CURRENT EVIDENCE OF TALL-'GIIASS PRAIRIE REMNANTS IN SOUIIIWESTERN MICHIGAN Thesis Ice {In Dunc cf M. 5. MICHIGAN STATE IINIVERSITY Edward Martin Scharrer I971 PLACE ll RETUHI IOXto monthl- chockwtfrom your record. TO AVOID FINES Mum on or More data duo. “ DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE . I???“ of“: 0413 EP 216:3sz J MAR 1 1200 [T T 32"! II 3 JAM-537m —— kw: ‘“ ”“’ E J 1 iCi—‘i .__.‘ MSU Is An Affinmflve Action/Equal Opponunlly Institution W ”3-9. T." ABSTRACT CURRENT EVIDENCE OF TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE REMNANTS IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN By Edward Martin Scharrer A survey'of the prairie flora and "prairies" in southwestern ' Michigan, which were thought to have vanished or be limited to disturbed sites, showed that the flora is still present in great variety (68 species). Sites containing at least a large number (11 or more) of prairie species have an aspect of a ”prairie" and are rightly called such. "Prairies” on undisturbed sites are suggested criteria for referring to these sites as "remnants" of virgin (original) prairie. At least 50 "remnants" are suggested. Many sites (294) with 1-10 prairie species may similarly warrant the title of "remnant". Additional studies are suggested to verify the proposed characteristics of the "prairies” and "remnants" of tall-grass prairie in Michigan. CURRENT EVIDENCE OF TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE REMNANTS IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN By Edward Martin Scharrer A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Botany and Plant Pathology 1971 DEDICATION T0 CAROL ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my major professor Dr. S. N. Stephenson for guidance throughout this study. I'm indebted to Dr. W. B. Drew and the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology for providing the transportation during the field work. I acknowledge the helpful suggestions of my committee: Dr. Stephenson, Dr. Drew, Dr. J. Beaman, and Dr. B. Moss. I wish to thank Mr. Ray Schulenberg, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, for his time and interest in teaching me the prairie flora. Mr. M. L. Hundley, my thanks for providing encouragement and suggestions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...00......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO LIST OF TABI‘E .0...O....00...O...O....00...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO INTRODUCTION OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0.0... Michigan Tall-Grass Prairie - The Problem....................... Michigan Tall-Grass Prairie - Literature Summary ............... North.American Prairie ......................................... Origin of the Tall-Grass Prairie ............................... mmODs .0..0OO’OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.00... Rmfimmhau.u.n.u.u.n.u.n.u.u.n.u.u.u.u.u.u.n. St‘ldy Area 00.0.0.0...0.0.0.00000000000000000000000000000000000. Survey Methods ................................................. Other Studies .................................................. RESULTS OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0....0..OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Sites .......................................................... Distribution of Prairie Flora .................................. Distribution of Individual Prairie Remnants .................... Sites Representing Remnants of Recorded Prairie Relicts ........ Sites Which Are Remnants of Unrecorded Prairie Relicts ......... DISCUSSION ....................................................... Kinds of Prairie ............................................... Prairie Flora .................................................. Evaluation of Prairie Peninsula ................................ Prairie Species of Michigan .................................... Suggestions for future study ................................... CONCLUSION 0.00.00.00.00...00....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO I‘ITEMTURE CITE 0.0.0.0000...00.0.0000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO iv Page Vi viii O\OO\l-’ l-’ 22 22 22 26 27 27 27 63 68 76 76 83 87 89 92 93 Table of Contents continued APPENDICES A. A list of species occurring along railroad rights-ofaway in southwestern Michigan. Summer and Fall, 1969 ................ B. Descriptions of sites containing at least one prairie species. C. Frequency of prairie and non-prairie species found in a composition study of 19 prairie sites ........................ D. Distribution maps of five prairie species found in south- western Mj-Chigan .OOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOCOOOOO0.00.00.00.00 96 101 122 129 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 13. l#. 15. Recorded Tall-Grass prairie relicts in Michigan ............ Tall-Grass Prairie in the U05. OOOOOOOOOOOOOI.0.00.00.00.00. Sites visited during prairie flora survey in southWBStern MiChigan OOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0000... Outline of the Prairie Peninsula based on presence of original prairies 0.00.00.00.00...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Distribution of the presence values of 68 prairie species .. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Berri-en Comty 0.0000000000000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.00.... Number of prairie species for all sites visited in BranCh comty 0......O...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOODCOOOO...0.0.0... Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Calhom COImty O...O...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.IOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Number of prairie species for all sites visited in cass County 0.00.00.00.00....00...OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Kalamzoo comty '00...0..0.0.0.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in St. Joseph County Q...C.0.0...COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.... Number of prairie species for all sites visited in van B‘lren CO'unty .0.0.00....OOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.00... Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Ingham, Jackson and Hillsdale Counties ................... Distribution of the number of prairie species found at 528 Sites OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Sites with 11 or more prairie species in southwestern Michigan. Sites are suggested to be remnants of recorded and unrecorded relicts .............. vi Page 28 30 37 #7 51 53 55 57 59 61 71 80 List of Figures continued Figure 16. Distribution of Coreopsis pglmata Nutt. in southwestern MiChigan COO...O..00.0000COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 17. Distribution of Panicum.virgatum L. in southwestern Mj-Chigan .OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 18. Distribution of Ruellia humilis Nutt. in southwestern Mj-Chigan 0..0...0...0.0.0.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. 19. Distribution of Silphium.integrifolium Michx. in southwestern mohigan 0.0000000000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 20. Distribution of Silphium.terebinthinaceum Jacq. in southwestern Mj-Ohigan 00......OOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.... vii Page 130 132 134 136 138 Table LIST OF TABLES Indicator species for five segments of prairie gradient OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Aggregation of‘mesic prairie plants (after Curtis 1959) .... List of prairie species in southwestern Michigan - smer and Fan, 1969 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO List of prairie species in southwestern Michigan which emphasize the limits of the western boundary of the Prairie PeninSUJ-a OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOD0.00.00.00.00... List of prairie species which occur throughout the area surveyed in southwestern Michigan ........................ List of prairie species limited to the Prairie Peninsula in soquWGStern Michigan 0..00.000.000.090...00.00.0000... List of prairie species which suggest the extension of the eastern boundary of the Prairie Peninsula ............ Presence of prairie species in 528 sites ................... The prairie species of all sites containing at least one species 0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO-OOOODOOOOOOO Summary of frequency studies from 20 prairie sites in southwestern mohigan O...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.00... Summary'of the number of prairie plants per site for each of nine countries in SW Michigan .................... Prairie species which were found most frequently in sites with 11 or more species ............................ viii Page 15 18 2A 32 32 33 33 35 39 75 INTRODUCTION MICHIGAN TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE - THE PROBLEM The presence of patches of tall-grass prairie vegetation (Fig. l) influenced New England settlers to make their home in southwestern Michigan. Colorful descriptions of the settlers‘ impressions of the prairies and oak openings (summarized in a recent thesis by Peters, 1969) are plentiful in Michigan's historical literature. For example, Lanman in 1871 (Bingham, l9h5) wrote: "...trees, chiefly'white oak (and probably bur oak), 10a60 feet apart and extending for miles like cultivated parks; sweeping to a clear stream, a fertile prairie, a brow of a transparent lake impress one with the idea he is traveling through an old rather than a newly-settled country. The openings constitute a feature which distinguishes this from most of the adjoining states. The surface of the oak openings also presents a turf of‘matted grass, which requires three or four yoke of oxen to break it up. YOu can ride for miles in a carriage under the ”trees that are thus widely separated”. The interrelated questions of origin and persistence of the prairies in Michigan have been discussed for more than a century (summarized recently by Benninghoff, 1961) but without full agreement. It is assumed by'most that their origin and establishment resulted from a generally less humid, and perhaps warmer, climatic period during Holocene time. The persistence of these relict communities under the present climate, which favors deciduous forest, suggests a high degree of internal stability; However, post—settlement influences such as fire protection, agriculture and the introduction of non-native plant species has led to the general deterioration of the Michigan prairie. 1 Figure 1. Recorded tall-grass prairie relicts in Michigan. (After Veatch, 1928; Kenoyer, 1930. 193“, 19%) an III 0 t a LA I at I! LA .0 . an L 0 ' 4___— . O o ‘0 # T 3 nu. A "u ' ’00 O D Veatch (1928) recorded sizes of pro-settlement prairies from 80 acres to 25 square miles comprising a total of about 80,000 acres. Butler (1947, 1948, 1949) described 58 prairies, some less than a hundred to a maximum of 13,000 acres (Prairie Rondo near Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo, County). Recent workers on the prairies in Michigan recorded the following approximately 150 years after settlement began: Rebinson (1969): "With the exception of minute fragments along railroad rights-of;way, in uncultivatable corners of farmsteads, and in pioneer cemeteries, virgin prairie plants (virgin prairie surfaces) are non-existent in the state today”. Brewer (1966): "wet prairie is rare in southwestern Michigan, even relative to drier prairie.....” Hayes (1964): ”Mbst plants indicative of the dry or mesic prairies such as Spgrobolus heterolepis, Bouteloua curtipgndula, Amogpha canescens, and Coreopsis 2312533 are no longer found in Michigan, or are found only along railroad tracks, road sides, or in abandoned weedy fields". Hauser (1953): ”Most of them (prairies) are now difficult to recognize because they have been farmed continuously since the arrival of the earliest settlers and because most surrounding forest has been cleared. In Michigan, at least, it is probably safe to say that no virgin prairies now exist”. Hanes (in Butler, 1947): ”...several of these soacalled prairie grasses are still scattered throughout the county (Kalamazoo) on wood borders, on roadsides, and in fence rows, and on the right-ofeway'of our railroads;...in some rural cemeteries, remnants of the prairie flora still persist. The prairie violet, Viola pggatifida, a rare species in Michigan, has been found in Harrison Cemetery in Prairie Rondo (township)". Darlington (1945): "Some of the (prairie) species have undoubtedly been pushed back to the borders of swamps and railroad rights-of-way, while others have possibly suffered extinction". ' Kenoyer (1934): "Unfortunately, the flora of the southwestern Michigan dry prairies has been almost destroyed by tillage. It includes Egypggum.ygccifolium, Cacalia tuberosa, Sil ium terebinthinaceum, Amorpha canescens, Asclepias verticilla a, Petalostemum w, Viola Edata, mei hirsuta, and Sisyginchium albidum" . Veatch (1928): "Practically all the prairie land is in use at the present time for agricultural purposes.... The land was broken up for farming at an early period and it is fairly certain no virgin prairie land exists at present". From these evaluations it is not surprising that it is generally not known that Michigan once had "grasslands". According to the above workers, whatever prairie Michigan did have has all but vanished. However, the recent studies (though few) by'Brewer (1965) and Pokora (1968) in southwestern Michigan, suggestadditional prairies may be feund through a comprehensive survey. The primary'objective of this study was to document the'present day extent and condition of tallagrass prairie remnants in southwestern Michigan. This objective necessitates criteria for identifying remnants (and therefOre criteria for definition of prairie species. The secondary objectives were to list the prairie species, determine and document their distribution, and to describe the prairie communities in southwestern Michigan. (MICHIGAN TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE - LITERATURE SUMMARY Other than observations of settlers, the earliest descriptions of Michigan prairie were taxonomic. Cole (1901) listed 32 species for ”oak openings” and 15 species for "the prairie", in the vicinity of Grand Rapids. Beal (1904) listed 12 species "peculiar to the prairie region of the southwestern portion of the state". Pepoon (1907) described the flora of southwestern Michigan (Berrien, Cass and van Buren counties), but he mentions few prairie species. Darlington (1945) listed five species. The first ecological work was by Gleason (1917). Out of 27 species fbund in a prairie near Ann Arbor, he classified 18 into wet or dry prairie species and nine as bog, swamp or lakeshore species. He adds, ”...the almost complete absence of shrubs, the dominance of grasses, and the level topography combine to give it a strong resemblance to a hydrophytic prairie of northern Illinois. Indeed, it may be assumed that this represents a relict colony of prairie plants, persisting from a time when prairies occupied a wide extent in southern Michigan...". veatch (1928) outlined 40 prairies in Michigan based on the location Iof the deep, dark, Warsaw Loam, and described four phases based on slight textural variations and variations in thickness of separate horizons. In feur papers (1930, 1934, 1940, 1943) Kenoyer described the areal extent of the vegetation associations in southwestern Michigan (which included prairie) using land-survey records. Butler (1947, 1948, 1949) used historical literature to describe 58 prairies (by name) at the time of settlement. Floras by Hebert (1934, Berrien County), Bingham.(1945, Oakland County), and Hanes and Hanes (1947, Kalamazoo County; with geographic and ecological annotations) include prairie species, but do not include a prairie list per se. Hauser's (1953) study of the sand prairies of Newaygo County was the first major ecological study of Michigan's prairies. He described features such as geology, pedology, and climate, and measured frequency and cover in the vegetation. The relationships of these prairies to other prairies was also discussed. He recorded 25 prairie species that were present in Newaygo prairies and 11 that were not. Recently; several ecological studies of wet prairies have been published, most from.the southeastern part of Michigan and adjacent Canada. Hayes (1964) described a wet prairie on Harsen's Island in the St. Clair River. A quadrat and transect study showed this prairie to be similar to the wet prairie of Wisconsin and attributes the persistence of this prairie to flooding and burning. Hayes feels that the high frequencies and density of Habenaria leucoghgea, Andropogon erardii, A:_ agopgrius, Panicum vir atum, and SorghastrumHQE§gg§_provide the best evidence of former prairie areas in Michigan. Rogers (1966) provides a list of species from a wet prairie near'Windsor, Ontario. He also suggested that the origin of this site was due to the post glacial xerothermic period and that it persisted due to disturbance of'burning and cutting. Thompson (1970) reported a wet prairie along the Huron River, Ann Arbor, suggesting that it is a prairie relic. Brewer (1965), in one of two published studies of a prairie community in southwestern Michigan, described composition and several structural characteristics of a wet prairie site. One of the characteristics is species occurrence. He described five distributions in a Kalamazoo wet prairie: a) ”...typical wet prairie species in the sense that they are more likely to be found in this community than in any other, at least in southern Michigan. Such species include As_te_r_ novaeaangli'ae, Gentiana andrewsii, Pycnanthemum vir iniamum, Solidago ohiensis, 'S_. riddeILlii, SErtina pectinacea, and Vernonia fasciculata"; b) ". . .widespread in prairies but probably have higher presence values in less hydric ones.....such as Andropggon erardii, A; scopgrius, and Sorgha'strum M"; c) ”...species, each occurring on a variety of wetlands, of which wet prairie is one. . ...Eupgteri1nn moulahm, Gentiana procera‘, Egg versicolor and TheILtheris palustris"; d) ”...comnon species in a variety of open situations.. ...Ac‘hille'a millifolium, Cemandra umbellata, Fragaria vir 'niana, Melilotus gb_a, and Monarda fistulosa"; and e) "...widely distributed and here represent members of a potential successional stage... "POEus deltoides and 92m racemosa". A second character Brewer examined was pattern as it applies to spatial distributions and interspecific association. He found ‘W andros-aerolimn, Emgium yuccifolium, F‘rggria vir ' niana, Solid_ago canadensis, and Andromgon gerardii tending toward aggregation. Results of tests for association were largely inconclusive but suggested a positive association between Geranium maquatum and Frag aria virgniana and between E; maculatum and 21331.3 maculata. Pokora (1968) made a phenologic study of the plants in a sand prairie in Van Buren County. Robinson (1969) smmnarized the factors which contribute to prairie persistence in Michigan; and described the interrelationships between climate, soil, moisture, landforms and prairie vegetation. NORTH.AMERIGAN PRAIRIE The Nbrth.American prairie extended from Mexico northward to Manitoba, and from the forest margins of Indiana and Wisconsin, to the Dakotas and certral Kansas. This was the prairie. westward, an even more extensive but drier and more sparse grassland extended to the Rocky Mountains. This is the Great Plains (weaver 195“). ' Texts by weaver (1954, 1968), Malin (1967); and Costello (1969) describe the history of and research on the tall—grass prairie. The main features of this vast prairie are the dominance of grasses, the paucity of‘shrubs, the absence of trees, except along rivers and streams and a characteristic droughtaenduring flora. The prairie is a closed community due to a 366 inch deep layer of roots and rhizomes forming a dense sod. Also, the perennial nature of most species and a high degree of vegetative reproduction is characteristic of prairie vegetation (weaver 1954). A prairie classification into tall-, mixed-, and shert- grass species had.been implied by Pounds and Clements (1898), based on studies in Nebraska, a state which contained all three grassland types. The tallegrasses in the east blend into the mixed and short grasses toward the west as elevation increases and precipitation decreases. Ta11-, mixed-, short-grass and other types of prairies are described by weaver and Clements (1938). The major dominants of the tall-grass prairie are Andrgpggop gggardii and Sorghastrum.pg§gg§, which often attain a height of 6—8 feet. 'With these, occurring more or less abundantly, are Andrgpogon c rius, Elyg3§,canadensis, Panicum.vir atum, and less frequently, Stipg spartea and Spgrobolus aspgr. 10 The eastward extension of the tall-grass prairie (Prairie Peninsula) is described in detail by Transeau (1935). He lists 16 possible explanations for 21 observations (problems) of the Prairie Peninsula. These problems concern distribution boundaries of prairie and deciduous forest vegetation or species, such as the southern and southwestern boundary of the northeastern conifers. A second category of problems is the presence or absence of certain types of vegetation in the Peninsula, and to the north, east, or south of it, such as prairie clusters and bog or forest associations. Thirdly, he considers the problems of distribution of prairie vegetation on several kinds of soils, topography and along moisture gradients. Fourthly; the general dominance, stability; and persistence of tall-grass prairie in nine states is unaccountable from only'microclimatic and edaphic factors. Transeau suggested climatic, biological and edaphic factors that may'have an important influence on the fermation of the Prairie Peninsula including all the problems mentioned above, especially the distribution of prairie species. Under climate, fer example, he states that the annual and seasonal precipitation-evaporation ratios are undoubtedly lower in the Prairie Peninsula than in the adjoining forest regions both north and east. Second, the midsummer relative humidity is certainly lower in the Peninsula than north or south. Third, the precipitation of the prairie region occurs largely during the growing season. Fourth, the precipitation in successive months is more irregular in the tall- grass prairie, including the Peninsula, than in the mixed ferests north and south. Fifth, the distribution of precipitation in successive years varies more in the prairie than in the northern forested region, and ll sixth, precipitation is notably irregular in its areal distribution on the Prairie Peninsula. Transeau suggested that mature and immature soils may well define local tension lines between different plant communities, but that they cannot differentially effect prairie and forest except in a prairie climate. He also suggested that prairie grass communities preceded prairyerths. Finally, the biological factors suggested are first, that tall prairie grasses once established exclude forest seedlings both by shading and, during the annual droughts, by superior utilization of available water in the deeper layers of the soil. Second, fires favor the persistence of prairie species in contrast to tree species. Third, extreme drought marked by lower precipitation, higher evaporation, higher temperatures and.more intense light can change vegetation more in a few years than a century of favorable weather conditions. One of Transeau's observations is, ”...the occurrence of a distinctive prairie flora and isolated typical prairie communities as far east as northwestern Pennsylvania, as far north as central Wisconsin and Michigan, and as far south as Kentucky and Tennessee" (Fig. 2). The most detailed description of the tallégrass prairies in the prairie-forest border States is by Curtis (1959). He defines the prairie in this ecotone as "an open area covered.by lowagrowing plants, dominated by grasslike species of which at least oneehalf are true grasses, and with less than one mature tree per acre", and the areas are prairie "only if they are located south of the tension zone" (a narrow band which separates Wisconsin into two floristic provinces, this zone/iS‘also present in Minnesota, Michigan and Ohio but varies in width). 12 Figure 2. TallzGrass Prairie in the U.S. (Transeau, 1935) 13 areas» 2 mi. 5 33.5% alfitilo iIJ.’ 01.....- ..... 1 . ., inf. _ 14 Using the species-presence method, the relect prairies in Wisconsin were divided into five units along a moisture gradient (Curtis and Greene 1949). They also compiled a list of ten indicator species for each unit as well as a list of prevalent species. The list of indicator species are given in Table 1. From the work at the University of Wisconsin, much is known about the composition, structure, and environment of xeric, mesic, and lowland prairies in the prairiezforest border. A summary of these characteristics will follow from Curtis' vegetation of Wisconsin 1959, pp. 268—292. Composition characteristics of the prairie segments (units) include, a) the prevalent species, as ranked in order of decreasing presence, to the number of average species density. For example, species such as Amogpha canescens, Andropggon sc’ rius, Bouteloua curti ndula, Petalostemum mum, and £16}; serigeus are most prevalent in dry prairies; Agtg£_lgggi§, Desmodium.illinoense, Egypgium.yuccifolium, Silphium laciniatum, and Solidago speciosa fer mesic prairies; and A332; novaeaangliae, Hypoxis hirsuta, Spartina pectinacea, and Silphium terebinthinaceum.for lowland prairies; b) importance values (determined by'multiplying the average frequency of a species by their presence) illustrate the extreme importance of a relatively few species in contrast to the relative frequency of the major portion of the total flora. For example, in xeric prairies, out of 223 species, 10 had values over 2000, whereas 90 had values less than 1. The importance values are similar fer mesic species; 0) floristic analyses show Compositae, Gramineae, and Leguminosae as the three tOp families in all three segments; 'd) phonology studies showed some distinct differences between prairie and 15 Table 1. Indicator species for five segments of prairie gradient. After Curtis (1959) p. 266. ‘wetpprairie species Aster novae-angliae Calamagrostis canadensis Hypoxia hirsuta Oxypolis rigidior Pycnanthemum virginiarmm Solidago gigantea Spartina pectinacea Thalictrum.dasyoarpum Veronicastrum'virginicum Zizia aurea wetamesic spgcies Cicuta1maculata Desmodium canadensis Dodecatheon meadia Fragaria virginiana Galium.borea1e *Helianthus grosserserratus Heuchera richardsonii Lathyrue venosus Phlox pilosa Rudbeckia hirta Mesic species Aster laevis Ceanothus americanum Cirsium discolor Desmodium illinoense Eryngium yuccifolium Helianthus laetiflorus Liatris aspera Panicum.1eibergii Ratibida pinnata Solidago missouriensis Dryumesic species Anemone cylindrica Asclepias verticillata Helianthus occidentalis Linium.sulcatum Panicum oligosanthes Petalostemum candidum Potentilla arguta Scutellaria leonardi Sporobolus heterolepis Stipa spartea Dry species Andropogon scoparius Anemone patens Arenaria stricta Artemisia caudata Aster ptarmicoides Aster sericeus Bouteloua curtipendula Panicum perlongum Petalostemum‘purpureum Solidago nemoralis l6 forest. Whereas 70% of the flora is in flower before June 15 in mesic forests, in prairie only one-third of the flora blooms in the spring, the greatest number in the summer, and one-feurth flowers after August 15. The spring flora in the various segments of the prairie bloom consecutively later due to extended time needed for the soil to warm up. There was also a positive correlation between flowering date and average height of the species; e) homogeneity tests revealed the highest indexes fer xeric prairies (70.3), lowest for wet prairie (56.3). One factor which contributes to the lack of spacial homogeneity is the varying moisture supply caused.by slight differences in microrelief; f) geographical variations were noted in each segment. For example, in mesic prairies, Liatris'gpicata and Allgug cernuum.are‘limited to the poorly drained.upland soils in two counties; and 3) soil microfungi are described for mesic and lowland prairies. Structural characteristics include: a) rare species of low frequency greatly outnumber the common species of high frequency in xeric and mesic stands, a character expected in any community; 'b) certain aspects of spatial distribution are more pronounced in the prairie than in the forest. For example, the phenomenon of aggregation, which is obscured in the forest, is very conspicuous in the prairie since there are no trees, saplings, or shrubs. Due to the problem of what constitutes a countable or measurable unit in a grassland, Anderson (p. 275) devised a measure of aggregation based upon the ratio of frequency as determined by large (1 square meter) quadrats to frequency as determined by 16 small quadrats located within each quadrat, the range being from 1 for highest and 16 for lowest aggregation. The full range of spatial patterning was found in all prairie units. In the dry l7 prairies, the most aggregated were AsclepiaS‘verticillata, Helianthus occidentalis, §:_laetiflorus, qup;triflorum and Commandra richardsiana all with ratios of 3.0 or less. The least aggregated or non-aggregated species with ratios of 9.0 or more include annuals as Ambrosia artemesifolia, Erigeron stri osus, biennials as Lobelia gpicata and single-stemmed, perennials with no apparent means of vegetative spread as Psorlea esculenta and Anemone pgggpg. The aggregated and non- aggregated species for mesic prairies are given in Table 2. 0f the aggregated species only'ghlgxupilg§a_has no means of vegetative increase. Certain species as Asclgpias gyziaoa and Euphorbia corollata spread.by rhizomes, but the clones are not distinguishable by the sampling method emphasized. The aggregated species greatly exceeded in number those which approached randomness and gave the prairie an over-all appearance of patchwork; c) several aggregated species are suspected of producing antibiotic substances e.g., (Helianthus laetiflorus, H;_occidentalis, .Corggpsis palmata, and Antennaria neglecta) and some species produce autotoxins also (both Helianthus species). Lastly, environmental characteristics include topography, soil and macroclimate. The xeric prairie remnants in'Wisconsin occur on steep hillsides, usually sloping towards the southwest. Despite the characteristically lower water storage capacity of the soil, combined with the greater insolation and higher wind velocities (due to'exposure), the prairie vegetation is luxuriant on xeric sites. The probable A explanation is that significant quantities of water are obtained from condensation rather than precipitation. The mesic prairies are on flat or rolling landforms. The level sites are frequently on glacial outwash with a stratified and very 18 Table 2. Aggregation of mesic prairie plants. After Curtis 1959, p. 281. Indices of aggregation D/d A/F F/f (16:1) Species (l) (2) (3) A e ated 'ies Helianthus laetiflorus 9.38 0.35 14.48 H. occidentalis 24.02 1.74 14.25 Galium boreale 11.60 8.08 14.43 Coreopsis palmata 15.03 0.58 10.00 Antennaria neglects 20.50 7.23 12.31 Phlox pilosa 11.53 0.85 12.91 Aster ericoides 11.65 0.34 12.04 A. laevis 2.99 0.39 9.42 Random species Polytaenia nuttallii 1.35 0.17 ..... Eryngium yuocifolium. 1.28 0.07 10.00 Desmodium.illinoense 1.23 0.15 9.31 Ambrosia artemesifolia 2.31 0.08 5.80 Potentilla arguta 2.19 0.21 4.98 Lactuca biennis ..... .... 1.59 Asclepias syriaca 1.75 0.11 ..... Cirsium.discolor 1.41 0.09 ..... (1) D/d - Ratio of actual density to expected density for random distribution. Random=l.0 (2) A/F - Ratio of abundance to frequency. Random?0.02 (3) F/f - Ratio of frequency in large quadrats to frequency in 16 small, included quadrats. Random-16.0 l9 porous subsoil of sand and gravel while the undulating sites may'have glacial till or loose soils. The black topsoil on mesic sites is very rich in nutrients, and high organic matter content contributes to favorable water-retaining capacities. Macroclimate (or phenological) studies revealed that the growing season in the prairie begins two to three weeks earlier than in the hardwood ferests. In the prairie, killing frosts occur sooner in the autumn, but many species are frost resistant (asters, gentians). Moist prairies are usually'found on lowlands subject to inundation by'heavy rains and'by flOOdwaters. In midsummer high moisture and high temperature are reflected in lush and rapid growth. The top layers of soil frequently approach a peat in structure, with a very high content of partially decomposed organic matter derived from the fibrous grass remains. 20 ORIGIN OF THE TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE The origin of the tall-grass prairie in Michigan has stimulated speculation since the land was settled in the 1820's. The problem is not yet resolved, however several theories have been advanced. I Most seem to agree that the isolated communities are relicts of a more extensive prairie which migrated into Michigan from the midwest during a warmer and drier climatic period (xerothermic period). Some prairies thus established remained as relicts after further change toward a more humid climate and invasion of the deciduous forest. These relicts persisted until the time of settlement when most became occupied for agricultural purposes. 7 ‘ The principal differences in Opinion reside in the-order of events in which prairie and ferest vegetation became established in post-glacial (holocene) time. Benninghof (1961), Braun (1928), Veatch (1928) and Schmidt (1938) suggest evidence favoring an early holocene prairie advance. Using the following geoseral stages of Sears (1942); Spruce- Fir, Pine-Spruce, Pine, Pine-Oak, Hardwoods-Oak, Oak-Hickory, and Oak- Hardwoods, Benninghof (1961) described pollen analyses which showed non- arboreal pollen in large percentages (20—100%) in the Spruce-Fir stage, which drops to about 5% before Pine dominance. Secondly, beech (Eggug) and hemlock (Tgugg) pollen was present in southern Michigan before it appeared in northern Indiana. The earlier records in Michigan indicate the trees were already present or migrated from the east suggesting that the Prairie Peninsula was a barrier to plant migration. Braun (1928), using floristic evidence from.0hio, suggested two prairie advances, one early'postaglacial (post Wisconsin) and the other 21 pre-Illinoian. The evidence she suggests is the presence of prairie vegetation on non-glaciated areas. Veatch (1928), writing of the prairie-fermed Warsaw Loam, ”the thickness of the humus horizon indicates age", called the soil mature and found "no evidence of a degraded forest soil". Schmidt (in Benninghoff 1961) concluded that certain amphibians and reptiles achieved their present ranges by using the Prairie Peninsula as a migration route because it was relatively free of animal life. Transeau (1935) suggested that the advance was late postaglacial during an expanded period of drought, "indicated by bog pollen studies, by soil profiles, by the succession in bog profiles, by the absence or rare occurrence of'many tree, shrub and.herbaceous species from the region of the Peninsula, and by the present distribution of prairie colonies and prairie species". Most workers feel that the xerothermic period was the cause of the advance of the prairie, but Benninghoff (1961) cites evidence to show this theory is questionable. He indicates ”...we need.more evidence, and in greater variety, to indicate in more detail the nature of this fluctuation and associated climatic changes". Other theories on the origin of‘the Prairie Peninsula such as fire, grazing, evaporationarainfall ratios, and soil drainage or glacial lake drainage do not consider post-glacial history. However, these environmental and biological factors probably account for the invasion of prairie vegetation locally, the origin of certain types of prairie, and collectively for the persistence of the flora. METHODS Rationale Originally, the method for determining the status of relict prairies was to search out and examine those previously recorded. However, early visits to a few recorded sites in Kalamazoo County, showed few of the expected prairie species to be present.‘ At the time, a prairie by prairie search appeared to be fruitless and this method was abandoned. Instead a prairie flora survey on a large scale was adopted. Since sites with a history of little or no soil disturbance have yielded the best examples of prairie vegetation, railroad rightsaofaway were selected as the sites to survey. These locations are, or at least have been in the past, frequently burned and/or cut, factors which probably favor the persistence of a prairie flora. Study Area The survey was to include the Counties of Berrien, Cass, St. Joseph, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Van Buren in which most of the original prairies were recorded. These counties contain the major portion of the Prairie Peninsula as defined by Transeau (1935). Some counties in part or entirely outside of the Peninsula were also surveyed to determine the presence of prairie species away from.major original prairies. Thus Jackson and Hillsdale Counties were also included. Survey'Methodg During the summer and fall of 1969, from June 18 to October 4, almost all railroad grade crossings were systematically surveyed for prairie species in the nine southwestern Michigan counties. In order to 22 23 cover this much area, only'presence data were obtained. At each crossing, both sides of the track and road were checked and the species recorded. The tracks between crossings were surveyed by vehicle when a road or lane was available. 'When one or more prairie species were spotted, the area was surveyed in more detail on foot. Other sites such as roadsides, cemeteries, and abandoned fields were included in the survey when prairie species were recognized. Forth-two trips were taken encompassing over 700 miles . ‘ Early in the study'much collecting was done at each crossing (here- after referred to as a ”site" whether prairie plants were present or absent). Unknown species were identified using Fernald (1950), and Gleason and Cronquist (1963), and all species were checked for prairie distribution. Later in the study, trips to the restored prairies at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois and the guidance of Mr. Ray Schulenberg, provided additional training for recognition of the prairie flora. Also, a list of prairie species from the Arboretum.(Schulenberg, 1968) became the basic source for selecting prairie species for Michigan. As the study progressed, less time was needed for collecting and more for surveying. In all, 158 species were recorded for presence during the survey. Deciding which species were prairie species was a problem. Only 68 species were chosen as representing the prairie flora and will be discussed from this survey. These 68 are listed in Table 3. They were selected as prairie species for one of the following reasons: a) they appeared on the Morton Arboretum.restored prairie list, b) they'have been cited by authorities (manuals or prairie authors) as prairie species, and c) the species was found only'with other prairie species. All 24 Table 3. List of prairie species in southwestern Michigan - Summer and Fall, 1969. Prairie Species Family Allium cernuum Roth. Liliaceae Amorpha canescens Pursh. Fabaceae Andropogon gerardii Vitm. Poaceae Andropogon sc0parius Michx. Poaceae Anemone cylindrica Gray Ranunculaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias tuberosa L. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata L. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Asclepiadaceae Aster azureus Lindl. Compositae Aster ericoides L. Compositae Aster laevis L. ‘ Compositae Aster sericeus L. Compositae Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Fabaceae Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Compositae Carex bicknellii Britt. Cyperaceae Ceanothus americanus L. Rhamnaceae Comandra richardsiana Fern. Santalaceae Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Compositae Coreopsis tripteris L. Compositae Corylus americana walt. Betulaceae Desmodium canadense (L.)DC. Fabaceae Desmodium illinoense Gray Fabaceae Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) T. & G. Fabaceae Echinacea pallida Nutt. Compositae Elymus canadensis L. Poaceae Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Umbelliferae Euphorbia corollata L. Euphorbiaceae Helianthus mollis Lam. Compositae Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Compositae Heuchera richardsonii R.Br. Saxifragaceae Hieracium longipilum Torr. Compositae Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Compositae Lespedeza capitata Michx. Fabaceae Liatris aspera Michx. Compositae Liatris cylindracea Michx. Compositae Liatris spicata (L) Willd. Compositae Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Lithospermum caroliniense (walt.) MacMill. Boraginaceae Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Poaceae Panicum virgatum L. Poaceae Potentilla arguta Pursh. Rosaceae Pycnanthemum virginianum (L) Durand & Jackson Labiatae Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Compositae Rosa carolina L. Rosaceae 25 Table 3. (continued) Rudbeckia hirta L. Ruellia humilis Nutt. Salix humilis Marsh. Silphium laciniatum L. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Silphium perfoliatum L. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Solidago rigida L. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Spartina pectinacea Link Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Stipa spartea Trin. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. verbena stricta Vent. veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw; Viola pedata L. Viola pedatifida G. Don. Viola sagittata Ait. Compositae Acanthaceae Salicaceae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Iridaceae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Verbenaceae Scrophulariaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae 26 species recorded during the survey are listed in Appendix A. Voucher specimens from the study are deposited in the Beal-Darlington Herbarium, Michigan State University. Other Studies Late in the summer, certain sites were selected to determine composition. Nineteen sites were sampled. Sites were chosen that had either many prairie species (sites rich in prairie flora) or a dominant prairie species (common or rare). However, not all sites rich in prairie flora were sampled. Once a site was chosen, one of several linear sampling designs of various sizes was used to examine frequency of the prairie species. Designs of 100 meter transects of various widths or 25 square-meter plots of various shapes were used to determine the frequency of both prairie and non-prairie species present. Random 1 samples were paced off and all species found in a 7 square meter quadrat were recorded. Data were taken on the topography and soil at selected sites. RESULTS 21329.6. 528 sites were visited, most of them along railroad rights-of-way. 345 sites (67%) contained at least one prairie plant (all data and discussion refer to the 68 prairie species previously discussed unless stated otherwise). All sites visited are shown in Figure 3. Distribution of Prairie Flora Selected distribution maps of the prairie species (Figures 16 to 20) are contained in Appendix D. Each figure represent observation records during the summer and fall of 1969. Herbarium and literature records are included on several of the maps. If it is assumed that the boundary of the Prairie Peninsula is determined by the major portion of recorded original (relict) prairies, then the Peninsula boundaries might appear like the outline shown on Figure 4. The distribution maps illustrate severaI’patterns of species occurrence. First, at least 17 species (Table 6) are limited to within the Peninsula. Examples are Silphium integrifolium (Figure 19), Ruellia humilis (Figure 18), Coreopsis palmata (Figure 16). Second, at least nine species (Table 5) occur throughout the survey area (Panicum vir atum, Figure 17). Third, at least 26 species (Table 4) have a western occurrence coinciding with the western boundary of the Peninsula. Examples are Silphium integrifolium (Figure 19) and Coreopsis pglmata '(Figure 16). And fourth, at least 16 species (Table 7) occur within the western boundary of the Peninsula and beyond the eastern boundary (Silphium terebinthinaceum, Figure 20). 27 28 Figure 3. Sites visited during prairie flora survey in southwestern Michigan. (Summer and fall, 1969) 29 30 Figure 4. Outline of the Prairie Peninsula based on presence of original prairies. 31 32 Table #. List of prairie species in southwestern Michigan which emphasize the limits of the western boundary of the Prairie Peninsula. Anemone cylindracea Asclepias amplexicaulis Cacalia atriplicifolia Ceanothus americanus Comandra richardsiana Coreopsis palmata Corylus americana Desmodium canadense Elymus canadensis Helianthus occidentalis Hieracium longipilum Liatris aspera Liatris cylindracea Lithospermum canescens Panicum oligosanthes Potentilla arguta Ratibida pinnata Rosa carolina Salix humilis Silphium integrifolium Solidago rigida Solidago speciosa Sorghastrum nutans Sporobolus asper Tephrosia virginiana Veronicastrum virginicum Table 5. List of prairie species which occur throughout the area surveyed in southwestern Michigan. Andropogon gerardii Andropogon scoparius Asclepias tuberosa Coreopsis tripteris Euphorbia corollata Lespedeza capitata Panicum virgatum Rudbeckia hirta Sporobolus cryptandrus Table 6. List of prairie species limited to the Prairie Peninsula in southwestern Michigan. Amorpha canescens Asclepias amplexicaulis Asclepias verticillata Asclepias viridiflora Aster azureus Comandra richardsiana Coreopsis palmata Desmodium sessilifolium Eryngium yuccifolium Kuhnia eupatorioides Liatris spicata Potentilla arguta Ruellia humilis Silphium integrifolium Tephrosia virginiana Verbena stricta Viola pedata Table 7. List of prairie species which suggest the extension of the eastern boundary of the prairie peninsula. Anemone cylindrica Aster laevis Ceanothus americanus Corylus americana Liatris aspera Panicum oligosanthes Pycnanthemum virginianum Ratibida pinnata Rosa carolina Salix humilis Silphium terebinthinaceum Solidago graminifolia Solidago rigida Solidago speciosa Sorghastrum nutans Veronicastrum virginicum 34 The presence values for the prairie flora are given in Table 8. Because the sites were not unifOrm, the percent occurrence of each species is expressed as presence rather than frequency. Andropogon gerardii had the highest presence value (92%). Note that no species occured in over half the sites. Figure 5 illustrated the rare and infrequent occurrence of most of the prairie flora. Using 20 presence categories (5% intervals), 47 species (68%) fall into the first category (#1). The first category (1—5% of the sites) illustrate the rare flora. Fourteen species fall into the second category (between 6 and 10% of the sites) and represent between 30 and 53 sites. The 14 species are listed in Table 8 from Anemone cylindrica (30 sites) to Desmodium illinoense (53 sites). The first two categories represent 61 (88%) of the prairie species. The other seven species, two respectively in the 3rd, 9th, and 5th categories and one species in the 9th category represent the more common prairie species e.g. Sorghastrum gptagg, Panicum vir atum, Lespedeza ca itata, Euphorbia corollata, Androgogon scoparius, Asclepias tuberosa, and Andropogon gerardii. The prairie flora was found in 3h5 (67%) of the sites visited. The prairie species found at each site are given in Table 9. The sites are ordered from those with most species (site 247 with 28 species) to those with one species. A deScription of each site and number of prairie species is given in Appendix B. From Table 9, several characteristics concerning a prairie species associated.flora can be recognized. First, there are species that are associated with large numbers of other prairie species. These are infrequent or rare. Potentilla grggtgq(l5 sites) was found with 15 or more prairie species in 13 sites. Coreopsis pglmata (10 sites) was 35 Table 8. Presence of prairie species in 528 sites. Andropogon gerardii 218 Asclepias tuberosa 131 Andropogon scoparius 12# Euphorbia corollata 97 Lespedeza capitata 86 Panicum virgatum 7O Sorghastrum nutans 57 Desmodium.illinoense 53 Coreopsis tripteris 51 Solidago graminifolia #5 Ratibida pinnata #5 Ceanothus americanus #3 Panicum oligosanthes #3 Veronicastrum virginicum #2 Helianthus occidentalis 39 Rudbeckia hirta 35 Solidago rigida 35 Corylus americana 33 Solidago nemoralis 31 Sporobolus cryptandrus 3O Anemone cylindrica 30 Liatris aspera 29 Rosa carolina 28 Elymus canadensis 28 Silphium terebinthinaceum 2# Asclepias amplexicaulis 21 Kuhnia eupatorioides 20 Salix humilis 20 Sporobolus asper 20 Solidago speciosa l9 Desmodium sessilifolium 18 Asclepias verticillata l7 Aster laevis l7 Desmodium canadense l7 Hieracium longipilum l7 Potentilla arguta l6 Baptisia leucantha 15 Spartina pectinacea 1# Verbena stricta l3 Amorpha canescens ll Aster azureus ll Tephrosia virginiana ll Cacalia atriplicifolia 11 Aster ericoides 10 Comandra richardsiana lO Coreopsis palmata 10 Liatris cylindracea 10 Lithospermum canescens 10 Pycnanthemum virginianum 10 Stipa spartea 10 Silphium integrifolium 8 "in- mmflmmmmmoo 00000000000000. 00000000000000... 0 HHHHHHHHNNNNNNquuyuuuwuutcmmmmmmm 36 Table 8. (continued) Heuchera richardsonii Ruellia humilis Viola pedata Carex bicknellii Liatris spicata Lithospermum caroliniense Silphium laciniatum Asclepias viridiflora Eryngium yuccifolium Viola pedatifida Allium cernuum Aster sericeus Echinacea pallida Helianthus mollis Silphium perfoliatum Sisyrinchium albidum Viola sagittata HHH HHHHHNNwwuummm 000000 000000 OOOOOOOPOOOI—‘I—‘H 000 O O 37 Figure 5. Distribution of the presence values (expressed as percentages) of 68 prairie species. Presence categories represent 5% intervals. 38 «wisp-.3 wozumucc 2... S O— o a N o u E n25 species in Figures 6-13; there are 50 sites with 11 or more prairie species). If a "good" site is within or near original recorded prairie (Veatch, 1928; Kenoyer, 1930, l93#, l9#O; Butler, 1937, 1938, 1939) then it is considered a remnant of a recorded relict. If the "good” site is not near original prairie, it will also be considered a remnant, but of the probably numerous unrecorded relicts. There is also the possibility that any one of the ”good” sites represent an invaded disturbed site. #7 Figure 6. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Berrien County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - l- 5 empty square - 6-10 half-colored circle - ll-15 halfhcolored square - 16-20 full-colored circle - 21-25 full-colored triangle J>26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 193# l9#0, and Butler 1937, 1938, 19393. #8 39s 0 00A 402 $403 0 st. Jason » O 0o O as a as O a m ;% ”fl—5;“; us-a 429 ‘41! f % O A427 A10, $424 [A u ”a as: O O 420 a 23: 9° ‘ O A418 a an .257 v snowman , ”$5; .- - - a = _. z a . - . : x. a, as; m A. ’ . A ’ ‘3": '25 ‘5 "m '5' .5) ’- 3%: E —-._ :7“ g #9 Figure 7. NUmber of prairie species for all sites visited in Branch County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - 1- 5 empty square 6-10 halfacolored circle - 11-15 half-colored square - 16-20 TUlI-colored circle - 21-25 full-colored triangle >26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 1934 1940, and Butler 1937, 1938, 19393. 50 51 Figure 8. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Calhoun County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - 1- 5 empty square - 6-10 halfbcolored circle - ll-l5 half-colored square - 16-20 full-colored circle - 21-25 full-colored triangle 3>26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, l93#, l9#0, and Butler 1937, 1938, 1939). 52 1.8 '80 out .\ 89—38383 auto 3h #4. 53 Figure 9. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Cass County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - 1- 5 empty square - 6-10 half-colored circle - ll-15 halfhcolored square - 16-20 full-colored circle - 21-25 full-colored triangle - 2>26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 1934 1940, and Butler 1937, 1938, 19395. 5# “g Q) 55'. z: <10 V 1» 00 30° 3' ‘\\\\\\\\\\“\““M muIIIIIIIIIIHIWMI <0 35%, mung s M- Q) .8 , § .4 3 5 _. e .- . . \ a W 55 Figure 10. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Kalamazoo County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - 1- 5 empty square - 6-10 half;colored circle - 11-15 halficbIOred square - 16-20 full-colored circle - 21-25 full-colored triangle - 26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, l93#, l9#0, and Butler 1937, 1938, ' 1939)- 56 WIIIIIIIIII ' 11”” ”It”. V WI! A4» A‘” «a L Hill/Ill!" / . 57 Figure 11. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in St. Joseph County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - l- 5 empty square - 6-10 half;colored circle - 11-15 half-colored square - 16-20 full—colored circle 21-25 full-colored triangle 2>26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 1934 1940, and Butler 1937, 1938, 19393. 58 2.," WW“; THREE MVER’ _ . . :2. :":0 V. . ‘5'- : «v orb-I n. CON K o : ‘1‘."1‘ ' . . . '.-. '. ‘.\ ' L 21"“ .. . 3}"... . . .‘,-. 59 Figure 12. Nmmber of prairie species for all sites visited in van Buren County, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle empty triangle empty square halfhcolored circle halfhcolored square full-colored circle full-colored triangle no prairie species 1-5 6-10 ll-15 16-20 21-25 2>26 stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 19345 1940, and Butler 1937. 1938, 1939 61 Figure 13. Number of prairie species for all sites visited in Ingham, Jackson, and Hillsdale Counties, Michigan. All sites containing at least one species are coded. Code numbers are described in Appendix B. Legend: empty circle - no prairie species empty triangle - 1- 5 empty square - 6-10 halfzcolored circle - 11-15 half-colored square - 16-20 full-colored circle - 21-25 2>26 full-colored triangle stippling - selected cities horizontal lines - original prairies (after Veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 193# l9#0, and Butler 1937, 1938, 19395. 62 O H!" A515 335 ”7&1“ DOA Au! I‘D Am 0 ‘42 A!“ "3D ”I 144 63 Sites Representing Remnants of Recordevarairie Relicts In the discussion below, the recorded relicts may have'been described by veatch (1928), Kenoyer (1930, 1934, 1940) and Butler (1937, 1938, 1939), any two of them or just one of‘them. Occasional references will be made to illustrate this. References to the size and historical name of an original prairie was taken from.Butler (1937, 1938, 1939). Reference to frequency studies of selected sites (Table 10) will be made throughout the discussion when a statement is made concerning the names of dominant prairie species, percentage of prairie species, the frequency of the dominant prairie species, or rank of prairie species. A listing of all species fer each site (and their frequencies) selected for a frequency study'is given in Appendix C. St. Joseph County'(Figure 11) contains at least 16 sites representing remnants of seven different prairie relicts. Site 501 (19 prairie species), northwest of Centreville, represents a remnant of a relict recorded only'by Kenoyer (1934). A frequency study showed a high percentage (32%) of prairie species with the dominant prairie species Andropggon scoparius (40%), Amogphg canescens (16%), Anemone cylindrica (16%) and.Euphorbia corollata (16%). Site 507 (23 prairie species), between Constantine and Three Rivers is a remnant of a relict also recorded by Kenoyer (1934). Sites 511 (15 prairie species), 12 (25 prairie species), 13 (21 prairie species), 514 (12 prairie species), and 512 (21 prairie species) at White Pigeon represent the 28 square mile White Pigeon Prairie. Sites 12 and 13 illustrate the typical topographical (flat), and edaphic (more than 24 inches of the dark'warsaw'Loam), as well as the vegetation aspects of an original prairie. Three different frequency studies at site 12 illustrate a high percentage of prairie species. Fortyatwo percent n e 32% saw bps. m we assaaoaoo sapnosasm ocflpsmpmzoo asmouOh .pm ONH o: H mm mm m mm wflpnwnew nomomonvn< w o: mewpwmeo «accommoq com 0 mm meaneaoem nomomoneg< ppeasm assocaeo Hm om N mm on ma mm «pefldoaoo eweponnzm m o: acadenmo deem co m m sm asaaaonoo «antennae soomaa means .saomos .sm New 0 a os on NH em aaeaaaom nowoaoaees d on suspense uneconmoq co m m so asaaeamnoa aaaoanoam oaaaoom .oaaemaaem msa mm a as as a cod shenanom sowoaoaecs d :n «cadence deem co m mm wooezwpeom wnfipaemm eamzom .mmao ass 0 m as on sm on asaaaonoo wasnosnsm 0 mm mongwmowfiao afiefinwm some s on «esteem massm oaascasmgoo .saomos .sm «NH cm H ms as as em moeaoanopaasm sagsse m :m mfidwpnoefiooo menunefiaom comm m we weenenew nowoaonvn< sewage .gsosaao on ooa H as mm as am massage aaasm mwnmsspe finesseo .oz voaaawm mowoonm mofiooam mowooam moflooam .qonm mofiooam ewnfleam pnwaflaom opfim mpenuaso ownfienm afinwenm Hopes ownwwnm R . ho .oz he xsem u Hence .mOHoonm eflhwmnn Mo omepnoenoaanfimm0hoov on mnfivnoooe conceao one nopflm .smwfi£0fiz snowmesnpsom ca mopfim oflnwwnm om 369% mofiedpm henoseonfi ho hameaum .OH edema 65 m on woeNOHaopegde «Hanna .mmw w on maaaass aaaaosm ogasamamaoo .saomos .sm pma oa m mm ma m cs «aaaaoaoo «antennae 0 ON afieneaem nowomoaes< oo . H : wN weeps: asnpmenmaom maozpce .zoadm cw> HNN OWH . H mN mm NH mm msaamaoom :owomoaen¢ w mN epeHHoaoo efipaoamsm comm m mm «pavemeo wuoeommeq mae3p2< .Qoasm cm> mm: 00H: H Hm Nm 0H mm msaaemoom nomomoaez< m 3m upmHHoaoo wflpaogmsm . 00 N N on mcfiHoacc «mom commaa asasz .saomoe .sm ma o a an mm oa mm aaeaaaom sowoaoaees m 0N A upwHHoaoo cannonasm oo 3 on mHHeaoao: owmpaHom mmom .ooueaewa mm o N Hm 0N m on mcaawaoom somonoaez< m mm mogpnmmowwHo escacmm s ms asaaaoaoo “annosasm wzmppoz «ammmow .pm mm: m Hm Nw mH m: mopHOHnopwmde chnfim m 0H «OHHunflHhe osoaocd 00 N m wH msoomonao mgaaoad aaoaxooa .saomos .sm aom o m mm as ma os meanaaoom nomoaoaec< Qanmsuoe «finance .02 Uonemm mofiooam moaoonm newcomm moaeomm .doam newcomw oaafieam pcmnasom opHm evenedso oHawwnm oanweam Hepoa oHanam & mo .02 Ho seem & amaoe Aeosgaagoov .oa manna 66 mww m on maaaass xaaam omepaom .oouwedex mNm oH n MH MH N on mnoomoceo «399084 E opsom oaaamam .ooueaeme emw: 0H m MH w H on supeHHomaom aefismHflm m wH mfiHeaoao: owepHHom co m a ow mmsszamomaao assasmm eaSHHom .aopwm H o H mH um 5 mm aspmwaw> aseanmm sa sa mooaaecaaao maassaa co m Nm mfifiaemoom nomomoapne oaaaoom .oamemaaam ams o m mm mm m om maaanoaaaa manages HH 0: mega: waxoonmem ooa m os assuaeaoma asasaaam usao mouse .coannmm cam mm: m mm mm 5 ea maaanoao: omaeaaom m NN epeHHoaoo «Haaenmem comm m mm asmoasananogos asasaaam gasxomam .eomsoas ans ooa m mm es ma am aaenanmw somoaoaeas aHgmnzoeluhpnooo .oz vowmsmm mofiooam mOHoomm moaoonm moHoon .ceam mofiooam owaHmam pnwsfisoo oaam mawaeeso oaaaaam oaaaanm asses manaaaa a mo .02 he xzdm & proe Aeosnas200v .oa manna 67 (site 12a), 36% (site 120), and 29% (site 12b) prairie species strongly indicate a remnant status. The most frequent prairie species at each site were: at 12a, fighpigugupatorioides (56%) and.§tipg|§pgrtea (30%); at 12c, Andropggon gerardii (85%), Euphorbia corollata (65%), and.§£§pg,sp§rtea (63%); and at 12b, Euphorbia corollata (90%) and Ruellia humilis (70%). A frequency study at site 512 also showed a high percentage of prairie species (40%) with five prairie species as the five highest ranking species: Andropogon gerardii (96%), Euphorbia corollata (54%),‘Rg§3,carolina (40%), Solidago gigigg (28%), and Andropogon scoparius (28%). Sites 342 (20 prairie species), 343 (13 prairie species), and 521 (16 prairie species), south of White Pigeon, probably are remnants of the original Indian Prairie. Site 17 (23 prairie species), west of Sturgis, is a remnant of a relict recorded by Kenoyer (1934). Sites 517 (17 prairie species) and 518 (12 prairie species), at Sturgis represent the western edge of the 1400 acre Sturgis Prairie. Site 194 (13 prairie species), east of Sturgis suggests the northern edge of a relict recorded by Kenoyer (1934). Sites 485 (26 prairie species) and 487 (11 prairie species), south of Mendon, are remnants of the 10,000 acre Nottawa Prairie. The flat topography and warsaw Loam are again characteristic aspects of this once massive prairie. Frequency studies at site 485 showed 31% prairie species with the dominant prairie species E22212 eupatorioides (49%) and Euphorbia corollata (43%). Cass County (Figure 9) contains two sites which indicate remnants of two relict prairies. Site 247 (28 prairie species) southwest of Pokogon, is a remnant of the 70 acre original Sand Prairie. A frequency study showed a high percentage (41%) of prairie species with Egphorbia corollata (50%) and Spartina pectinacea (38%) as the dominant prairie species. Site 308 (11 prairie species), northeast of Cassopolis is a remnant of the 6000 acre 68 Young's Prairie. The flat topography and a rare flora indicate further that this is a remnant. This remnant contains one of three sites of Silphium laciniatum and Liatris spicata. In Hillsdale County (Figure 13) sites 150 (12 prairie species) and 148 (11 prairie species), at Jonesville, are remnants of the Allen Prairie recorded only by Butler (1937). The NYCRR right-ofeway'west from Jonesville contain dense stands of Andropogon gerardii. Sites Which are Remnants of Unrecorded Prairie Relicts. Again, statements concerning results of frequency studies refer to Table 10 and Appendix C. In Cass County (Figure 9) site 241 (15 prairie species), northeast of Dowagiac is one and one half mile long. The flat topography'and a population of“§£ip§.spgrtea and Coreopsis pglmata indicate this area as a remnant. Nine sites representing four different areas in St. Joseph County (Figure 11) indicate remnants of relicts. Sites 500 (14 prairie species) and 508 (14 prairie species), south of Three Rivers are remnants. Sites 344v(24 prairie species) and 345 (23 prairie species) indicate remnants. Sites 14 (17 prairie species) and 15 (13 prairie species), east of White Pigeon, indicate remnants. A frequency study at site 15 showed 31% prairie species with three prairie elements the dominant species; Andropggon gerardii (82%),'Rg§§ carolina (70%), and Euphorbia corollata (54%). Sites 504 (12 prairie species), 207 (27 prairie species), and 524 (25 prairie species), west of Colon indicate remnants. All are a mile long. Besides the large number of prairie species, the presence of a few rare species indicate this area as a remnant, (m cc'rfolium, Eiglglsa 'ttata, and Liatris spicata). In Van Buren County (Figure 12), eight sites along the NYCRR right-ofkway'between Decatur and Mattawan 69 probably represent oak opening remnants. This right-of-way is wider than usual. Sites 233 (13 prairie species), 232 (15 prairie species), 231 (11 prairie species),230 (27 prairie species), 229 (12 prairie species), 228 (16 prairie species), 222 (ll prairie species), and 221 (18 prairie specieS) contain dryamesic prairie species as, Anemone c lindrica, Asia; azureus, Ceanothus americanus, Helianthus occidentalis, Liatris as ra, L; cylindracea, Tephrosia vir iniana, and the rare Agtg£|sericeus, as well as a predominance of.Androngon gerardii and A;.scoE§rius. {A frequency study »of site 221 showed 29% prairie species with the predominant prairie species, AndroEggon scoEgrius (75%), Sorghastrumrggtggg (26%), and Aggropggon gerardii (20%). In Calhoun County (Figure 8), six sites along the NYCRR right-ofaway between Battle Creek and Albion indicate remnants. The six sites are: 31 (16 prairie species), 30 (20 prairie species), 29 (l7'prairie Species), 481 (15 prairie species), 27 (11 prairie species), and 25 (11 prairie species). Although these sites are distant from the small recorded relicts in the western and southern part of this country, "goOd" remnants are definitely present. Site 30 contains the most extensive population of‘§tipglspartea found in this study; A frequency study revealed.§tip§_in 89% of the sample quadrats; This site also had the highest percentage of prairie species (49%). Other high ranking prairie species were Andropogon gerardii (46%), and Helianthus occidentalis (34%). A frequency study at site 31 showed a high percentage of prairie species (36%) with Egphorbia corollata (83%) and Andropogon scoparius as the prtdominant prairie species. In Branch County (Figure 7), site 148 ‘(il prairie species), east of Bronson is a remnant with Andropegen gerardii as the predominant species. In Jackson County (Figure 13), five sites indicate remnants. Sites 473 (15 prairie species), 471 (19 prairie 70 species), and 44 (14 prairie species), west of Jackson, represent various kinds of prairies along the NYCRR right-ofaway. Site 473 is one and one- half miles long with wet, mesic, and dry prairie species present due to a wide range of'moisture conditions present on the site. A frequency study at site 471 showed 28% prairie species with Andropogon gerardii (29%) and Silgium terebinthinaceum (22%), the 3rd and 6th ranked of the #6 species present. This is a wet-mesic prairie remnant. Site 55, (20 prairie species), southwest of Jackson, also contains prairie species representing various types of'moisture conditions. Site 137 (ll prairie species) indicates an oak opening but heavily invaded with woody species. In Hillsdale County (Figure 13), site 491 (13 prairie species), north of Jonesville suggests a remnant of a dry prairie. This site is an abandoned pasture. A frequency study showed 23% prairie species with gypgrus filiculmis (80%) and Andropggon scoparius (52%) the predominant prairie species. If any of the 19 "good" sites which indicate remnants of recorded original prairie or any of the 29 "good" sites which indicate remnants of unrecorded original prairie are in fact invaded disturbed sites (certain parts of a given site may be disturbed) this can only be verified by future study of the soil surfaces. Mbst of the sites described above do not have obvious evidence of disturbance. A majority of the 297 sites with 10 prairie species or less (except zero) Figure 14, or lacking a predominant prairie species, are noteworthy ”fair” to "poor” remnants or invaded sites. Only a few of these sites will be described to further show the evidence of numerous remnants of prairie in southwestern Michigan. For example, the flora was predominantly non-prairie at sites 270 (6 prairie species) and 272 (4 prairie species) in 71 Figure 14. Distribution of the number of prairie species found at 528 sites. 83m scum 72 8' 3C! § 321 “I 3 w :24 H o v a 3 4 s a 7 o’ouon’u'uu‘uno’w “192021222324 :20 2720 MR N SPECIES 73 Berrien County (Figure 4) where the rare Silflium laciniatum was found. Yet, an analysis of the vegetation at site 270 showed the prairie species to have high frequency values (28%) and three of the prairie species were ranked highly in the 25 species present: (Solidago nemoralis, fifth : ranked; Silphium lacinatum, ninth ranked; Rudbeckia higtg, 10th ranked). Similarly, non-prairie species dominate at site 474 (four prairie species) in Kalamazoo County (Figure 8), where Silphium.integrifolium,and.Kyhgig ggpgtorieides was found. These few prairie species indicate a remnant of Michigan's largest relict prairie, Prairie Ronde, but the remnant is a ”poor" one. An impressive population of Silphium.perfe1iatum.was found on the western border of Prairie Ronde, however it was the only prairie species and it was growing on the steep railroad ballast (i.e. an invaded site). A frequency study'showed Silphium.in 70% of the sample quadrats.‘ A few of the sites dominated by prairie grasses also suggest "fair” remnants. Examples were the long stretches of.AndroEogen gerardii in Cass County at sites 245 (10 prairie species), 238 (9 prairie species) and 239 (10 prairie species). Extensive Andropggon scoparius sites in Kalamazoo County were found in abandoned fields and Open sandy'areas. Examples are sites 96 (8 prairie species), 215 (10 prairie species), and 457 (4 prairie species). A frequency study'at site 96 showed a high percentage of prairie species (31%) with Andrgpggon scopgrius the predominant prairie species (76%). However, this site was found to have a disturbed soil surface. A Panicum virgatum.site in Eaton County (site 1, 10 prairie species) suggests a remnant. A frequency study showed 19% of the species to be prairie Species with Panicum.virgatum.as the conspicuous dominant (96%). An extensive Andropogon scoparius prairie was sampled in Van Buren County (site 497, 10 prairie species). Thirtyaone percent of the species were 74 prairie species with.Andropogon scoparius the conspicuous dominant (96%). In a unused portion of a cemetery in Hillsdale County (site 143) six prairie species were found. A very high percentage of prairie species (41%) was found.with.Andropogon gerardii the conspicuous dominant (100%). Other prairie Species ranked very high: Hieracium.1ongipilum.(64%, ranked 2nd), Legpgdeza capitata (36%, ranked 4th). Mbst of the relict prairies were found in St. Joseph County (Kenoyer, 1934). St. Joseph County still contains the richest concentration of prairie (as remnants). Table 11 illustrates that of the 12 sites with 21 or more prairie species, 10 occur in St. Joseph County. Also of the 52 sites with 11 or mere prairie species, 25 occur in St. Joseph County. 75 mNm ea mm mm mmm mma a mm mm «s ms we so me so so area 0 o o o a o a m o o 4 ommww. o o o o o o o m o o C muram o o m o a m n m o o E omuea o m n a m m m m o o O mauaa a e s m m ma e ea e m D ea-e 0 ma ma mm ma mm ma mm as an 4 m ..a 0 ea aa aa am ma R a em as O o zoemmlmu10 Percentage Elymus canadensis 28 14 50 Spartina pectinacea 14 8 52 Asclepias amplexicaulis 21 11 48 Desmodium canadense 17 8 47 Desmodium illinoense 53 25 47 Veronicastrum virginianum 42 19 45 Euphorbia corollata 97 40 41 Lespedeza capitata 86 35 41 Coreopsis tripteris 51 19 37 Hieracium longipilum 17 6 35 Solidago graminifolia 45 16 35 Silphium laciniatum 3 1 33 Asclepias tuberosa 131 42 32 Andropogon scoparius 124 37 30 Sporobolus asper 20 6 30 Rudbeckia hirta 35 10 29 Silphium terebinthinaceum 24 7 29 Cacalia atriplicifolia ll 3 27 Panicum virgatum 70 17 24 Andropogon gerardii 218 48 22 Sporobolus cryptandrus 30 6 20 Echinacea pallida l 0 0 86 Twanty-four species with percentages of 70% or greater constitute a sizable group of indicators of prairie remnants. The best indicators are in general the ones usually limited to remnants, such as those previously mentioned. From Table 12 one can predict what species may drop out from the prairie flora in Michigan. Species occurring at one locality in any kind of site ("good" or "poor”) such as M cernuum, Alta sericeus, Sflflitm laciniatum, Silmium E rfoliat‘tm, m Eecifolium and Echinacea pgllida may be first to go. Hanes and Hanes (1949) reported .A_st_e_r_ sericeus in Kalamazoo County as well as the site in Van Buren County. They also reported the population of Silgimn pflcIiatmn as the only population in the county. Several sites in Kalamazoo County were reported to contain Emg‘um m'ccifolium. It was found to be quite common in one site by Brewer (1965). No specimens were found in this survey in Kalamazoo County. Emgium seems to be disappearing quite rapidly. From Table 12, one can also predict the species which will continue to spread to non-prairie habitats, (i.e. not necessarily limited to remnants). The best examples are those species with a large number of sites (at least 20) such as Silmium terebinthinaceum (a species found eastward from the Peninsula center), Corecgis tri teris, Veronicastrum viminictm, and Desmodium illinoense. Some have spread extremely far and wide such as Andropogon gerardii, A; scoparius, Le'gpgdeza ca itata, and Morbi‘a corollata . 87 Evaluation of Prairie Peninsula Results of this study provide evidence with which to evaluate the Prairie Peninsula in Michigan. The extent of the Peninsula is vague fer several reasons. Transeau's map (1935) shows only the prairie described by Veatch (1928). veatch mapped only dry prairies, and his use of the term.”dry” is different from that of Curtis (1958). The dry prairies referred to by Veatch are probably'mesic prairies (and a few oak openings). The wet and dry prairies had not been mapped before Transeau's report and therefore the Peninsula is most likely'more extensive. The additional prairies mapped by Kenoyer (1930, 1934, 1940) and Butler (1937, 1938, 1939) were never used to evaluate the Peninsula. The Peninsula was probably'more extensive to the east than previously suggested by Transeau and others. This is supported by Kenoyer and Butler, and the occurrence of a prairie flora and unrecorded relicts in Calhoun, Jackson, and Hillsdale counties. It can also be noted that Several species which have a western occurrence coinciding with the western boundary of the Peninsula, and the presence of large numbers of species at several sites along this boundary suggests that this boundary is quite accurate. This line also represents to the west the well drained deep sands, a soil association which does not contain large numbers of'prairie species, nor contains many of the mesic or wet prairie species. The number and size of prairie communities as well as the'riohness of the flora become ”poorer” as one moves from.the midwest prairies towards the outliers of the Prairie Peninsula into Michigan. A similar change should be present in Michigan from the center of the Peninsula to more distant areas. The data from.this survey'tend to confirm this 88 trend. St. Joseph County is Michigan's center of the Peninsula as the large number of ”rich" sites indicates (Figure 11). Towards the west, north, and east, the sites as well as the flora appear to become impoverished. However, it may be predicted that a similar pattern ought to be present between St. Joseph County and the Newaygo Prairies. Additional evidence for this pattern are-species‘whichware limited to prairie remnants in Michigan, but are found in additional"habitats towards the tallegrass prairie center. Ruellia humilis is limited to the prairie remnants in St. Joseph County (Figure 18 Appendix D) whereas it is not limited to prairies in the Midwest. Ruellia, being limited to the prairies in Michigan is therefore a prairie species and as previously mentioned, one of the best indicators of remnants. 'Ergirie Species of Michigan The literature also does not contain a list of criteria for distinguishing prairie species, especially in the periphery of the tall-‘ grass prairie as in Michigan. As was pointed out above, some species not censidered prairie in the Midwest are considered prairie in Michigan. The criteria used to select prairie species is of extreme importance because remnants of virgin prairie and prairies in general are defined based on the presence of prairie species. It had been assumed during the field work of this study that the species that are characteristic of the wet, mesic, and dry prairies of the tall-grass prairie center are also the prairie species comprising the outlying areas of the Prairie Peninsula} including Michigan. Most of the species that were selected were satisfactory for this studyu Not all possible species were considered (such as Galium boreale, Eypoxis hirsuita, Aristida 89 oli the). Some species known to be present in the state were not found during the survey (Koeleria cristata, Solidago riddellii, £23m; triflorum,‘§hlg§ ilosa, and others). Some of the species are prairie species in Illinois and not in Michigan. Cole (1901) referred to Rudbeckia higtg_as "Native only on the western prairies. 'Widely distributed in the east as a weed". Other species perhaps in this category are Solidago graminifolia, Asclepias tuberosa;fandeelianthus ‘tuberosus. Species considered prairie species in Michigan, but not necessarily in the Midwest are Ruellia humilis and.§lygg§_canadensis. One can conclude then that there are different prairie species (or prairie indicators) in different parts of the tallagrass prairie. The preceding speculation on characteristics of‘the prairie remnants and the flora are based on the assumption that present‘criteria of a prairie species are valid. The most important condition to be clarified before evidence can be gathered to test the above statements is the investigation and verification of what constitutes a prairie species in Michigan. Suggestions fer further study Search the literature and authorities on prairie to collect the best criteria for selecting prairie species. The areas studied (especially those that are rich in flora) need to be resurveyed fer the spring and early summer prairie flora Since the study did not include these aspects. Additional areas suspected of containing a prairie flora suchras water courses, lake shores, sand hills, and waste places need to be 'checked.because this survey was only'a partial survey of prairie habitats. 90 Additional counties need to be surveyed such as the area towards the prairies of Newaygo County'and the counties east of the survey area. The presence of the flora in Hillsdale and western Jackson counties, and the prairie found in Ann Arbor (Thompson 1970) suggest that more remnants can be found. 'With a large number of prairie sites now'kfiown as well as the location of 68 prairie species, continued studies can be‘made. Several ideas will follow. All sites containing at least one prairie speciessneed't0“be‘ resurveyed to describe more precisely'the extent of prairie populations. All sites containing at least one prairie species need to have the surfaces examined fer disturbance. All sites containing at least one prairie species need to have the invasion of non-prairie species and woody vegetation evaluated. Will the rare species persist (such as Sflfl'm laciniatum and §_.. perfoliatum)? If they do, why? Why are certain species limited to the prairie remnants (such as Ruellia hmli‘s, Coreopsis Elm; and Kuh__ni_a. e_upatorioides)? 'Will the "rich" sites (remnants) become more invaded or will the present prairie flora persist to a greater extent? Are the other species such as Ruellia humilis, limited to prairie remnants in Michigan, which are feund in different habitats in the mid- west? Could.management revive and.maintain the railroad prairies? Are there different ecotypes of prairie species that are found in remnants as well as in invaded sites. In other words, are the relation- ships between prairie flora similar or different in disturbed and undisturbed prairies? 91 Is there a relationship between disturbance and the kind of prairie flora or non-prairie flora present in a "prairie"? ‘What appears to be, if any, the pattern of invasion ofrprairie sites? 'What appears to be, if any, the pattern of invasion of prairie species at disturbed sites? CONCLUSION A survey of the prairie flora and "prairies" in southwestern Michigan, which were thought to have vanished or be limited to disturbed sites, showed that the flora is still present, in great variety (68 species). Sites containing at least a large number (11 or more) of prairie species, have an aspect of a ”prairie" and are rightly called such. "Prairies” on undisturbed sites are suggested criteria for referring to these sites as "remnants" of virgin (original) prairie. At least 50 ”remnants" are suggested. Many'sites (294) with 1-10 prairie Species may similarly warrant the title of "remnant”. Additional- studies are suggested to verify the proposed characteristics of the ”prairies" and "remnants" of tall-grass prairie in Michigan. 92 LITERATURE CITED LITERATURE CITED Bea1,'W; J. 1904. Michigan Flora. State Board of.Agriculture, Lansing, Michigan. 147 pp. Benninghoff; W. S. 1964. The Prairie Peninsula as a Filter Barrier to Postglacial Migration. Indiana Academy of Science 72: 116-123. Bingham, M. T. 1945. Flora of Oakland County, Michigan. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 155 pp. Braun, E. L. '1928. Glacial and Postglacial Plant Migrations Indicated by Relic Colonies of Southern Ohio. Ecolcgy 37: 284.302. Brewer, R. 1965.- Vegetational Features of a Wet Prairie in Scuthwestern Michigan. Occasional Papers of the C. C. Adams Center fer Ecological Studies 13: 1-16. Butler, A. F. 1947. Revisiting Michigan Prairies. Michigan History . 1948. Revisiting Michigan Prairies. Michigan History 32: 15-36. . 1949. Revisiting Michigan Prairies. Michigan History 33: 117- 130 and 220-231. Clements, E. F. 1934. The Relict Method of Dynamic Ecology. Journal of Ecology 22: 39-68. Cole, E. J. 1901. Grand figpids Flora. Private publication, Grand Rapids, Michigan. 170 pp. . Costello, D. F. 1969. The Prairie'world. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York. 242 pp. Curtis, J. T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. and H. C. Green. 1949. A Study of Relic Wisconsin Prairies by the Species-Presence Method. Ecology-30: 83-92. Darlington, H. T. 1941. Taxonomic and Ecological Work on the Higher Plants of Michigan. Michigan Agricultural Exp. Technical Bulletin No. 201. Fernald, M. L. p 1950. Gay's Manual of Botagy. American Book Co., New York. 1632 pp. ' 93 94 Gleason, H. A. 1917. A Prairie Near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Rhondora 19: 163-165. and.A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of North- eastern United States and Adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princton, New Jersey. 810 pp. Hanes, C. R. and F. N. Hanes. 1947. Flora of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Schoolcraft, Michigan. 295 pp. Hauser, R. S. 1953. An Ecological Analysis of the Isolated Prairies of Ngggygo County, Michigan. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University. Hayes, B. N. 1964. .An Ecological Study of.A wet Prairie on Harsen's Island, Michigan. Michigan Botanist 3: 71-82. Hebert, P. E. 1934. Ferns and Flowering Plants of Berrien County, Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 15: 323-342. Kenoyer, L. 1930. Ecological Notes on Kalamazoo County, Michigan, Based on Original Land Survey. Papers, Michigan Acad. Sc. Arts, and Letters 11: 211-217. . 1934. Forest Distributions in Southwestern Michigan as Interpreted from Original Land Surveyh-l826-1832. Papers, Michigan Acad. Sc. Arts, and Letters 19: 107-112. . 1940. Plant Associations in Barry, Calhoun, and Branch Counties, Michigan, As Interpreted from Original Land Surveys. Papers, Mich. Acad. Sc. Arts, and Letters 25: 75-77. Malin, J. C. 1967. The Grassland of North.American, Prole omena to its Histggy'with Addenda. Peter Smith, Gloucester, Mass. 490 pp. Martin, Helen M; 1955. Map of the Surface Formations of the Southern .Eeninsula of Michigan. Department of Conservation, Geological Survey. Pepoon, H. S. 1907. Flora of Southwestern Michigan. IMich. Acad. Sci., Annual Report. No. 9: 104-112. Peters, B. 1969. Early American Impggggiens and Evaluations of the Landscape of Inner Michigan with Emphasis on Kalamazoo County. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University. Pokora, D. 1968. Seasonal Change in a Sand Prairie in van Buren County, Michigan. Michigan Botanist. 7: 62-66. Pounds, R. and F. E. Clements. 1898. The Vegetation Regions of the Prairie Province. Botanical Gazette 25: 381-394. Robinson; K. 1969. Prairie Clusters in Southwestern Michigan. A Stggy in Plant Geography. MtS. Thesis, Michigan State University. 95 Rogers, C. M; 1966. A wet Prairie Community at Windsor, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 80 (4): 195-199. Schmidt, H. P. 1938. Herpetological Evidence for the Pest-glacial Eastward Extension of the Steppe in North America. Ecology 19 (3): 396-407. Schulenberg, R. 1968. Plants of a Restored Prairie. Morton.Arboretum Publications, Lisle, Illinois. Sears, P. B. 1942. Xerothermic Theory. Botanical Review 8: 708-736. Thompson, P.‘W; 1970. A wet Prairie Community in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan Academician 2 (4): 87-94. Transeau, E. N. 1935. The Prairie Peninsula. Ecology 16: 423-437. veatch, J. 0. 1928. The Dry Prairies of Michigan. Papers, Mich. Acad. Sc. Arts and Letters 8: 269-278. Weaver, J. E. 1954. North American Prairie. Johnson Publishing Co., Lincoln, Nebraska. 348 pp. . 1968. Prairie Plants and their Environment. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. 27 pp. and E. F. Clements. 1938. Plant Ecology. McCraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New'York. Whiteside, E. P., I. F. Schneider, and R. L. Cook. 1963. Soils of Michigan. Agricultural Exp. Station, Michigan State University. APPENDICES 96 APPENDIX A A list of species occurring along railroad rights-of- way in southwestern Michigan. Summer and Fall, 1969. 97 APPENDIX A A list of species occurring along railroad rights-of-way in southwestern Michigan. Summer and Fall, 1969. Allium cernuum Roth. Allium sativum L. Allium vinale L. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Andropogon gerardii Vitm. Andropogon scoparius Michx. AndrOpogon virginicus L. Anemone cylindrica Gray Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Apocynum sibricum Jacq. Aristida oligantha Michx. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Artemisia campestris L.' Artemisia vulgaris L. Asclepias amplexicaulis~ Sm. Asclepias tuberosa L. Asclepias verticillata L. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Aster azureus Lindl. Aster ericoides L. Aster laevis L. Aster novae-angliae L. Aster pilosus Willd. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Aster sericeus L. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R.Br. Bromus inermis Leyss. Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Carex bicknellii Britt. Carex siccata Dewey Ceanothus americanus L. Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Cicuta maculata L. Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) ’Spreng. Comandra richardsiana Fern. Convolvulus arvensis L. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. CoreOpsis tripteris L. Camus racemosa Lam. Corylus americana Walt. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Desmodium illinoense Gray Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) T. 3: G. Dianthus armeria L. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler Echinacea pallida Nutt. Elymus canadensis L. Equisetum arvense L. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh.) Steud. Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Eupatorium altissimum L. Eupatoritm perfoliatum L. Eupatorium semiserratum DC. Euphorbia corollata L. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Galium asprellum Michx. Galium boreale L. Gentiana flavida Gray Gerardia purpurea L. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. Helianthus divaricatus L. Helianthus giganteus L. Helianthus grosserserratus Martens 98 Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Helianthus mollis Lam. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell Helianthus strumosus L. Helianthus tuberosus L. Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. Hieracium longipilum Torr. Hyperiotm perforatum L. Hyssopus officinalis L. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Lactuca canadensis L. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bi'gel. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem Lespedeza intermedia (Wats'.) Britt. Liatris aspera Michx. Liatris cylindracea Michx. Liatris novae-angliae (Lunell) Shinners Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Lilium philadelphicum L. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt.) MacMill. Lupinus perennis L. chi‘um halimifolimn Mill. Lysimachia ciliata L. Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Monarda fistulosa L. Monarda punctata L. Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx. ) Sweet Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Panicum.virgatum.L. Panicum xanthophy‘sum Gray Parthenium hispidum Raf. Pastinaca sativa L. Pimpinella saxifraga In Plantago patagonica Jacq. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissn. Potentilla arguta Pursh. Prunella vulgaris L. Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson Ratibida pinnata (Vent) Barnh. Rosa blanda Ait. Rosa caroliniana L. Rosa palustris Marsh. Rubus flagellaris Willd. Rudbeckia hirta L. Rudbeckia triloba L. ‘Ruellia humulis Nutt. sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh 99 I Salix humilis Marsh. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Silphium laciniatum L. Silphium perfoliatum L. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Solanum caroline’nse L. Solidago canadensis L. Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Solidago rigida L. Solidago rugosa Mill. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Spartina pectinacea Link Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Stipa spartea Trin. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Thalictrum dasycarpum Ave-Lall. Fisch. & Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray Tra'des'cantia ohiensis Raf. Triodia flava (L:) Smyth Verbena stricta Vent. 100 vernonia missurica Raf. Veronica officinalis L. Veronicastrum.virginianum.(L.) Farw. Vicia cracca L. Vicia sativa L. Viola arvensis Murr. Viola pedata L. Viola pedatifida G. Don. Vi01a sagittata Ait. 101 APPENDIX B Descriptions of sites containing at least one prairie species. Included in the description are: ’county,. township, tier (T), range (R), section or sections, railroad track and road, and number of prairie species. Railroads are abbreviated: CORR (Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad), GTWRR (Grand Trunk'Western Rail- ' road), MCRR (Michigan Central Railroad), NYCRR (New York Central Railroad), and PCRR (Pennsylvania Central Railroad). Names of roads and railroads were based on county maps, Michigan Department of Conservation (1961 edition). 102 APPENDIX B Descriptions of sites containing at least one prairie species. 1. (only site with prairie species that is not mapped) Eaton Co., Bellvue Twp.; TlN,R6W,Sec.23,24§ along GTWRR.and M-78. 10 species. 2. Kalamazoo Co., Riohland Twp.; TlS,RlOW,Sec.16: along MCRR at 30th St. 4 species. 3. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; TlS,R10W,Sec.8; along MCRR at 27th St. 1 species. 6. Kalamazoo 00.} Comstock TWp.; T28,R10W,Sec.22,23; along NYCRR and ML96. 3 species. 8. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft Twp.; T4S,R11W,Sec.14,23; along GTWRR at'W Ave. 2 species. 10. Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo Twp.; T2S,R11W,Sec.l4,24; along NYCRR and MA96. 4 species. 11. Calhoun Co., Emmett Twp.; T23,R7W,Sec.l9,20; the swz corner of the I-94 and Beadle Lake Rd (7% mile Rd.) crossing. 6 species. 12. St. Joseph Co., Constantine m»; T78,R12W,Sec.36; along NYCRR between Stears and Brown Rds. 25 species. 13. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T85,R12W,Sec.l; along NYCRR between Brown Rd. and U.S. 12 (112). 21 species. 14. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T83,R11W,Sec.10; along NYCRR at Crooked Creek Rd. 17 species. 15. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T83,R11W,Sec.11,12; along NYCRR at Huff Rd. 13 species. 16. St. Joseph Co. 'White Pigeon-Sturgis Twp. line; T83,R11W(White Pigeon)R10W(Sturgis)Sec.12(R11W)Sec.7(R10W); along NYCRR at Klinger Lake Rd. 4 species. 17. St. Joseph Co., Sturgis Twp.; T8S,R10W,Sec.7; along NYCRR between U.S. 12(112) and Shimmel Rd. 23 species. ‘18. St: Joseph Co., Sturgis Twp.; T8S,R10W,Sec.4553 along NYCRR at Stubey Rd. 7 species. 19. St. Joseph Co., Sherman-Nottawa Twp. line; T7S(Sherman)T6S(Nottawa), R10W,3ec.35(T7S)Sec.2(T6S); along PCRR at Findley Rd. 1 species. 25. Calhoun Co., Marengo Twp.; T2S,R5W,Sec.25,26; along NYCRR.at B Dr. 11 species. 103 26. Calhoun Co., Marengo Twp.; T2S,R5W38ec.32; along NYCRR at corner of B Dr. and 20 mile Rd. 3 species. 27. Calhoun Co., Marengo TWp.; T28,R5W,Sec.30,3l; along NYCRR and B Dr. 11 species. 28. Calhoun Co., Marshall my; T28,R6W,Sec.27; along NYCRR at 15%- mile Rd. 6 species. 29. Calhoun Co., Emmett Tup.; T28,R7W,Sec.24; along NYCRR between 11 and 12 mile Rds. 17 species. 30. Calhoun Co., Emmett Tup.; TZS,R7W38ec.22,23; along NYCRR.between F Dr. and 11 mile Rd. 20 species. ' 31. Calhoun 00.3 Emmett .; T235R7W,Sec.8y93 along NYCRR between Raymond St. and BL-94 (M996 . 16 species. 35. Ingham Co., Leslie Tup.; T1N,le;Sec.28,33; along NYCRR at Olde Rd. 1 species. 36. Jackson Co., Rives TWp.; TlS,RIW,Sec.495; along NYCRR between Territorial and Churchill Rds. 7 species. 37. Jackson Co., Rives Twp.; TlS,RlW,Sec.7; along NYCRR at Rives Junction Rd. 8 species. 38. Jackson Co., Rives Twp.; Tls,le,Sec.20; along NYCRR at Boughwell Rd. 5 species. 39. Jackson Co., Blackman TWp.; T25,legsec.4; along Ridge Rd. between van Horn and walcott Rds. 1 species. 40. Jackson Co., Blackman Tup.; TZS,RIW,Sec.9; along NYCRR at Merrill Rd. 2 species. 41. Jackson Co., Blackman Twp.; T2S,RIW,Sec.l5; along NYCRR at Cunningham.Rd. 1 species. 42. Jackson Co., Blackman Twp.; T2S,RlW,Sec.15,22; along NYCRR at Parnall Rd. 4 species. 44. Jackson Co., Blackman Tup.; TZS,RIW,Sec.32; along NYCRR and Michigan Ave. 14 species. 45. Jackson Co., Sandstone Twp.; T2S,R2W3Sec.36; along NYCRR and Michigan Ave. at O'Brien Rd. 6 species. 46: Jackson Co., Sandstone TWP.; T28,R2W;Sec.34e35;'=along NYCRR at Sandstone Rd. 6 species. 47. Jackson Co., Sandstone TWp.; T25,R2W3Sec.34; along NYCRR at Dearing Rd. 4 species. 104 48. Jackson Co., Sandstone TWp.; T28,RZW,Sec.29,32; along NYCRR at Harrington Rd. 4 species. 49. Jackson Co., Sandstone Tup.; T23,R2W,Sec.30; along NYCRR at McLain Rd. 7 species. 50. Jackson Co., Parma TWP.; T28,R3W,Sec.35,36; along NYCRR at Litle Rd. 6 species. 51. Jackson Co., Concord Tup.; T38,R3W3Sec.10; along NYCRR at Concord Rd. 5 species. 53. Calhoun Co., Sheridan Tap.; T28,R3W}Sec.36; along NYCRR and Davison Rd. 4 species. 54. Calhoun Co.,-r Sheridan m»; T28,R3W,Sec.29; along NYCRR and 14.96. 6-species. 55. Jackson Co., Summit Twp.; T3S,RIW,Sec.l6; along NYCRR at Park Rd. 20 species. 57. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Tup.; T33,R2W.Sec.23,24; along NYCRR at Reynolds Rd. 1 species. 58. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Tup.; T33,R2W,Sec.22,23; along NYCRR at Moscow Rd. 2 species. 59. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Tup.; T38,R2W;Sec.28; along NYCRR at Teft Rd. 3 species. 60., Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Twp.; TBS,RZW,Sec.29; along‘NYCRR at Mathews Rd. 1 species. 61. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Tup.; T35,R2W,Sec.29; along NYCRR at Cross Rd. 2 species. 62. Jackson Co., Concord Tup.; T33,R3W3Sec.25; along NYCRR at Parsons Rd. 6 species. 63. Jackson Co., Concord Tap. T33,R3W3Sec.27; along NYCRR at Pulaski St. 1 species. 64. Jackson Co., Concord Twp.; T38,R3W.Sec.33; along NYCRR and Spring . Arbor Rd. (Ma60). 8 species. 65. Jackson Co., Pulaski Twp.; T46,R3W3Sec.5,6; along NYCRR at Wheeler Rd. 1 species. 66. fl JacksonmCa‘lhmm Co. line", PulaskiaHomer Twap. line; T4S,R3W(Pulaski) R4W(Homer);Sec.7(R3W)Sec.12(R4W); along NYCRR at Van wert Rd. 4 species. 67. Calhoun Co.9 Homer TWP.; T483R4W38ec.11,12; along NYCRR at 29th mile Rd. 10 species. 105 68. Calhoun Co., Homer Twp.; T4S,R4W,Sec.2,33 along NYCRR at 28th mile Rd. 1 species. 71. Branch Co., Sherwood Tup93 T53,R8W3$ec.32,33; along NYCRR at Ladyman Rd. 6 species. 72. Branch Co., Sherwood Twp.; T53,R8W,Sec.27; along NYCRR at Locke Rd. 2 species. 74. Branch Co., Sherwood Twp.; T58,R8W.Sec.23,24; along NYCRR at Thrams Rd. 3 species. 77. Branch Co., Union Twp.; T5S,R7W,Sec.7,8; along NYCRR at Arborgast Rd. 3 species. 78. Branch 00.; Union Twp.; T583R7W,Sec.8,9; along NYCRR.at South Rd: 1 species. 80. Branch Co., Union Twp.; T53,R7wgsec.3,4; along NYCRR at Railroad Rd. 3 species. 81. Branch-Calhoun Co. line, Union-Burlington Twp. line; T58(Union)TWS (Burlington),R7W38ec.3(TSS)Sec.34(T4S); along NYCRR at‘Wagner Rd. (County Line Rd.) 1 species. 82. Calhoun Co., Burlington Twp.; T4S,R7W3Sec.34,35; along NYCRR at 10 mile Rd. 2 species. 83. Calhoun Co., Burlington Twp.; T4S,R7W,Sec.35,36; along NYCRR at 11 mile Rd. 3 species. 86. Calhoun Co., Tekonsha Twp.; T4S,R6W,Sec.29,30; along NYCRR at 13 mile Rd. 1 species. 87. Calhoun Co., Tekonsha Twp.; T4S,R6w.Sec.29; along NYCRR at Jackson Rd. 1 species. 88. Calhoun Co., Tekonsha Twp.; T4S,R6W,Sec.28; along NYCRR at 15 mile Rd. 1 species. 89. Calhoun Co., Tekonsha Twp.; T4S,R6W,Sec.23; along NYCRR at T Dr. 2 species. 90. Calhoun Co., Tekonsha Twp.; T4S,R6W,Sec.23; along NYCRR at Jackson Rd. 1 species. 91. Calhoun Co., Claredon Twp.; T4S,R5W,Sec.l9; along NYCRR at 18% mile Rd. 1 species. ' 92. Calhoun Co., Claredon Twp.; T4S,R5W,Sec.18,19; along NYCRR at corner of 19 mile Rd. and R Dr. 2 species. 106 96. Kalamazoo Co., Ross Twp.; T18,R9W,Sec.4; the ne. corner at 42nd and B Ave. Rds. 8 species. 97. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; Tls,R10W35ec.8; along NYCRR at 27th St. 2 species. 98. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; TlS,R10w,Sec.8,l7; along NYCRR at C Ave. 2 species. 99. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; T13,R10wgsec.l8; along NYCRR at CD Ave. 1 species. 100. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; TlS,R10W3Sec.l9; along NYCRR at 25th St. 1 species. 101. Kalamazoo Co., Richland Twp.; TlS,R10W3Sec.l9; along E Ave. west of NYCRR crossing. 2 species. 102. Kalamazoo Co., Cooper Twp.; TlS,Rllw,Sec.25,26; along NYCRR at Riverview'Rd. 2 species. 106. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T38,R10W38ec.8,17; along GTWRR at P Ave. 2 species. 107. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T3S,R10wgsec.20,21; along GTWRR at 28th St. 3 species. 108. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T3S,R10W;Sec.21; along GTWRR.at QR Ave. 1 species. 109. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T3S,R10wgsec.28; along GTWRR.at 29th St. 1 species. 110. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T38,R10W.Sec.27,34; along GTWRR.at S Ave. 1 species. 111. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T3S,R10W,Sec.34; along GTWRR at 30th St. 1 species. 114. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; T38,R10W3Sec.24,25,26; along GENRR at corner of 34th St. and R.Ave. 1 species. 115. Kalamazoo Co., Pavilion Twp.; TBS,R10W,Sec.24; along GTWRR at 35th St. 4 species. 118. Kalamazoo Co., Climax Twp.; TBS,R9W,Sec.17,18; along GTWRR.at 38th St. 1 species. 119. Kalamazoo Co., Climax Twp.; T33,R9W,Sec.8,l7; along GTWRR at P Ave. 4 species. 120. Kalamazoo Co., Climax TWp.; T38,R9W33ec.9,10; along GTWRR at 42nd St. 1 species. 107 122. Kalamazoo Co., Charlston Twp.; T23,R9W,Sec.36; along GTWRR at MN Ave . 3 species . 123. Calhoun Co., Battle Creek Twp.; T28,R8W,Sec.30; along GTWRR at C Dr. 1 species. 124. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Twp.; T33,R2W,Sec.36; along NYCRR at Sears Rd. 1 species. 126. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W,Sec.2; along NYCRR at Coats Rd. 8 species. 129. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W3Sec.10; along NYCRR at Tripp Rd. 9 species. 130. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W33ec.10; along NYCRR at weeks Rd. 2 species. 131. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W,Sec.10,15; along NYCRR at Fowler Rd. 3 species. 132. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W5Sec.15,l6; along NYCRR at Snow Rd. 4 species. 133. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W}Sec.16,21; along NYCRR at Folks Rd. 2 species. 134. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W3Sec.21; along NYCRR at Rountree Rd. 1 species. 135. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W.Sec.29; along Hanover Rd. 1 species. 136. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W38ec.31,32; along NYCRR at Strait Rd. 2 species. 137. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W33ec.31; along NYCRR and Stoneypoint Rd. 11 species. 138. Jackson Co., Hanover-Pulaski Twp. line; T4S,R2W(Hanover)R%N (Pulaski),Sec.3l(R2W)Sec.36(R3W); along NYCRR at Grover Rd. 1 species. 140. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; TSS,R3W3Sec.2; along NYCRR at Mosherville Station Rd. 2 species. 141. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; T58,R3W3Sec.10,15; along NYCRR at Litchfield Rd. 3 species. 142. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; T58,R3W3Sec.15,22; along NYCRR at Hastings Lake Rd. 4 species. 143. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; TSS,R3W;Sec.22; an old cemetery along Concord Rd. between Hastings Lake and Sterling Rds. 6 species. 108 144. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; T53,R3W,Sec.22,27; along NYCRR at Sterling Rd. 2 species. 145. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; T5S,R3W,Sec.27,28; along NYCRR at Concord Rd. 4 species. 146. Hillsdale Co., Fayette Twp.; T6S,R3W;Sec.33; along NYCRR.at wright Rd. 4 species. 147. Hillsdale Co., Fayette Twp.; T6S,R3W,Sec.33; along NYCRR at M999. 1 species. 148. Hillsdale Co., Fayette TWp.; T6S,R3W3Sec.5; along NYCRR and Murphy Rd.(Wilson Rd.) 11 species. 149. Hillsdale Co., Fayette Twp.; T6S,R3W3Sec.31,32; along NYCRR at Bunn Rd. 2 species. 150. Hillsdale Co., Fayette Twp.; T63,R3W3Sec.5,6; along NYCRR at Bunn Rd. 12 species. 151. Hillsdale Co., Fayette Twp.; T6S,R3W,Sec.6; along NYCRR.at'Wise Rd. 7 species. 153. Hillsdale Co., Litchfield Twp.; T53,R4W,Sec.25,26; along NYCRR at Cronk Rd. 2 species. 154. Hillsdale Co., Litchfield Twp.; T55,R4W3$ec.23,26; along NYCRR at Sterling Rd. 2 species. 156. Hillsdale Co., Allen TWp.; T6S,R4W3Sec.1,2; along NYCRR at Cronk Rd. 3 species. 157. Hillsdale Co., Allen TWp.; T6S,R4W,Sec.2; along NYCRR at Beulow Rd. 5 species. 160. Hillsdale Co., Allen Twp.; T6S,R4W,Sec.4; along NYCRR at South Allen Rd. 1 species. 166. Branch Co., Quincy Twp.; T6S,R5W,Sec.15; along NYCRR at Claredon Rd. 5 species. 167. Branch Co., Quincy TWp.; T6S,R5W,Sec.21; along NYCRR at U.S. 12 (112). 8 species. 168. Branch Co., Quincy Twp.; T6S,R5W,Sec.20; along NYCRR at Ridge Rd. 4 species. 169. Branch Co., Quincy Twp.; T6S,R5W,Sec.19; along NYCRR at Fremont Rd. 1 species. 170. Branch Co., Quincy-Goldwater Twp. line; T63,R5W(Quincy)R6W(Goldwater), Sec.19(R5W)Sec.24(R6W); along NYCRR.at Fox Rd. 4 species. 109 171. Branch Co., Goldwater TWp.; T6S,R6W,Sec.24; along NYCRR at Lott Rd. 2 species. 172. Branch Co., Goldwater TWp.; T6S,R6W,Sec.23,24; along NYCRR at Fisk Rd. 6 species. 173. Branch Co., Goldwater Twp.; T6S,R6W,Sec.23; along NYCRR at 'Willowbrook Rd. 3 species. 174. Branch Co., Goldwater Twp.; T6S,R6W,Sec.23; along NYCRR and South Michigan Rd. 5 species. 176. Branch Co., Goldwater Twp.; T6S,R6W3Sec.19; along NYCRR at Sprague St. 4 species. 177. Branch Co., Goldwater Twp.; T6S,R6W,Sec.l9; along NYCRR at Branch Rd. 1 species. 179. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W,Sec.26; along NYCRR at Wheeler Rd. 7 species. 180. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W,Sec.26,27; along NYCRR at Batavia Rd. 1 species. 181. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W,Sec.27; along stream at Batavia Rd. 3 species. 182. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W,Sec.34; along NYCRR at U.S. 12. 3 species. 183. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W3Sec.33; along NYCRR at Snow Prairie Rd. 3 species. 184. Branch Co., Batavia Twp.; T6S,R7W,Sec.33; along NYCRR at Cavanaugh Rd. 15 species. 185. Branch Co., Bethel Twp.; T7S,R7W,Sec.5; along NYCRR at U.S. 12. 2 species. 186. Branch Co., Bethel Twp.; T7S,R7W,Sec.5; along NYCRR at U.S. 12. 2 species. 187. Branch Co., Bethel-Bronson Twp. line; T7S,R7W(Bethel)R8W(Bronson), Sec.6(R7W)Sec.l(R8W); along NYCRR at Parnan Rd. 2 species. 188. Branch Co., Bronson TWp.; T7S,R8W,Sec.11; along NYCRR at Mill St. 4 species. 191. Branch Co., Bronson Twp.; T7S,R8W,Sec.17,18; along NYCRR and Holmes Rd. 4 species. 192. St. Joseph Co., Burr Oak Twp.; T7S,R9W,Sec.24; along NYCRR at Deer Park Rd. 6 species. ' 110 193. St. Joseph Co., Burr Oak TWP.; T7S,R9W,Sec.23; along NYCRR at Halfaway Rd. 1 species. 194. St. Joseph Co., Burr Oak Twp.; T7S,R9W.Sec.27; along NYCRR at Robinson Rd. 13 species. 195. St. Joseph Co., Burr Oak Twp.; T7S,R9W.Sec.28,333 along NYCRR at Witt Lake Rd. 1 species. 196. St. Joseph Co., Burr Oak-Fawn River Twp. line; T7S(Burr Oak)T8$ (Fawn River),R9W,Sec.32(T7S)Sec.5(T88); along NYCRR at Airline Rd. 7 species. 197. St. Joseph Co., Fawn River TWp.; T88,R9W,Sec.5,6; along NYCRR at Big Hill Rd. 8 species. 198. St. Joseph Co., Fawn River Twp.; T8S,R9W,Sec.6; along NYCRR. 3 species. 199. St. Joseph Co., Sturgis TWp.; T88,R10W,Sec.l; along NYCRR at LaFayette St. 1 species. 201. St. Joseph Co., Sherman Twp.; T7S,R10W,Sec.26; along PCRR at Yoder Rd. 1 species. 202. St. Joseph Co., Sherman Twp.; T7S,R10W,Sec.l4,22; along PCRR at Wenzel Rd. 2 species. 203. St. Joseph Co., Sherman TWp.; T7S,R10W.Sec.12; along NYCRR at Banker Rd. 5 species. ‘ 205. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa TWp.; T6S,R10W,Sec.l4,15; along NYCRR at Nottawa Rd. 9 species. 206. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa Twp.; T6S,R10W;Sec.l3,14; along NYCRR at walterspaugh Rd. 3 species. ‘ 207. St. Joseph Co., Colon Twp.; T6S,R9W3Sec.l8; along NYCRR and M86. 27 species. 208. Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo TWp.; T2S,R1lw,Sec.20; along NYCRR and Stadium Dr. 3 species. 209. Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo Twp.; T23,R1lW,Sec.19; along NYCRR near west Michigan Ave. '1 species. 210. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo TWP.; TZS,R12W3Sec.24; along NYCRR and Kalamazoo Ave. 6 species. 211. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T23,R12W3Sec.24; along NYCRR and Kalamazoo Ave. at 11th St. 7 species. 212. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T28,R12W3Sec.23; along NYCRR at 9th St. 1 species. 111 214. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo TWp.; T28,R12W3860.28; along NYCRR at Miller Ave. 3 species. 215. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T2S,R12W,Sec.32,33; along NYCRR at 4th Ave. 10 species. 219. van Buren Co., Antwerp TWp.; T33,R13W3Sec.12,13; along NYCRR at MeDillan(56th Ave.). 8 species. 220. van Buren Co., Antwerp TWp.; T35,R13W5Sec.13,14; along NYCRR at 24th (Main St.). 1 species. 221. van Buren Co., Antwerp TWp.; T35,R13W3Sec.l4; along NYCRR and 26th Rd. 18 species. 222. van Buren Co., Antwerp TWP.; T35,R13W}Sec.23; along NYCRR and 26th Rd. 11 species. 223. van Buren Co., Antwerp Twp.; TBS,R13W3Sec.22; along NYCRR at Drape Rd. 2 species. 224. Van Buren Co., Antwerp Twp.; T35,R13W,Sec.27,28; along NYCRR at 28th Ave. 8 species. 226. van Buren Co., Antwerp Twp.; T3S,R13W}Sec.31; along NYCRR.and Ewing Rd. 3 species. 227. Van Buren Co., Decatur TWp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.l; along NYCRR at 556 Rd. 1 species. 228. Van Buren Co., Decatur Twp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.11; along NYCRR and Burgess Rd. 16 species. 229. van Buren Co., Decatur TWp.; T4S,R14W3Sec.10,1l; along NYCRR at 38th St. 12 species. 230. van Buren Co., Decatur Twp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.10; along NYCRR at 39th St. 27 species. 231. Van Buren Co., Decatur Twp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.9,10,15,16; along NYCRR at 40th St. 11 species. 232. van Buren Co., Decatur TWp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.16; along NYCRR and Burgess Rd. between 40 and 42nd Ste. 15 species. 233. van Buren Co., Decatur Twp.; T4S,R14W3Sec.16,17; along NYCRR at 42nd St. 13 species. 234. van Buren Co., Decatur TWp.; T4S,R14W,Sec.19; along NYCRR at 45th St. 7 species. 235. van Buren Co., Decatur-Hamilton TWp. line; T4S,R14W(Decatur)R15W (Hamilton),Sec.30(R14W)Sec.25(R15W); along NYCRR at 46th St. 7 species. 112 236. Cass Co., wayne TWp.; T5S,R15W,Sec.2,3; along NYCRR at Rd. 3 species. 238. Cass Co., wayne Twp.; T53,R15W,Sec.9,10,16; along NYCRR at Twin Lakes Rd. 9 species. 239. Cass Co., wayne Twp.; T5S,R15W.Sec.16; along NYCRR at Rd. 10 species. 240. Cass Co., wayne Twp.; T55,R15W,Sec.20,21; along NYCRR at Atwood Rd. 4 species. 241. Cass Co., wayne Twp.; T58,R15W3Sec.20,29; along NYCRR near Gage Rd. 15 species. 242. Cass Co., wayne Twp.; T5S,R15W,Sec.30; along NYCRR and Colby Rd. 5 species. 243. Cass Co., Pokagon TWp.; T6S,R16W3Sec.11,14; along NYCRR at Peavine Rd. 3 species. 244. Cass Co., Pokagon TWp.; T6S,R16W,Sec.15,22; along NYCRR at Beeson Rd. 1 species. 245. Cass Co., Pokagon TWp.; T6S,R16W,Sec.22; along NYCRR and Klumbus Rd. 10 species. 246. Cass Co., Pokagon Twp.; T6S,R16W,Sec.28; along NYCRR at wells Rd. 17 species. 247. Cass Co., Howard Twp.; T7S,R16W,Sec.5; along NYCRR and Wells Rd. 28 species. 248. Cass Co., Howard TWP.; T7S,R16W,Sec.5,8; along NYCRR at White Rd. 6 species. 252. Berrien Co., Chikaming Twp.; T7S,R20W,Sec.2,11; along CORR at Sawyer Rd. 1 species. 257. Berrien Co., Chikaming Twp.; T7S,R20W,Sec.20; along CORR.and U.S. 12. 6 species. 259. Berrien Co., New Buffalo TWp.; T8S,R2lW,Sec.10; along CORR and Stomer St. 1 species. 260. Berrien Co., New Buffalo Twp.; T85,R2lW,Sec.l6; along CORR and Lubke Rd. 1 species. 261. Berrien Co., New Buffalo TWp.; T88,R21W,Sec.16; along CORR at Sand Rd. 1 species. 263. Berrien Co., New Buffalo TWp.; T88,R21W;Sec.17,20; along CORR at ‘Wilson Rd. 2 species. 113 264. Berrien Co., New'BufTalo TWp.; T83,R21W,Sec.20; at Shedd Rd. 2 species. 265. Berrien Co., New Buffalo Twp.; T8S,R21W}Sec.l9; along NYCRR and U.S. 12. 1 species. 266. Berrien Co., New Buffalo Twp.; T8S,R21W,Sec.l8; along NYCRR at Wilson Rd. 3 species. 270. Berrien Co., Three Oaks Twp.; T8S,R20W,Sec.4,3; along NYCRR at Schwark Rd. 6 species. 271. Berrien Co., Three Oaks Twp.; T8S,R20W.Sec.3; along NYCRR at St. 3 species. 272. Berrien Co., Three Oaks Twp.; T8S,R20W,Sec.2,1; along NYCRR at Flynn Rd. 4 species. 273. Berrien Co., Three Oaks-Galien Twp. line; T8S,R20W(Three Oaks)R19W (Galien),Sec.1(R20W)Sec.6(R19W); along NYCRR at Avery Rd. 3 species. 276. Berrien Co., Galien Twp.; T8S,R19W3Sec.l,2; along NYCRR at Rd. 1 species. 277. Berrien Co., Galien TWP.; T83,R19W,Sec.l; along NYCRR at Rd. 2 species. 279. Berrien Co., Bertrand Twp.; T8S,R18W,Sec.4; at northeast corner of Highbridge Rd. and U.S.12 (Pulaski Hwy.). 5 species. 280. Berrien Co., Buchanan Twp.; T7S,R18wgsec.34; along NYCRR at Bakertown Rd. 7 species. 282. Berrien Co., Buchanan-Bertrand Twp. line; T7S(Buchanan)T8$(Bertrand), R18W,Sec.36(T7S)Sec.1(T88); along NYCRR at Chamberlain Rd. 1 species. 283. Berrien Co., Bertrand Twp.; T85,R17W,Sec.5,6; along NYCRR at Onagflower Rd. (?). 4 species. 284. Berrien Co., Bertrand Twp.; T8S,R17W3Sec.4E%; along NYCRR at Portage Rd. 1 species. 286. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T7S,Rl7W5$ec.33,34; along NYCRR at Philip Rd. 1 species. 288. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T7S,R17W,Sec.27,26; along NYCRR at Lincoln St. 10 species. ' 289. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T8S,R17W,Sec.2,11; along NYCRR at Rd. 1 species. 290. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T8S,R17W,Sec.11,14; along NYCRR at Fulkerson Rd. 2 species. 114 291. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T8S,R17W,Sec.14; ‘along NYCRR at Bertrand Rd. 1 species. 292. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T88,R17S,Sec.24; along Bertrand Rd. 4 species. 293. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T88,R17W,Sec.23; along NYCRR at Ontario Rd. 1 species. 295. Cass Co., Ontwa Twp.; T8S,R15W,Sec.7,18; along GTWRR at May Rd. 1 species. 298. Cass Co., Ontwa Twp.; T88,R15W,Sec.4,5; along Ma62 at Hess Rd. 1 species. 299. Cass Co., Jefferson Twp.; T7S,R15W,Sec.32; along GTWRR at Yankee Rd. 1 species. 300. Cass Co., Jefferson Twp.; T7S,R15W,Sec.32,33; along GTWRR.at Hess Rd. 3 species. 301. Cass Co., Jefferson Twp.; T7S,R15W3Sec.28,333 along GTWRR at Harris Rd. 1 species. 303. Cass Co., Jefferson Twp.; T7S,R15W,Sec.21,22; along GTWRR.at Muller Rd. 1 species. 304. Cass Co., Jefferson Twp.; T7S,R15W.Sec.15,22; along GTWRR at Jefferson Center Rd. 6 species. 308. Cass Co., Penn Twp.; T6S,R14W,Sec.20,21; along GTWRR at Card's Prairie Rd. 11 species. 310. Cass Co., Penn Twp.; T6S,R14W3Sec.l5,l6; along GENRR at Penn Rd. 1 species. 313. Cass Co., Penn Twp.; T6S,R14W,Sec.2; along GTWRR at White Temple Rd. 3 Species. 317. Cass Co., Marcellus Twp.; T53,R13W3Sec.29; along GTWRR at Pioneer Rd. 2 species. 318. Cass Co., Marcellus Twp.; T53,R13W3Sec.21,28; along GTWRR.at Pioneer Rd. 1 species. 319. Cass Co., Marcellus Twp.; T5S,R13W3Sec.22; along GTWRR at 119 Rd. 1 species. 324. St. Joseph Co., Flowerfield Twp.; T5S,R12W,Sec.6,7; along GTWRR at Flowerfield Rd. 1 species. 325. Kalamazoo Co., Portage Twp.; T3S,R1lwgsec.3,10; along NYCRR at 0 Ave. 9 species. 115 326. Kalamazoo Co., Portage Twp.; T38,R11W3Sec.3,10; along stream (Portage Creek) at 0 Ave. 1 species. 327. Kalamazoo Co., Portage Twp.; T38,R11W,Sec.21,28; along NYCRR and Shaver Rd.(U.S. 131). 10 species. 329. Kalamazoo Co., Portage Twp.; T3S,RllW,Sec.32; along NYCRR at Oakland Rd. 1 species. 330. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft Twp.; T4S,R11W3Sec.6,7; along NYCRR at U Ave. 3 species. 332. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft Twp.; T4S,R1lW,Sec.19,20; along GTWRR at 14th Ave. 4 species. 333. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft Twp.; T4S,R11W3Sec.30; along NYCRR at KY Rd. 4 species. 334. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft TWp.; T4S,RllW,Sec.31; along NYCRR at YZ Rd. 1 species. 336. St. Joseph Co., Park Twp.; T58,R11W,Sec.7; along NYCRR at Spring Creek between Muskrat and Catherman Lake Rds. 4 species. 337. St. Joseph Co., Park Twp.; T5S,R11W,Sec.7; along NYCRR at Catherman Lake Rd. 8 species. 338. St. Joseph Co., Park Twp.; T5S,R11W,Sec.7,l8; along NYCRR at Michigan Rd. 3 species. 339. St. Joseph Co., Park TWp.; T5S,R1lW,Sec.18,19; along NYCRR at Marcellus Rd. 3 species. 340. St. Joseph Co., Park TWP.; T5S,R11W,Sec.19,30; along NYCRR at Moore Park Rd. 7 species. . 341. St. Joseph Co., Park Twp.; T5S,R1lW,Sec.30,3l; along NYCRR at Hiembach Rd. 1 species. 3u2. St. Joseph Co., Mottville Twp.; T8S,RllW,Sec.11; along NYCRR between Eagley(US 131) and Indian Prairie Rds. 20 species. 343. St. Joseph Co., Mottville Twp.; T8S,RllW,Sec.l4; along NYCRR between Indian Prairie and Harrison Rds. 13 species. 344. St. Joseph Co., Mottville Twp.; T8S,RllW,Sec.l4; along NYCRR between Harrison and Blue School Rds. 24 species. 345. St. Joseph Co., Mottville Twp.; T8S,RllW,Sec.15; along NYCRR between Blue School and Roy Rds. 23 species. 346. St. Joseph Co., Mottville Twp.; T8S,R11W3Sec.22; along NYCRR along Roy Rd. 5 species. 116 348. Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo Twp.; T28,R11W}Sec.7,8; along NYCRR at 14th St. (Nichols Rd.). 1 species. 350. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T25,R12W;Sec.1,2; along NYCRR at 10th Ave. 1 species. 353. Kalamazoo Co., Alamo Twp.; T13,R12W3Sec.26; along NYCRR at corner of'Hart and 8th St. 7 species. 354. Kalamazoo Co., Alamo Twp.; T13,R12W3Sec.27; along NYCRR and Hart Rd. at Owen Rd. 5 species. 357. Kalamazoo Co., Alamo Twp.; T13,R12W,Sec.21,20; along NYCRR at DE Ave. 1 species. 360. Van Buren Co., Pine Grove Twp.; T13,R13W.Sec.26; along NYCRR at 25th St. 2 species. 363. van Buren Co., Pine Grove Twp.; T13,R13W3Sec.29,30; along NYCRR at 32nd St. 1 species. 377. Van Buren Co., South Haven Twp.; T18,R17W.Sec.15; along CORR at Blue Star Highway. 1 species. 381. van Buren Co., South Haven Twp.; T18,R17W,Sec.27; along 76th St. between 16th and 20th Sts. 2 species. 382. van Buren Co., South Haven Twp.; T13,R17W3Sec.27,34; along CORR at 20th St. 2 species. 383. van Buren Co., South Haven Twp.; TlS,R17W,Sec.32; along Ruggles Rd. - entrance to van Buren State Park. 3 species. 384. van Buren Co., South Haven Twp.; T13,R17W,Sec.34; along Blue Star Highway. 1 species. 385. Van Buren Co., Covert Twp.; T23,R17W,Sec.10,15; along CORR at 32nd St. 2 species. 386. van Buren Co., Covert Twp.; T23,R17W,Sec.3,10; along CORR at 28th St. 2 species. 387. Van Buren Co., Covert Twp.; T23,R17W,Sec.3; along CORR at 75th St. 3 species. 395. van Buren Co., Hartford Twp.; T3S,R16W,Sec.20; along CORR at 66th St. 2 species. 398. Berrien Co., Coloma Twp.; T3S,R17W,Sec.l9; along CORR at Coloma Rd. 3 species. 402. Berrien Co., Hager TWp.; T38,R18W,Sec.27,28; along CORR at Piper Rd. 3 species. 117 403. Berrien Co., Hager Twp.; T3S,R18W,Sec.28,333 along CORR at Lynch Rd. 1 species. 408. Berrien Co., Lake Twp.; T6S,R19W,Sec.19,30; along CORR at Baldwin Rd. 1 species. 409. Berrien Co., Lake Twp.; T6S,R19W,Sec.19; along CORR at Rambo Rd. 1 species. 412. Berrien Co., Lake Twp.; T6S,R19W,Sec.8; along CORR at Livingston Rd. 1 species. 413. Berrien Co., Lake-Lincoln Twp. line; T6S(Lake)T5S(Lincoln),R19W, Sec.32(T6S)Sec.5(T5$); along CORR at Lincoln Rd. 1 species. 415. Berrien Co., Lincoln TWp.; T53,R19W,Sec.28; along CORR between Johnson and John Beers Rds. 2 species. 417. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T7S,R17W,Sec.l5; along NYCRR at M;140. 5 species. 418. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T7S,R17W,Sec.15; along NYCRR at U11ery Rd. 2 species. 420. Berrien Co., Niles Twp.; T7S,R17W,Sec.3; along NYCRR at Stafferd Rd. 1 species. 422. Berrien Co., Berrien Twp.; T6S,R17W.Sec.34; along NYCRR at Steinbauer Rd. 4 species. 423. Berrien Co., Berrien Twp.; T6S,R17W,Sec.27,28; along NYCRR at Lake Chapin Rd. (?) 6 species. 424. Berrien Co., Berrien Twp.; T6S,R17W,Sec.22; cemetery at corner of Pokagon Rd. and Mal40. 1 species. 427. Berrien Co., Berrien TWp.; T6S,R17W,Sec.9,16; along NYCRR at Hill Rd. 1 species. 429. Berrien Co., Berrien Twp.; T6S,R17W,Sec.4; along NYCRR at Eau Claire Rd. 2 species. 435. Berrien Co., Sodus Twp.; T5S,R18W,Sec.24; along NYCRR at Otbow Rd. 1 species. 440. van Buren Co., Hartford Twp.; T3S,R16W,Sec.10; along NYCRR at 64th St. 1 species. 441. van Buren Co., Hartford Twp.; T3S,R16W,Sec.3,10; along CORR at 52nd Ave. 1 species. 442. Van Buren Co., Bangor Twp.; T23,R16W,Sec.27; along CORR at 42nd Ave. 1 species. 118 452. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T28,R12W,Sec.27; at ML Rd. between 5th and 8th St. 3 species. 453. Kalamazoo Co., Oshtemo Twp.; T25,R12W3Sec.27; along NYCRR.between ML and 8th St. 2 species. 454. Kalamazoo Co., Texas Twp.; T38,R12W5Sec.88E%; along 3rd Ave. 7 species. 456. Jackson-Ingham Co. Line, Rives Twp.(Jackson Go.); TlS,RlW,Sec.4; along Base Line Rd. at Churchill Rd. 2 species. 457. Kalamazoo Co., Portage Twp.; T3S,RllW,Sec.28; along Shaver Rd. 4 species. 458. St. Joseph Co., Flowerfield TWP.; T5S,R12W,Sec.5,6; along GTWRR at Chamberlain Rd. 1 species. 460. Kalamazoo Co., Prairie Ronde Twp.; T4S,R12W3Sec.33; along GTWRR at YZ Ave. 1 species. 463. Kalamazoo Co., Prairie Ronde Twp.; T4S,R12W,Sec.25,26; along GTWRR at 10th Ave. 3 species. 464. Kalamazoo Co., Schoolcraft Twp.; T4S,RllW,Sec.20,21; along GMMRR.at 16th t. 7 species. 466. Kalamazoo Co., Brady Twp.; T4S,R10W,Sec.19; along PCRR and 24th St. 2 species. 467. Kalamazoo Co., Brady Twp.; T4S,R10W,Sec.30,31; along PCRR at Y Ave. 5 species. 468. Kalamazoo Co., Brady TWp.; T4S,R10W;Sec.32; along PCRR at Z Ave. 2 species. 469. St. Joseph Co., Mendon TWp.; T5S,R10W,Sec.8; along PCRR at Hallumm Rd. ‘1 species. 470. St. Joseph Co., Mendon Twp.; T5S,R10W,Sec.9,16; along PCRR at E. Michigan Ave. 4 species. 471. Jackson Co., Blackman Twp.; T28,RlW,Sec.31; along NYCRR and E. Michigan Ave. just west of BL I-94,M§60. 19 species. 472. Jackson Co., Sandstone Twp.; T28,R2W,Sec.36; along NYCRR at Glasgow Rd. 6 species. 473. Jackson Co., Sandstone TWp.; T2S,R2W,Sec.32,33,34; along NYCRR between Harrington and Dearing Rds. 15 species. 474. Jackson Co., Sandstone Twp.; T2S,R2W,Sec.32,29; along NYCRR between Harrington and Hender Rds. 4 species. 119 475. Jackson Co., Parma Twp.; T28,R3W,Sec.36; along NYCRR at Parma Village St. 3 species. 476. Jackson Co., Parma-Concord Twp. line; T23(Parma)T35(Concord),RfiN, Sec.35(T28),Sec.2(TBS); along NYCRR at Erie Rd. 6 species. 477. Jackson Co., Concord Twp.; T3S,R3W3Sec.2; along NYCRR between Erie and Concord Rds. 7 species. 478. Jackson Co., Concord Twp.; T3S,R3W;Sec.5,8,9,10; along NYCRR between Concord and Bath Mills Rds. 10 species. 479. Jackson Co., Parma Twp.; T23,R3W3$ec.31; along NYCRR and Erie Rd. 2 species. 480. Calhoun Co., Albion TWp.; T3S,R4W,Sec.1; along NYCRR at 29% Mile Rd. 5 species. 481. Calhoun Co., Marshall TWp.; T28,R6W,Sec.27,28,29,30; along NYCRR between 15 Mile and 12 Mile Rds. 15 species. 483. Calhoun Co., Battle Creek Twp.; T23,R8W,Sec.19,20; along GTWRR.at' 1 Mile Rd. 2 species. 484. St. Joseph Co., Mendon Twp.; T5S,R10W,Sec.34,27; along PCRR at Simpson Rd. 1 species. 485. St. Joseph Co., Mendon-Nottawa Twp. line; T58(Mendon)T6S(Nottawa), R10W33ec.34(T5S),Sec.3(T6S); along PCRR at Prairie Corner Rd. 26 species. 486. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa Twp.; T6S,R10W38ec.3,10; along PCRR at Butler Rd. 7 species. 487. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa TWp.; T6S,R10W,Sec.10,15; along PCRR at Spring Creek Rd. 11 species. 488. Jackson Co., Spring Arbor Twp.; T3S,R2w,Sec.25; along NYCRR at Mathews Rd.(Horton Rd.). 3 species. 489. Jackson Co., Hanover Twp.; T4S,R2W,Sec.31,32; along Strait Rd. 3 species. 491. Hillsdale Co., Scorpio Twp.; T5S,R3W}Sec.22; along NYCRR near Hastings Lake Rd. 13 species. 492. Kalamazoo Co., Ross Twp.; T18,R9W,Sec.16; along C Ave. between 40 and 42nd Ave. 1 species. 493. Kalamazoo Co., Charleston TWP.; TZS,R9W,Sec.l8; along M996. 2 species. 494. Kalamazoo Co., Ross TWp.; T18,R9W,Sec.35; along NYCRR and Custer Rd. 2 species. 120 495. Branch Co., Sherwood Twp.; T5S,R8W,Sec.28,333 along NYCRR at Division Rd. 1 species. 496. Calhoun Co., Convis TWp.; T13,R6W,Sec.36; along U.S. 27 just north of L Dr. 1 species. 497. van Buren Co., Antwerp Twp.; T33,R13wgsec.22 %; along 60th Ave. 10 species. 498. Cass Co., Pokagon Twp.; T6S,R16W,Sec.2; along Ma40; 1 species. 499. St. Joseph Co., Lockport Twp.; T6S,R1lW,Sec.7; along NYCRR and Business 131. 9 species. 500. St. Joseph Co., Lockport TWp.; T6S,RllW,Sec.29; along NYCRR and Lutz Rd. 14 species. 501. St. Joseph Co., Lockport TWp.; T6S,RllW,Sec.23; along NYCRR and Schrader Rd. 19 species. 502. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa Twp.; T6S,R10W,Sec.20; along NYCRR between Rambrandt and Corner Rds. 4 species. 503. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa Twp.; T6S,R10W,Sec.21; along NYCRR'between Bucknell and Rambrandt Rds. 7 species. 504. St. Joseph Co., Nottawa Twp.; T6S,R10W,Sec.13; along NYCRR between ‘Walterspaugh and N. Sturgis (78/86) Rds. 12 species. 505. St. Joseph Co., Mendon Twp.; T58,R10W,Sec.28,29,30; along Ma60. 4 species. 507. St. Joseph Co., Lockport Twp.; T6S,RllW,Sec.30,31; along NYCRR between Fairchild and Lutz Rds. 23 species. 508. St. Joseph Co., Lockport Twp.; T6S,RllW,Sec.29; along NYCRR at corner of Lutz and Hoshal Rds. 14 species. 509. St. Joseph Co., Florence TWP.; T7S,R1lW,Sec.6; along NYCRR between Fairchild and Constantine Rds. 7 species. 511. St. Joseph Co., Constantine Twp.; T7S,R12W,Sec.25; along NYCRR between Stears and Constantine Rds. 15 species. 512. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T85,RllW,Sec.8; along NYCRR at Sevison Rd. 21 species. 513. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T8S,R11W,Sec.8; along NYCRR at Apa Gravel Rd. 7 species. 514. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon Twp.; T8S,RllW,Sec.7; along NYCRR at Lima Rd. 12 species. 121 515. Jackson Co., Pulaski Twp.; T4S,R3W,Sec.22,27; along Pulaski Hwy. 1 species. 517. St. Joseph Co., Sturgis Twp.; T8S,R10W,Sec.3,4; along NYCRR at Balk Rd. 17 species. 518. St. Joseph Co., Sturgis Twp.; T85,R10W,Sec.2,3; along NYCRR at White School Rd. 12 species. 519. van Buren Co., Antwerp Twp.; T3S,R13W3Sec.l9; along Mall9. 6 species. 520. Cass Co., Pokagon Twp.; T6S,R16W,Sec.28,29,30,31; along NYCRR and Baron Lake Rd. 1 species. 521. St. Joseph Co., White Pigeon TWp.; T8S,R12W33ec.12; along NYCRR at U.S.-131. 16 species. 522.7 St. Joseph Co., Sturgis Twp.; T88,R10W,Sec.13,24; along NYCRR at Bogen Rd. 10 species. 523. St. Joseph Co., Fawn River TWp.; T8S,R9W,Sec.7,8; along Big Hill (Lakeview) Rd. 7 species. 524. St. Joseph Co., Colon Twp.; T6S,R9W,Sec.17; along NYCRR and MA86 (78). 25 species. 525. St. Joseph Co., Colon Twp.; T6S,R9W,Sec.10; along NYCRR at Farrand Rd. 10 species. 526. St. Joseph Co., Colon Twp.; T6S,R9W,Sec.12; along NYCRR at Lowland Rd. 7 species. 52?. Calhoun Co., Homer Twp.; T4S,R4W,Sec.17,20; along R Dr. 1 species. 528. Calhoun Co., Homer Twp.; T4S,R4W,Sec.11; along NYCRR at N Dr. 6 species. 122 APPENDIX C Frequency of prairie and non-prairie species found in a composition study of 19 prairie sites. Sites are ordered according to decreasing percentages of prairie species. Site numbers are defined in Appendix B. An asterisk indicates prairie species. Species found in the sample area, but not in the sample quadrats are marked with a plus sign. 123 om :H 0N om w: 0: 0H m + + on + $3 OOH wa Ha om mm ooH + o: om o m cm on on em m + 0H 0H NH ea m m ea on em ea mm o: + mm mm ea e om m N s m ea NH n ma 3H r-l N H r-l-fl'r-l CHI-i L\ N EPO‘g? egma omH 0 N5 N3 MNH m H a: mm m ma ma 3 + m H noaaomasoawen nouns mooodwm nopma oowamnoaoo>on moped *nfi>ooa nopm< *oooflooflao Moped .mo nopm¢ *oAOHHfiUHaw> moflmodom< *omoaonop mofimoaoma oooflaho mofimoflom< *wHHBoOfiHoHQEo mowmoaoo4 sponsoo ofimflaopad mnoomononaom oofivmfiaa seessmaao seasnana moods_aoflpon¢ .aofiflohfisoomoavno.Eonhoom< .mnm oflaozsopsa *oOHaosfiHho onoaon4 *msanodooo somomoaona *fifiononom sowodoaosa owHoMfimoaopao camoaga< *mnoomonoo canaoas *aodanoo aofiHH< spas nasnoawa mnomoa noahnoam< sowaomodawa ooaafisoa ovnomo: aoo< mes amnxoma H mad cam Hm: em eNH was ma Nwm How an: an omhflmm smH was new mmHUmmm .owao moan o Ape: ooxaoa oao mpoapooa onaom onp SH no: pop .nmamoo oHQBom o£p 2H osoom mowooam .mofioonm ofiawonn mopooflosfi mafiaopoo a< op wcfioaoooo oonopno oao mopfim .m xaocomm< :fi voofihoo oao onopfidg opflm o NHmzmmm¢ .moflooam oweaoag mo noose: mnemoonooe .mopwm ofiafiond ma ho known coapfimodsoo o a“ canon mowoomo mo hososvoam 124 m m mH H m NH 3H N N + + N :H ow NH 3 N dN MN m 3H d 0H N 0N mN N mN no NH mm H N NH m a a N N NH m 0H mH + mH oH mH ow m H H m 0H HH cm : mN NH 3 H + + + 0H m om + NH : om H NH 3 ON m w H N m + HH NH 0N w H H N on N H om n + N: N H + 0H m H m e m 3H + mN ON 0 0H 3 a N m H H 0N N + H + mooomHapm :oaowHam msoHnaHovoHHnm :oaowHam mHmooponoo :oaowHam moans noaoanm mHHHnopoomm meooawon omnooao sopomHovm *oHonoponoo osahHm *aoHHohHHHomom_aoHooamoQ asoHoonHaoa_aoHoosmom *omnoosHHHH_aoHooamom *omaouonoo soHooamoQ oponoo wooden *nHSHooHHHa nonoaao .mmm mowoopoao *onoOHaoao mloaoo dam mofioo mHonpao moHo>Ho>noo *oposHom mHmmooaco mHmoocozoo oshnoo *onononvoHa oavzosoo voMHo> aonnHU nOHoomHo.asHmAHo omoo>no aoHuaHo sonogpzooooH assompoomhanu .35QHoosoHeoaoooso omOHoooa ooaoopnoo *ooaoOHnoao mohponooo .mm ohaoo .mam Rondo ooHno>Hhmsson Romeo *HHHHoaxOHn Nonoo .mm useonm onooeH ooaopaom *ssessosoH sanasaem no: ANN nNH H .flfiH omN Hmi mm ONH wm¢AWH NHw,Hom Hm: Hm.omoHNN oNH mm: mom mMHommm 125 OH N N. OH. OH H O OO + N NHN OHm n O H N + N H n O NH H. OH H N ON H OH N H H N H O 1H mm m O OH H H OH O On a OsN O a m H e w H N e N H + n N. N O OH H on N On me + + N NH MH N H N 1O a NHN O O N N O OH an OH OH OH ON 2H 3H + N NH 3 N 3 OH O OH N N 3 NH m N N ON ON OOH NHN O OH N H O OO O a + OO HN OH ON OO ON 31% OH NN HO OH OH ON no OO + oOOHopmHh opposoz onHo moPOHHHoz opoHooonoH oHnooSHth essHHHo sHseeanaH BHs nHaseaH oHnnoHom mohHmoH *msoeooooo godmofifl oHHomHo> oHHozHH aseHsaHeeeHEo §HHHH ooHHmaoloopo: mHdeHH *ooooHvCHHho mHHpoHH *oaommo mHHpoHH opHH: ouopommoH *epopHdoo ouooommoq .mm soHoHdoH oHoaooonoo ooopooH ooHOHnoH *moUHOHHopomoo oHnnsa oaoHusHH> monomwnoh sopoaohnod soOHaoahm *aoHHQHMSOH aoHooHon *HHsomoaonoHn oaogooom *mHHopzooHooo monpsoHHom moopsome monponHom mspooHHo>Ho oompnoHHom omoovonoo_a§aogpooHHom 53s.: n38 53285 sopoHoooa aoHnoHoo opooHH onoHpnou do §HHsO «noszawb oHaomon .Qo ooopmom *opoHHoHoo oHnaoggom asaHmmeHo soHaopogom no: “NM nNH H de 0mm Hm: om ONH 0m: nH NHm How Hm: Hm on HNN oNH mm: mom mMHommm _ 126 ON NN H O NN OH + OH + OH OH + + O OH + On m O O O + O + + H + OO + O O H O O O OH OH O + O N OH O + O on O. H N O ON N oO OH OH HO NN Om OO OO OO H OO OO OO OO OH OO OO OH N N N N H O N ON O N + O N N m + H H N n O N O OO ONO ON On On NH NHO OH OH ON Om ON ON O N O H H ON OOH OH O OH ON O H H NH O on O N H O + O N + O NN wH eaHsaOe seam OHQOHw hoax aosHHHomoo menu aspsgsHa eeHoHesm .mmo odonooo assHHHsos §HeHaeea *SSGOHsznH> safiogpno:ohm oomanmnH> magnum OHHomHo> OHHonon HoHQEHo oHHHpnopom spoon oHHHpcopom asesmas eHHHoseooo oopzowao «HHHpnopom oaommHom «HHoaothom .dm sopocowhHom mHmsopoHQ oom oomoamaoo mom mHapmo>Hhm monHm Honoa owopcon opOHooOGOH OMOpSOHm ozoOHHoao ecoOHophnm sHHasoonoeoO OHHsnaha omnoponm aooHnm .an nHasHOOHOea somhgdogpoox sooHoom *aopowHH> aooHnom *monpsoOowHHo soOHsom Hoponomsomoo sooHnom do goHsom mooszopoh: monmophso opoHHpo oHHoxo mHsooHp unopponoo onHo mono: opopoosd oppose: OOOXNNO,ONH H HOH OON HOO OO oNH OOO OH NHO,HOO,HNO Hm Om HNN sNH OOO NON mHHommm 127 OO ON OO OO H H + + OO OH NH + ON O OH HO O O O N ON OH OH OO OO ON N OH O OH OO ON O OH + + OH N H H OH OO OO N H O N N O O NN OH ON OO NN OO OH OOH H O OH O OH OOH OH OH OO O O OH O OH O OH OO OO O OO ON OH O H ON N + OO NH O O ON ON OO O OH OO NO OO NN OO NN OO oO OO OH NH NO + OH N ON oO O N OH N N OO *oopaomm omem *monpnopnhao moHopoaomm *aommo moHonoaomm omopnosop ooHHmm *oooosHpoom osHpHomm *mnopoo_aoHpOOSMHom *OOOHoonm owocHHom *seHOHn omeeHHOO *mHHoaoson owopHHom mHmcoHaoOmmHE omOOHHom wooson owopHHom *sHHeHHsHssaO eOseHHOO menopcoo owopHHom .mo owopHHom sonHs_fio:OHom .mm osHOOHHSm *aoeHan.ssHsoanOnHO asseoesHsoanoaep asHoaHHO *aspsHHomnoa asHsOHHO *asssHsHosH soHsaHHO *soHHoHHaOepsH_asHsaHHO mHvHHHb oHaopom .An «Haopom soOHnHo nonmemmom moHonHOHmmO «Hassomom *OHHHaog KHHom .oan xHHeO mamHHo Roasm oHHooopooo Koaam *OHHHaon oHHHosm opoHSHooH «onoodom *opapn onoonpfim .dmm mondm *osHHoHoo «mom OOO NNO ONH H OOH ONN HOO OO eNH OOO OH NHO.HOO1HNO HO OO HNN sNH OOO NON mmHommm 128 ON ON \ONN+ O m N + \O :2- N + H N m N O ON H O NH H OH +O+H N O OH H O HN OH m OH N H m N OH H O H O N sHasaHn nHOHO aseflflseeo sHeH> *Sseoa sHOH> woooao OH0H> .mm «HOH> .An «Hmonao> *ESOHQHwHo>.aoHpmooHsoao> .am OOHnoao> mommonp.aoomonho> ooHoHo OOHpHD ozooHnoao QQEHD .an 52829 mHmoopoam somooowoaa mHmooHno OHpooooopoaa onOOHooa coaocoooOone do agenda sonaophmoo aonpoHHoga *onoHusaHp OHOoasdoe moHonHOHMmo asooxoaoe MOO NNM DNH H mOH ONN HmO Om oNH OmO “H NH“ How Hm: Hm on HNN oNH mmO NON mmHommm 129 APPENDIX D Distribution maps of five prairie species found in southwestern Michigan. Legend: Large circle -- Scharrer 1969 Medium.circle -- Herbaria 1910-1969 Small circle -- Herbaria pre-1910 Large triangle -- Literature 1910-1969 Medium triangle -- Literature pre-1910 Irregular shapes -- original prairies (veatch 1928, Kenoyer 1930, 1934, 130 Figure 16. Distribution of Coreopsis m Nutt. in southwestern Michigan. 131 132 Figure 17. Distribution of Panicum virgatum L in southwestern Michigan. 133 131+ Figure 18. Distribution of Ruellia humilis Nutt. in southwestern Michigan. 135 C 0 ® 0 O 6 Cd 0 O e 00 ea c o @O Oonwwoo o 0 OO 9 a KR NCO Q o co 0 0 OD 136 Figure 19. Distribution of Sflium integrifolium Michx in southwestern Michigan. 137 138 Figure 20. Distribution of Silflium terebinthinaceum Jacq. in southwestern Michigan. 139 .e if aw N é OO O n,l\l OO 0. ONE 0o... 0&0 o 0 0O Q 0 AD um. sew < B HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES ll‘lllllll |1||||||1|1|H|||1|| lHHllllll 1111111 31293100471535