:49 TRMNING AND SUPERVISOR OF umvaasm swunma
AS ENTRAMURAL OFFICIALS

 

Thesis ‘or We Degree of N4. A.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Gene Victor Elliott

1957

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LIBRARY

Michigan State
University -

 

 

 

 

A STUDY OF CRITERIA USED IN THE SELECTION
TRAINING AND SUPERVISON OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AS

INTRAHURAL OFFICIALS

by
Gene Victor Elliott

A THESIS
Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University
of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Health Physical Education and Recreation

1957

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study, not unlike most research projects and theses,
reflects the guidance and advice of a good many people.

The writer is especially grateful to Russell B. Daubert,
who assisted in the preparation and planning of this study and
acted as Chairman of the writer's Masters Committee. His en-
couragement throughout the writer's last three years of school
has been appreciated greatly.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Harris F. Beeman, first
for the opportunity to observe and participate directly in the
operation of the Intramural Sports Program at Michigan State
and secondly for his expert advice during the development of
the Study Design.

To the many student officials, referees and Intramural
Supervisors who COOperated in filling out questionnaires and
observing officials at work, the writer is deeply grateful.

Finally, the writer wishes to acknowledge a debt to his
wife, Connie, Who was responsible for the physical production
of this study. Without her patience and help, this study

would never have develOped beyond the design stage.

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dent Officials

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose and Relevance of Study
Officiating is one of the most difficult jobs related to
Sports. By many it is considered a thankless task. On the
other hand, it produces a dynamic challenge. For the indi-
vidual who has inherited the necessary attributes which go to
make up a superior official and who has deveIOped these traits
to the point where he has gained the acclaim of players and
Spectators for his performance, there is tremendous personal
satisfaction.
Larry Newman attested to the difficulty of officiating
when he wrote his parody on Joyce Kilmer's "Trees".1
Referees
I think that I shall never see
A satisfactory referee
About whose head a halo shines
Whose merits rate reporter's lines
One who calls them as they are
And not as I should wish, by far.
A gent who leans not either way
But lets the boys decide the play
A guy who'll sting the coach who yaps
From Siwash Hi or Old Millsaps
Poems are made by fools like me
But only God could referee.
For as many years as it has been since the first team
Sport was played, the problem of obtaining fair and talented
officials has been a most difficult task. The official has

been accused by losing players, coaches, or spectators, of

 

1 Larry Newman, "Referees", Springfield Union.

incorrect or biased decisions, sometimes justifiably so.

Due to the need for capable and interested people in the
field of sports officiating; and, particularly in this case,
in a university intramural program, this study is concerned
with the selection, training, supervision, and justification
of the use of students for this work.

Before consideration of the basic need for this study,

a general comment concerning the philOSOphy of the intramural
program would be beneficial. The intramural philoSOphy, as
determined by the conference report of Intramural Directors,
is based on the concept that students should have freedom of
choice, equality of Opportunity, and responsibility for shar-
ing in planning, supervising, and administering the program.2

Sound intramural programs give all students an opportun-
ity to enjoy satisfying experiences related to their particu-
lar needs, varying from the highly competitive type to those
of a non-competitive and recreational nature. There are val-
uable outcomes which give immediate satisfactions and insure
treasured memories in all types of activities. Participation
in the intramural program can contribute to good mental health
and social adjustment.

Administrative support which provides competent leader-
ship, adequate facilities and equipment, and a satisfactory

budget for the intramural program.commensurate with its

 

2 American Association of Health, Physical Education and
Recreation, Intramural Sports for Colle 9 Men and Women, A
Report Preparedgfrom theIwasHIngton COn erence of College
Intramurals, 1955, Washington, D.C.

Opportunities and responsibilities will enable the program

to make its optimum contribution to the general objectives of
higher education and to effective living in a democratic
society.

The general philosophy of Intramural Sports, at Michigan
State University, has been stated by the Intramural Director,
Harris F. Beeman.3

Michigan State University believes that all
students should have the opportunity to experi-
ence the values of athletics and sporting activ-
ities. To provide this opportunity for students
of all levels of ability, extensive programs are
conducted in Varsity athletics, Physical Educat-
ion classes and Intramural Sports. The indivi-
duals who participate in enjoyable sports activ-
ities during their college life will receive
eXperiences helpful to the develOpment of a health-
ful, effective life.

Some universities and colleges do not furnish officials
for the intramural type activities. At Michigan State, how—
ever, team sports are governed by student officials. This is
desirable for several reasons. One of these reasons is stated
in a report by Lloyd, Deaver and Eastwood in their book,
Safety in Athletics.h Their studies reveal that inadequate
leadership accounts for 31% of all accidents in high schools.
Of this percentage, inadequate officiating has been blamed

for kk% of these accidents. Since the welfare of the athletic

 

3 Harris F. Beeman, Handbook for Intramural Sports , Michigan
State University, East LansIng, Michigan, 19 6-I957.

!
+ F. S. Lloyd, G. G. Deaver, and F. R. Eastwood, Safety in
Athletics, BéW. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Penna.,

1935). P-

 

b,

participants depends so greatly upon the handling of athletic
activities by competent officials, any steps taken to raise
the caliber of the officiating can also be credited as a
factor in athletic safety education.

Another reason for the use of officials in intramural
type activities is the method of making the activity seem
more worthwhile and more enjoyable to the participant.

It is very easy to play "sandlot" contests, modifying rules
and playing time. This type of recreation is fine unless
someone takes unfair advantage of another player or team,
or until both teams decide to make up their own rules. The
ensuing confusion and misunderstandings lower the interest
and enjoyment of the players.

Thirdly, it has been found, at Michigan State University,
that there is greater participation when the activities are
organized and administered by competent officials. Fairness
of play for everyone is assured when a referee is present.
The use of properly trained officials is basically necessary
to the success of any intramural program.

2. Need for Study

The cost of student officials at kichigan State Univer-
sity for intramural sports is approximately $0000 a year.
The school year is divided into three terms. During each
term there are two thousand male students participating in
the activities which students officiate. Because of the
large number of students required to officiate the intra-

Inural activities, and the great expense involved, it is

5
highly important that the best possible officials be obtained.
This reason, as well as personal interest in the intramural
program, has prompted this study of the selection, training
and supervison of students as officials.

For the Fall Term of 1956, the intramural program
required forty two students for 375 games of touch foot-
ball. The season began in the second week of the term,
allowing very little time to select these officials and
less time to train them. In the past, there had been many
students with previous experience who could provide satis-
factory service with little or no preliminary training.
However, only seventeen of the forty two officials selected
by the department had previous experience. This meant that
the remaining twenty five had to be trained quickly for their
first game.

Before a discussion of how these students are trained,
is presented the method of selection should be considered
first. After the names of all veteran officials who desire
to work are received, a general announcement to the male
student body for candidate officials, is made. This is
accomplished through use of campus bulletin boards and the
campus newspaper. Those who respond to this call are asked
to contact the Intramural Office. Each is interviewed by
the Intramural Director or an Intramural Supervisor. These
jpeople in the Intramural Department evaluate the experience

<3f the student applicant as well as his interest. Answers

6

are given to questions the student may have about the duties
and working conditions. Upon being accepted, the student
reports to a meeting of all officials for the term, which is
usually held four or five days before the start of the season.
There are more students reporting to this preliminary
meeting than the department can employ for the season. The
elimination of those who are less capable has been based
on the Intramural Supervisors' ratings. In using this method,
the program suffers by the work of some poor officials for
the first weeks until the less efficient aspirants are
eliminated.
The writer was prompted, due to this problem, to design
a questionnaire type instrument to investigate the possible
success of the student as an official before he officiates,
for the Department. It is quite hard to predict success from
a questionnaire, but this instrument5 gave some indication
of common factors among the thirty most outstanding officials
of the 1956 touch football program. These factors were scholar-
ship, experience in officiating, school load, participation
in high school athletics and intramural sports. Could a
questionnaire of this type be used to pre-determine the
possible quality of officiating that any given student is
capable of rendering? It will be noted in future chapters,
of this study, that the correlation was high between certain
qualities possessed by the best officials of 1956 and the

 

5 See Appendix for cOpy of Questionnaire used.

quality of work which they displayed.

The one training session which is now used to prepare
students for intramural contests is held at night in a class-
room in the gymnasium. The meeting lasts about ninty minutes.
Within this time, the Intramural Director will give a discussion
on everything expected of the student officials with reference
to promptness, pay and other similar details. The rules
of the Sport are reviewed and little more than ten minutes
usually remains for the Intramural Supervisor to instruct
the new officials concerning position, movement on the field
of play, score keeping and game situations which could arise
for the officials to resolve. More time for this instruction
is necessary for confidence and efficiency in the official.
Many protests on officiation of the intramural games have
been traced to weak officiating techniques.

To train the official properly, shouldn't he be taken
out on the field and shown what to do? Shouldn't there be
two sessions, one inside with the rules and the other out on
the playing field, going over situations and techniques?

Or could there be several sessions, scheduled throughout

the season, as the need for them arises? These have been

just a few of the questions and possibilities for better
training the student intramural official at Michigan State

and other large Colleges and Universities. We have observed,
at Michigan State, that something more must be done to prepare

the officials for maximum efficiency.

It has been hard for the Intramural Department to get
an accurate indication of the quality of each official's work
from reports of the competing teams. It has been noticed, many
times, that a winning team will almost always rate an official
high and the losers will almost always rate the same official
low. Unless the loss was the result of a conclusive score,
they may blame the official for their own mistakes. Obviously,
the employment of a person to rate the officials is needed.
This is the main job of the Intramural Supervisor.

The Intramural Supervisor may be an undergraduate or
graduate student. He should be unaffiliated with the organi-
zations participating in the intramural competition. His
duties consist of assignment of officials to specific games,
correcting obvious mistakes in calling of plays, overseeing
the officiating in general, reporting and checking any injuries,
reporting scores to newspaper and most important of all, rating
the quality of work of each official.

A review of the backgrounds of the Intramural Supervisors
employed for 1956-1957 school year, at Michigan State, shows
that both were over twenty one years of age. Both had offici-
ating experience in the three major Sports here, football,
basketball and baseball. Each was a member of the State
High School's Officials Association, and had been for several
years. Each had four years of experience working in Special
Services of the Armed Service. Each had a sincere interest

in intramural Sports and had started work for the Department

as student of icials and advanced to supervision work with
this background. One was a graduate student and teaching
assistant in the department of Physical Education. he

other Intramural Supervisor was a junior in the Physical
Education major. It would be well for any intramural depart—
ment, havinr need for these positions to look for students
with similarly qualified backgrounds.

During the year, such a larce number of students partici-
pate in the Intramural promram that it is necessary to schedule
several games each night. On each of four lighted touch foot-
ball fields, for example, five consecutive games nightly may
be scheduled. This results in a total of 20 games that can
be played on a given nifiht. Three student officials are as-
signed to each field. They must work all five games, rotating

”'1

duties as linesman, referee and umpire. each game takes ap-
proximately forty-five minutes, for a total of three hours

and forty-five minutes of officiating without more than a five
minute rest between games. Does this long period of officiat-
ing, at times under cold and wet weather conditions, have

somet ing to do with the quality of officiating? Do the teams
that play during the early part of the evening receive better
attention and more efficient officiating than the teams playing
he last two fa es of the evening when the officials are

usually tirinc? Just how can this situation be helped?

Also it has been noted that the Intramural leagues have

 

/_

k 0 -' .s D - O
)Intramural SuperVisors for the 1956-57 year at kic igan
State were Dominic harino and Gene V. Llliott.

10
participating teams which are low in atnletic ability and
which hare no rrcat desire to either win or lose. It has
need further noticed that with apathetic players, the officials

1

seem to do a poorer job than they do with teams of higher
athletic quality and more competitive Spirit. Is there a
way to wet the official to work conscientiously for all teams,
with equal enthrsiasm and accuracy? These questions the
writer has raised durinn his years as Supervisor of student
officials. dome possible answers will come out of the study
of this problem of rating the official and will appear in the
concludin: chagter on summary and discussion.

how can the college intra ural departments obtain better
qualified officials from the student body? The manner in
which several larée sc:ools try to do this will be presented
.in Chapter II. Several sclools have a course in the Depart-
:nent of Physical Education which is geared to rive the majors
j;n this field an insirht into officiating and some practical

ence in actual OffiCiatinfl. Can the Intramural De>artment
l

P0

83?pr
-lr1 these schools work out a plan with which the Department of
:Itntramurals could use these students as officials for intramural
(lvdntests, on a field work basis? Rhat attitude would th
8tudents take under such a program? This system has been
‘Jised and is currently practised in schools around the country.
]:t> too will be discussed in the next two chapters.

In an interview, with the supervisor of basketball

C’Ilficials, the system of rating used in the Jestern Conference

Vvaas discussed. A system of rating has been used at Eichigan

ll

State for the past two years. It has been felt by the Intra-

\

mural Department at Hichiran State that the quality oi work

hinh level due to the use of

if

has been maintained at a very

7

a ratinw system. The writer will discuss the system used

to rate officials in the destern Conference, and show how a

sirilrr sting scale could be rsed for ratinx student officials

8

workiné for the Intramural Department.

several important questions concerning the use of student
officials for Intranrral sports in larre colle:es and univer-
sities have been raised in this introductory chapter. in
order for the reader to recall the main topics for discussion
in this study, they are listed below in order of their appear-
ance in the Chapter.
3. Scope of Discussion

(1) Can the lntranmral Department select the most capable
officials from those who express interest in the work

without fivin; them a trial during refiular learue play?

(2) Is a questionnaire type instrument of value in this
selection?

(3) Now many training sessions are necessary to prepare
students for officiating work properly? How many
are gossible within the limited time available from
date of selection to the start of the season?

, ,fe of training session will Five the student
Jhe best preparation for their officiatine assignment?

(5) Jhat is the best way to obtain an accrrate pictur
f the quality of a students' work on the field of llay?

(o) What should be the duties and responsihlities of the
D

Intramural Jivervisor 31 officials and field zla ?
I.

7The system of rating used at hichigan State before
1unis study may be found in th Appendix.

. 8The Supervisor for officials in the Eastern Conference
:l’nterviewed for this study was dilliam Harlow, Dean of OffiCials.

(7)

l2

contribtte to a food of'icial's make-
strdent of icials be encouraced to
in ilirvine':ruiiitr,)

Nhat qualities
up? how can the
five ”00d wtrk for

A

poorer teams L
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HAITER II

RsLiTED LITERATLRE

best related literature for this

I“.

In order to find the
study, the writer reviewed the libraries and also interviewed
some Intramural Directors of laree Colleres and Universities.

Two interviews were iossihle with the Supervisor of Cfficials

All of these sources stressed the

.J g

for the western Conference.
importance of the rieht kind of supervison, training, rating
and seiectino of officials for the best results. As the reader
question is raised over the source of food

Inay notice, much
«officials in any location. also the time to train the b gin—
riinr or low experienced official is usually lackint. dome of

‘tflie information that was sathercd through the review of related
Initerature has a direct bearing on this discussion and was of

£TI~eat help to the writer in forming some conclusions in the

I‘C>llowina chapters.
How can the University itself help in the training of the

19kl3rsical Education majors to do work and aquire skills in the
€11?1: of officiating? In 19h9, Dr. Elmer D. Mitchell, discussed
. , .. . . n
his book on tne Art of OffiCiatin; Aperts./

4

T]

H

J

‘1 . 0w o o
t441151 pOSSiDlllt.

\

1:13 'was felt that just as the coach, the lawyer, and the physic-

3~€1VI stud? their irofessions before beeinnino to vractice
3 I . _ 9

’Ilcin serve an apprenticeship before going completly on their

(DUVT), so the student official may learn many tiinns in advance

 

. 9simer D. hitchell, svorts Officiating. (New York:
‘1‘ - ‘7‘ Low _ o d C r» 1 2
N) 0 i214; n00 an Oulpany, 1 l4 , p. -3 Q

11+
to help him when he actually goes on the job. To help this
to come about, many college physical education curriculums
include a course in athletic officiating; and later follow
this classwork staje by having upperclass students do the
actual officiatinw in the cymnasium classes and in the Intra-
mural names for directed teaching credit. In this way, they
set a chance to learn while studying the art of oificiating
various sports. It would seem, in this manner, that t‘
students would be after certain noals in their work, rather
than the financial rvain. It is reasonable to assume that not
sill physical education majors would nake good officials, even
ifor the Intramural leaoues. However, the training that they
Evould receive in this manner would probably be in the correct
rnethod and should no a lone way in helping the caliber of
(Jfficiating.
In another paraeraph of his officiating book, Elmer
v 10
Angitchell writes:
The beginnine training courses in officiating
are often supglemented by in-service training
courses to keep more experienced officials on
their toes and up-to-date on changes in rules
and their interpretations. Naturally, all of-
ficials, are not necessarily reins to be physcial
education students; and so, many high schools,
collenes, and recreation departments conduct
officials courses to guarantee competent services
from the men being enrabed on a paid basis.
Other literaturell sh ws that, early in the
‘r‘ ‘ . "
4-rrtramural movement, ofiic1als for contests and games
\ r
10 2.12.29... pp. 2-3-

12 11 Elmer D. Mitchell, Intramural Sport§,_(New York: A.S.
”€127nes and Company, 1939), pp. 35-37.

15

were easier to obtain in larne univerSities than in colleges

and high schools. The larcer universities have several com-

C.)

bined courses which necessitate “ix or seven years on the
campus. For this reason, it has been possible for the univer-
sities to avail themselves of the services of ex-varsity men

ty competition

w-

who have completed their allotted years of vars
and are continuing in professional departments of law or
medicine.

Usually it has been found that men with varsity CXLCTlCHCo

@-

IL)

:nake good officials, because of their eXperience and presti
.A serious difficulty arises on some campuses, in the matter
(of amateur standings of the rerular varsity players receiving

Iday for their services. They may, however, referee games with-

<Dut pay, but this does not rive them an incentive for acting

:71 a recular capacity.

Candidates for officials are often so plentiful, Dr.

rijttchell woes on to say, that try-outs are called and tests

0 ' s . 1.. - .. 1,: vm 4 -‘ . \
Iécxr ofi_clals‘ nCUhlok‘d HUJ sullls are -iven. _uC field allcr-
Vi ‘ Y‘ 4" ‘1' "Hrs V l. “ ‘t " . V l" "L . i "”1 , "w" A?) 0' fir" * 'M-‘n
F377. (“an 95. '.f..'.: 3; I. .LCeLY: -: ll link LlLu- M..-‘ o u- oeooi’u lo
" ‘ ' ' - ‘rx A‘- ‘r 4 A I .‘v‘rv ’ p"-~‘, ... -\ - A ’1 1
{effitl swluct in» fast. one LaJFR c u-c:ence use” tile rem Cu

t»:> tel} in fihc selection of :f“iciala for all the different

iglxilrts in intramural competit;

we
.1-'—-

. The Rational A: ociatluh

b,

I l

1

0 fi f‘ r ‘ rn. N ' r‘ ' ""4‘ '3 '" ' ‘ " V ‘ ‘
oolle rate afliLlSoLUUC’ test, Jnlch tie western Coxfercnce

~ '0, [V 1 u v r 1" " ‘ ’ ' ‘fi ,1 v . I a .- ‘fi ‘ . - ,5» ' i
new ures LHJnlefC aux arilicutlon Oi the recent sports

10

rules and the ncch nics as outlined in the Manual of Officials

prepared and published by .he National Association of Collegi-

ate Cennissieners. It is also desicned to serve as a basis

for study and discussion. On this test are seventy-five true-

false statements on the rules of the syort, and twenty-five

true—false statements on the mechanics of officiating. This
way it world be very easy for the Director of an Intramural

which students, that have applied for

prefiram to find out
officiating jobs, are qualified as far as the knowledge of

ules and mechanics are concerned.
It has been felt that institutions that conduct a depart-

raent for the traininc of rhysical education teachers have a

-_ 0 no 0 1 o o 13

Ineans of securlnc OfllClfllS tnat eliminates expense.
,cializinc students are Lsually required to do a certain

n9 for their practice teaching courses, and

we

:nrnornt of efficiat

iais exyerience can be secured by officiating in intramural

“uames for credit. The fact that his grade depends upon the

.icjb that he does seems to make a student very anxious to

1363(30me well acquainted with the rules and anxious to give

€2C>Qd service in al respects. Graduate students in Ihysical

<3<iucatien are usually available for officiating on a paid
EDE15318 either by the hour or name.

Other studies show that the previous pians are not adapted

tZCD all cell:¢;s and universities, nor to hirh schools, but there

\

 

«r 13 Elmer D. Kitchell, Sports Officiating , (New
“"(31‘12: 13. Barnes and Company, 913;), p. 3.

J...

17
are other ways in which officials can be obtained. it is
often possible to get teachers who have formerly been play-
ers themselves to assist in the officiatina; or it may be

hat some of the alumni or business men, if they can be made

to feel interested in the intramural prefram, will give up

a small amount of their time to help in this respect. Services
of this nature coming from the older men are seldom repaid

by direct remuneration; rather the services are given out of

a combined spirit of recreation and service. These enthusiasts

can be made to feel that their services are appreciated a"
extending invitations to them to attend the various athletic
.functions and by mention in the school publications.

Le find that, in recent years, federal relief grants to
c:olleqes have made available funds, not previously included
jun the departmental routine, and thus officials have been
Eiecured fro” this source.

It has been found that high schools that give credit for
<33<tracurricular activities can make use of a plan that is
EECXnewhat similar to the aWarding of practice credit to
E3IDeciaiizine; physical education students in colleges. This
1)].arnis to include officiating in intramural games as one of
t1‘16} extra-school activities for which credit will be given,
IDI‘CDVided satisfactory work is done. In high schools the

,3. . . ll
“<313artments customarily rely upon volunteer offiCials. i

\
1h Ibid.

l8

Coaches are generally c00perative in assigning varsity play-
ers to officiate. The coach considers that this eXperience

is valuable to the varsity player, for it enables him to learn

the rules and resulations, and to become acquainted with their

application in name situations.
a . r}. - 15 I. -. ‘ 4. - .inv,~
some aooitl snow that another

iNay’to recognize intramural officiating on an unpaid basis

dividual scoring charts.

’onal studies by Kitchell

1:3 to give this work a place on the in
recognize the

Iien any school that conducts such a chart ca‘

cof‘ficiating of an intramural rame by the awarding of a certain

rfitxmher of points.
High schools located in communities where colleges are

CDfoering major courses in physical education may often obtain
fatnidents for officiating sports from these courses.
The problem of officials is relatively simple in junior

}15-Ffli schools as many boys feel it a privilege to officiate,

since they are usually free to stay in the afternoons,

and
corps also are sometimes

t}1€3 boys do so. Kembers of leaders'

czcllJled upon to serve as officials.
llitchell16 further comments on the fees that are paid

When fees are paid of officiating in intramural

‘30 officials.
In the first place,

”ax o
' 9h<es they must necessarily be very small.

\

 

15 Ibid.
15 Ibid.

19

no admission is charged for the games so that the department
cannot draw upon this extra sorrce of income; and secondly,

there are so many games taking place that the total of fees

runs very himh even thourh little is Spent for each game

separtely. The situation is entirely different from that of

the varsity, when but one game may take place during the

whole week, and where admission is charged for all events.

‘flien the intramural officials have these things explained

'to them.there is seldom any complaint that the fees are too

small.
Investigation has shown that the basis for paying the

offificial is different in different systems.17 Some depart-
HKBnts pay by the hour (usually ninty cents) While others
Pfiiy'a definite amount per same (usually from one up to two

d£>11ars). At Nichigan State University the current rate

fWDr' intramural officials is one dollar per game, per official,

INDI' basketball and football. For softball the rate is one
‘flcflllar and fifty cents, per game, per official. The reason

fVDI‘ the difference in these rates is not the amount of work
tElext is involved, but rather the fact that in basketball and

f0C>tball there are five games each day while only two each

afternoon during the softball season. It was found that at

.tllee University of kinnesota the rate is four dollars, per

(>1?f7icial, per gaae. This is considered very hi3} for intra-

\

17 The reports of the Intramural Directors meetings

I§<31‘ the western Conference were reviewed for the year 1952.

20

mural of iciatinr and the hichest fornd in all the review of

fa 1 'TV‘QV \W'If".t1‘ 1‘3v1'3
pin. 1.4. lb. al J) .llg'us

\J

7".H1J" I

the intramural literature. .t-enyx

U)

two officials and pays each man one dollar and -i' v

~ L 1 * -. a 2 1. - v,
tiat all scuools in tJG Jesteri Con-

a name. It was fornd

r' ...‘v . , .\ In.
lerence ehploy a floor srpcrvlsor aor tn

u ‘.. L1‘ 1 <",-. ‘ l -, V’ J- , 4' -. . .
rural “33¢3wu311 and a3th&-l panes. his race of pay, «er
r': ., ‘ 1 . -.- 1‘ ,‘ V _ L ‘ __ L ‘ , WI 1“ 0 ..‘ ‘ a J 1
- av, is totally aoort one to two uoltars Ml nor c n two

officials, due to the added resyonsihility.

Another interestinf point is that some schools, like

the Eniversity of Binnesota, require the officials to join

tflie State Officials Association and pay a one dollar member-

sliip fee. This means that the official, while still a student

its th lniversity, is a member of the State Oflicials Assoc-

ization and must pass certain requirements to obtain membership

if) this froup. Perhaps this CXplains why tnis school can

intramural contests. They,

{Ely'their officials so well for
4,. 8 VOTE"

v1 Intramural Department, know that the students are

,J

qklalified if they pass the State Officials test.

The sums yaid to students for officiating, while they

themselves, total a weekly income Uiat

n

F“

S<3€Nn insignificant

3H8 a considerable aid to any student in defrarini his school
a f

exPenses. The intramural games have shortened periods and

Ear? Official can somethimes averaée two rames during softball
'S(3€lson, per day, and five rames per day during basketball
Eltjfii football seasons. At hichican State the officials

E1“’Graf'e two days per week for football and basketball and

V~ . . .
I(DI-“k each day during softball With only two games per day.

CNfilTQR III

k-‘T-\* -' ' w ‘ {‘1'1 ”W a. -.r
'.. \Ji‘ ANTI WG

SYSTSN CF COLLJCTIGY CF DLTA n u

OFFICIALS

One part of this study was the collection of information

.from each of the most outstanding touch—football officials
vfiio worked for the hichigan State Intramural Department during

1118 school year lQSb-S7. This group was selected from the
tcfi:al number of officials because they received the better
The information

intramural :upervisors.

Patings:flfirzthe
,, , ,A y A. . 1:3 W, ,.,, .
Lass received vnrouhh a questionnaire whicn tie ofllCials

aruswored privately and usinr a code number to represent their
writer and each individual

IV;

iJiGVjtities, known only *3 the

Official.

The in“ormation received on the questionnaire form was

Cfflhluared with the ratinrs and information listed on the intra-
Vuflpzll supervisor's field record sheets. These had been compil-

eci €3ach.day the official worked. Results of this comparison

‘“a£f 'be found in Chapter IV‘

The two field supervisors employed by the Intramural

D “ f . I " TT I o 0 ~
e11'cltrtment at kichiran otate oniverSity, work closely thH
t} - . . . 1
1€’ IDirector and aSSistant Director of tne program as well

a ‘L , I O 1 ‘
£3 «lie officials. Phe superVis rs, Wltfi a good deal of

01?. . . ,
f'1-Ciatingj eXperience and good knowledge of the rules and

1"} - n o o u - 1 o 1
‘ A cepy o: the duestionnaire used is included in tne

‘ i x-
‘ i
«L. ’ L) 1:, 3- .-
-v idlx.

 

22

regulations soverning intraxural play, take a very active

part in preparing the officials for the season's work.

The writer feels that the suiervisor could assume even
i

there dut in this ire-traininn and that a rentlar traininc
L.’ (J

-_ , V .‘ ,‘
r, ntgezleu .

session to be held on the field of action is highld

During the week prior to the openinj of the intramural season

the SUpBl‘ViSOI" should have the time and opportunity to hold

tfliis session and to demonstrate and teach the art of officiat—

1‘ "-w'nfi

ity: the Sport for abuat two ”ails.

int {£10 rnfiitcr vrrild iLike tx><iiscmiss line

' of officials by the srpervisor, during the action

"ratinfl

on ithe field. This is done, at Lichican State, by yivin;

n ‘30 t ‘1! 17‘ Y" 3 VQO In
lei. (Jn ‘ a 1.4L \VOP .o.

l )

lfiie official an over-all rating each dif

t‘e rating form that is currently used may be found

‘1 C011“; of fi
if) tiie Agpendix of this study. along with the over-all rating

an flquanation is comyosej by the suycrviser and usually is

quiltes short and to the yoint. (Seaple: SLITH - Overall

Rallirag, FAIR — Reason, He was hesitant in making his calls

an. C3id not assume cenplete control of the game).

Each official works five games per evening during touch-

.<3C¥tlsa11 season. This means that the supervisor gets an op-

p O o ' o - a u
rhtllnity to observe this effiCial in many situations and

Se D O '
ve-T'al games. The one rating eiven is for the overall work

of in . a . . . .
1:118 five names. olnCC there are four fields in action at

er1 . . . .
<3 tlme the superVisor doesn't get an oypertnnity to oeserve

93431 , . .
‘1 fly being from one field to anotuer

official, each name.

the suyervisor can “a

I.

k

A

ortL )y ea

n: pvt f

K; ,1

l.« ,D": ' 7
CLl UillClaLo

t a good idea of the qualit

23

atinn

V ffici

y of o

The overall ratings used are as follows: POOR, FAIR,

XV

GOOD, and vasy lice.

IGOR rating he is automatically drotFed from

'1 O I ‘ . _ fl \ V .l ' ‘ . ‘. _ _‘ ‘ 1 ‘0
an oifiCial. nort Luhfl inn .aln t..i
iTMJiCi+iOfi r inarjerlirmzygerfcrrsnce,

lie direclor is

nuanc or ecyect to he

t2“) 7‘- V,

.8 ‘visrr

U)

SC?

\

III“ ,u A . .1
inlermver liss,.lo, we
\r'i 1“ rye-P, \ v. (‘0 91'» ,3 re 7113
' V7 n'va 1)}. A'r . .n (.1 .

wten officiaiin

PPCHSent in.an Offici;

7" fl , ' ' w
AL41<3 VlOlutlJTS, 3“.
.VV _. .
‘ifl:.cli seem“ to in; to
”A _‘ .0 - "WV _0 . ‘1,_' ‘. V

‘ "r l ._I._ tiqnooli ‘1; 110’: ill"

of

taritafcrfirn: is esse
"lf'fiv Q o o
OfJ-J~Clals attu;n ;t b

slcfli Inwle iit ilie t)

J

If an

‘1' '. n d‘ )
«dial to nUC
y sorry n? a
erinrin" of

fair-”71, yet 0 Ol_l1”t€0‘..‘$ attitmi‘ie, Q’C‘
"r1i3 . .onz ?::‘Yi [nit iTC‘iP l'NJO 4fi15;
\?iyt}1_ “his fevice have can “H-1eCt
1(3?’ ‘tnnt tar“ which seems i f.t
“iii: —t.;‘. ‘ . 1 p ‘1 ‘ w H J , l. ~- ~
’~\.’\! will .= 1.“ {All ui‘L-t'.L.- ”'3 "’

officia

G

monitie”

ives more

than one

A . ° ,3
511°C (Ixi‘llsix‘CH \ E17]
.2 :- -',.... ,,- 4.1
{if} 4HL-CPVLLJ-a ‘\‘-’J.l__1

to imyrove Ierfor-

~ v .
u

droylcd frcm the program. rat only noes
he of'icial for record *vr‘oS’s, hrt,

‘1 - «onstruciiv= er iicism .uiir the
iii "gnwzsetuie" iii.t «:aci; oi g.ciaJ_ shin ld
". -1ew thi” r *hér elzsive quality is

l we find “hit yla“crs seen to void

_ relationsn_; cf rapyert is established
new ihe 'ame yositivuly. A personrl

r is friendliness and trust ith no tr ce

ssful (.me control. 50m
sic of the strict overseer
name. Others by a stwm
v; a :inilur fies r hle
~nwts of the ylayers, but
Each individual mus fol-

,eruminaISIVf. -~“
1 " .“V V

3 03:1 3
- '1 ‘0; '. . '
{All ’4‘..«.L' -L..!.vo

. “3 '3‘ 3 1‘] I o .‘ I. t ‘ _ \ ‘- . ' ,~ '.
aiter oITiCiitiij siorts ior

”. ‘.‘ 1- r ,~ ‘. ‘t-J.‘ “ fl: -.- m r . w- ‘- -, r~ .~
violin ok‘r )ne uhdoflcd ofiicials each year for taree years,

the writer has made a nnrher of constant observations.

v

when one sees a fiame in which the players are in conflict with

t“ official, one may know that the official is either incom-

'\J-L
x’ ' ‘- ‘r‘ v". ‘1‘ l ~r‘u'si.\. ‘/,‘ ',' T 'x'. ‘ . ‘-
petcnc iron the Stdflmlvlnt of rules and hecnanics or tint ie

lacks those yersonal qualities which help create; utiality

lnetween himself and the ylaycrs. Sometimes he is lacking
iuoth essentials.

In order that all officials working for the intramural

De}nirtment may be "rated" on the sane qtalities, that th

Atlal

(D

Wrixter and marsr other ex erienced officials feel are es;
J

in 'the making of a good official, the followinfl system is

I .' a N o i y w o
”Galid advocated. It coulc we said tnat tne follow1ng qual-

L

Iti;s are listed in the order of their importance and in the

w

relielsse order of the control which the individual has over

eacu3_ quality. These qualities may be used as factors in a

Pat3i’fit scale, so that each official is judged on the same

-5s.~i .317 qualities. By he use of a point system, five for

CXKTG’lflhint, four for above averafie, three for averafe, two for

1‘ '. o o o o

)0143-! averace and one for inferior, it Will be pOSSible to yet

a ‘ T a o I ~ 0 0 1 ‘
(iL-BJntitative estimate of where he stands in relation to his

(1
.L e . , a o o o I 1 “I
1‘1‘31v offic1als. THC qualified offiCials snonld averaqe i nr

OP better on all the qualities.

1‘ D“ ”We“: "1711.3:

"‘~J'L\1LJ.\

TPhis quality is placed first on the list because one

either has qrick reaction time or one does not have it.

Likewise, by a little practice, one reaches the m xium of one's

potentialities in this quality. Durinc the years tiat IhC

writer sepervised officials it was found that the students

with prev: us high school and colleve eXperience, rated hicher

on this quality then the strdents that had no such esperience,

or very little. A person who does not yosses above-averafe

:reaction time has little chance of becoming a tep-arade

(ifficial. Split second decisions mus be made. The writer

Fuss listed a Y-os.—sible further study that could be done on a

remicticn type t to be given to rossible officials to

dertermine this very important quality before the individual

wo:*<ed any canes. (This yossible study is discussed in Chap-
ter‘ V) If, after conSidgrable enierience in of iciatinw,

C.)

f
#210 aSpirant finds that he is always late in m kin? decisions,

FHB Fias rather conclusive evidence that he is not

"V

\fvl official. This quality is on that every

('0

icials must watch for and recornize in the

”"3P1{ cfl‘his ctarses. Hithout this first essential -- ast

student has little favorable prospect.

There are many factors which reflect the confidence of

a, . . ,. . . .- .
‘1 (Diif;Cial and Which rain the confidence of competitors and

Probably the most effective characteristic is

+%

‘53 I”Harmer in which the official comports himself in carrJing
01‘1 ‘ o o A I a

‘t ‘318 duties. A movement whicn denotes gurfiqcss even a

25

'r' r\ "r . \v 'V ,.,1 w n. 3 ‘n ‘ r ‘ "
e o; cocaiJCSs, ;en not carried to tne stare wnere it

JJ

,1)
we,"

‘3

carses resentment -- transmits a feeling of confidence to

others. Decisive action which is not hasty but which ass
i = It leaves no

no element of hesita+ion is highly desiravlc.

(J

onbt in the Li as of others. It pirtrays ros-

‘

n f

P.
O
O

C

quest

itivesncss which wins acceptance. For exaxple, balls or

\l _'

strikes in a softball fame shorld be called instantly and
avith conviction. To be apolocetic or hesitant conveys the

he writer would rather find a new

*3

ixica of nncertainly.
stntdcnt official in softoa

ccnnviction althonch not always 17;?

connfident in 318 work a"d not beinf able to nah: up his mind.

Tkuen, with eryerience will cone the C;

etwsn leaves the suspicion that the unrire is being influenced

7 a... V I _o‘. . ' 3
“lo the catcher or otner players. Certainly tine to make tne

ver the plate.

('1'
O
s
H
i...)
Pr!
m
U:
to
CD
a:
O

71 . . .
(~e<:JSion is the moment who.
m . .

‘Ple' after-inane nay be distorted.

A resonant, strong voice is a crest asset to an official

1”“ 'those Sports in which vocal announcement of dec’

ce, the official

F'-

(I)

a A " ‘ D r‘
:ary B, means oi a clear, tron; vo

153 sible to convey to all, particularly the Iarticiyants, :13

CD

ec<€lcrt decisions which he nas made. It has reen noted by U;

\v ‘. . o o 1 o
VI‘J-Wter tnat roe of the voice is a great factor in the early

Wis voice properly

*‘1

C‘
°17<Tczess and confidence of a new OffiCialo

E""‘VtC‘Jhed, carrying conviction, disylayinr firmness, can do
131 c N o o - w
CDI‘GB to breed confidence and five pcise than any other factor.

1k' baritone quality is probably best; a high-pitched voice is

- 4. ' .\ ... ~‘ ‘
is least tcs riblc. 'n3 U.§J 2 JQiii‘ 0’ ‘1'0, in i 33ft-
‘ai‘ firtt i ’o* “‘nrilc, is one n‘c should re avare f tue

. r‘-n'e of n wow *c wice in iis .»r'. \ i o l. 10 caiLs

of balls and strikes must be voiced, but a running account of
the previous calls must be given when requested. without a
scoreboard, it is the only :eans whereby both ylayers and
spectators can be kept informed of the progress of the ping.
In this situation the voice becomes of yrimary significance.
The use of the voice srytlemented by pantomine for the
purpose of clarity in signaling decisions is desirable. Lost
of the students working for intramurals have iot developed the

techniques of nsins their voices and notions offec

Cf

ively.

- IT, . ’ 4', 1‘1,
3 very denireable v0 snow

.4
9"
G)
C"
it
b)
,7
( .2
c 1'
7
D
H
H
5.4
C’-
F“

with motion, just what the player has done to viololatc the

n-

rnles. Not many officials can do this yroyerly. Ofiicials

tend to be tor tinid in t? fihase of officiating. They,

F).
0)
Fri

the beginnin: officials, display indistinctnoss and indefi—
niteness in conveying their decisions to the players and
spectators. As a result, Uiey sometimes create a lack of
confidence toward themselves. On the other hand, it should

be emghasized that dramatics carried to the oxtr me of putting
on a show or of entertaining are definitely ironned upon.
Such tactics take attention from the name and the players and
focus it Lyon the official.

0 o
.L

iC'atin; f the sport,

F.
C)

If a whistle is tsed in the of

(’11.,

f cc tainty. inc whistle

C)
*‘3

it can do much to give a feeling

should be blown to nroduce a sharp, staccato sound -— not a

N
L;

’ 1 - 1- ‘ «" ‘-- x '9
Slow, feeole, eite1.eu uieeie.
F ,' ' ‘ I ‘ ‘W
3. u-.LI-.H.....)Q

Usually the excitable official Contributes more than the

G}
o

plavors to a recredly llayed fan is a matter of fact, a

highly nervous official usually uysets the equilibrium of a

team and even incuces jumpiness am a? the plavers. Ila ers,

U (I

particularly the younger and iimsture ones, are usuall nervous,

1.
V

and they play under consicerable tension. Consequently, any
actions which will troduce calmness and emotional control
should be enptoyed. The better official will inject suffici-
ent pauses and quietinr maneuvers to create a steadying effect

. a . v ,,: 1 -1 .2 ‘ 5 i. ,3 -. ., ,..\
upon the contest-eta. he will no tiis tinournott the wane

nd particularly toward the end. ”hen a closely contested

Q:

affair mieht othe Wise become disorqanized and Ilayers become
so overwrouffit that fleasing performance would be impossible.

There are many tlay situations in which the official's

quiet influence can be saving trace. The official may emgloy
several tactics to relieve the tension. They are actions
which are seldom noticed and yet are tremendously effective.
As an example, a warm friendly attitude on the part of the
official has a disarming and relaxing effect upon the players,
yes, even ugon the Spectators.

It seems that the best officials are those who remain
human and approachable. It is observed that they are always
most warnly received; usually they are acceyted even when

‘

tVey are wrona. At least, everyone is more charitable towarc

1 ‘ \r
MLFMCJtS. The

c
1
I) (2

them when there is disanreement with their
players invariable react favorably toward such an official.
They reapect him and cooyerate with him. On the other hand,

he official with a chip on him shoulder is disliked and quite
often distrusted. It is surprising how frequently he endangers

the ill will of everyone at the game. He may be feared by

.-J

the playe°s, but 1e is seloom rated above averaje by them.
It is surprisinr that an official who has developed unfortvnate
mannerisms or who presents nefiative yersonality traits does not
realize that they reflect adversely upon his effectiveness,

so that he Lay, therefore, :eriorsly work to chance then.

Deliberate Jove: are sexeti es indicated in the irorress

of a cane. In baskctgall, for instance, WSCU handlinn tn
ball out of bounds, the official can restore poise by even,
unhtrried action rather than hasty, impatient notion. Like-

W138, hesitatiu‘

»J
J

on free throw, to permit adjustnens at the

free throw lines ind f3 nive clear, conplete inforxation on

1

O

the number of shots, tends to ease th situation considerably.
It may even steady the nerves of the free thrower. quietly
regorting a penalty to the referee in football, oblivious

1-

to the mounting fury that one senses on the part of he nuilty

player, tsually avoids a heated scone. Holding one's case on

i “on is made, seems to reduce

O

C}

n baseball, after a do

FJ.

a ylay
the pressure that apnears to be deveIOpinn in opposition to
the decision. As has been stated, the quality of calmness

on the part of the official will so far in helping players and

spectators feel more poised and become less excited.

30

u. cctsiin"ch

Consistency is the createst virtue which an official
can yossess. He mar nave a warped interpretation of a rule;
he may practice techniques contrary to tile ose to which a team
is accustomed; his jtdcement on some play situations may vary
from the connonly accepted pattern -- but with it all, if the
official's practice and decision are exactly the same under
the same or similar circumstances, players can readily adjust
their play to fit the official. They may be surprised and
confused momentarily, brt when they discover that the official
is unwavering in his procedures, they can reorfianize the eir
play and continue the game with confide nee.

On the other hand, if an official is vacillatinj in his

methods and decisions, he uill disrupt the play of a team.

EC
m

a
H
H

keep the Ilayers in a dither and upset them emotionally,
so that their effectiveness is lost entirely. Situations have
occurrc‘ cd in vhicn players have become so wrourht Up that they
had to be removed from the name.

In bask "JtMU Ll, probably the createst inconsistencies
occur in judeehents on eianeine and blockinn and with respect
to personal fouls. If, one time, a dribbler is penalized
for churninr and the next time the opponent is nenalized
for OlOCkiflT rnder identical circumstances, players are very
much at a loss. Likewise, when a li:“1y technical decision
is rade and then a flacrant act is passed unnoticed, play-

ers are finally forced to resign themselves to the hopelessness

31
of the sltuatien.
“ T“ .1 NT

Judrment and consistency To hand in hand. If basic

1

principles are established wlich will be the fixide for deter-
nflii no the le raiitv of }lay and the responsibilitg for acts
committed, the forndatien upon which to develop judgement
has been laid. If these basic principle cs are t.o-orfnlv
understood, then sound '1zd ent will he built up through
exyerience in na1w_in* can ests. One needs to ;=ae1icc

Ugo art of ofi7iclutinr in order to hccoue yroficient, in

~' .7- _1 , 1“,. .fl, ii- .._ -' ,. ., ,. we w w
t-.e SEIHAB uJat, th;a.t c: , lei..;i rmzs.s , Initi,ic.e o A? ijeLfll ilulle of‘ LL10

.is shill. It is not absalttolv

. 1 ,- 7- . , _
“*c 2311 *o ave d4el a a 0 ii 4' Kr ti ‘al.. a3 a1
) I 5 Q
,.--cizl. ) lvc cen i kinder, *3 ever, eves -1c i1 ”l r-
N L . 3 ,_ ,. 4" I- , ‘ l 1 {I O o - q .2
s .nxil a 1r r Int Tor u itiati lien is in-

Ii has been notei, by the writer, that the new, young
0 licial is lilzel; at first to feel lost anc incapable of
discriminatiné between leral play and violations and fouls.
Flay rev even appear as a blur of movement out of which he
is unable to distinguish any pattern Whatever. Under such
circumstances, he will probably be hesitant to act. With
continued practice, the picture usually clears. Good judgment
will deve10p with experience. It is felt that if the official
possesses the qualities already mentioned, he should not be

discouraged by any difficulties which 1resent themselves during

32

his early training period.
6. CO—OPLRATICN

In contests Which requires more than one official, the
ability to team with fellow officials is absolutely essential
to a well-handled name. Expecially in intramurals, where the"
official is working with different officials almost everytime
he works. The officials should gauge their decisions so that
they are as uniform as possible. If they diverse to any great
extent, the game will be conducted in a very erratic fashion.

Each must have faith in the other, and there must exist
the greatest harmony. Any tendency for one official to attempt
to dominate the game may cause a poorly administered game.
Likewise, if one official is so sensitive that he resents the
other for making decisions on plays which he feels are his
reSponsibility, harmonious relationship between them may be
destroyed. Rather, each should welcome the support of the
other.
7. KNOWLgDGE CF THE RULbs

It is desirable that an official know the rules perfectly.
He should review the rules many times before each season begins.
but this alone is not eneugi. A perfect knowledge of the rules
would not in itself guarantee good officiating.

It is essential also that the official know the relation-
ship of one rule to another. Further, it is most important

that he have a background for the rules; this means he shetld

know why the rule exists.

33

The writer feels that if the intramural supervisor has
a complete understanding of the proper description of each
of these seven qualities, that have been listed and explained,
it would be very possible to rate the officials on the same
criterion for all.

Below is an example of a possible rating card that could

be used by the supervisor for each official. Tn’s card would

be filled out each day that the official worked.

 

 

 

were A! DATE conugggs
RATING
1. “encelcr Tits 5 HT”§7“2 1
2. COJFIDDJCS 5 t. 3 2 1
. . m... p. -. v
3 o C.1Lib..’-'i;4 J») 5 L}. 3 2 1
a. consisegwcy 5 i 3 2 1
5. Jteatgsw 5 a 3 2 1
b. CO-OPERATICN 5 4 3 2 1
7. hNOHLLDGE CF 5 i 3 2 1

RULJS

In the above rating form the rating that the supervisor
gives the official for each quality could be circled. The
average for the day could be entered at the bottom of the card
as well as entered on a master form in the intramural office.
In using this type of rating form it is felt that the Whole,

complete load of deciiirm- upon a rating purely subjectively

31+

is taken off the shoulders of the student supervisor. True,
he will still be the only person who will rate the work of
the student officials, but with a rating instrument as pre-

t is felt that a fairer ratimr

‘(6

}.Jo

scnted on pflye thirty-three,

can be fiven each official. qith the described rating form
it is felt that the final overall rating of the student official,

for the entire day's work can more easily be determined and

justified.

HAPTJR IV

CCKIARISON AND DISCUjilCN C? T?) DATA CCLLS‘TED

In this Chapter, the data collected through the use
of the student officials questionnaire, will be presented
and discuSsed. A copy of the questionnaire may be found
in the Appendix. This questionnaire was given to the
top thirty touch-football student officials during the
1956 Intramural season. The questionnaire Was *iven to
these students late in the term because it was easier at
that time to determine the better officials from the ratings
they had received during the season.

The major questions that were included on the question—
naire were the student's major field, his experience with

ch school athletics his irevious officiatins exierience
u 9 . T s

O
1
-lJ.. v

1

his trade point averafe in ollepe, tne number of semester
hours he was taking and whv he took the job of officiating
for the Intramural Department. After reviewind the results
of ,he questionnaire it was found that several early conclusions
might be made. Th writer f lly realizes that the number of
sfrdents questioned was relatively small although it is felt
that a trend or indication can be found.

The findings from the questionnaire pointed out that

.n

the very best of the thirty top touch—football officials

had the best Trade-point averajes. They also were carrying
the heavier load of school work. They were also doing the
most officiating for the Intramural Department. The results

seemed to show that the better officials also were the better

students. It was furttor found that the three offiC'als from

F.

the unrineering curriculum, anon: the thirty student officials
used, ranked a one the top five officials in both the ratinjs
of t“v~ do;«:dx.cnt axui the 'nriie-poirn;zrw:ra*es firind ir1.j:c

questionnaires. The questionnaire study results gointed out

that all of the very best officials had sore yrevio

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once with officiating. Only one of the ten test, of tee

(

thirty questioned, had par~iciyated in less then two shorts

(+

while in high school. Do hese findings indicate that a
good official must have participated to be a ong the best?

Do the‘r also indicate that one does not start out as a good

inc writer feels that the answer to t.
The questiCNi'Nflr"«flid you tale a.;fin)‘3fficiatix; 8:0PtS

for +Tv3 lntrurniral.flolartsrrit?' inls aslufli on t-x: street}
questionnaire. ”he review of the answers showed that all
students claimed financial reasons but only the toy officials
also listed such reasons as: to gain eXperience in officiat-
ing, and to yarticipate in sports in some manner. From this
finding it could be fairly said that the better officials

nave a sincere interest in the work as well as the money

Oarned by working. It would be well to look for this

37

a

quality when hiring of”

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q;rineerinf
economics

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. Journalism .
. Hotel Kanarement

. Speech .

Political Science
Airiculture
Veterinary Lcdicine
Recreation

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Almost fifty percent of all the student officials used
for the IQCb Touch.Football season, in intrcmurals, were
enrolled in the lhysical gducation curriculum. some reasons
for this are evident. The Intrantral Department, working
throrrh the Lthl,tics Deyartxent, is located in the same
br’lding as the Thysical Lducation Department. An Intramural
course is regrired of all Ihysical education majors, and is
tarfht by the Director of fhe iniramrrsl ire ram. Lany stu-
dents Lith a definite interest and ability in sports major
in Lhysical Education, and those age have chosen this fielc
also have had more oygorttnity, thror~h their interests, to

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have was some 0; eiatin; exterience. Altw3ng it is ev1-

w-

- 1 P , rv" (V w-1 eat: e‘. . ‘- . .1 -. --, - . ‘ ‘. .-- ”‘
dent ‘nat Lure sthents ”itiin t1;s LduUf are; of interest

~ o w p I n”). e . e
"“.w\. .r )1". . 4 -, ,7 ‘3 W ‘ +v1'.-.w~~ 1.- re“ 1 1 n- (31" ‘ t ~-- . j . If: .-‘
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covercd that eirhtv ler cent of the :roup of men not retained

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,ivsical education najors.

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..s’qlud not all yhyical education ma
will automatically be coed officials.

n: - 7 : -. : L n. a r n» :- w «-
O -ICials uscc in the intramer l 1refram Came from st:-

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lfiysical pducatjon l
anoineerinfi

Economics 1
Von Preference 1
Speech
Adriculture
Iolitical Science

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Recreation
Veterniary Ledicine

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The ratings that are listed in Table II, are overall
ratings given each student official at the completion of

1113 day's work of officiating five touch football games.

39

These retinas were given h; the field supervisor ‘M1o had
observed the work of the students and had weinhcd the

Czbmhent of team members who perfbrmed 1n er tM'=3c oi‘ricizlls.
The ratings fell into one of fo'r different srades on a
Scale. 7hese are poor, fair, hood and very seed. Table
II represents the distrihwtion of tilese ratinys according
to the curriculum affiliation of the officials.

In Table II, it is found that although the nntnoer of

student officials from Ih;sical Lducation is much higher
than the number frog Lnfiineering, it didn't foliow that
the hi her pcrccntarc of food ratings went to lhysical
Education students. dith only four students from the
;ngineering curriculum working, compared to thirteen from
Physical Sducation, the Lnaineers dr w ten very hood ratings
to fifteen very “ood ratings for Thysical Education. The
rreater number of officials shows up in the hood column with
eighty-eirht for lhysical Education and iift cen for 3'n~ineer-
inc. It was noted that only one "fair" rating by Engineers

" and one "poor" ratine for Physical Education

to seven "fairs
students.

This discussion showed fliat students from such major
fields as engineerinr and speech were very mood officials
during the 1956 season although Physical hducation students

did core well in the ov all rs ting s. h d they e been more

E;

student officials from the other major fields listed more

comparison alone this line could have been made.

TABLE III

BY P33 CF A CCDJ QYJTAH - TY: HINBLR CF TI 53 EACH
:STVDIWT CFFICIAL BLC‘JVLSD A EOOR - FAIR - Gil-CD
CR VURY GC‘CD R."~.T].f~:(} - LL'IT}? The; CVIJRALL
-‘ " "1‘1 391T 3:30;.1Vh3 {1‘ TBA

"1 “y
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g3 £41115 ON.

Code Number Poor Fair Good Very Good Season
1 l 2~ 0 Fair
2 10 3 Good
3 ll Good
h h 5 Very Good
5' l u Good
6 8 9 Very Good
7 10 1 Good
3 2 6 Good
9 9 (Soc!
10 9 Good
ll 6 Good
12 2 3 ‘AII
13 1 3 Folk
1!; 1+ 1 Goon
15 b 9 Vcny Goon
lb 7 Goon
l7 1 h‘ Goon
lo 2 2 Goon
if) 7 Goon
20 b Goon
21 l 3 FA"!
22 Z 1. 1 POO“
2 I 2 1 FIN!
24 2 Goon
25 3 2 Goon
2t 1 A? FAN!
27 l l 95o!
26 2 FAIR
29 l FAIR
3O 3 Folk

In Table III, may be found the grouping of all the
individual ratinrs received by student officials. The

code system was used to identify each of thirty students.

nu

ine finures under each rating heading show haw many daily
ratings within that range each student received. In the
final column of Table III, overall ratings are shown. Inese
ratinos were determined by Intramural drpervisors by the
revi w of the daily ratinns and the Subjective judjmont of
the student supervisor.

Only five "poor" ratings were :iven to these thirty

st dent officials. It is interestinn to obsorxe that none

\5' L“ _ v ."«" P, ', '1 . q \. ' ,r" . 7» 9 - , \ ' r ‘. V' , I. , ‘ H V.’

to t.c o-iit-s_s receivod a ;;-lr ratin* dinner {man roou'
t .' ' " '

O . ‘L‘ - ‘ IQ 1 'V a “ ~ " (-_ V O " . x 1 ‘

n -\ T . w x r ’. . _ . - - . r. . .

4-1 ago” 13‘“ .3 5.“) i'.';e_l.‘.0d E1 - fill. “qtinflo .1183, {530138 27.10

2- . .‘4 ~~ r. ‘\ s " " earu " " r ' . - '
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-' ~ ‘ " r—o " ‘r‘ w .- ‘ w ‘ ‘ r . v : r‘ '.
final ratir s c! cod or outler nad any udllb ratinds in
1.! H - - H i ,i ma 0 ., .,, 1 ,3 . ,0 . A ;
o1? fair CathDPy. . lo thlu seem *0 indie t- very little

fluctuation in gerformance of a given of”icial. shother his
officiating was ”sod or mediocre, he tended to stay at one
level of Ierformance thr ughout the entire season.

Of ho thirty student o.ficials retained, nineteen were
bearing the majority of the officiating load. These were
the men with final ratings of "good” or “very hood". The‘
“ad to work three or four ni~hts weekly in order for the
prorram to schedule its names corplctcly. It would be far

1,,

more desire le

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o discover a better nothod of betting

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f.iciats earte in the season so .nat tne physical

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strain rould not be u«on one relatively small rrorr. In

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. 0 ~,‘ ,— q-v‘\. a. r ?I; . t
7wa~¢nr V, surrestions are presented whicl may aid in glean-

 

 

 

 

 

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all relereuirm*(n ties tor tie irnnuriural ITOgrflhu :1 33¢.6w

of obtaininf :ett r officials is necessary.

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”he scale rejres~ ins the academic recor a in use at L ch—
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to four. a two-point aversfe is conside ed as satisfactory,
corresyendirf to the lettzr-jrade, "U".

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\uo ConColnoo "it- froblcms oi 1sssin; noHUlromolts vulch

ware difficult for him. flith a series of questionnaires

each ooason, inclusin" a questiov concerninr two grass-1sint
‘HVCPRTSS of studont o ic-als, perhaps a oefinito and cons‘ant
volitionshiy betu on uossom“c excellence oni co po+once in
o.-iciaiini would be shown. fits fhe establishment of a
'OTiWifs covrelat oh, fhis could well be a point to consiJor

1

navefully when airin” of.icials lor any fiven year.

 

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Baseball 13 60%
fiasketball 22 73
To tball 16 53
Tennis 2 9
Track 9 20

fi(\

Cross Cathtry h as

*1.

1 H- 1,, n 1 , 1.: _- ,:‘.'-' : ..“ .1 l 7 ,
a lar u hIKUMP oi t4» thirtr e .10 a 's clc yart clique

in tieir ‘fi/‘I chocl.:fi?fb‘tic lrflérams, as sfiuxnl in :ahle Vi.
Alflost three-fourths ef the rem yurtici18 ted in bask Wt>ill

.fi,

‘. i ! .‘, . , i- .. , a , .- .' ‘. .
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L's

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l

starts; hascoall basketball, , football, had been played

7
l

:Jan aalf of the students. The of icials did, then,

have a backers ad of athletic ability and interest, and with

this exyerience, they should natural lv have 1ad some in ht

into the reqti.ements for an official.

0

It would he interestina to c m1are more fully the lehjth
and type of varsity experience of each official. L‘erta ‘ ly
{a st experience in the syort is of value, but the varsity

star may not have had as much oggortunity or inclination

ohserve subtleties of action as an earnest "henc I1wcrmcr" in

The final qves tion asked in the questionnaire concerned
motivations 0? these 0 ticials towari their jobs as student

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1‘ "‘ I" 'U . ‘ 1 . u "‘ c -‘ .‘ f1 ’I .y d
ncc find a rngJ ieriornhruxsgxg 4n gi-;u

CHAPTER V

SUKNARY AND DISCUSSICN

1 9 SU ILI «KRY

The reason thaw Host of the large colleges and waiversities

have to Spend a treat deal of honey, time,and effort in th

use of students as officials for Intramural activities, was
found in this study to be due to the heavy schedule of the
students as well as the egnpetition of work elsewhere. ahen
it was found that the officiating class dOinr their field work
in intramurals didn't work, the fact was brought home that the
students Lust be paid for their time and effort. There are
usually a lot of other :LLS around the campus that are avail-
able to the students the year around. For this reason the
Intramiral Department rust pay a rate for officiating that is

attractive eiouah to dr'w the inter

(D

sted and uglgilo personel.
A most all of these 8873 Colleges and Universities agree to the
importance of having officials for their activities and have
all declared their acreement as to having the very best officials
available. There has been, up to the writing of this study,
no complete acreeuent, however, as to just how these students
are to be selected, trained and svlervised.

The purpose of this study has been to diScuss methods of
selecting, training and sxperv sing students as officials for

intramural type actitities. inc writer has atteilted to discuss

I“ .. .. . ' ...'2 ,1 ‘ - P w . 1 l ‘ 1- _
L‘j .‘4';); s Ly} I4 -'. f 1 l \ (.»‘.3_..J L) 3‘ ‘ «- .t3 1 .'J C (1 4V; k\/L ‘ ‘L.
'l‘ii- ' ~..7 — ‘. f‘. -\ . . ' .‘ a -. - '
l.is Stun“ mas (mwe‘ _Pud the writers' three years Cayerience
' _. \IAAAV

as a srfervisnr of of icials in one of the lar est (diversities
in timz courfinfif. TTLLS sttfhr‘ias :tlso Li3en La%£:cred In: a rerzbow
of the e>:i tinp methe s u? sulervisinr officials in other

so sols and athl .ic e“‘iarowces as well as t‘reu :1 a review
of the existinfi literature on the art of officiatinj.

he a iter used a cuestionnaire form, entered in the

F” m

were used durin: the 1990 lunch-footbal 1 seas on at Kiciigan
ate University. This questionnaire was administered throrra
use of a code s;stem, with each of the thirty st‘dents having
a number used in the data rather than their name. Information
such as the ”ra e- -point averase of the student, his total
credit load for that term, his last experience 3 in Mich school
one for obtaininc work as an official

b)

ea

{ u
I
H.
O)
*3
m

atillc.t ice; a‘“
were ottained on this form. ihis information was then comyared
with the ratings that these same oflicials received for their

quality of work, niven to them by the intrau.ura l supervisor.

These corparisions were made in Chapter IV.
2. DISCUSSION

a. Perhaps it would be yossihle for Intramural Departments
to use some ty; e of questionnaire instrument to me sure some

of the 0118 “in: qualities, which are not subjective in nature,

that the prOSpective student official has. Perhaps in this

manner it might be possible to help choose the desirable
students for officiating before giving them a whistle and
a set of rules and turning them loose on the field of play.
If this is tried and found to be successful, or if further
study along this line proves the worth of this method, surely
it would be as asset to the selection problem facing most
intramural departments at this time.
2;_ If the questionnaire is not used for the selection or
aid of selection of officials, perhaps it might be used to
assist in the method of understanding the officials better,
and also in the final follow-up after the final ratings have
been given.
'3; At the present time, only one short, ninty minute,
training session is held for officials before the season
at Kichigan State tniversity. It is felt that this number
should be at least two, in order to better prepare all the
officials for the complications of actual play. At least
one of these sessions shoIld be on the field of action, be
it the football field or basketball court. In this manner
the young official can easily visualize the different
situations and arrangements of play as well as better under-
standing the proper positions and qualifications of field
movement for the officials.

If possible, it would be very advantagious to show a

movie on officiatinn the particular Sports involved and/or

have a highly qualified, and registered official come in to

discuss and demonstrate the art of officiating that sport.

It mirht he very wise for an officials meeting to be
held a week or two after the season has been underway. At
this time the officials have had some eXperience and will

have some new and different questions and pelnts to discuss

that couldn't come up before ther had eXperience. Perhaps

at this time the supervisor could review the seneral mistakes
and observations that had been made and help correct some
bad habits that the student officials had been exhibiting.
These training sessions are very important in establishing
good relatiers and hood fundamentals amen: the student offi-
cials.
d;. It was found in the process of review of the literature,
and interviews with other Intramural Directors, that all
schools interviewed require a Student Supervisor to observe
nd govern the officials on the field of play. The big job
of this person is to rate the officials on their work. It

has been found that this person should be a highly qualified

C?

n he general philOSOphy of intranurals,

F.

individual, interested
and should be quite eXperienced in officiating and the quali-
ties of a peed official. He certainly must be able to observe
these qualities in the student officials. He must do his

job of ratinr the officials, without thinking of the personal
relations between himself and the student officials. He
should he as unaffiliated withthe various campus erranizations

entering the Intramural activities, as is possible. He must

:10
be able to get along vith people and to make fair and just
decisions on the field of play. These decisions usually con-
cern some protest concerning rules, eligibility etc. He has
to completely understand the Intrammral rule" Covorninfi the
various activities. When he recognizes a mistake or a flaw

J“

in the ejerations 0. an official he must sake the necessary

corrections in the KOSt.Lm?n S icucvs manner.

prevent undue embarrassment in front of the players. A reed

field supervisor is a ereat asset to any intramural program.
e. As a result of investiraticn, the writer feels that

‘ ‘ u 1“: ,‘J--. - ‘N L 1“ . ~ f‘r\(‘ “ ' . p
the rcneral quallllca..yns tha. are necessary for every

preopective official are; Reaction Time, Confidence, CfllLHCSS,

(‘ ')

Consistency, Judfment, o-o; ration, ihysical Condition,
Appreance and complete Knowledge of the Rules. Of all of
these, perhaps only appearance is the exception that a good
official could get away with. As for the rest of these, any
good official must have then. He must be quick. He must be

calm. he must call the same plays the same way each time they

udre and do so fairly. he must

3
I
U

come up. He must be able to
be able to rot along with his fellow officials. He must be in
good physical condition in order to move and be on he different
plays as they occur. We must know the rules in order to not

n l j,"

w-

only feel confident, but also to appear that way. Certa

l’“
O

a pleasing and p'~asant personality is another asset in this
work of officiating.

f. A good rating system is very essentual in Operating an

Tl

’

9

r»

ntramural program using students as officials. This system
should be one that is understandal.:le to not only t‘:1c Director,
Tic ld owpervisor and Student Officials but also to the players.
The field supervisor shorld have the duty of recordinr the
rating for each student, each day that the official wor1.s.

(see discussion goint d.) The actual rating and the reasons
for that ratinf shotld be available to the student official.
Final arrangements for the release of the students "to do not

1

new good work, should be the responsibility of the Intramural

0)

Director, and not the field suyervisor. finally a large master
sheet should be kept in the intramural office with space
provided on it for every daily ratinf that each cffie ial re-
ceives in order for improvment and complete seasonal ratin s
to he observed at a nlance.

On pane thirty-three of this study the form for daily
rating of stzdent o fieials is proposed. It contains all the
points brouéht out under discussion point e. of this chapter

and explains Jie Ise of these Qualities.

3. JIGGASTIUNS TOR FfRTLnR oT.DY

Certainly a follow-up on the questionnaire type survey
that was used in this discussion xi ht be both interesting
and helpful.

This study is but a small part of the larfie task con-
frontinn Intramural programs and Departments in our large

Collewes and T-nivezs ities. Jith the school enrollment

increasing yearly there are more students demanding

participation in Intramural act i ities. lerhays a study of
Intramural Departments that hire no officials for their
acti Vi 'ties is needed to more conpletely investigate this
tojie

Further study on student officials in .erms of their
reaction and movement time, as measured by instruments, may
'bo of hell in) tiis study} Zfiuxu3.findin:s could lxatoo .uared
to the ratings or quality of work that the student show.
hould there be a coreclation betueen the students reaction
and movement time and his actual performance as an official,
which we know demands some deeree of reaction and movement
time?

1'

What about the rate of ray for o; ficials? Is there

a possible corclation between t . amount of money received
for working an activity and the am unt of effort or quality
of work niven? Could this possibly be measured?

‘ o
n

“nts

(Ll
U

Intramurals in Colloées and iversities give all stu

an Opportunity to enjoy satislyine cxyeriences related to

1 1

their {articular needs, varyina from the rhly competitive
type to those of a non—competitive and recreational nature.
There are valuable outcomes which rive immediate satisfactions
and insure treasured memories in all types of activities.

It is his ly important that the best yossible supervision and

officiation is made available to Intramurals in order for these

first mentioned qualities to thrive.

BIBLIOGRAIUY

Beenan, Harris F., ian ndbo o1: of Int raizural ogorts. L'ichiran
State Iniversity: Ini iversity Iress, lev-fl

 

Draper, Udrar M. and others, Intramurals, Athletics ari
Flax Days. New York: A. 5. earnes and Company, lij.

 

 

 

Fretmell, albert L., Nitra-Curricular Activities. New iork:
Uorqhton-Lifflin oompany. 1,31.
Safety o__n at?“
Lloyd, F. 3., and others.TTHiladelphia: ".3. Saunders
COLL} ..J, 10,36.

 

Loans, Louis E., The Organization and AtIministration 2;
Intrawural gports. St. Louis: The C. V. Losby Company,

194%

Loans, Louis 3., Physical Lducation Activities,o Sports, and
Tames. University of NebraSLa: University ire ess, 19T9.

 

 

 

 

Litcnell QImer
’
Lar“uos arm}

., Intramtral §ports. Ne! lesL: A. s.
ongany, 1333.

 

C) U

 

 

Lit CW1 ell, Elmer D., :yorts for Recreatioi. New York: A. 3.
Larnes and Conpany, 1935.

Iitcfiell, Jlner D., Jports Cffici ating. New York: A. 3.
Larnes and Company, lfi;9.

AI’PL’KDIX

F’r“

 

 

2;)
TCLCH FCCTBALL LLIgrlcwaIn;
STUDENT C9FICIALS K.S.U.
1. MAKE STI’DLPFT NO.

 

(Last) IIFirst)

. ALIUJ ADDRIJLSS

 

p4 Iv
O

H ONE ADDRESS

 

“ oCHOOL LLAJCR
(TH thin H. 3.1' .)

r-
....

I

.

 

 

IuIlTO. L...)

 

 

T1333”? ALL-levznssT‘ GRAD; ECINT AVERAGE

 

«J <> \n
O

"JIF’AT "Sl’iC‘RT‘fr‘: DID YC‘T I‘D-1;.‘I‘ICIAETE IN D-RI3\'C} FIG}? fiCI’OOL?

 

Ilcarac BesiNHatc varsIt", intramural or rocreaflonal
8. BAD ?CL DCNL AXE JCRR A: A JECATS OFFICIAL uLLCFb JCRRIHG
CR TVS IVTRAI {EAL 351T. AT 1.3.L. ? . IF 30, TO

'(JIIAT L‘XT L NT ?

 

9. FULLER Cl” CRLDITJS YCI‘ 11.8.3 TAKING TI IS TERIL.

 

10.WHAT WARS TILE RI‘IALSONJ IOU TCCK THIS JOB. CT OPTIC AIIAIC} ?
a.

b.

 

C.

 

11. HOW DO YOU RATE YCSCR LLF AS AN OFFICIAL? PCO‘R ,

U

C)

FAIR , cc , VLRY GOOD .

Example of
Tniversity lnt
pr ior to
19 25-57

 

J ehn

Jim

TIM?" 'T') -. (-1-)er r-L r) r.
I—14.L {LAKILIIKAXL \IL -4 .5 J AL AK— .

Jones

.122: i th

Re time Form

tfle \WLOI*:

0

followed

1 I, L
/‘ x I
1-

\

by Liehivan 1t;.e

ramural Depantment or stLdent effieisiils

'V‘ra—IJR; 'I.‘ L AI‘ til-‘7':

 

300d

L1one in t11is study. 1,5S— If and

IILJLLZIIIIILS

Did good work, a little
slow on the field but

is new and shows siefi

f being a good QIIICIJI.

Didn't have :ood knew-
led e 01 rules and was
very slow on decisions.
Needs lots of help.

5:331! USE 0111!

1'57 “j:

4‘

‘4!
..

“‘9'
51" r K 3-
DaféUDu

Demco-293

 

ICHIGRN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES

lllll
7

312931004

 

1923