A STUDY OF INTEREST CHANGES WITH AGE Thai: for the Dogma of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Bruce Sandor VogeI 19654 L ~ - ‘ L': T“ h C r " “:0 I Mhfiyqufi ,‘u h." a E E) ‘ gm ABSTRACT A STUDY OF INTEREST CHANGES WITH AGE by Bruce Sandor Vogel Abstract of a Master's Thesis Completed Fall Term, 1964 Thirtyunine retired, male members of a day center for senior citizens in New York City were admin— istered the Strong Vocational Interest Blank in order to study the effects of age and retirement on vocational interests. Assuming that adjustment to retirement and old age would influence previously held vocational interests and facilitate the acquisition of new interests, it was generally expected that variability rather than constancy of interests would prevail for the aged subjects employed in this investigation. Those occupational groupings which reflect an orientation toward social interaction were expected to be increasingly preferred, those which reflect an orientation toward solitary activity were expected to decline with age. A correlational analysis was performed with age and number of years retired related with the score obtained on the eleven occupational groupings of the Strong Blank. Significant correlations were obtained between age and seven of the eleven groupings. Number of years retired was significantly related to four of“ the occupational groupings. v» ‘ . ‘ - 1 I QJ".-”Li(-' III. I ”in". Ii";..' c‘i~1£)}'2ixill) 'I‘: ;;.;.";'.’;.E "2“) ‘z‘zg‘JTL; £0;ng “tobnzsc 0.9.3121 ‘. 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Int} :10 b9nirs‘3du hominid: 919w anuiisiou'uw Jnrzoifijmggjis ..-{.21;i.[.«I 33701.34; ".ts-uiuull .273: .i..;u‘:r;;g “av-‘31:) 0.13 '10 unit)? 14'. u g.) gum-Lied Lo mm] 0.1 hairs {3'1 \{Lhm' -°r.'.1.i:n,'z,_'r.a am: Desist-:1 4 1.3")": '10 . 8:1;1iq110'1111 'L '31H).I..T,13 n, no no art} Bruce 5. Vogel The results were in accord with expectations, and were interpreted as reflecting the fact that the subjects in this study are more concerned about psycho- logical deprivations than younger individuals who are employed and who consequently receive the benefits of status and recognition by virtue of their occupation. It was suggested that the growing awareness of a lack of self—esteem prompts greater social interests and social participation in the older person's attempt at overcoming the psychological deprivations consequent with old age. The various studies which have attempted to derive agenrelated psychological variables that determine interests, activities and adjustment were criticized as not accounting for the interaction of multiple social variables when such interactions exist and for not validating the instruments used for research purposes against external criteria. It was suggested that future investigations take account of socio~economic level in evaluating the relationship between changing interests and social and psychological variables. It was further indicated that these variables themselves need clarification. .‘I A / ; :s ‘I, I Approved:,/3é¥aJ/<-," ommittee ' y) I b 1’- Date: _L cf‘utrnz/l’z -2 3: L f ?6 t. f Thesis Committee: Robert E. McMichael, Chairman Charles Hanley Josephine Morse “-1110,: nut)» ,3 air; . 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"f, ’I_l III)" LKIIA A STUDY OF INTEREST CHANGES WITH AGE Bruce Sandor Vogel A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1964 To Roberta BJ'Ir-nl'od 01‘ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Dr. Robert E. McMichael, chairman of the thesis committee for his help and guidance in the writing of this menu. script. Without his encouragement this work would not have been carried to its completion. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. Charles Henley and Dr. Josephine.Moree for their worthwhile suggestions. To Dr. Wayne Dennis of Brooklyn College go especial thanks. The idea for the study was born in his class in developmental psychology and the data was collected under his supervision. Finally, the author wishes to express sincere gratitude to the senior citizens who pars ticipated in the study. It is hoped that their contribution, as embodied in this thesis, will prove helpful in extending our knowledge of the developmental period that they represent. 11 CTWWJWH;U\KIJ.x)fi.KJn .‘1 i'zoafusx .‘Iu AmosriJ OJ amlaiw 'meJ‘un (MIT '10? 9'~3.i;rj':n-:oo aiaoviJ 91H” "10 nonnisdo ,Ismioiidoii mun-La 2}.” '10 RIIIJI'I’III MD at sunshiu'g bus qiad aid quow 310w aiHJ Jnomogsxuoone aid JuodJiJ .thioa .hoiielqmoo 83$ 03 botutua need QVRH ion BOITHHD .1U OJ bobnelao 0315 at noiiaioouqqA olidwfliiow tiodi no} 0610M ouiflqoaot .Id bns {oinnfl .anoiiasggua 03 9391103 ngifioo18 10 ainhafl onxnfl .uu 0T u1od 85W {buJa sdi 101 nobi odT .axnsdi Isiooqao 9dJ bns {golofloxaq Isinomqoiovob ni aaslo aid mi .noisivuoqua aid nobnu boiooiloo asw Gibb aaeth oi aodaiw uodjun 9H3 ,{Linnid -'mv{ oriw anoxiiio 101mm oi: oi ebuJiJs'tg e'zoonia tiodi iodJ buqod at 31 .{buia odJ ni boJeqioii Iiivr ,aiaexiJ airlJ‘ n]: boinodmo an ,noiiudi'm‘uoa ali 30 saboiwonfl uuo gnibnoixo mi [ufiglod SVUIq .3uoaotq91 god: Jodi boiuoq Ianomgoieveb CHAPTER II III IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PFOblOI eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee maon .0....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO... Th. Day COBEOI eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Subjects eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee The Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Reliability Studies eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Validity Stfldi.‘ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Procedure ......................... RESULTS ............................. DISCUSSION .......................... SUMMARI ............................. REFERENCES .......................... APPENDICES OOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...O... iii Page 11 13 13 ll} 15 16 17 17 20 28 35 37 ‘10 O O O O O O O C dill: 1‘31: 3 71:) $1.16 AT :vhl'f‘ (MIC) .‘f " fl‘r 1v. “1,, ._ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee “JLLJVKI-IHFKJI .I. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee LES-[(1,011 ‘ I I eoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee I-INIU‘LU'. II eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 1931103 ‘(Gh QUIT eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee asI-‘JOL‘IUL iao'miul Inuoii‘nao‘l gno'm‘c od'l‘ eeeeeeeeeeeeee 119271 “101 IU‘uJ’SiIi eeeeeeoeee QOIDUJC {JIILJHIIQJ ............. aoibuih yiibiln? e I 'r~1 r-‘ . eeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeee J'ILIJ;J\)'IL IT|I ' r eeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee («adICs-II 1.1- -K..~-.s v,“- 1' eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee HUI.C’.;.-.Iwrilu ll. "0"") eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeee ......i.~.ldu V -..'\2 ...., . I .1‘I -. eeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeee. “manna... Lin »' ’)L‘" f" a" v. eeeeeeeOeeeeeeeeeeeee .-..i».\fuin... tit LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Occupational Classificatory Categories and Code Numbers for Subjects, De- rived from the Dictionary of Occun pational Titles, 1955 Supplement .... 14 2 Age, Education, and Social Character- iltICI Of Subjects eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 15 3 Correlations for Age and Number of Years Retired with SVIB Group Scores 21 4. Mean Standard Scores of Occupations on the SVIB for Younger Subjects (NelG) as Compared with Older Subjects (“323) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 23 5 Mean Standard Scores of 39 Subjects on 45 SVIB Occupational Scales ......... 51 iv «a kl 0 ml LiLiLIAT 31x) 'i‘tglJ animnaqinv [unjuuiiiaaBIO Lnuoiquuoofl -.ou ,zalouiliug '10'1‘ a'Iadmznl 9110;: Mm \ -—u:>o‘0 1-.) {Inrzniioik‘l .911} 1.1011 3.)!)Vji'1 .... Jflauuiggufl QZQL ,aoIJiT Ignoring -".r.oTu:-s"1xs:‘3 iniou'c’. bms ,noiJrs'suLII ,ogA eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee RIOGLLIUH '10 33.I1.I'RI "IO “Iodum‘n in”; 93A '10”: andi'fnlu'r‘i‘of) 8010'»: quo'n) (1131:; 11.1le DQTUW‘II a'ttse'f no aimj’ngu-Joi) '10 2910'); h'xshnan ”$924 (01-:11) ainotdua. 'togofimff "(0'1 HIV; 9113 diootdvu unbifl diiw b913qm03 as (no__'.a') eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeee Lu-H no eiaotdnd QC 10 391096 bnohnnid nnofl ......... anlfioc Innoiisluood uivc E6 vi: 5,) Ida l‘ I .i‘ (“J CHAPTER I This study is concerned with the vocational interests of retired men in the seventh and eighth de- cades of life. It attempts to evaluate the perseve— rative tendency of interests in the later decades using he Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) for men. Strong has defined vocational interest as the "sum total of all interests that bear in any way upon an occupational career" (Strong, 1951a). Interests are related to abilities, innate qualities and environu mental learning. Strong has demonstrated that interests are remarkably stable, and that permanence of interest scores increase with age. He has found that the most rapid change in interests occurs between the ages of 15 and 25 years, with approximately twofthirds of this change between the ages of 15.5 years and 18.5 years, and that the thirty years between the ages of 25 and 55 years witness very slight changes in interests (Strong, 1943). All studies that have been done prior to 1963 indicate a high degree of permanence of interests (Strong, 1951a; 1952; 1955). Since interests are learned and since the efficiency with which peOple I‘D learn is considerably reduced in the later years, it might be expected that an individual's pattern of interests would change little in later maturity. 0n the other hand, investigations of recent origin in the literature concluding that retirement ushers in a new way of life necessitating a new ad— justment and the assumption of new roles, suggest that interests along with other psychological factors would change in the decades following retirement. One such point of view has been labelled the "Disengagement Theory" (Henry & Cumming, 1959; Cumming, Dean, Newell, & McCaffrey, 1960). Its pro~ ponents view the withdrawal which occurs between the aged adult and society as prompted by mutual consent. These investigators would predict declining interests with age. The disengagement hypothesis is based on the assumption that the elderly cooperate voluntarily to progressively decrease their social interaction and activities, as the aging process unfolds. Implicit in this conception is the notion that a positive re~ lationship exists between psychological adjustment in the aged and disengagement. Opposed to the "Disen~ gagement Theory" are a group of investigators who subscribe to another point of View, (Gavan, Burgess, Havighurst & Goldhamer, 1949; Havighurst, 1961; Tobin & Neugarten, 1961; Davis, 1962; Goodstein, 1962; Wallin, 1962). They assume that successful aging is dependent upon maintained activity and interests in the later years and view the older person as a passive victim of withdrawal and rejection by society. Ac- cording to this view, expressed interests in peOple and activities would not be eXpected to change in the post—retirement years. Of those studies which have used the SVIB to investigate constancy of interests with age, few have included subjects older than 55 years. However, Strong has shown, in a study employing a small number of men between the ages of 60 and 69 years, that in- terests, as measured by the SVIB, did not differ sig— nificantly from those of younger men (1951a). The subjects employed in this study (§.= 84) were engaged in four occupations. The fact that they were not re— tired and were younger than 70 years of age limits the applicability of the findings with regard to the present study. Moreover, Strong's conclusion is only suggestive. "There are not sufficient data here to warrant a definite conclusion, but they suggest that there is very little if any change in interests be- tween 55 and 65 (years)" (1951a, p. 161). In two additional studies which employed older men (Powers, 1956; Verburg, 1952) it was found that their vocational interests tend to remain constant, regardless of age, apparently throughout adult life. Verburg (1952) tested the differences between retired and active YMCA secretaries. His retired group had a mean age of 66 years, his active group a mean age of 56 years. Twelve occupational scales of the SVIB were used. No differences between the mean standard scores for the active and retired groups on any of the scales were significant at or beyond the .05 level. Verburg therefore concluded that vocational interest scores seem to be maintained at least up to the age of 70 years and probably beyond that age. As far as YMCA secretaries are concerned retirement does not seem to be a variable affecting vocational interests. However, since vocational interests were not investi— gated beyond the age cf 70 years, Verburg's study also has limited applicability to the present study. Powers (1956) administered the SVIB to 109 adult males in 1931 and retested the same individuals ten years later. Her subjects ranged in age from 16 to 63 years at the time of the first administration of the SVIB. They were generally from middle and low socio— economic groups. Test re—test correlations between the tests administered in 1931 and 1941 were remarkably high. Powers also noted stability of grOUp patterns over the ten year period. These results led her to conclude ". . . that the vocational interests of adult males, regardless of age, aptitudes, education, voca- tional Opportunity, and economic status tend to remain stable for ten years and presumably over the long span of adulthood". Such a conclusion seems unwarranted. Of the fortynfour occupational scales used, significant differences on twenty of these occuPations were found between the mean standard scores of the 1931 and 1941 administrations; fourteen of these were significant at the .01 level and six at the .05 level. Powers, how- ever, interpreted the shift in letter grade equivalents rather than the shift in mean standard scores between the two testings. Strong has assigned an A letter grade to standard scores of 45 or higher, 8+ to standard scores of 40 to 44, B to standard scores of 35 to 39, etc. A significant difference between the mean standard scores of two groups of individuals or of test reutests on the same group can occur within the same letter grade rating. Since Powers found stable letter grade equiva— lents of the test rentest occupational scores she con— cluded that stability of vocational interests exists. But the stability of interests noted is heavily in- fluenced by the regression caused by use of mean values and the further restriction as a result of using letter grade ranges.- Because of the fact that generation dif— ferences often present in cross~sectiona1 investigations can confound results, longitudinal studies, such as the one by Powers, are generally more effective in revealing differences in interests with age. It is unfortunate that the actual differences found were masked by Powers' use of letter grade ranges. The recently formulated "Disengagement Theory" previously cited (Henry & Cumming, 1959; Cumming et al., 1960) presents a point of view that is con— trary to the findings of stability of interests in the later years. The authors assume that crucial social and psychological differences exist between middle~~~ and old—aged individuals, which are expressed by a volunn tary and gradual disengagement in social involvement beginning in the sixth decade of life. To investigate this theory of aging 211 individuals between the ages of 50 and 90 years, residing in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area were interviewed for the purpose of evaluating changes with age in the quality and amount of social interaction. The authors concluded that beginning in the sixth decade a progressive shift in self~perception takes place along with a constriction in the variety of social interactions. This is followed by a reduction in the number of hours spent in the company of others and a shift in the quality of interaction, which may be described as a more self— centered style of behavior in aged adults (Cumming et al., 1960). Although there is little disagreement among investigators that middle~aged individuals are generally more engaged with life external to themselves than are older peOple, the belief that the aged them— selves redefine their interpersonal relationships is an aspect of the theory which has occasioned disagreement. Many investigators feel that the curtailment of interest in activities and pe0ple with age is socially produced, but is not the desire of the aged themselves (Gardner, 1948; Shonas, 1950; Davis, 1962; Wallin, 1962). In a study by Tobin & Neugarten (l96l):measures of social interaction which were developed by Cumming were used to investigate the relationship between dis~ engagement and psychological well—being. The authors found that social interaction is positively associated with everyday pleasures, success in attaining life goals and positive selfwimage and that as age increases so does the association. To resolve the issue of whether the attitude of the older person toward disengagement is voluntary or involuntary, Zborowski investigated the preferences of older peeple for recreational activities (1962) and for social participation (Zborowski & Eyde, 1962). The subjects used in both studies, 204 male and female members of a day center in New England, ranged in age from 51 to 92 years. They had a median education of 13.4 years, a median income of $2,764 and were pre~ dominantly Protestant and nativeaborn. Approximately oneuhalf of the subjects were retired. The question— naire procedure employed indicated that recreational patterns and preferences and social contacts and pare ticipation are generally maintained with age. The authors concluded that voluntary withdrawal from society in the later years does not occur. Those inn dividuals oriented toward social isolation in middlen age remained so motivated in oldaage, those oriented toward activity and social involvement likewise main~ tained these preferences in advanced age. If aging individuals do maintain the orien— tation toward activity and social participation that they had in middle—age it would be expected that scores on the SVIB would reflect constancy of interests with age in the advanced years. On the other hand, if re- tirement ushers in a new way of life which is often psychologically traumatic, as Pollak suggests (1948), vocational interests might be expected to change in accord with the psychological adjustment taking place within the aging individual. Which of these alterna— tives is the more likely is a complex issue, diffi— cult to resolve at the moment. There is a dearth of studies investigating the psychological and social problems of the aged; the psychological factors in— volved in adjusting to retirement and old age are not clearly understood. Whether the crucial psychological differences between the middle—aged and the elderly are found to lie along a dimension of social involve— ment as in Cumming's investigations (Henry & Cumming, 1959; Cumming et al., 1960), or whether such differences are irrelevant for differentiating the two groups as Zborowski concluded (1962; Zborowski & Eyde, 1962) may depend on the socio—economic level of the subjects in any particular investigation. Zborowski's subjects as well as Verburg's in the study previously cited (1952) were from relatively high socio—economic educational groups. Individuals with a high level of education and a relatively high income level may possess greater internal resources so that constancy of social inter- actional patterns and interests may prevail. Indi— viduals who are not so richly endowed may find adjustn ment to old age difficult if not traumatic. Person~ ality changes may occur for such individuals and interests may be modified or changed. In addition to socio-economic and educational level, such social variables as ethnic and cultural background, country of origin, sex, etc., must be carefully considered before generalizations can be offered with regard to psychological factors Operating in a particular age group. The studies in this area are also deficient in 10 that the instruments used are not validated against external criteria. For example, "happiness" is often defined in part by "participation in hobbies" on inn struments used to assess adjustment in old age. The fact that so called "happy" or well adjusted older peOple are then found to differ from poorly adjusted aged adults in time spent at hobbies becomes true only by definition and says nothing about the causative or necessary prerequisites of adjustment in the later yearSo In addition to the failure of many investi~ gations to consider interactions of multiple social variables, but to generalize results nevertheless, and their failure to validate the measures used against external criteria, a third objection may be raised. Studies of age—related determinants of behavior are frequently cause and effect investigations. Before one can profitably study changing motivational patterns which influence adjustment to retirement and to old age, one must know first if motivational patterns change in the later years and then in which direction this change occurs. It is because such associations have not been clearly established that contradictory assertions have been made with regard to engagement or disengagement as a causative factor of sound adjustment in later maturity. A correlational ll analysis is considered a necessary first step in speci~ fying the psychological factors that are associated with this develOpmental period. Those investigations cited above (Strong, 1951; Verburg, 1952; Powers, 1956) which have used the SVIB to evaluate the perseverative tendency of interests in the later years, have attempted to Specify one ageu related psychological variable by means of correla— tional designs. These studies are limited however, in that they did not employ subjects older than 70 years of age. Although in all three studies it was concluded that interests remain constant with age, the subjects used were not retired from their occupations, with the exception of those in Verburg‘s (1952) investigation in which retirants of recent origin were used. The act of retirement per se would probably not effect moti— vational or interest changes. However, retirement when evaluated as a period of life occurring over time, might be expected to influence changes in previously held vocational interests, if that which had occuPied a great investment in time and effort has become inn creasingly replaced by other activities and time— consuming endeavors. Problem The present study was conducted at a day center for senior citizens in New York City. Observations made 12 over a three year period suggested several differ— ences in the behavior of the newly retired members and those individuals who had been retired longer and were considerably older. It was noted, for example, that the younger an individual the more likely was he to be passively, rather than actively engaged in day center activities. The older members sparked, and became actively involved in group discussions and ran for the elected offices in the center. For the most part, the older individuals sought social interaction whereas the younger retirants preferred to remain more socially isolated. In accord with these observations it would be expected that interest patterns on the SVIB should re— flect changes with age. More particularly, there should be a marked directional shift in interests in the later decades of life. Those occupational groupings which reflect an orientation toward social interaction should be increasingly preferred, whereas those occupational groupings which reflect an orien« tation toward solitary activity, ought to decline with age. CHAPTER II METHOD The Day_Center More than thirty day centers have now been established by the New York City Department of Welfare for the purpose of providing social, educational and recreational Opportunities for retired senior citizens. The centers are all nonesectarian, nonnprofit and are free of charge. The day center in which this study took place comprises a community of individuals above the age of 60 years who use their leisure hours to satisfy diversified interests by sewing, painting, dancing, engaging in ceramic and leather work, and by participating in discussion groups and educational classes. The latter include classes in dramatics, creative writing, and human relations. The center is managed in large part by the members themselves. Officers are elected annually. The Department of Welfare provides professional staff to conduct the various group activities and perform the necessary administrative work. The day center is Open three days each week between the hours of 9 and 5. 13 II lllll‘ll‘llllllll‘llllll‘lllllll 14 The average daily attendance is approximately 300 members of which two—thirds are women. Although the center is nonnsectarian, it is located in a predomin nantly Jewish neighborhood and attracts individuals primarily of this faith. At the present time, approximately 90 percent of the membership is Jewish. Subjects The 39 male subjects are quite homogeneous with regard to such factors as religion, socio— economic level, country Of origin, work experience, political affiliation and educational background (see Tables 1 and 2). Table 1 Occupational Classificatory Categories and Code Numbers for Subjects, Derived from the Dictionary Of Occupational Titles, 1955 Supplement No. of Code Percentage Occupational Category Subjects Number of N Professional and Managerial ....... 3 O 707 Sales and Clerical .... 2 l 5.1 Service Occupations ... 2 2 5.1 Farm Occupations ...... 0 3 0.0 Skilled OCCUPationS 0.. 18 hfls 46.2 Semi—skilled Occupations 7 6~7 17.9 Unskilled Occupations . 7 8~9 17.9 N=39 9909 The subjects all immigrated from Russia and Austria after the turn of the century. Most have \ \.. I I l ‘ '1 II 1 III‘ .Illilllll‘lll.‘ {III [I lilil'l‘lll. {[[ll w . q _ . . s i a a _ _ e ‘ H a _ fl . . i _ . ¢ I l a . O . . I w . . I C v . _ u n 4 . .0 I _ sense 4 ‘9‘... a . Icfiks s Q a s I! I w 1 .. e . . _ v Q A . . w L . _ a 'x _ . w . u c . _ l _ a . . { _fi Hi . _ s A . . H ~ ~ . l _ e . _ . 4 . _ _ . I.‘ I “0.40.0 I 15 learned English by attending night classes shortly after arriving in the United States. All of them speak English, but many have difficulty reading and writing. They are all literate, however; those that do not read and write English, read newspapers and write in Yiddish. Table 2 Age, Education, and Social Characteristics of Subjects. Age oooeeococo-00000009000000 “=7106, Range 3 62~83 Years RBtired osoeooeeeeoeeoo M3 699, Range 3 1927 No. of years in School ...... M: 4.7, Range = 4~16 Country of Origin: RuSSia 00000000000000... 82% Austria 0000000000000... 18% Religious Preference: Hebrew eoceoeeoeeceoeeos 100% Other oseeoeeeseeeoeeoee 0% SociO~Economic Level: Low-Middle eeoeeeooeceee 92% High—Middle oeeeeeooeeo. 8% The StronggV0cationa1 Interest Blank for Men The Strong inventory consists Of 420 items that reflect the characteristic interests of men successfully engaged in 45 different occupations. The items of the questionnaire concern occupational prefer— ences, school subjects, amusements, sundry activities, l6 peculiarities of people, estimates of abilities and characteristics and miscellaneous items. The higher one's rating on an occupational scale the greater is the probability that one has the interests of indie viduals successfully engaged in that occupation. (Strong, 1959). The SVIB was used to measure interest preferu ences, since it has proven to be a reliable and valid measure Of vocational interests over the more than thirty years of its use as a research instrument (Berdie, 1955). Reliability Studies Three different methods have been used to measure reliability Of the SVIB. In one study the "odd—even" technique gave an average coefficient of reliability of .877 (Strong, 1943). Test re-test correlations of various occupational scales reported in several different studies gave correlations that ranged from .64 to .91 (Strong, 1952; Strong and Tucker, 1952; Stordahl, 1954; Powers, 1956). A third method, correlations between ranked scores on two administrations, gives a measure of permanence of in— terests for an individual over the time that has elapsed. In a study over a twenty~two year interval, using this technique, Strong found a median test re— test correlation of .75 for 228 college seniors (Strong, 1951b). 1? ValiditygStudies An occupational interest scale is valid if it successfully differentiates members of an occupation from peOpleuinugeneral. This can be indicated by the difference in mean scores of the occupational group and peOpleuin-general or by total overlapping of the two groups on the occupational scales. Strong has shown that the average percentage of overlapping bee tween his occupational criterion and meneinngeneral groups is 31.5 (Strong, 1959). Berdie (1955) cited ninety different studies on the validity of the Strong Blank. He indicates that the SVIB is an excellent predictor of the occu— pation an individual will enter. Darley has done extensive work with pattern interpretation of the SVIB (Darley, 1941; Darley & Hagenah, 1955). Patterns or larger groupings of in- dividual scales are based upon those occupational scales which are highly intercorrelated with each other. Darley has found that use Of pattern interpre— tation has been particularly effective in discrimin- ating clusters of interests or interest types (1955). Procedure Random selection Of subjects was not feasible, since the male attendance at the center is relatively low. Instead, each of the 109, active, male, day 1“ ll‘llllllll[[f’.ll\ll \ illllll‘l‘ll lllll 18 center members was sent a postal card requesting that he appear at the center in order to participate in the present study. Of the 45 individuals who responded to this request, 39 later cooperated in keeping the appointments that had been arranged for the adminis— tration of the Strong questionnaire. The inventory was administered orally to groups of two and three at a time. The items were read to the subjects so that difficulties in reading would not be a variable in- fluencing the responses. IBM answer sheets were filled in by the subjects and were scored by machine. Testing time for the complete administration was approximately two hours per group. The 45 occupations on the SVIB comprise the eleven groups which have been named by Darley (1941; see Table 3, pagczfl). In order to reduce the task of dealing statistically and interpretively with these specific occupations, Darley's patterns have been em» ployed in the correlational analyses herein presented. Dominant interest patterns can thus be interpreted rather than scores on specific occupations. The variables involved in the Pearson productu moment correlations were age and number of years reu tired; age with each of the eleven Group scores, and number Of years retired with each of the Group scores. Any subject's score on each Of the eleven groups cone e l9 sisted of the mean of his scores on the individual scales within that group. These were the interest scores that entered into the Pearson product—moment correlations. CHAPTER III RESULTS The data shows strong evidence that prefern ences for particular groups of occupations are highly correlated with age and with number of years retired, thus supporting the general assumption of changing inu' terests in the later decades of life (see Table 3). The chronological age of the subjects was found to be highly associated with the number of years that they had been retired (r-.581, p<.005)o However, the less than perfect correlation indicates that these two variables are not identical in the extent of their rem lationship to occupational interest scores. Preferences for seven of the eleven occupan tional groups are associated with age. Scores on only four of these groups are related to number of years retired and three of these to a lesser extent. This suggests that retirement is but one interest—related variable and that other aspects of aging are also ren lated to changes in interest preferences. 21 Table 3 Correlations for Age and Number of Years Retired with SVIB Group Scores Age No. years Occupation fi' S.D. retired r r I Biological Sciences ..... 22.31 5.31 -.058 .049 II Engineer & Phys. Science ...... 17.97 7.88 -.3148 -.l70 III Production Mgr. 35.10 7.70 .386° .199 IV Tech. and/or d Skilled Trades 23.27 10.76 .423 .394° V Soc. Services d or Welfare .... 24.71 16.57 .530 .4000 VI Musician eeeeeee 31.79 7.78 .051 e134 VII CePeAe eeeeeeeee 25.72 7e48 -0052 -e186 VIII Business Detail- d Admin. eeeeeeee 32.96 7.98 .486 e251 IX Sales or Busi- ness Contact e. 38.61 7.90 “e047 “.222 X Verbal or d d Linquistic eeee 33.95 9.34 “.516 “e410 XI Pres. Manufact. b Concern eeeeeee 39.61 11050 -0291a -0345 a. p<:.10 be p<:.05 C. p< .02 d. p< .0]. Table 3 offers support for the exPected direction of the shift in interests in specific occupational groupings. Since we are at an early stage in our understanding of interest changes in the post-retirement years, the .10 level of statistical significance has been employed and is considered meaningful for purposes of further exploration and discussion. Group V O... n e I D... 90.0.0 I e . ‘06... I C O .00. . .. .- - l 0 v- e e O O s- e 22 occupations which reflect social interactional types of activities are preferred by the older retirants, those which reflect solitary types of activities such as Group X, are preferred by the more recently retired day center members.) The differences between the mean scores indie cate differential preferences on the part Of all subu jects for the various occupations. Thus, Groups III, IX, and XI are more highly preferred by the subjects generally, than are the other occupations. This is not surprising in light of the similarity of these occu~ pational groups to the types of occupations in which the subjects had been employed (see Table 1). That these interests do not all remain constant with age however, is indicated by a significant decline of Group XI scores with age and number of years retired. The standard deviations of the eleven occupa— tional groups as given in Table 3 indicate that those scores which vary most are also most highly correlated with age. This is not accidental. Scores on indi» vidual scales within Group V for example, varied from lows Of ~10 for many of the younger retirants to scores in the 503 and 60s for some of the older subjects. It is the strong preference for Group V occupations by the older retirants and the absence of such interests by the younger retirants that causes both the correlation coefficient and the standard deviation to be so high. 0n those occupations where interest differences between Older and younger retirants were less extreme, variations among their scores were also less appreciable. In order to further highlight the differences between the younger and Older retirants on each of the 45 occupations, the subjects were split into two age ranges as indicated in Table 4. Table 4 Mean Standard Scores of Occupations on the SVIB for Younger Subjects (N=l6) as Compared with Older Subjects (N323)ea Mean Standard Scores Group Occupational Scales Younger Older group group Artist eeeeeoeeeeeeeeee 32e31 19091 Psychologist .......... 16.69 23.57 Architect eeeeeeeeeeeee 25069 16039 I Physician .eeeeeeeeeeee 18.81 20061 OsteOpath eeeeeeeeeeeee 22e81 31009 DentiSt eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 26.88 25.48 Veterinarian eeeeeeeeee 14e75 17035 Mathematician ......... 20.75 13.70 II PhYSiCiSt eeeeeeeeeeeee 15069 9096 Engineer eeeeeeeeeeeeee 23e44 21096 Chemist eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 19e19 20°65 III Production Manager .... 32.50 37°70 Farmer .eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 28e50 28017 IV AViator eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 17091i 22017 Carpenter eoeeeeeeeeeee 28025 30074 Printer eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 31.00 37013 (Table continued on next page) .00. O O Q Q 24 Table 4 Continued W Mean Standard Score Group Occupational Scales Younger Older group group Math. Phy. Science Teacher 16.88 33.48 Industrial Arts Teacher .. 8.19 21.70 IV Vocational Agri'l Teacher 12.13 20.61 POliceman eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 26e91i 37039 Forest Service Manager ... 4.88 12.70 Y.M.C.A. Phys. Director .. 13.56 31.48 Personnel Director ....... 15.88 36.04 Public Administrator ..... 18.56 35.26 V YgMgch. Secretary .eeeeee 16e38 35035 Soc.Science H.S. Teacher . 20.69 37.56 City School Superintendent 13.75 24.83 500181 Worker eeeeeeeeeeee 18e38 33083 Minister eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 13063 30013 V1 Musician (Performer) ..... 31.75 31.83 VII Certified Public Accountants 24.13 27.30 Senior CePeAe eeeeeeeeeeee 15.44 32.00 Accountant ...eeeeeeeeoeee 20088 36e74 Office Manager .oeeeeeeeee 30.94 45.52 VIII Purchasing Agent ......... 32.44 30.91 Banker ..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 35.81 35e52 MortiCian eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 36e56 36e04 PharmaCiSt eeeoeeeeeeeeeee 36.50 36009 Sales Manager ..eeeeeeeeee 35019 34065 IX Real Estate Salesman ..... 46.06 39.26 Life Insurance Salesman .. 38.13 38.35 Advertising Manager ...... 38.44 31.78 x Lawyer eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 34.94 27022 AuthornJournaliSt ........ 42.41} 28.83 XI PresidentnManufacturing CO. 43.13 36.09 aThe ages of the subjects in the younger group ranged from 62 to 69 years with a mean age of 67.4 years; those in the older group ranged from 70 to 83 years with a mean age of 74.5 years. O I e s e e e a e e e '0 I e e ...... seesa- 25 The comparison of the mean standard scores of the younger and older subjects on Groups III and XI occupations, indicates that the Older retirants did not differ in their preferences for either occupation. The difference in the directions Of the correlations and the difference in the mean scores as noted in Table 3, are due to a decided preference on the part of the younger retirants for Group XI type interests relative to their endorsement of Group III interests. Thus, the recently retired individuals differed markedly from the Older retirants by maintaining such higher aspirations as are reflected in interests that are similar to those of presidents of manufacturing companies, as contrasted with interests of individuals employed as production managers. Lower aspirations by the Older subjects are suggested in the results Obtained on Groups IV and VIII. Scores on these relatively lower—status occu— pational groups indicate that interests associated with technical trade occupations and the type of work in which one engages when employed in a business Office, are more Often endorsed by the Older than by the younger retirants. The older subjects generally endorsed in- terests associated with positions that do not Offer as much prestige, but ones which nevertheless involve such supervisory responsibilities as would be required by the occupations in Groups III, IV, V, and VIII. The more recently retired, younger subjects received higher scores in Groups 11, X, and XI. More specifically, the younger retirants in contrast to the Older ones had interests which were similar to those of mathematicians, physicists, engineers, lawyers, author—journalists and presidents Of manufacturing companies, whereas the Older retirants expressed interests more similar to those of printers, various kinds Of teachers, personnel directors, public administrators, social workers, ministers, Office and production managers (see Table 4). In Strong's study on the change of interests between 25-— and 55 year—Old men (1951a), he found that although interests remain generally constant over this period, Older peOple are not quite as interested in the various occupations on the SVIB as are the younger men. As may be noted in Table 4, contrary findings were obtained in the present study. On the basis of chance consideration, 22.5 of the 45 ocCUpations might be expected to be more frequently preferred by the Older subjects. Although the older retirants received higher mean scores on 28 of the 45 occupational scales, a chi square analysis failed to indicate significance in the difference between chance expectancies and the Obtained results. 27 The present findings are however, in close accord with expectations. They do not necessarily imply that interests change prior to the usual age of retirement (65 years), but do indicate that in the years following retirement various changes in interest patterns occur. Interests that are strongly held prior to retirement would seem for the most part to be increased with age, although some apparently decline. Other interests would seem to be born anew and to be progressively en~ dorsed throughout the later years. CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION As indicated in Chapter I, a correlational analysis was considered a necessary first step in the study of interests in the later decades. It is meaningless to attempt to find causes for effects that are not yet known to be conclusive. We must know E223 happens before we can attempt to explain £21.1t happens. The disengagement hypothesis maintains that the decline in activities and in social interaction that Often occurs in the later years is desired by the aged and is conducive to adjustment (Henry & Cumming, 1959; Cumming et al., 1960). The present investigation indicates that it is particularly those vocational interests which require a high degree of social participation and involvement e.g., Group V occupations, which are inn creasingly preferred throughout the later years. The older retirants in the present investigation would apparently choose social interaction rather than disengagement if given a choice. They would also apparently choose activities that are similar to their occupational experiences and more in accord with their 29 actual abilities or what they perceive these abilities to be, than would more recently retired individuals. Such are the implications that may be drawn from the associations that have resulted between vocational interests and age. The fact that the participants in this study were voluntary subjects may have contributed to the Obtained results. If nonuvoluntary subjects were emu ployed the results might have supported the disenu gagement hypothesis. However, although it is plausible to assume that nonuvoluntary Older subjects may not be interested in social activities and interaction, there is no reason to assume that nonevoluntary younger rem tirants would differ in this reSpect. It should be noted that in the present study both the younger and the older retirants volunteered to participate and that the recently retired individuals attained consis— tently low scores on all of the Group V occupations whereas the reverse occurred with the Older subjects (see Table 4). If willingness to participate is the crucial factor determinative of scores on specific occupational scales then it would be expected that the younger retirants would perform in a manner similar to the performance of the older retirants. However, this was not the case. The present findings are more likely attributable to the socio—economic and cultural 3O characteristics of the respondents and to the needs and deprivations of this ethnic group in the posturetirement years. Although the Obtained results are contrary to the findings of constancy Of SVIB interests in the later decades, and contrary to what might be predicted by the disengagement hypothesis, they Offer support to the previously considered remarks pertaining to the rela— tionship between socio~economic level and adjustment to retirement. Individuals from lower socio—economic and educational levels, e.g., the day center members, do not possess the internal resources to facilitate a transition into retirement that is without pitfalls and difficulties in adjustment. Prior to retirement, investment of time and effort had been devoted almost exclusively to the occupation in which each individual had been employed. Few other interests were acquired or cultivated. Such individuals post—retirement must acquire new motiva— tional patterns of behavior designed to gratify needs for recognition, status and self~esteem, i.e., needs previously gratified through identification with a particular occupation, but frustrated since retirement began. Such motivational changes would be expected to effect previously held interest preferences, some favorably and some unfavorably, as well as to stimulate new interests and facilitate the acquisition of new abilities. 31 For the Jewish individuals who participated in this study, retirement had been pleasantly anticipated and looked upon as a welluearned reward; a period in life when they hoped to receive recognition and status for the contribution that had been made during the working years. Such expectations were reinforced by Talmudic teachings which advise that with advanced age one has acquired the experience and wisdom to lead others and should be so recognized. Contrary to expec- tations, these individuals found that they were shunted aside and rejected by offspring, employers, and society in general as the aging process continued into the post— retirement years. With time they began to acknowledge that society does not appreciate them for past efforts, or previously acquired status. The fact of rejection merely increases the need for recognition and esteem that the older person feels is his due. Continued in~ activity and rejection from others disputes more than the wisdom they feel they have acquired. They also begin to lose the sense of self-worth experienced prior to retirement as a contributing member Of society. Eventually, they must abandon reliance upon the past status granted by virtue of their identification with particular occupational groups. They must then adapt to a new environment. Retirement is a develOpmental period in life that cannot be successfully faced with 32 inactivity or with previously adaptive, but now out- dated, patterns of behavior. The subjects in this study, in their efforts at successful adjustment to retirement apparently strive to cultivate new interests and modify or disregard old ones in order to gratify persisting if not increasing needs for status, recognition, and self—esteem. The new motivational patterns of behavior which apparently deveIOp could account for changes in interests with age. Whereas consequent with retirement they prefer to be the isolated but successful individual in those occupations afforded greatest prestige, e.g., scientist, lawyer, authornjournalist, in the posturetirement years they strive to be recognized by others for their wisdom and skills in social interaction. This might be accomplished by leading others as in administrative positions in business and social service. Accordingly, their interests tend to become similar to those of teachers, personnel directors, social workers, ministers, office and productiOn managers. A behavioral pattern has evolved which is people oriented, and a motiva— tional pattern that is characterized by a drive for recognition from others. This eXplanation for the present results is consistent with the findings of several studies. Davis (1962) concludes that selfaconcept is influenced by the nature Of social relationships and that personal 33 adjustment in older peOple is related to both social functioning and selfnconcept. Gardner (1948) had inn dicated earlier that social isolation is frustrating to Old people and Albrecht (1951) had found a signif~ icant correlation between personal adjustment and social participation in aged adults. As indicated earlier, Gavan et a1. (1949) and Tobin & Neugarten (1961) also found that engagement rather than disengagement is more closely related to psychological well—being. These studies all assume that Old age is a difficult time of life requiring changes of behavior in the interests Of psychologically sound adjustment. That such findings and their underlying determinants can not be attributed to aged retirants generally has been indicated by Zborowski's investigations cited previously (Zborowski, l9 2; Zborowski & Eyde, 1962). Whether or not retirement is experienced as disruptive of selfnesteem, thus necessitating changes in interests and patterns of behavior may well be highly dependent upon socio—economic and educational level. Individuals who have acquired avocational interests pre—retirement, as would seem to be the case in the higher socio— economic levels, can provide their own sources for selfuesteem post-retirement. Such Older individuals do not regard retirement as a threatening or disruptive experience as do individuals from lower socio—economic 34 levels. Since avocational interests have already been deveIOped, such individuals do not need to change as much. Consequently, orientation and behavior toward people and things are maintained throughout the later years. With full recognition to the fact that chronological age per se is not a causal condition but merely a convenient means for ordering develOpmental data, such age~related psychological variables as organic deficits, and changing motivational patterns, which are Of primary importance as determinants Of interests, activities and adjustment, should be further clarified. Additional investigations are necessary if we are to clarify the possibility of new interests emerging late in life and the relationship of such interests to social variables and to changing goals, needs and personality in general. CHAPTER V SUMMARY Thirtyunine retired, male members of a day center for senior citizens in New York City were administered the Strong Vocational Interest Blank in order to study the effects of age and retirement on vocational interests. Assuming that adjustment to retirement and Old age would influence previously held vocational interests and facilitate the acquisition of new interests, it was generally expected that variability rather than constancy of interests would prevail for the aged subjects employed in this investigation. Those occupational groupings which reflect an orientation toward social interaction were expected to be increasingly preferred, those which reflect an orientation toward solitary activity were expected to decline with age. A correlational analysis was performed with age and number Of years retired related with the score Obtained on the eleven occupational groupings of the Strong Blank. Significant correlations were obtained between age and seven of the eleven groupings. Number of years retired was significantly related to four of 35 36 the occupational groupings. The results were in accord with expectations, and were interpreted as reflecting the fact that the subjects in this study are more concerned about psycho- logical deprivations than younger individuals who are employed and who consequently receive the benefits of status and recognition by virtue Of their occupation. It was suggested that the growing awareness Of a lack of self—esteem prompts greater social interests and social participation in the older person's attempt at overcoming the psychological deprivations consequent with Old age. The various studies which have attempted to derive age—related psychological variables that determine interests, activities and adjustment were criticized as not accounting for the interaction of multiple social variables when such interactions exist and for not validating the instruments used for research purposes against external criteria. It was suggested that future investigations take account of socio~economic level in evaluating the relationship between changing interests and social and psychological variables. It was further indicated that these variables themselves need clarification. REFERENCES Albrecht, Ruth. Social roles of old people. J. Gerontol., 1951, 6, l38~l45. Berdie, R.F. Validity of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Proceedings of the Conference on Interest Moesurement. University of Minnesota, 1955. Coven, R.S., Burgess, E.W., Havighurst, R.J., and Goldhaner, H. Personal adjustment in old age. Chicago: Science Resear Associates, 9 9. Cumming, Elaine, Dean, Lois 2., Newell, 0.5., end McCaffrey, Isabel. Disengagenent-a tentative theory of aging. Socionetr , 23, 1960, 23-35. J.G. Darley, Clinical as cot. and inte retation of , and Hagenah, Theda. Vocational interest measuregent. Minneapolis: Univ. of Tinnesota ress, 1955. Davis, R.W. The relationship of social preferability ' ' to‘selfuconcept in an aged population. J. Gerontol., 1962, 17, 431.436. Gardner, L. Pearl. Attitudes and activities of the middle—aged and aged. Amer Ps cholo 1st, 1943. 3. 307. Goodstein. L.D. Personal adjustment factors and re- tire-entnapsychological satisfactions in iork and retirement. Geriatrics, 1962, 17, 41-45. Hevighurst, R.J. Two theories of successful aging, ”activity theory” and ”disengagement theory". Henry, w.s. end Cumming, Elaine. Personality devel- opment in adulthood and old age. J. proj, Tech., 1959. 23. 383-390. 37 Jau'mJnI [51107:] {39 “U vva'l- "'f: I‘ K Lite)3ll‘le‘i J ’)a'a)l .0L 0»; llo 10 a9101 iaiJuu offii-vil .u ,LCQi ..lthowon .L I.» ei'l-Jl 1H , Jdoe'lj 1.'. 6V 3r10'13c;.. 9d.) ”[0 (itid ownrza'lnou 9a” '10 a,j..;nib!m;)0'1 ,BJoasnnifi 10 {JianovinU .Jnsmomuanum hm; ,.1..SI ,ai 'Iw: gtvml ....'.;l ,aao .015 I310 12x Jnrmfim-LE r; 1:.1202’111 .‘ai )‘L‘l v‘J. _ "“"'l’ .t' ') .£1\ ,2) biooaau Hound.» 33li1.3(. bun ,.L.u 3“ o (a- "(‘ -t-ad ,£-!.m-I9'/I ..fi Biol ,1“qu , tnformioq: .afli‘gn 30 UntjnfquqfiaJni bun 8330196 Iuoin : 7110"! v. 9 a .L. J c) 12') J‘ r'. .'r. Y. r I. ...1.; H i .Lflif ..Q'iuJ £59 LIOIUHJI l nioaennlm 10 .vini {iilidsioiomq .[ n V e "1.1'1 , 31.5)191‘1' A . A r1 rs L1 Jar-$191111. . C1“ 1 9,1118 , . h. :1 ,msvnf) ,‘Ion'rzdbhn.’ :oanoi‘slf) ,sninLJ ,gnimmuD oviinknei n--1n9moqngnsatfl .qu:.al .191115393 '10 Vftomll Egg .D.L ,(OITGU J‘Hri'tgjni l'.¢‘.s.)j;ii':-‘.un".' "any“?! Inuotf. V .nfisod’l‘ ,xlsrrepsil brm , :eilormon’nhi .tnmzrrxuans '3”, Haiti ,aa Iniooa 30 qid noiJsIot ndT .nniisluqoq begs an 3.1 .n.fl ,eLvsu ui iqeonno~llaa OJ e‘)£f\—.f.£ll ";I .3301. 'eLiiff’E'T’JD eL adj 10 aofjiviJ95 bnn aohuJiJia .11391 .121; 010-101" ~91 bru‘. 31030131 Jnomiau Lbs 1.6110819 l .d.-1 Anew ni anoiJonlaiiaa Inoigolodoxaqn-iusmo Ti ,SOQI ,901xtnf109 .iuumonijoi bnu gap-‘If‘ ' ,gnigs lulaaoooua 30 agiloodJ owr OHY109dI iflomwgsguoaib" bnn -,[9'I0f) r, , r"- ' w . '.‘L~J\)J .[LO ..AA .L.>1 .CL—d ,I ,[GQI ,vdailoinhzc . J , '19 nb'zsi) '1 ."M'wi. .bean but. bogs—slum": e‘YOE 'C ,‘Ji‘QI ,ntoJahooU 113 , stadium-3, .Lvsii "zuoodi yiiviion" 'vai‘ \(J ilunoa'uv'l . 9113: Sid , gnimmui) bus eOQC“CSC (C; (Q TC 1 . 3 . u' ({1sz .L .935 bio bnn boodJlubn Hi ingmqo QQL ,_m___‘,___— ——\. ___‘——k——__._———‘——_f_~. 38 Pollak, 0. Social adjustment in old age. New York: Social Science esearch Counci , 1948. Powers, Mabel K. Permanence of measured vocational interests of adult males. J. appl. Psychol., 1956, 40, 69-72. Shenas, Ethel. The personal adjustment of recipients of old age assistance. J. Gerontol., 1950, 5, 249-253. Stordahl, K.E. Permanence of Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores. J. applg Pszchol., 1954, 38, 423-427. Strong, E.K., Jr. Vocational interests of men and women. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 194 . Chan e of interest with a e. Stanford: . Permanence of interest scores over 22 years. J. .221. PIIChOIQ, 1951. 35, 89-91(13). . Nineteen-year follow-up of engineer interests. J. appl, Psychol.. 1952, 36, 65-74. . SVIB Manual. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., 1959. , and Tucker, A.C. The use of vocational' interest scales in planning a medical career. Pszchol. Monogr., 1952, 66, No. 9. Tobin, 5.5., and Neugarten, B.L. Life satisfaction and social interaction in the aging. J. Gerontol., 1961, 16, 344-346. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Division of Placement Methods. Dictiona§z of occupational titles: Suppl. . 2nd ed. ash.: 955. Verburg, W.A. Vocational interests of retired Y.M.C.A. secretaries. J. appl. Psychol., 1952, 36, 254-256. ..{i ' I" u! 7 ‘1’ r' A 9“ - :' o.v I l w '~;I ‘ ' rr : e L'-) 1‘9’1 .91?) 'lt) I!— r.i)"-’JHilu-l"l f-.A.Jr".a . J 'l|£c[‘.\' a ‘1‘ ‘ .‘T ' . . T. I. ». .- .- .... . .wéu‘! ,14-iuhnu.) z..)[‘.$;d9n 1)J:x:)1;)-. .1n.’..)u:;. Invaijnanv 7-':'i.1r;~,';s;:::: 'tn wwwumm'xol ..l 1min“: ,a't-awm. c .1: 1')? z . .{ 'Yfi . l, . {filth J lube '.*u an} Parr-L?! a-rgco M 33;") I. - .1 [3“ t K 0 ~ ‘x J 6’ arts In I I I | - \ . ‘1 —.'. .f.',-(_’c) , ).‘ ':}(\; :)')'t 'u inmairunifibs [fume m; mi’l‘ .J.‘)-EJ\1 ,a'uaoxit I, ,."-9'n-:‘.’wi) .l. .‘a:)!ar3§?i;-Hn 9"}. L110 '10 .CT -Cru 12.10.13'33'3‘: ;';IH)‘11£; In ”OLGIIIEIU'T'J‘. .'i.rl ,-r(:£’3!4'(f13:.. " '- 'I' t“ v 5" Q1 0 ° r”'{”"§"-{ .1141; . L .e'rIU'Ju 1111131“ V'— “Vt—w ‘I ,Q s. '- o \QI“LL*' £21m rmm “In E‘Q! hag-113111} fr» (‘ 1.;‘r.:,\nV .‘lL . . 1.1 ,:‘1;t.)'1)53. .9...“ .1 r ’w #NeW'I>-.~f‘ L’ e L'K’J ,5:.";")'1.‘. .VJqu- I: 1.01;”;un z},|1x)1};{‘-,J.,; .f‘f‘):'h";.] :b'trfl .nmfiuz .njaeioini .01->9 L I 0:) (' 1’- e E (Ci I I" .& Immihxunv '10 92—211 qw’T .‘JN'; (toilau'l‘ bur, , inolhom n fininunlg n} RUIBDE Jawnaint U I ant 301:5? 9 .11‘1’. 73.9 V U 1;)19 'Irmhfjrfio “to th-r-J-ulln"! 'zaov-an‘mi’vI . '1 0‘ .. .‘ \“E‘) '()L ':e:\,.L ..[\’);. '21.) "VI '5 ad‘l'l 1. "I .325; ”.0 :1 .?r'.<'y"e'.<'\':‘ni "'w n -r:r-.:'" . “Ari-..."- .. “whoop-Wm... W .i.rs)LC\;'1 , «.5 ’1 L . 71:11! is-‘Lu'luu'J: n (P wrtoo'; taso'mini 1'0 "DJ’P‘HHH'I'LJI . r . . . —f , : . I r -'-’u ’«f rx'x'l v-' '-1 n. ' x -- .. .- ‘x- . . ' . \l ' t K K ' N ‘ ' n-O-“wo‘ --.-r l *- ' A 's t {V will . 3160131 :er'rxz‘uinjt Jann'trn-yn"! . .‘A‘. _ .‘ :‘sJ’oe-z'utruzi 'v'v .virzU zeal..u';.r>.unui«'1 :r.in'to"tiit_.1) ,4) [. 018i . [‘-.~:xf.lsti 7-11-11. . ' .I)IIL .K’ “H.012 z-t.;.»:':;v>,al_0;l:)‘(a< ; ‘1:I1_31_138a103 (I ‘. \‘\ ...‘. . . . . . _ .(w; ,uc) “2‘31. ,. 1:"()!,(-1'; .[udoiai A In”; {mimi'un'lfziJaa n'liJ ..I.li ,uaJw-ynul’! bu.“ ..1;.<"i ,r'j‘Jo’? ,.l(u?n~’)‘1*1£3 .l, «ma-... } A b I a ”gulps 0.4:? mi tzoii'us'xohz'i. 4.611th". . ' \. .311’4—1'I'Q‘ ' )1. .1()(:i -z'-:s.,go.[.a_tr:..l "m .I.-'.‘)"u..'3 ,'l‘(w'.}l'-‘.-: '10 Jrrmn'Jitwla'xJ .c’. ...I x) 7.10.: 7119136981 1 hr) 1:0.i.$31‘J.i_xJ ,‘ffif’tl'ovsc. v:5 . 2.101133 J (t'u‘.i.i.‘.-zuu'»(> '10 .”1.’3z..u.'(1i:)_i\i A gr-Aa—b-ww-o-va?-~e_ . o‘;:_.". L 600151.)" i. .b';.‘ {)llua ‘t In EJBQTUJHI lunnitcro .A.J ,nuufiro ,. uflovvi .V'uc .L .aoinnfonoea .oce-fla: ——~— “5.. 39 Wallin, W.J.E. The psychological, educational and social problems of the aging as viewed by a mid-octogenarian. J: Genet. Psychol., 1962, 100, 41-46. Zborowski, Marie. Aging and recreation. J. Gerontol., 1962, 17, 431-436. , and Eyde, Lorraine. Aging and social participation. J. Gerontol., 1962, 17, 424—430. bns Lilli-DJ'ZJSDUL“? ,Itxoi'golodo-(eci o'i'f ..J.L.al ,r~..i.£ir.n‘ L; v_d bunnil 8L. gritty}; 9:” 'in anmItm'Lq intact: ,L’Ok’f. ,.I_:u1-_»L'.1 .13.;00 .L .1151'11.1;3,goJ’ao-bim .cfi—LA .001 , ..[ui‘uu'tuif .L .nc:.'c"r‘.'a'xou‘1 bns Ruin/1 .Qi'Im-l ,iflano‘xodli *- 7.“ J .4 n \I‘, ' .0;7‘~[L1‘ ' ', .Luqu (J a W [51903 in: *u.=A .nninniwi ,ubzd bus , l .5053}; ,..‘..':Je:r>".'ri) .5 .‘IIQinctioiJ'Igsq APPENDICES p.13 LU'Al‘l'LA APPENDIX A Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men lll{{l[l[[l[ ill. [I.[ all]! all II- ‘II‘ .llll ll lull I'II I v‘ A! J. C". .IC .zmiJ a 30V -2 i r.- 1.1 I inalani 101 flux; Lu (mini {FII‘IIJIIIIIII‘IIII STRONG VOCATIONAL INTEREST BLANK FOR MEN (Revised) Form M By EDWARD K. STRONG, JR., Stanford University It is possible with a fair degree of accuracy to determine by this test whether one would like certain occu- pations or not. The test is not one of intelligence or school work. It measures the extent to which one’s interests agree or disagree with those of successful men in a given occupation. Date .............................................. 1. Name .............................................................................................................................. 2. Age .................... 3. Sex .................... 4. Address to which correspondence should be sent ........................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... If you are still attending school or expect to return to school, answer items 5-12; if you have left school, answer items 13-20. Any additional remarks may be entered at 21. 5. Gradelam now in: Grammar School 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 High School 1 2 3 4 College 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (rut A cmcu: womb Armor-nun: GRADE) 6. School grade I expect to complete ............................................................................................................................................ . ...... 7. School subjects I am now most interested in ................................................................................................................................. 8. School subjects I expect to specialize in later on ........................................................................................................................... 9. Occupation I am planning to enter ................................................................................ 10. Sure of this ........ Not sure ........ 11. Jobs I have been employed at (e.g., clerical, retail selling, farming, giving number of months employed at each) ................ 12. Occupations I have formerly considered entering ................................................................................................... . ..................... To be Answered by Those Who Have Left School 13. Last grade you finished in school (e.g., Grammar 6th, High School 2nd, College 4th) ............................................... . ........ 14-. What technical or business courses have you taken? (Underline those you finished) .......................................................... 15. Occupation (e.g., Carpenter) ...................................................................................... 16. Years of experience in it ................ 17. Just what do you do? ........................................................................................................................................................... . ........... 18. Why did you select the above occupation? ..................................................................................................................................... 19. What occupations, other than your present one, have you at one time or another engaged in? ................. - ........................ 20. What occupations, if any, have you in mind entering? Why? ..................................................................... 21. Remarks ......................................................................................................................... 3; CONSULTING PSYCHOLOGISTS muss. INC.. PALO ALTO. CALIFORNIA O . : Copyright 1938 and 1945 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior L'niscruily. Printed in the United States of America Part I. Occupations. Indicate after each occupation listed below whether you would like that kind of work or not.‘ Disregard considerations of salary, social standing, future advancement, etc. Consider only whether or not you would like to do what is involved in the occupation. You are not asked if you would take up the occupation permanently, but merely whether or not you would enjoy that kind of work, regardless of any necessary skills, abilities, or training which you may or may not possess. Draw a circle around L if you like that kind of work Draw a circle around I if you are indifferent to that kind of work Draw a circle around D if you dislike that kind of work Work rapidly. Your first impressions are desired here. Answer all the items. Many of the seemingly trivial and irrelevant items are very useful in diagnosing your real attitude. 1 Actor (not movie) ................ L I D 46 Jeweler ......................... L I 2 Advertiser ...................... L I D 47 Judge .......................... L I 3 Architect ....................... L I D 48 Labor Arbitrator ................. L I 4 Army Officer ..................... L I D 49 Laboratory Technician ............ L I - 5 Artist .......................... L I D 50 Landscape Gardener .............. L I 6 Astronomer ..................... L I D 51 Lawyer, Criminal ................ L I 7 Athletic Director ................. L I D 52 Lawyer, Corporation .............. L I 8 Auctioneer ...................... L I D 53 Librarian ....................... L l 9 Author of novel ................... L I D 54 Life Insurance Salesman ........... L I 10 Author of technical book ........... L I D 55 Locomotive Engineer ............. L I 11 Auto Salesman ................... L I D 56 Machinist ....................... L I 12 Auto Racer ...................... L I D 57 Magazine W'riter ................. L l 13 Auto Repairman ................. L I D 58 Manufacturer .................... L l 14 Aviator ......................... L I D 59 Marine Engineer ................. L l 15 Bank Teller ..................... L I D 60 Mechanical Engineer .............. L I 16 Bookkeeper ..................... L l D 61 Mining Superintendent ............ L I D 17 Building Contractor ............... L I D 62 Musician ........................ L l D 18 Buyer of merchandise .............. L I D 63 Music Teacher ................... L I D 19 Carpenter ....................... L I D 64 Office Clerk ..................... L I D 20 Cartoonist ....................... L I D 65 Office Manager ................... L I D 21 Cashier in bank ................... L I D 66 Orchestra Conductor .............. L I D 22 Certified Public Accountant ......... L I D 67 Pharmacist ...................... L I D 23 Chemist ......................... L I D 68 Photo Engraver .................. L l D 24 Civil Engineer ................... L I D 69 Physician ....................... L I D 25 Civil Service Employee ............. L I D 70 Playground Director .............. L I D 26 Clergyman ...................... L I D 71 Poet ............................ L I D 27 College Professor ................. L I D 72 Politician ....................... L l D 28 Consul .......................... L I D 73 Printer ......................... L l D 29 Dentist ......................... L I D 74 Private Secretary ................. L I D 30 Draftsman ...................... L I D 75 Railway Conductor ............... L l D 31 Editor .......................... L I D 76 Rancher ........................ L I D 32 Electrical Engineer ............... L I D 77 Real Estate Salesman .............. L l D 33 Employment Manager ............. L I D 78 Reporter, general ................. L I D 34 Explorer ........................ L I D 79 Reporter, sporting page ............ L I D 35 Factory Manager ................. L I D 80 Retailer ......................... L I D 36 Factory Worker .................. L I D 81 Sales Manager ................... L I D 37 Farmer ......................... L I D 82 School Teacher .................. L l D 38 Floorwalker ..................... L I D 83 Scientific Research Worker ......... L I D 39 Florist .......................... L I D 84 Sculptor ........................ L I D 40 Foreign Correspondent ............ L I D 85 Secretary, Chamber of Commerce. . . . L I D 41 Governor of a State ............... L I D 86 Secret Service Man ................ L I D 42 Hotel Keeper or Manager ........... L I D 87 Ship Oflicer ..................... L l D 43 Interior Decorator ................ L I D 88 Shop Foreman ................... L I D 44 Interpreter ...................... - L I D 39 Social Worker ................... L I D 45 Inventor ........................ L I D 90 Specialty Salesman ............... L I D _2._ UUUDU DUDUU CUUUU l—r— F; “H_ a“--_ —‘——t - x _— \ Part I. Occupations. continued. 91 Statistician ..................... 92 Stock Broker ................... 93 Surgeon ....................... 94 Toolmaker ..................... 95 Traveling Salesman .............. 96 Typist ......................... 97 Undertaker ..................... 98 Watchmaker .................... 99 W’holesaler ..................... 100 Worker in Y.M.C.A., K. of C., etc.. . Part II. School Subiects. Indicate as in Part I terest when in school. 101 Algebra ........................ 102 Agriculture ..................... 103 Arithmetic ..................... 104 Art ........................... 105 Bookkeeping ................... 106 Botany ........................ 107 Calculus ....................... 108 Chemistry ...................... 109 Civics ......................... 110 Dramatics ...................... 111 Economics ..................... 112 English Composition ............. 113 Geography ..................... 114 Geology ....................... 115 Geometry ...................... 116 History ........................ 117 Languages, ancient .............. 118 Languages, modern .............. 119 Literature ...................... 120 Mathematics .................... 121 Manual Training ................ 122 Mechanical Drawing ............. 123 Military Drill ................... 124 Music ......................... 125 Nature Study ................... 126 Philosophy ..................... 127 Physical Training ............... 128 Physics ........................ 129 Psychology ..................... 130 Physiology ..................... 131 Public Speaking ................. 132 Shop work ..................... I33 Sociology ...................... 134 Spelling ....................... 135 Typewriting .................... I36 Zoiilogy ....................... L I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D your in- I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D _I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D I D Part III. Amusements. Indicate in the same manner as in Part I whether you like the following or not. If in doubt, consider your most frequent attitude. Work rapidly. Do not think over various possibilities. Record your first im- pression. 137 Golf ........................... L I D 138 Fishing ........................ L I D 139 Hunting ....................... L I D 140 Tennis ......................... L I D 141 Driving an automobile ............ L I D 142 Taking long walks ............... L I D 143 Boxing ........................ L I D 144 Chess .......................... L I D 145 Poker ......................... L I D 146 Bridge ......................... L I D 147 Observing birds (nature study) . . . . L I D 148 Solving mechanical puzzles ........ L I D 149 Performing sleight-of-hand tricks. . . L I D 150 Collecting postage stamps ......... L I D 151 Drilling in a company ............ L I D 152 Chopping wood ................. L I D 153 Amusement parks ............... L I D 154 Picnics ........................ L I D 155 Excursions ..................... L I D 156 Smokers ....................... L I D 157 “Rough house” initiations ........ L I D 158 Conventions .................... L I D 159 F ull-dress aflairs ................ L I D 160 Auctions ....................... L I D 161 Fortune tellers .................. L I D 162 Animal zoos .................... L I D 163 Art galleries .................... L I D 164 Museums ....................... L I D 165 Vaudeville ..................... L I D 166 Musical comedy ................. L I D 167 Symphony concerts .............. L I D 168 Pet canaries .................... L I D 169 Pet monkeys .................... L I D 170 Snakes ......................... L I D 171 Sporting pages .................. L I D 172 Poetry ......................... L I D 173 Detective stories ................. L I D 174 “Time” ........................ L I D 175 “Judge” ....................... L I D 176 “New Republic” ................ L I D 177 “System” ...................... L I D 178 “National Geographic Magazine”. . . L I D 179 “American Magazine” ........... L I D 180 “Popular Mechanics” ............ L I D 181 “Atlantic Monthly” .............. L I D 182 Educational movies .............. L I D 183 Travel movies .................. L I D 184 Social problem movies ............ L I D 185 Making a radio set ............... L I D ...3_. Part IV. Activities. Indicate your interests as in Part I. 186 Repairing a clock ................ L 187 Adjusting a carburetor ........ . . . . L 188 Repairing electrical wiring ........ L 189 Cabinetmaking .................. L 190 Operating machinery ............. L 191 Handling horses ................. L 192 Giving “first aid” assistance ........ L 193 Raising flowers and vegetables ..... L 194 Decorating a room with flowers ..... L 195 Arguments ..................... L 196 Interviewing men for a job ........ L 197 Interviewing prospects in selling. . . L 198 Interviewing clients ........... . . . L 199 Making a speech ................. L 200 Organizing a play ............... L 201 Opening conversation with a stranger L 202 Teaching children ............... L 203 Teaching adults ................. L 204 Calling friends by nicknames ...... L 205 Being called by a nickname ........ L 206 Meeting and directing people ...... L 207 Taking responsibility ............. L 208 Meeting new situations ............ L 209 Adjusting difficulties of others ...... L 210 Drilling soldiers ................. L 211 Pursuing bandits in sheriff’s posse. . L 212 Doing research work ............. L 213 Acting as yell-leader .............. L 214 Writing personal letters ........... L 215 Writing reports ................. L 216 Entertaining others .............. L 217 Bargaining (“swapping”) ......... L 218 Looking at shop windows .......... L 219 Buying merchandise for a store ..... L 220 Displaying merchandise in a store. . L 221 Expressing judgments publicly regardless of criticism .......... L 222 Being pitted against another as in a political or athletic race ....... L 223 Methodical work ................ L 224 Regular hours for work ........... L 225 Continually changing activities ..... L 226 Developing business systems ....... L 227 Saving money .................. L 228 Contributing to charities .......... L 229 Raising money for a charity ....... L 230 Living in the city ................ L 231 Climbing along edge of precipice. . . L 232 Looking at a collection of rare laces. L 233 Looking at a collection of antique furniture ..................... L 7. .._—_.._...~—-— s—tr—as—ss—II—t s—su—tu—n—ni—s hut—immu— s—A—Is—u—nn—i O-III-‘r—ih-it-i l—It—is—nI—sl—fl n—n—tt—nt—i—t H HHI-IFflI-t “mil-0H HI—Q UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUO UCUC‘JU DODGE U CU UUUUU UUUU D Part V. Peculiarities of People. Record your first im- pression. Do not think of various possibilities or of excep- tional cases. “Let yourself go” and record the feeling that comes to mind as you read the item. 234 Progressive people ............... L I D 235 Conservative people .............. L I D 236 Energetic people ................ L I D 237 Absent-minded people ............ L I D 238 People who borrow things ......... L I D 239 Quick-tempered people ........... L I D 240 Optimists ...................... L I D 241 Pessimists ...................... L I D 242 People who are natural leaders ..... L I D 243 People who assume leadership ...... L I D 244 People easily led ................. L I D 245 People who have made fortunes in business ...................... L I D 246 Emotional people ................ L I D 247 Thrifty people .................. L I D 248 Spendthrifts .................... L I D 249 Talkative people ................ L I D 250 Religious people ................. L I D 251 Irreligious people ............... L I D 252 People who have done you favors. . . L I D 253 People who get rattled easily ....... L I D 254 Grufi men ...................... L I D 255 Foreigners ..................... L I D 256 Sick people ..................... L I D 257 Nervous people .................. L I D 258 Very old people ................. L I D 259 Cripples ....................... L I D 260 Side-show freaks ................ L I D 261 People with gold teeth ............ L I D 262 People with protruding jaws ....... L I D 263 People with hooked noses ......... L I D 264 Blind people .................... L I D 265 Deaf mutes ..................... L I D 266 Selfoconscious people ............. L I D 267 People who always agree with you. . L I D 268 People who talk very loudly ....... L I D 269 People who talk very slowly ........ L I D 270 People who talk about themselves. . . L I D 271 Fashionably dressed people ........ L I D 272 Carelessly dressed people .......... L I D 273 People who don’t believe in evolution L I D 274 Socialists ....................... L I D 275 Bolshevists ..................... ‘L I D 276 Independents in politics ........... L I D 277 Men who chew tobacco ............ L I D 278 Men who use perfume ............ L I D 279 People who chew gum ............ L I D 280 Athletic men ................... L I D ~ __‘fl — ¥ _> — ‘ —— ‘5 — ——-.-—— - Mfi‘__h¥ 1 Part VI. Order of Preference of Activities. Indicate which three of the following ten activities you would enjoy most 5 by checking ( \/ ) Opposite them in column 1; also indicate which three you would enjoy least by checking opposite them in % column 3. Check the remaining four activities in column 2. 1 2 3 281 ( ) ( ) ( ) Develop the theory of operation of a new machine, e.g., auto 282 ( ) ( ) ( ) Operate (manipulate) the new machine 283 ( ) ( ) ( ) Discover an improvement in the design of the machine 284 ( ) ( ) ( ) Determine the cost of operation of the machine . 285 ( ) ( ) ( ) Supervise the manufacture of the machine 286 ( ) ( ) ( ) Create a new artistic effect, i.e., improve the beauty of the auto 287 ( ) ( ) ( ) Sell the machine 288 ( ) ( ) ( ) Prepare the advertising for the machine 289 ( ) ( ) ( ) Teach others the use of the machine 290 ( ') ( ) ( ) Interest the public in the machine through public addresses Indicate in the same way what you consider are the three most important factors affecting your work; also the three least important factors. Check the remaining four items in column 2. Be sure you have marked three items under 1, three items under 3, and four items under 2. 1 2 3 291 ( ) ( ) ( ) Salary received for work 292 ( ) ( ) ( ) Steadiness and permanence of work 293 ( ) ( ) ( ) Opportunity for promotion 294 ( ) ( ) ( ) Courteous treatment from superiors 295 ( ) ( ) ( ) Opportunity to make use of all one’s knowledge and experience 296 ( ) ( ) ( ) Opportunity to ask questions and to consult about difficulties 297 ( ) ( ) ( ) Opportunity to understand just how one’ s superior expects work to be done 298 ( ) ( ) ( ) Certainty one’ 3 work will be judged by fair standards 299 ( ) ( ) ( ) Freedom 1n working out one’ s own methods of doing the work - 300 ( ) ( ) ( ) Co-workers—congenial, competent, and adequate in number Indicate in the same way the three men you would most like to have been; also the three you would least like to have been. Check the remaining four men in column 2. 1 2 3 301 ( ) ( ) ( ) Luther Burbank, “plant wizard” 302 ( ) ( ) ( ) Enrico Caruso, singer 303 ( ) ( ) ( ) Thomas A. Edison, inventor 304 ( ) ( ) ( ) Henry Ford, manufacturer 305 ( ) ( ) ( ) Charles Dana Gibson, artist 306 ( ) ( ) ( ) J. P. Morgan, financier 307 ( ) ( ) ( ) J. J. Pershing, soldier 308 ( ) ( ) ( ) William H. Taft, jurist 309 (. ) ( ) ( ) Booth Tarkington, author 310 ( ) ( ) ( ) John Wanamaker, merchant Indicate 1n the same way the three positions you would most prefer to hold' 1n club or society; also the three you least prefer to hold. Check the remaining four' 1n column 2. 1 2 3 311 ( ) ( ) ( ) President of a Society or Club 312 ( ) ( ) ( ) Secretary of a Society or Club 313 ( ) ( ) ( ) Treasurer of a Society or Club 314 ( ) ( ) ( ) Member of a Society or Club 315 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Arrangement Committee 316 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Educational Committee 317 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Entertainment Committee 318 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Membership Committee 319 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Program Committee 320 ( ) ( ) ( ) Chairman, Publicity Committee Part VII. Comparison of Interest between Two Items. Indicate your choice of the following pairs by checking ( V) in the first space if you prefer the item to the left, in the second space if you like both equally well, and in the third space if you prefer the item to the right. Assume other things are equal except the two items to be compared. Work rapidly. 321 Street-car motorman ..................... 322 Policeman .............................. 323 Chauffeur 324- }Icad waiter ............................ 325 House to house canvassing ................. 326 House to house canvassing ................. 327 Repair auto ............................ 328 Develop plans ........................... 329 Do a job yourself ........................ 330 Persuade others ......................... 331 Deal with things ......................... 332 Plan for immediate future ................. 333 Activity which produces tangible returns ..... 334 Taking a chance ......................... 335 Definite salary .......................... 336 Work for yourself ........................ 337 Work which interests you with modest income 338 Work in a large corporation with little chance of becoming president until age of 55 ...... 339 Selling article, quoted 10% below competitor. . 340 Small pay, large opportunities to learn during next 5 years ........................... 341 Work involving few details ................ 342 Outside work ........................... 343 Change from place to place ................ 344 Great variety of work ..................... 345 Physical activity ........................ 346 Emphasis upon quality of work ............. 347 Technical responsibility (head of a department of 25 people engaged in technical, research work) 348 Present a report in writing ................ 349 Listening to a story ....................... 350 Playing baseball ......................... 351 Amusement where there is a crowd ......... 352 Nights spent at home ..................... 353 Reading a book .......................... 354 Belonging to many societies ................ 355 Few intimate friends ...................... 356 Many women friends ..................... 357 Fat men ................................ 358 Tall men ............................... 359 Jealous people .......................... 360 Jealous people .......................... ( ( ( ( f ( ( ( ( ( l ( ( ( ( ( ( ( vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv Vvvv VVVVV AAAAA AAAA AAAAA A AIRAAA AAAAA AAAAA AAAAA VVVVV vvvv vvvvv AAAAA AAAAA AAAAA AAA/HA AAAA AAAAA \IVVVV vvvvv vvvvv vvvv Vvvvv Street-car conductor Fireman (fights fire) Chef Lighthouse tender Retail selling Gardening Drive auto Execute plans Delegate job to another Order others Deal with people Plan for five years ahead Activity which is enjoyed for its own sake Playing safe Commission on what is done Carry out program of superior who is respected Work which does not interest you with large income Work for self in small business Selling article, quoted 10% above competitor Good pay, little opportunity to learn during next 5 years Work involving many details Inside work Working in one location Similarity in work Mental activity Emphasis upon quantity of work Supervisory responsibility (head of a department of 300 people engaged in typical business operation) Present a report verbally Telling a story Watching baseball Amusement alone or with one or two others Nights away from home Going to movies Belonging to few societies Many acquaintances Few women friends Thin men Short men Conceited people Spendthrifts Part VIII. Rating of Present Abilities and Characteristics. Indicate below what kind of a person you are right now and what you have done. Check in the first column (“Yes”) if the item really describes you, in the third column (“No”) if the item does not describe you, and in the second column (2’) if you are not sure. (Be frank in pointing out your weak points, for selection of a vocation must be made in terms of them as well as your strong points.) YES 361 Usually start activities of my group ...................................................... ( ) 362 Usually drive myself steadily (do not work by fits and starts) ............................... ( ) 363 Win friends easily .................................................................... ( ) 364 Usually get other people to do what I want done ............................................ ( ) 365 Usually liven up the group on a dull day .................................................. ( ) 366 Am quite sure of myself ............................................................... ( ) 367 Accept just criticism without getting sore ................................................. ( ) 368 Have mechanical ingenuity (inventiveness) ............................................... ( ) 369 Have more than my share of novel ideas .................................................. ( ) 370 Can carry out plans assigned by other people .............................................. ( ) 371 Can discriminate between more or less important matters .................................... ( ) 372 Am inclined to keep silent (reticent) in confidential and semi-confidential affairs ............... ( ) 373 Am always on time with my work ........................................................ ( ) 374 Remember faces, names, and incidents better than the average person ........................ ( ) 375 Can correct others without giving offense ................................................. ( ) 376 Able to meet emergencies quickly and effectively ........................................... ( ) 377 Get “rattled” easily ................................................................... ( ) 378 Can write a concise, well-organized report ................................................. ( ) 379 Have good judgment in appraising values ................................................. ( ) 380 Plan my work in detail ................................................................ ( ) 381 Follow up subordinates effectively ....................................................... ( ) 382 Put drive into the organization ........................................................... ( ) 383 Stimulate the ambition of my associates ................................................... ( ) 384 Show firmness without being easy ....................................................... ( ) 385 Win confidence and loyalty ............................................................. ( ) 386 Smooth out tangles and disagreements between people ....................................... ( ) 387 Am approachable .................................................................... ( ) 388 Discuss my ideals with others ........................................................... ( ) AAAAA AAAAA AAAAA AAA’KA AAAAA ( ( ( ? VVVVV VVVVV Vvvvv vvvvv ) ) ) NO ( ( ( ( ( AAAAA AAAAA AAAAA vvvvv Vvvvv vvvvv ‘vvvvv AAAAA () () () Check (V) in the first, second, or third column at the right according as the first, second, or third statement in each item below applies to you. 389 (1) 390 (1) 391 (l) 392 (1) 393 (l) 394 (l) 395 (l) 396 (l) 397 (1) 398 (l) 399 (l) 400 (l) Feelings easily hurt Usually ignore the feelings of others Loan money to acquaint- ances . Rebel inwardly at orders from another, obey when necessary When caught in a mistake usually make excuses Best-liked friends are su- perior to me in ability Handle complaints with- out getting irritated Borrow frequently (for personal use) Tell jokes well My advice sought by many Frequently make wagers Worry considerably about mistakes (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)” (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Feelings hurt sometimes Consider them sometimes Loan only to certain people Carry out instructions with little or no feeling Seldom make excuses Equal in ability Become annoyed at times Borrow occasionally Seldom tell jokes Sought by few Occasionally make wagers Worry very little ...7_ (1st) (3) Feelings rarely hurt ...... ( ) (3) Carefully consider them. . ( ) (3) Rarely loan money ...... ( ) (3) Enter into situation and en- thusiastically carry out program ............. ( ) (3) Practically never make ex- cuses ............... ( ) (3) Inferior in ability ........ ( ) (3) Lose my temper at times. . ( ) ( 3) Practically never borrow. . ( ) (3) Practically never tell jokes ( ) (3) Practically never asked. . . ( ) (3) Never make wagers ...... ( ) (3) Do not worry ........... ( ) (2nd) (3rd) ( ) ( ( AAAA ) ) VVvV () () ( ) AAAA vvvv Be Sure You Have Not Omitted Any Part: Note Par- ticularly the Second Columns on Pages 2, 3, and 4. Occupation Artist Psychologist Architect Physician Psychiatrist Osteopath Dentist Veterinarian M332?" Physicist Che-mu: . Raw Score j ll Standard Score Rating :j _ _ Forest Mathematics- . YALC 3. 1 Occupation Engineer Production Farmer Carpenter Service Aviator Printer Science Policeman Army Physics. Manager Man Teacher Ofliccr Direct r Raw Score | l 'l Standard Score 1 | Rating j l Public Social Business School ' _ Occupation Personnel Adminis- Vocational Physical Social Smcnce Education Superintend- Mlmster Musician Music I. Manager trator Counselor Therapist Vl orkcr Teacher Teacher ent Teacher I .; Raw Score l l Standard Score Rating 1 H . . Rea! Occupation C.P.A. Senior Accountant Office Credit Purchasing Banker Pharmacist Mortician Sales Estate 2 Owner C .A. Worker Manager Agent Manager Salesman: j mi t 9 Raw Score I q l S l Standard Score j 1 Rating j i y 9 i . Life . ' President, . Speciali- . . t Occupation Insurance Advertising Lawyer Author- M’f'g. Occupational zation Masculinity Interest j Salesman Man Journalist Concern vel Level Femininity Maturity !—«1 Raw Score j Standard Score l #4! Rafing _4_d APPENDIX B Raw Scores «'I JLIQQ’J [1.31. saloon wan 51 Table 5 Moon Standard Scores of 39 Subjoitl on 45 SVIB Occupational Scales Group I Group II NO. ‘3. a b c d o f g a b c d 1 62 34 32 40 38 33 37 15 19 19 28 29 2 66 50 07 35 15 18 32 05 32 27 29 22 3 66 53 12 35 16 22 38 12 33 29 30 24 4 66 45 06 39 16 15 35 13 34 28 33 27 5 67 40 07 26 12 19 30 15 25 16 23 15 6 67 30' 09 17 05 10 11 08 19 11 15 05 7 67 20 18 22 24 34 33 11 22 19 31 29 8 68 11 19 11 27 35 24 28 06 03 19 16 9 68 38 14 30 09 10 21 08 30 26 31 23 10 68 32 28 27 28 26 29 12 24 17 26 22 11 68 35 30 35 37 39 46 16 30 27 31 36 12 69 14 15 05 08 12 06 13 ~08 -10 04 00 13 69 32 19 23 14 26 26 11 09 03 11 08 14 69 38 20 24 17 18 18 17 29 17 23 16 15 69 15 8 12 15 35 21 26 2 1 14 12 16 69 - 30 23 30 27 13 23 31 27 18 27 23 17 70 11 17 20 05 08 13 09 18 12 26 15 18 70 49 09 36 12 15 35 06 35 25 30 24 19 71 39 01 25 00 08 26 08 19 17 22 14 20 71 18 33 20 19 20 15 11 15 10 19 15 21 71 127 21 22 24 21 25 26 15 10 20 17 22 72 22 30 20 30 38 35 20 14 05 15 18 23 72 17 53 24 47 38 24 12 29 26 35 36 24 72 33 18 22 15 17 25 12 25 13 16 11 25 72 16 09 09 14 38 28 25 09 16 29 26 26 73 19 20 12 20 41 24 15 02 06 21 17 27 74 08 24 13 21 24 23 07 10 01 15 11 28 74 17 18 06 13 31 26 16 09 03 10 11 29 74 19 32 19 27 15 15 25 22 11 16 17 30 74 07 24 06 21 44 22 26 01 ~07 21 22. 31 74 11 39 09 25 38 23 14 08 08 30 33 32 76 11 31 06 24 53 28 24 05 05 23 27 33 77 12 28 12 28 51 32 29 09 06 23 26 34 77 30 37 30 27 46 42 18 15 18 30 31 35 78 21 21 15 22 29 20 21 15 03 14 18 36 78 20 21 14 22 27 20 16 16 10 17 17 37 78 20 22 17 22 37 28 26 09 12 29 27 38 82 13 13 1o 16 33 28 18 09 07 20 21 39 83 18 21 10 20 43 29 15 06 12 24 21 C eldaT aigntdu'c. Q: '10 291098: b'llibllfijt‘a 1159.4 ”291882 lbnoiJBqUOOU hIVd a» no I I quoui) I ([13010 913‘s 0 0"; b o d a 11 '1 9 b 3 d 5 Q3 83 91 01 :1 3a {a 0K 08 3a 3a 38 r 33 93 :3 35 30 3c 81 :1 6; TU oz 08 3 83 a 33 {c 3 85 33 01 ea 31 {a 88 a 33 {a 63 83 {1 a: CI 81 95 oo aé do 8 Q1 3 a1 3 a1 05 Q1 31 83 yo oé 30 a go 51 11 91 80 11 01 20 TL go 0c :8 8 Q3 1; 01 33 11 a: 8g #3 33 81 03 :8 3 01 91 {o 80 83 93 as $3 11 e1 11 88 8 {3 1c 03 o: 80 13 01 )o u: 81 8g 8 Q 33 03 :1 3 31 Q3 03 83 VS *3 3c 80 01 6€ 18 V3 DC 01 08 QC TE CC 0C it 60 ll 00 80 01— 80— £1 00 31 8o 20 e1 J1 e8 3 8o 11 {o 30 11 03 3 81 ‘3 e1 3{ ea {1 a1 13 VI 33 $1 81 81 31 A3 03 8c 98 81 31 11 1 3 03 13 as 81 31 8 a1 98 a1 3 :3 81 :3 1a {3 c1 33 or ‘3 o: go 81 a1 a3 31 81 CO {1 co go 03 $1 11 o: :1 3 oz 3 EC 00 EC 21 3 he 90 e3 03 81 81 33 TI Q1 80 03 no 00 3 10 e: 1? 91 21 e1 01 51 11 a1 03 91 03 {a 81 :3 03 31 03 01 a1 ‘3 Q3 13 #3 33 13 13 1: 13 8 a1 a0 91 03 fig 8a 05 03 oa 33 3: 33 at at 3 e3 31 83 8c :8 83 (a :1 37 3 11 81 {1 a3 31 33 $1 21 33 81 {a 3: 83 03 e3 81 90 _3 83 8a 81 Q0 Q0 81 3: 23 31 13 80 3o 21 83 18 C3 3 3 91 a: 03 11 a1 10 01 :0 c3 3 3 £1 83 80 83 33 11 01 {o 90 81 83 1c {1 do 8 :1 8T 83 31 81 11 33 a3 a1 :1 3 e1 3 91 8: Q3 33 13 30— 1o 03 33 88 13 do 3 30 8: o: {a 05 80 80 91 53 8c 3 00 ea 11 T 1: '3 a? no so 83 83 {a 33 do 1c 11 a: 33 a; {3 80 go 93 33 1e :3 3 83 31 33 C 15 mg 81 EL 61 31 Qfi Y; QC Wt CC V? 88 81 91 5» a1 13 03 Q3 33 e1 3 3 8: ac 31 :1 01 81 d1 03 :3 33 81 13 03 83 be :3 93 31 00 02 £3 :3 33 :1 33 3 8: TE 13 o: to Go 51 83 {a 81 01 {1 c1 33 8c 13 83 31 co :1 C2 {9 o: 01 13 81 {8 e: 52 Table 5 Continued Group III Group IV N0. A8. a a b c d o f g h 1 1 62 38 16 13 22 33 21 08 05 24 06 2 66 22 30 13 14 13 ~06 ~10 ~09 04 ~10 3 66 22 31 14 18 16 ~09 .02 ~09 08 ~10 4 66 32 30 13 31 25 05 ~06 02 24 ~03 5 67 35 24 07 20 17 04 ~06 00 13 ~10 6 67 22 27 07 17 17 07 ~07 23 14 ~10 7 67 38 38 31 46 61 42 26 18 44 26 8 53 #2 35 30 49 50 43 37 35 55 29 9 68 37 37 25 32 27 12 04 11 31 14 10 68 36 26 16 27 41 24 10 11 25 04 11 68 26 34 22 38 36 35 24 14 31 03 12 69 43 22 11 25 35 22 13 20 34 06 13 69 32 08 07 17 20 07 ~06 ~06 25 ~03 14 69 22 24 18 25 34 13 01 11 21 ~04 15 69 41 37 27 38 42 34 30 34 46 25 16 69 32 37 26 33 34 21 15 34 32 19 17 70 39 25 16 29 30 32 14 20 30 17 18 70 24 27 11 14 13 ~07 ~10 ~04 05 ~10 19 71 32 25 05 24 13 02 ~10 ~03 17 ~10 20 71 40 31 15 29 43 40 30 33 34 20 21 71 37 31 19 29 27 19 09 18 35 16 22 72 30 35 24 29 47 47 26 29 47 23 23 72 40 37 37 34 50 58 44 46 40 29 24 72 24 23 06 23 31 16 ~09 11 29 02 25 72 36 37 32 45 41 35 25 23 45 04 26 73 45 19 19 27 33 27 22 12 38 03 27 74 39 22 20 29 41 42 19 17 39 16 28 74 38 27 17 43 47 38 32 26 43 11 29 74 35 45 26 30 45 44 27 49 44 36 30 74 49 23 38 41 47 42 38 23 53 21 31 74 51 21 29 32 40 46 36 20 44 16 32 76 41 27 30 32 41 45 29 16 46 19 33 77 40 29 33 35 44 #4 35 24 46 23 34 77 35 23 27 29 43 37 24 12 39 16 35 78 32 32 23 29 39 34 21 30 40 20 36 78 29 38 24 20 35 35 19 20 28 07 37 78 48 20 15 32 25 24 17 08 36 08 38 82 38 32 24 43 47 42 37 30 45 05 39 83 45 19 20 29 32 28 24 10 37 00 bouniinoD E oldor VI quouD III quouD -~t 93A .0K 1 d 3 3 9 b a d 5 a 80 33 Co to I: CE 38 {I 61 ofl SO I 01— #0 9o- o1~ oo- 91 91 91 a 33 oo 3 01— So 90~ 3o~ 90~ 81 81 91 1C 33 88 a {o- 93 30 non no 93 19 c1 09 39 on 3 01~ 91 oo oo- 90 :1 03 To 33 (E To Q 01- 91 3 YO- :0 :1 TL 30 :3 33 36 o 83 39 81 O3 38 18 a» 19 89 89 :0 3 08 28 EC TS C 02 93 09 :9 39 80 8 91 19 11 8o 31 33 3 Q3 39 YE on 9 80 as 11 01 13 19 33 81 03 89 3o 01 90 19 31 93 99 GE 89 33 99 83 8o 11 6o 99 03 91 33 99 a3 11 33 99 90 31 go- 3 00- 8o- 30 03 31 go 80 39 9a 91 90— 13 11 1o 91 99 a3 81 33 3 9o 91 3 88 89 09 99 39 89 33 39 18 9o 91 31 3e 39 CL 13 39 99 03 YE 39 9o 01 :1 09 03 91 39 09 3 81 e3 9 03 :1 o1~ 90 fio~ 01- 30~ 91 91 11 3 3 7 81 01- 31 90— 01— 3o 91 93 90 93 3 1g 91 3 99 99 09 08 91 3 91 1c 08 13 03 01 a: 81 9o 91 33 93 91 19 TC 1: .3 93 :9 93 3 39 39 93 83 ea 09 3 33 93 09 89 98 8: oz 99 39 :9 09 3: {3 3 93 11 90. a1 19 93 00 3 93 3? 93 90 99 93 a3 29 19 99 3‘ 39 89 3g 93 {o 89 31 33 33 {9 3 91 91 98 9: 83 81 99 :1 91 3A 19 93 3 33 '9 93 3 11 99 '3 39 89 39 c3 31 :3 39 9: ‘3 09 98 99 3 99 a3 09 03 99 ea 3 93 13 (a 93 89 39 :9 1A 89 ‘3 93 93 09 81 99 3 89 83 09 3 93 13 1a 93 1c 91 08 a1 3 99 1% 3 09 :3 19 3 39 {3 83 33 99 99 93 ea 99 93 08 :3 91 81 99 3 93 39 91 3 33 3 a: 33 99 03 03 09 3 99 99 93 3 3c 39 8 29 30 83 03 91 99 ea 03 93 89 93 83 89 8o 83 80 31 13 3 3‘ 91 3 81 '1 TC 20 89 0: TE 38 ‘3 C9 92 SC 8C 38 bfi oo 39 01 93 83 39 93 03 91 98 98 9c 53 Tabla 5 Continued Group V VI VII c d o f g h - a a 1 29 '22 23 23 28 23 4O 37 2 01 ~10 ~04 «06 ~10 ~03 17 27 3 ~06 -10 ~05 .09 -10 ~04 24 29 4 01 ~06 04 05 :07 .07 27 23 5 O3 O4 05 08 04 02 23 23 6 15 18 20 15 12 13 18 19 7 31 32 35 19 28 28 37 26 8 45 41 48 30 42 33 37 18 9 18 02 15 06 07 ~08 24 2O 27 17 25 16 28 2O 40 31 23 20 25 14 27 30 47 18 29 42 42 30 40 28 33 21 27 25 23 18 32 22 36 33 12 O7 16 13 18 O6 39 26 27 44 41 18 31 35 31 08 24 14 22 20 24 03 35 27 34 36 36 26 28 21 22 40 ~07 ~10 «04 ~07 "10 ~10 20 32 06 O7 10 01 ~08 03 21_ 24 45 47 44 43 42 42 39 25 3O 26 25 21 28 20 34 29 42 52 55 42 48 51 49 16 59 47 46 54 52 46 40 34 16 28 26 24 22 33 37 33 24 24 28 O4 19 2O 22 17 35 42 33 27 39 39 30 25 46 47 55 33 45 34 32 35 31 46 48 29 39 41 37 17 45 43 45 40 38 34 39 22 54 41 48 19 49 29 27 31 55 43 45 23 53 36 32 39 51 45 49 24 50 41 29 33- 52 42 46 24 48 37 34 33 42 32 35 25 40 37 39 33 33 32 43 22 33 22 34 26 3O 31 36 26 23 23 24 20 27 29 26 18 33 25 28 31 30 42 47 25 31 35 35 12 29 41 36 23 36 34 28 21 ( 3 m beam 'tJI'oI) «E 9103‘)? V 111101;) "‘ w A v ‘3 "I. . (’1'. :f g "L 9 h o d s . a: {3 62 as as s: ‘2 1: b1 so I 33 {on 01- 60— 90— 01- .0 UI— uL— dd 8 9; Lo- 01— 90- a0_ 01— 00- U[— 01- 80 C it :0- :o— ao 90 oo- 10 :0- an- ab 5 a: so §0 80 an 90 (0 :o— 00- :d a 91 {I 21 a: u: 3 Q 11 20 :3 a a; as 83 91 a: at [E fig 3: Va 1 LI {L SA 01 é$ [fl 8% L6 8 '0 8 Us 30. :0 0L 3 :0 EL OL 20 do 9 LC (H; (a: .1L :2 7 $3 [2 £[ So 01 LL 0: Y9 EL as 0: a: VI 92 80 IL 13 b; 00 0a 2‘ 2% QB TC 2g 90 TI ‘9 $2 at 51 a: is :3 LE Q1 QJ {L on 3[ {L at :0 SI 80 11 Rd #1 2g 1: 51 Ifl fié 1: a: 89 on 1; r0 #2 02 a: 91 p3 q; u: ea 51 L ?: cs UL u: Ac ca 13 0T :1 01— 0L~ So- £0— 01— :o- 01— u:- 0: 5[ £0 to— in 0L ?0 do 00 00- 1? Qt v» as {3- 1M! x» 3% {a (u; .r{ 0: o: s; It a: 2 0: o: 3 T 13 LE 3» a; :2 33 39 3A :9 2 2: an 22 a a» :9 Q ea bfi a: {a Q Q8 r' a: 32 61 11 an s: 93 03 91 £0 83 B2 A; 0: 03 2 as Qt QC :2 3C 21 a? $9 0% {x 02 PL Efi L: {E Y? «3 1a 8% #V 19 [13 Q E a? :’: r. ;" i} s3 [E 22‘ {j 9 f; 11 \‘ E' 3 IL 5: U; qé {6 a9 a‘ 3‘ 51 ex 3 Q4 CL 3A 1% Re bfi 09 fl: ac dc EC 83 afi {fl 02 $8 fifi A? l: 19 0? fl: Qé (A 1Q 02 :5 a? 2‘ q Lfi #3 afi 9' 9: 8% {9 q? {a TC 09 Q8 83 SE 3F 8% 0C T? ét 33 {a a: {# 8 ‘2 1c :3 a: ea {3 an o: aL it Ufi JE #1 S" OE a: CC 3: a: )3 :3 J2 QC a: TC E6 1: C3 ‘9 SD 0: d: 0» 28 L; fig 6C ‘3 0c 1% Q3 {6 8c {0 Qt 54 Table 5 Continued Group VIII NO. A8. a b c d 0 f g 1 62 000....00000..0.. 22 18 27 33 23 29 35 2 ‘66 000000000000.0.00 '05 09 06 28 34 31 28 3 66 0000.0.000000..0. ’10 00 03 26 32 33 29 a 66 0000000000....0.0 01 12 21 33 40 37 39 5 67 0.00.0.00000.0.00 ”07 06 15 31 36 41 50 6 67 ................. 03 09 25 28 45 41 29 7 67 0.00000..000.0.00 41 93 55 37 36 29 90 8 68 0.00.0.000000..0. 45 47 63 36 41 52 ‘5 9 68 ................. 06 17 21 33 33 3o 26 10 68 .00000.0000..0... 25 30 35 37 31 33 99 11 68 ................. 22 24 34 21 26 26 33 12 69 00.0.0.0...0..0.0 24 36 51 38 94 Qk 92 13 69 ................. 12 18 34 39 36 53 51 15 69 00.000.000.000... 11 15 29 39 39 36 ‘5 15 69 000.000.000..00.0 27 37 51 32 37 54 28 16 69 .0......00.0.00.. 30 18 25 28 ‘0 36 37 17 70 00.000.000.000... 39 50 55 hi hi 37 38 18 70 .000..00..0000000 .03 03 08 29 39 30 31 19 71 0.00.0.000000000. “02 12 2“ 95 92 54 ‘0 20 71 000.0...000...000 33 39 #1 26 39 25 21 21 71 0000........0..00 26 31 37 31 52 39 35 22 72 0......0.000.0000 35 29 47 15 26 32 29 23 72 00....00.000000.. 48 50 35 15 22 15 32 2‘ 72 000.000.0.0..0..0 16 20 31 28 38 36 29 25 72 0000.0..0000.0..0 33 38 51 #0 40 9‘ 53 26 73 .00000.0000.00000 30 39 50 35 30 55 56 27 79 0....00000.000.00 50 55 59 40 42 35 37 28 7a 0.0.0.0...0..0000 30 39 56 29 40 94 37 29 7a 000.000.00.000000 90 34 40 25 44 21 22 30 75 ................. 51 55 61 38 39 #9 «a 31 79 .0.0....00.00.00. 48 56 59 34 30 36 92 32 76 00.......00..00.. 92 58 58 32 31 40 92 33 77 0....00.0..000000 95 47 55 28 31 59 *2 35 77 0.00.00.00.00000. 23 33 40 24 18 34 35 35 78 0......000..00... 31 40 51 22 #1 33 3Q 36 78 ................. 33 30 41 28 #0 25 25 37 78 000....00..000..0 25 39 53 40 31 #2 50 38 82 0.0000000...000.. 3k ‘1 58 30 39 34 36 39 83 00.00000...000.0. 24 32 58 35 29 46 51 bouuiluu') E 91(15'1‘ I 11V (11101;) w 93A .olfl :3 ’1 9 F) o d s 9 99 £1 CC 3 Cl :3 0........0...0... 3" I (I: It U: '35-. (H) ‘10 EU- ...0......... .... ()1) S {’3 if: 'lf: ()3 L“ 00 01" ........0.....0.0 OJ C 9C (f. {H} C‘; 3 SI .[0 ..........0.0.... 00 f‘ Oé if 0: J: El 00 TO— ........0...000.. id E Q3 1% Ep uS g3 GO {0 0.....0.......... :0 U 0% CS GE TC CE C9 1% ' 000.000.000.00... :0 V 99 99 1% ha {0 W E9 ......000........ g? 8 H3 Ofl {C CC 13 Y1 00 00............... L9 Q 9§ {E It VC EC 0C E3 0.0.0............ 8Q 01 CC 53 Q ‘3 fit #3 SS 00.0....0.....0.. Cd 11 39 39 J$ EC IE 0C #3 .........0....0.. 99 SI LE ‘3 ca QC At 8L 8L ................. 90 El Efl 6{ Qt QC 93 E[ II 0.......0.00..... 99 91 83 99 :fl SQ IE TC :3 0......0.......0. 90 a1 YE fie Ofl 32 a; 81 0C ......0.....00..0 Gd dI 62 :fl 9% 99 9a 0a 95 .......0......... O: Y1 lE 0a Q: 92 av £0 £0- ................. CY 51 09 9% 39 Q” $3 31 EU“ 0.000....0....0.. 1? 91 IS 3 ea 69 L9 Qt CC 00.0.......0..... 1: 03 “C CC 2» IE TC IE 09 .0........0...0.. I? S 03 3C 03 AI Yg '9 EC ....0...0.00...00 9: SS 33 CL ‘3 31 EC 09 8” 00.00.000.00....0 3? ES QC dfi CC 83 1C 03 OI 0......0........0 9? 90 Cg $9 Qfi U# [a 88 CC ....0...00...0..0 9? E9 09 29 QC CC 0a QC OE ...............0. C? 3 Y8 as 3% 09 QC ea 02 .....0....0....0. 9: Y3 :8 {fi 09 CS 02 EC 0C .....0.....00.... 9: 83 23 IS fig CS 09 9C Oé 0....0....00..... 9: QS fié 9% Qt Ci 10 ea IE ......0.........0 : O 3. U: 02 AC QC GE 8» 0........0....... fi? 1C 39 09 ii 33 8E 89 Sé 0............0... 5? S 35.3 [Hi 5: 03 813‘ T 61‘ ......000.00..... Y? £ EE fl: UL $3 Ué CE 83 ................. T? 9: fiC (8 IA 3: LE 09 IE .0.........0..... 8: EC 63 ES 0» US 19 08 E ..............0.. 3: 0C CE 331‘ [C Ui‘ (‘3 15E 3'3 ...............0. b? KC 0C éi CE 0C a: 19 fit .....0.....0...00 28 SE LE 6er Q5: 3 81“ SC is .....0.......0.0. {8 Qt 55 T0b1. 5 Continued Group II Group X 11 NO 0 As. 0 b c 0 b c 0 62 ......0...... ‘30 39 32 ‘10 34 39 ‘15 66 ............. 26 ‘19 36 46 Q9 58 50 66 ............. 26 52 35 48 49 6o 53 66 ............. 32 47 37 4o 40 50 51 .........0.00 3‘! 52 ‘1‘! 42 ‘13 50 53 67 ............. 36 58 51 42 37 44 44 67 ............. 22 35 25 24 21 25 31 68 ............. 33 4o 32 26 19 19 21 68 ............. 34 46 33 39 38 45 47 1° 68 ............. 36 41 33 39 34 37 54 11 68 ............. 21 35 28 31 28 37 4o 12 69 ............. 55 53 53 39 29 28 42 13 69 ............. 54 55 57 52 41 44 54 1'! 69 ...........0. '30 52 39 45 kg ‘18 41 15 69 ............. 36 38 4o 25 16 22 28 7 16 69 ......0...... 38 45 35 37 37 36 36 17 70 0........0... ‘09 ‘1‘} '1“ 33 25 25 56 18 70 ............. 28 53 38 45 46 58 56 19 71 .....0....... 45 59 48 §§ 36 57 55 20 71 ......0...... 32 29 27 31 25 27 31 21 71 ............. 39 49 44 35 35 35 36 22 72 ......0...... 24 29 36 26 29 28 18 23 72 ......0..0..0 16 18 15 23 23 2k 20 24 72 00.00.0000... 35 42 1‘2 36 [*2 [*5 35 25 72 ......0...... 29 ‘4 35 24 17 23 42 26 73 ......0...... 44 #1 48 34 35 27 50 27 7k ............. 41 36 37 26 27 19 33 28 75 ......0...... 34 39 '39 30 22 26 32 29 74 ............. 24 28 21 26 25 26 08 3o 74 ............. 41 42 43 28 19 19 37 31 74 ............. 4o 35 38 34 25 23 4o 32 76 ............. 33 38 45 29 26 22 34 33 77 ............. 33 39 41 29 24 22 36 34 77 ............. 33 39 41 41 34 37 38 35 78 ............. 28 4o 37 31 21 3o 24 36 78 ............. 25 35 31 28 25 26 29 37 78 ............. 46 46 50 35 31 28 59 38 82 ............. 32 32 33 28 20 22 32 39 83 ............. 48 46 49 35 24 25 50 ‘0‘»‘10Wflfifldhfifl O\ V aTh. 1.tt.r d0013n0t1on0 r0f0r to th. name. of th. occup0tion01 0c0100 within .0ch group, in the order giv0n 1n Tabl. 4. 7‘... hnnnijlifld E‘ .. 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