan COO, 14 Sept. Pterocormus caliginosus Cr. Allegan Co., 14 Sept. 40 painted lady great Spangled fritillary (21) no no no no no no no no common common common common common common common common name name name name name name name name 115. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. Pimplopterus punctatug Cr. no common E. Lansing, 3 Sept. Campoplex Sp. no common clinton Co., 31 2mg. 2a1eptopygus rostratus Cush. no common Clinton 00., 31 Aug. Ceratogastra ornata Say. no common Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Gasteruptionidae Gasteruption incertum Cr. no common E. Lansing, 27 July, 9 Sept. Family: Chalcidae LeuCOpsis affinis Say. no common E. Lansing, 3 Sept. §pilocha1cis albifrons Walsh. no common E. Lansing, 9 Sept. Family: Perilampidae 'gerilampus ovanegs Brulle. no common Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Psammocharidae ggmpilius atrox Dahlb. no common Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Pompilius biguttatu§_Fab. no common E. Lansing, 3 Sept. Pompilius scelestrus Cr. no common E. Lansing, 5,9 Sept. name name name name name name name name name name name 26 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 152. Pompilius marginatus Say. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 3,5 Sept. Pompilius sp. no common name mason, 24 Aug. Family: Chrysididae Chgysis nitidula Fab. no common name Saginaw, 9,22 June. This insect emerged from an old mothegall. Notozus viridicyaneus Nort. no common name E. Lansing, 20 July. Family: Tiphiidae Elia guinquecincta Fab. no common name E. Lansing, 5 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Elia interrupta Say. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Formicidae Lasius sp. E. Lansing, 27 July. Taken from the roots of Solidago gingdensis var. gilvocanescens (Rydb), upon which it seemed to be attending the aster root aphid, Prociphilus erigeronensis Thomas. Formica pgllidefulva incerta Emry no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Camponotus sp. 133. 134. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 28 E. Lansing, 12 Aug. Family: Vespidae Eumenes globosus Sauss. no common name mason, 24 Aug., E. Lansing, 5 Sept. Menobia quadridens L. no common name Grand Rapids, 31 Aug. Ancistrocerus capra Sauss. no common name E. Lansing, 3,4 Sept. Odynerus catskilli Seuss. no common name Saginaw, 22 June, Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. Emerged from an old Eurosta solidaginis (Fitcho gall. Polistes fuscatuslgariatus Cr. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 3 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. very common on the flowers. Vespa maculata L. white faced hornet (10) E. Lansing, 3 Sept. Common on the flowers. vespula arenaria Fab. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 4 Sept. Common on the flawers. Family: Sphecidae Larrogsis distincta Smith. no common name E. Lansing, 4,5 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. Chlorion.pennsylvanicum Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Chlorion atratum Lep. E. Lansing, 3 Sept. Chlorion ichneumoneum L. L. no common no common no common E. Lansing, 3,4 Sept., Allegan CO., 14 Sept. Sphex kennelyi Hurray. Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 3 Sept. Ammophila intercepts St. E. Lansing, 4 Sept. Psen (Mimesa) cressoni Pack. Mason, 24 Aug. Philanthusggibbosus Fab. Clinton 00., 31 Aug. Bicyrtes ventralis Say. Calhoun Co., 7 Sept. Bembex spinolae Fab. E. Lansing, 1,3 Sept., no common Farg. no common no common no common no common no common Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. cerceris nigriscens Sm. Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. ing, 5 Sept. Family: Andrena fimbriata Sm. Jackson Co., 7 Sept. no common Lans— Andrenidae no common name name name name name name name name name name 29 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. Andrena robertsonii D.T. E. Lansing, 9 Sept. Epeolus mercatus Fab. Grand Rapids, 31 Aug.' Halictus occidentalis Cress. Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Halictus rubicundus Christ. Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Halictus striata Prov. E. Lansing, 9 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Halictus versatus Robt. Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Mason, 24 Aug., Eaton Co., 7 Sept. Agopostemon radiatus Say. Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Mellisodes desponia Sm. E. Lansing, 17 Aug. Ceratina dupla Say. Clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 4,9 Sept., Meson, 24 Aug. Family: Megachile latimanus Say. clinton Co., 31 Aug., E. 4 Sept. Lansing, Megachile perplexa Sm. E. Lansing, 9 Sept. no no no no no no no no no ‘Megachilidae no no common common common common common common common common common common common name name name name name name name name name name 0 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 31 Litomegachile brevis Say. no common name Grand Rapids, 31 Aug. Family: Bombidae Bombus affinis Beq. no common name Grand Rapids, 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 3 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Family: Apidae Apis mellifica L. honeybee Present in large numbers in all areas mn which collecting was done from the time flowering began until the first frost. DIFTERA Family: Itonidae Neolasioptera sp. (near ambrosiae) no common name Shiwasee Co., 29 June. Family: Lycoriidae Lycoria (Sciara) sp. Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Bibionidae Philia stigmatera Say. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Family: Bombyliidae A EIOprosopa fasciata Macq. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. Sparnopolius fulvus Rd. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., E. Lansing, 3 Sept., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. £3.12 lateralis Say. no common name Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. ran sp- Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Systrogus‘maggg Lw. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. This specimen represents a new genus of this family from Michigan. (30) Family: Thereviidae Psilocephala frontalis Cole. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug. Family: Asilidae Machimus notatus nacq. no common name Family: Delichopodidae Sciapus scintillans Loew. no common name E. Lansing, 10 Aug. Gymnopternus sp. Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Phoridae Mequselida straminae Hall. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Syrphidae Microdon conflictus Big. no common name E. Lansing, 4 Sept. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. .191. Pipizia pisticoides Will. no common Mason, 24 Aug. Paragus angustifrons Lowe. no common Mason, 24 Aug. Syrphus ribesii L. no common VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Syrphus ribesii var. vittifrons Shann. no common VanBuren Co., 14 Sept., Berrien CPO" ’ 19 Sept 0 Metasyrphus wiedmanii Johnson. no common VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Epistrophe umbellatarum Schin. no common E. Lansing, 3 Sept. ‘ ‘SphaerOphoria cylindrica Say. no common Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Tubifera tenax L. name name name name name name name drone-fly, one the rat tailed maggots. (lO) VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. gylota eluncida Say. Mason, 24 Aug. no common Helophilus fasciatus Walk. no E. Lansing, 3,9 Sept., Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. Spilomyia guadrifasciata Say. Ea Lanaing, 4 38131:. no Spilomyia longicornis Lw. no E. Lansing, 1, 4 Sept. name common name common name common name of 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. Family: ConOpidse Occemyia loraria Lw. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Occemyia nigripes Camras. no common name E. Lansing, 9 Sept. Family: Calliphoridae Pollenia rudis Fab. cluster fly clinton Co., 31 Aug., Allegan Col, 14 Sept. Bufolucilia sp. no common name vanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Family: Huscidae Hylemya cilicrura Rond. seed-corn maggot Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept., Berrien Co., 19 Sept. The seed-corn maggot in the larval stage attacks "corn, beans, peas, cabbage, turnip, beets, radish, seed potatoes and several others." (22) Morellia micans mag. no common name Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Coenosia (Limosia) Sp. Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Lispocephala erythrocera R.D. no common name Berrien Co., 19 Sept. Family: Sarcophagidae Sarchghaga importuna Walk. no common name Jackson Co., 7 Sept. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. Sarcophaga rapax Walk. no Mason, 24 Aug., Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Sarcophaga ventricosa v.d.w. no Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Family: Larvaeovcridae Eyiophasia metallica Tns. no Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Trichopoda pennipes F. no E. Lansing, 3 Sept. gyalomyodes triangulifera L.w. no Grand Rapids, 1 Sept. ChaetOgaedia analis v.d.w. no Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Feleteria Sp. Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., E. Lansing, 3 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Archytas aterrima K.D. no VanBuren Co., 14 Sept. Lydna areos Walk Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. no Phrynofrontina discalis coq. no Clinton Co., 31 Aug. gylindromyia argentea Tns. no E. Lansing, 20 July. gylindromyia vulgaris Ald. no Grand Rapids, Sept. 1. common common common common common common common common common common common name name name name name name name name name name 35 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. Family: ScOpeumatidae Scepeuma stercorarium L. no common E. Lansing, 9 June, Grand Rapids, 1 Sept., Clinton Co., 1 Sept. Family: Ottidae Chrysomyza demandata Fab. no common Calhoun Co., 7 Sept., Allegan Co., 14 Sept. Family: Trypetidae Euaresta bella Lw. no common Mason, 24 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Sepsidae Saltella scutellaris var. ruficoxa Macq. no common E. Lansing, 9 Sept. Family: Lauxanidae ‘ginettia lupulina Fab. no common E. Lansing, 17 Aug. Family: Ephydridae Hyadina binotata Cr. no common Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Chloropidae ChlorOps cinerapennis Adams. no common Clinton Co., 31 Aug., Jackson 00., 7 Sept., E. Lansing, 9 Sept. name name name name name name name Chaetochlorops inquilina‘Coq. no common name Clinton 00., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 4 Sept. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 37 Hippelates pallipes Lw. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Oscinella melancholica Beck. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Family: Enlichiidae "Madiza" glabra Fallen. no common name Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Jackson 00., 7 Sept. Family: Chamaemyiidae Chamaemyia polystigma Mq. no common name E. Lansing, 17 Aug., Clinton Co., 31 Aug. INSECTS COLLECTEQ FRO! GLLLS COLEOPTERA Family: Mordellidae Herdella scutellaris Fab. no common name E. Lansing, 9 June, 4,5,13,15,19 July, Grand Rapids, l3,l7,l9,July, Hartford, 29 June, 4 July, Kalama- zoo, 4,l3,l9 July, Saginaw 13,19 July, Shiwassee 00., 13,19 July LEPIDOPTERA Family: Gelechiidae Gnorimoschema gallaesolidagnnis Riley solidago gall moth (10) Clinto Co., 31 Aug., E. Lansing, 18 Aug. The larvae of this moth are commonly used as bait by 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. ice fishermen. HYMENOPTERA Family: Braconidae ggcrobracon furtivus Fyles. Grand Rapids, 15 June. Hetergpsilus languriae Ashm. E. Lansing, 24 June. Microgaster gelechiae Riley. Saginaw, 9 June. Emerged from a moth gall. Microplitis Sp. Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Apantales crassicornis Prov. Clinton Co., 31 Aug. Meteorus hyphantriae Riley. Jackson Co., 7 Sept. Sphizoprymnus sp. Grand Rapids, 13 July, Kalama- zoo, 9,13 July. Emerged from a fly gall. §ghi zeprymnus s p . E. Lansing, 4 July. Emerged from a fly gall. Family: Campoplex depressgs Vier. Saginaw , 9 June 0 no no no no no no no no Ichnemonidae no common common common common common co mmon common common common name name name name name name name name name 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. Emerged from a moth gall. Super-family: Cynipoidea Sub-family: Eucoilinae Eucoila sp. ‘ no common name E. Lansing, 10 June. Emerged from a fly gall. Family: Bethylidae Perisierola cellularig Say. no common name E. Lansing, 3,9 June, Saginaw, 15 June. Emerged from fly gall.' Family: Eurytomidae Eurytoma gigantea Walsh. no common name Grand Rapids, 13 July, Shiwassee Co., 19 July. These specimens emerged from both fly and moth galls. Eurytoma sp. no common name Kalamazoo, 4 July. Emerged from a fly gall. Family: En10phidae Tetrastichus solidaginis Burks. no common name Saginaw, 19 July. Emerged from a moth gall. DIPTERA Family: Trypetidas 241. 40 Eurosta solidaginis Fitch. no common name Hartford, 3,4,9 June, Grand Rapids, 3,4,5,6,9,12 June, E. Lansing, 3,4, 9.12 June, Saginaw Co., 3,4,6,9 June, Shiwassee Co., 3,5,6 June. This is the fly larva commonly used by ice fishermen. 41 DISCUSSION It has been already noted in the data that some of the insects found on goldenrod are known to be injurious to crOp plants. Some of them such as the tarnished plant bug, clover leaf beetle and locust borer have long been recognized as insects of economic importance. Others, such as the rapid plant bug (Adelphocoris rapidus) and the meadow plant bug (Miris dolabratug) did not attract much attention in the early days of economic entomology. It was Osborn (28) who suggested that these two were of greater importance than generally realized and subsequent investigation has proved him to be right. Some of the members of the hemipteran family Miridae are among the most important insects listed as injurious. It was this family that had more individuals of the same Species present on goldenrod than any other taken in this survey. The tarnishes plant bug occured in the greatest numbers, followed in order by Plagionathus obscurus (no common name), the meadow plant bug, the al- falfa plant bug and the rapid plant bug. This group of insects (mirids) was most abundant in patches of goldenrod at the margins of fields in which grain crops had been harvested. Except for g. obscurus, these mirids are fairly well known and their importance as pests has been recognized. '2. obscurus has not been listed as yet as an insect of economic importance, al- though a closely related Species, g. EflllIEE Uhler., has been "reared from apples where the nymphs fed on tender foliage." (6) Records of the feeding habits of g. obscurus indicate that it shows a preference for Compositae. Since the insect is so numerous in golden- rod, it is a Species that might assume economic signi- ficance if it happened to be feeding in a patch of gol- denrod bordering a field in which a composite crop were under cultivation. For instance, lettuce being grown as a seed crOp might well be subject to attack by it. It is also possible that g. obscurus, like many other mirids does not confine its feeding to Composites alone. Itshould also be mentioned that the anthocorid, Orius insidiosus Say, ranked close to the mirids in point of number of individuals present. This insect, although predacious, injures corn by puncturing the strands of silk in laying its eggs, and in doing so provides a place of entry for corn ear rot. Large numbers of goldenrod plants harbored im- mature Spittlebugs in the Spring and the adults were common on them all summer. Strawberries were badly in- fested with cercopids in Michigan this year, as is often the case in wet years, and it was noticed that the char- 43 acteristic froth produced by nymphs was present on the succulent young weeds, including goldenrod growing along . the margins of the plantings. The life histories of the members of the family Cercopidae are still somewhat obscure so that the significance of their relationship to weeds is not as yet fully understood. It is not supposed that all of the species of insects that feed upon the tissues or visit the flowers of goldenrod growing in Michigan were obtained in this survey. One year of collecting and rearing was, of course, not long enough to accomplish so much. However, the number of species obtained, and the known destructive— ness of some of them, would indicate that goldenrod is indeed one of the important weeds in which insects main- tain their populations. _This, taken together with the fact that goldenrod grows so luxuriantly throughout the state, would indicate that further study of the relation- ship between goldenrod, insects and crop plants would be worthwhile SUMMIRY During the Spring, summer and early fall of 1947, insects were collected from goldenrod in 12 counties in lower Michigan. Nine orders, 85 families, 198 genera and 241 species and varieties of insects were obtained. Dates of abundance and remarks concerning the economic im- portance of the various Species are included in the data. Thirteen of the Specimens taken have been cited as injurious by authorities. One of the Specimens of Diptera, Systropus macer Lw., provides a record of a new genus from this state. l. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. L}. 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Arthur, J. 0., Manual of Busts of the United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana. 1934. Barber, G. W., A study of the ellipitical goldenrod gall caused by Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley. Journal-3T”the New York EntOmOIOgy Society, 46:l55—178. Beal, W. J. and Wheeler, 0. F., Michigan Flora. 30th Annual Report of the Secretary of the Michigan State Board of Agriculture. 1892. Blatchley, w. 8., An Illustrated Descriptive Cata- logue of the ColeOptera or Beetles Known to Occur in Indiana. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1910. Blatchley, w. 3., RhynchOphora or Weevils of Eastern North America. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Blatchley, W. S., The Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America. The Nature Publish— ing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1926. Boyce, Ji 3., Forest Pathology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y. 1938. Britten, W. E. et a1. Guide to the Insects of Con- necticut. Part 5. The Hymenoptera or WaSp- Like Insects of Connecticut. State Geological and 1“atural History Survey, Hartford, Conn. 19 6. Britton, W. E. et a1. Guide to the Insects of Con- necticut. Part 4. The Hemiptera or Sucking Insects of Connecticut. State Geological indzNatural History Survey, Hartford, Conn. 92 . Comstock, J. H., An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, N. Y. 1940. Cutright, C. R., Subterranean Aphids of Ohio. Ohio Ag. EXp. Sta. Bulletin 387. 1925. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. Felt, E. P., Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Com- stock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, N. Y. 1940. Fisher, E. E. and Allen, T. G., Alfalfa and Clover severely Damaged by Spittle Bugs. Wisconsin Ag. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 469:15. Friesner, Ray G., The Genus Solidago In Northeastern North America. Butler University Botanical Studies, 1:3. 1933. Gray, Asa, Manual of Botany, Seventh Edition. Ameri— can Book Co., Chicago, 111., 1908. - Holland, W. J., The Butterfly Book. Doubleday, Page and Co., New York, N. Y. 1918. Hottes, F. C. and Prison, T. H., The Plant Lice or Aphiidae of Illinois. Natural History Survey Bulletin, Vol. 19, Article 3. Urbana, Illinois. 1931. Hughes, J. H., The Alfalfa Plant Bug. University of Minnesota Ag. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 161. 1943. Leach, J. G., Insect Transmission of Plant Diseases. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y. 1940. Leonard, M. D., A List of the Insects of New York. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N. Y. 1928. Macy, R. W. and Shepard, H. H., Butterflies. The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn. 1941. Metcalf, C. L. and Flint, W. P., Destructive and Useful Insects. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. 1939. Milne, Lorus J., Autoecology of the goldenrod gall fly, (Eurosta solidaginis Fitch.) Ecology (l) . lUI-IUB“. 194i. Emulton, Dudley, Synopsis, CataIOgue and Bibliography of North American Thysanoptera. U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Technical Series. 1911. Mundiger, F. G., The Control of Spittle Insects in Strawberry Plantings. The Journal of Economic Entomology. 39:299-303. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 47 Osborn, Herbert, The Leafhoppers of Ohio. Ohio BiOIOgical Survey, Bulletin 14. Columbus, Ohio. 1928. , Osborn, Herbert. The Fulgoridae of Ohio. Ohio BiolOgical Survey, Bulletin 35. Columbus, Ohio. 1938. Osborn, Herbert. Meadow and Pasture Insects. The Educator Press, Columbus, Ohio. 1939. Otis, C. H., Key to the Species and Varieties of Solidago in Michigan. Report of the Mich- igan Academy of Science, 15:2-5-208. 1913. Sabrosky, c. W., Unpublished correspondence of Nov. 13, 1947. Watson, S. A., The Miridae of Ohio. Ohio BiolOgical Survey, Bulletin 16. Columbus, Ohio. 1928. Wellmann, F. L., Dissemination of Southern Celery MOSaic Virus on Vegetable Crops in Florida. Phytopathology, 25:289-308. "I7'11@fii'fliTNWNWET