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ABSTRACT

AN EVALUATION OF TRITICALE AS A SOURCE OF
PROTEIN AND ENERGY FOR WEANLING PIGS

By
Jeffrey P. Erickson

Nitrogen balance studies were conducted with 9 kg
pigs on diets containing 85% triticale from four varie-
ties developed in 1974. Nearly all of the energy and
protein in the diets came from triticale and these diets
were adequate in all mineral elements and vitamins. The
influence of autoclaving the diets and supplementation
of the diets with .3% L-lysine plus .2% L-threonine upon
nitrogen balance were also ascertained. Apparent pro-
tein digestibility (PD) of the four variety diets ranged
from 79% to 82%, apparent biological value (BV) ranged
from 62 to 77, and apparent net protein utilization (NPU)
ranged from 49 to 63. Autoclaving the diets signifi-
cantly improved PD, BV and NPU and supplementation with
lysine and threonine significantly improved BV and NPU.
Metabolizable energy (ME) studies were conducted for
diets containing 85% triticale from the aforementioned
four varieties. The ME ranged from 3342 to 3879 kcal/kg.

Four other triticale varieties developed in 1975 were

Jeffrey P. Erickson
evaluated by determining the protein efficiency ratio
(PER) of diets containing the respective triticale
varieties and added purified wheat gluten protein to
formulate 16% protein diets. The PER of the four test
diets ranged from 0.63 to 1.44 compared to an average
PER of 2.8 for a 16% protein corn-soybean meal diet.
Dermatitis was observed on many of the pigs on the test
diets. Plasma zinc levels were quite normal and were

not related to the severity of the dermatitis.

AN EVALUATION OF TRITICALE AS A SOURCE OF

PROTEIN AND ENERGY FOR WEANLING PIGS

BY
Jeffrey P. Erickson

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Animal Husbandry

1976

Gféz/07

To My Brother
Chuck

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere apprecia-
tion to Dr. E. R. Miller for his expert guidance and
counsel during this research and his constructive review
of this manuscript.

Appreciation is also extended for the helpful
guidance and review of this manuscript to Drs. W. G.
Bergen, D. E. Ullrey, M. E. Wastell, and F. C. Elliot.
Thanks are extended to Dr. W. G. Bergen and Ms. Elaine
Pink for their assistance in laboratory analysis. A
special thanks to Dr. F. C. Elliot for providing the
triticale used in these experiments.

Sincere appreciation is expressed to Dr. R. H.
Nelson and the Animal Husbandry Department for the use
of facilities and animals for the financial support in
the form of a graduate assistantship. Sincere gratitude
is also expressed to Farm Bureau Services, Incorporated,
for financial aid and the unique learning Opportunity
provided.

A special thanks is due to Ms. Kim Miller Green
and Ms. Janice Fuller for their assistance in typing,

organizing and printing of this manuscript.

iii

The author is very grateful to his parents for
their continual encouragement, support and interest
during my college work.

Above all, the author is indebted to his loving
wife, Ann, and children, Kim and Jeff, whose sacrifice

and encouragement have made this study worthwhile.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES.
INTRODUCTION.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.

Historical Development of Triticale.
Nutritional Evaluation of Triticale.
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Amino Acid Availability .
Growth and Production Response.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.

Introduction
Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4. Balance
Trials Utilizing Triticale Varie-
ties MSU l, MSU 2, MSU 3 and MSU 4,
Respectively, with Treatments
(Autoclaving and Supplemental
Amino Acids). . . . . . . . . .

Experiment 5. Balance Trial Deter-
mining Gross Energy (GE), Digesti—
ble Energy (DE) and Metabolizable
Energy (ME) of Triticale Varieties
MSU-l, MSU-2, MSU—3 and MSU—4

Experiment 6. Balance Trial to
Determine the Metabolic and Endo-
genous Nitrogen of MSU-4 Triticale.

Experiment 7. Feeding Trial Utili-
zing MSU 16% Grower Diet for
Weanling Pigs . . . . . . . . .

Experiment 8. Feeding Trial Utili-
zing Triticale Varieties MSU—l,
49-2, 49-6, 22-2 and the MSU 16%
Grower Diet for Weanling Pigs

Experiment 9. Feeding Trial Utili-
zing MSU 16% Grower Diet for
Weanling pigs . . .

Page

vii

(N

U'IKDVO‘LN

22
24

24

28

30

30

30

Experiment 10. Feeding Trial Utili-
zing Triticale Varities MSU-l,
49-2, 49-6, 22-2 and the MSU 16%
Grower Diet for Weanling Pigs
Chemical Analyses. . . . . . . .
Feed and Feces.
Urine
Blood
Statistical Analyses

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4: Nitrogen
Balance Trials of Four Varieties of
Triticale with the Appropriate
Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Experiment 5: Balance Trial Determining
the Gross Energy (GE), Digestible
Energy (DE), and Metabolizable Energy
(MB) of the Four Triticale Varieties

Experiment 6: Nitrogen Balance Study
Used to Determine the Metabolic and
Endogenous Nitrogen Values

Experiment 7. Feeding Trial Utilizing
MSU 16% Grower Diet for Weanling Pigs.

Experiment 8: Feeding Trial Utilizing the
MSU 16% Grower Diet and Four Varieties
of Triticale for Weanling Pigs

Experiment 9: Feeding Trial Utilizing
MSU 16% Grower Diets for Weanling Pigs

Experiment 10: Feeding Trial Utilizing
MSU 16% Grower Diet and Four Varieties
of Triticale for Weanling Pigs

CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
APPENDIX.

vi

Page

32
33
33
34
35
35

37

37

48

50
52

52
55

S7
61
63
67

Table

10

11
12
13
14
15

16

LIST OF TABLES

Composition of basal diets for Experi-
ments 1, 2, 3, 4 and S

Triticale treatments

Amino acid composition of 4 varieties of
triticale. O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Amino acid composition of diets using 4
varieties of triticale . . . . . . . .

Composition of rations fed in Experiment 6

Composition of diets fed in Experiments 7,
8, 9 and 10.

Summary of least square analysis of triti-
cale variety effect upon nitrogen balance.

Summary of least square analysis of the
effect of amino acid additions upon nitro-
gen balance.

Summary of least square analysis of the

effect of autoclaving upon nitrogen balance.

Mean plasma amino acid values for pigs
fed triticale. . .

Pig plasma analysis for zinc on day 41
Pig plasma analysis for zinc on day 61
Summary of energy balance.

Summary of mean energy values.

Summary of nitrogen balance study to

determine endogenous and metabolic nitrogen.

Summary of protein efficiency ratio (PER)
results from Experiment 7.

vii

Page

25

26

27

29
31

32

38

4O

42

43
46
47
49

50

51

S3

Table

17

18

19

Summary of protein efficiency ratio (PER)
results from Experiment 8. .

Summary of protein efficiency ratio (PER)
results from Experiment 9.

Summary of protein efficiency ratio (PER)
results from Experiment 10

Michigan State University vitamin trace
mineral premix .

Summary of balance trial in Experiment 1
Summary of balance trial in Experiment 2
Summary of balance trial in Experiment 3
Summary of balance trial in Experiment 4

Summary of energy study from Experiment 5.

viii

Page

54

56

58

67
68
69
70
71
72

INTRODUCTION

Feeding a hungry world today has had great impact on
the developed as well as developing nations of the world.
Agriculturalists and nutritionists have worked hand in
hand to prevent malnutrition diseases and starvation.
Agriculturalists have intensified methods of crop pro-
duction through fertilization, irrigation and genetically
improving crops in order to grow feedstuffs where they
never could before. Animal and human nutritionists have
extensively researched utilization of by-products and
preparation of feedstuffs to facilitate more adequate
biological utilization of food in order to further balance
the diets of man and animals.

Triticale, a fertile hybrid resulting from the cros-
sing of wheat and rye, has become of primary interest to
agriculturalists and nutritionists alike. The agricul-
turalists have found that with prOper breeding, triticale
can be grown in almost any part of the world. Triticale,
in some cases, has been shown to yield upwards of 90
bushels per acre. From a nutritional standpoint, triticale
has similar nutritional qualities of other cereal grains.

However, triticale has been shown to contain a higher

2
percent crude protein and considerably higher lysine
than other cereal grains.

Although triticale has many advantageous properties
both agronimically and nutritionally, it is not completely
devoid of inherent problems. Triticale contains a flaw
from the rye parent, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors,
which inhibits protein digestion. Under certain environ—
mental conditions triticale is susceptible to ergot and
scab, which decrease palatability and can cause abortions
in sows.

The objectives of these studies were to compare the
protein quality and energy density of recently developed
triticale varieties in diets for weanling pigs and the
influence of amino acid supplementation and heat treat-

ment of these diets.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Historical Development of Triticale

 

The idea of incorporating the winter hardiness of rye
(Secale ceveaZe L.) into wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em
Thell.), as well as increasing the range of diversity of
this hybrid, was contrived by early 19th century biolo—
gists (Larter, 1974). These first plants were sterile
and required ”backcrossing" with either parent for their
eternization. It was not until the 1880's when Rimpau,

a German plant breeder, reported the first naturally occur—
ring fertile hybrid (octoploid 2n=56). Because of this
natural occurrence the identity of the wheat and rye
parents remains unknown.

Triticale research during the 1920's centered around
the utilization of various wheat parents, which allowed
for diversification of seed-sets. Unfortunately, seeds
.frequently did not mature. Prior to the discovery by
Aase (see review of Larter, 1974), hexaploid wheats
(2n=6x=42) were crossed with diploid rye (2n=2x=l4) as
the maternal parents. Aase, utilizing tetraploid wheat
(2n=4x=28) and crossing it with diploid rye (2n=l4), was
able to produce artificial hybrids. Applying this cross,

successful development of some of the first hexaploid

3

4

amphiploids (2n=6x=42) were obtained by O'Mara. Hence,
this led to the evolution of hexaploid triticale
(2n=6x=42) from other tetraploid varieties of wheat
(Larter, 1974).

In 1937, the drug colchicine was found to produce
chromosomal doubling when applied to tissues where cell
division is occurring (Jenkins, 1974). Plant scientists
capitalized on this discovery which resulted in a method
to artificially produce amphiploids. This technique led
to studies pertaining to the cytological and reproductive
behavior of new amphiploids within the Triticinae
(Larter, 1974).

Arne Muntzing in Sweden began the analysis of cyto-
logical and physiological characteristics as well as
breeding conduct of triticale in 1932. He concluded that
triticale was best suited to an environment intermediate
between that optimum of rye and wheat. By 1950, some of
Muntzing's best triticale lines were able to yield as
much as 90% of the productivity of bread wheats (Larter,
1974).

Improvements in triticale as a cultivated crop were
initiated earlier in Eurasia than in North America. In
Russia, V. Pissarev began hybridization of selection
within triticale in the early 1940's. The most success-
ful breeding program concentrating on hexaploid triticale
of both winter and spring types was developed by Avapad

Kiss of Hungary. As a result of their efforts 500,000

S
hectares of hexaploid triticale are grown predominantly
in the sandy soils of Hungary today (Zillinsky, 1974).

The embryo culture technique, developed in the late
1940's, provided a means of crossing durum wheat and rye
without producing a shrivelled grain that was unable to
produce plants (Jenkins, 1974). Durum wheat, a tetra-
ploid, was used as a maternal parent because of the
genetic potential that could be passed to its offspring.
Shebeski and Pissarev, in the late 1940's, found that it
was more disease resistant and produced higher yields
than did hexaploid wheats. When B. C. Jenkins, 1953, in
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, crossed durum wheat
"Carlton" with a spring rye variety, the hexaploid
triticale did yield more and had superior mitotic sta-
bility and fertility when compared with octaploid
triticale.

The first large scale triticale breeding program in
the Western Hemisphere began in 1954, under the super-
vision of Shebeski and Jenkins at the University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg. Here, the Rosner Research Chair in
Agronomy was established by the Bronfman Family Founda-
tion. Financially, this foundation propagated the initial
development of a spring triticale breeding and research
program as it exists today. Commercial contract produc-
tion of triticale for purposes of distilling began in
Manitoba in the early 1960's. This was a result of L. E.

Evans and J. Welch's selection and intercrossing of

6
promising lines of hexaploid triticale. By 1967 certain
experimental plots of triticale were equal in yield to
Canadian bread wheat varieties (Larter, 1974).

In 1964, a triticale breeding program was estab-
lished in Mexico. Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation
and in cooperation with the University of Manitoba, the
Centro Internacional de Mejoremiento de Mez y Trigo
(C.I.M.M.Y.T.) was founded (Zillinsky, 1974). The
C.I.M.M.Y.T. program utilized the University of Manitoba's
triticale as their initial breeding stock. Selection
criteria for these triticale varieties were day length
insensitivity, fertility, disease resistance, displayal
of erect growth habits, and improved seed type conditions
for the environment in Mexico. From various crosses,
"Armadillo" evolved, which led to a major breakthrough
in triticale development, which became the backbone of
the triticale breeding program throughout the world. In
1971, the Canadian International Development Agency
financially integrated a cooperative program between
C.I.M.M.Y.T. and the University of Manitoba in order to
develop spring triticale as a source of food for humans

in developing countries (Zillinsky, 1974).

Nutritional Evaluation of Triticale

 

Diets for monogastric animals consist primarily of
cereal grains. Cereal grains are an important energy

source, but often have limited value as a protein source.

7

For this reason, it is usually necessary to further
balance a ration with supplemental protein, vitamins
and minerals to meet the nutrient requirements. It is
therefore necessary to know the available nutrient con-
tent of cereal grains so that diets can be properly
balanced. Triticale, a hybrid cereal grain, has had
little evaluation of its digestible nutrient content.

The following pages will describe studies comparing
triticale with other cereal grains with regard to
metabolizable energy (ME) concentration, amino acid
availability‘and the ability to promote growth and pro-
duction. The nutritive value of triticale for chicks

and layers, mice, swine, and humans will be discussed.

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

 

The first ME study of triticale was conducted by
Sell et al. (1962), who compared the ME concentration of
wheat to that of triticale. Triticale was fed to White
Leghorn chicks, in lieu of wheat at varied percentages
(0, 30, 45, and 67) in a wheat and 44% crude protein
soybean meal basal ration. This ration originally con-
tained 67.5% wheat and 23% soybean meal. The metaboliz-
able energy differences in the previously mentioned
rations were'not considered significant at concentra-
tions of 2.62, 2.86, 2.59, 2.56 and 2.64 kcal/g,
respectively. It was concluded that the metabolizable

energy provided by triticale is similar to that of

8

wheat. A similar study was conducted with chicks fed a
basal ration containing triticale by Bragg and Sharby
(1970). Wheat constituted 65.5% of a 20% 44% SBM,
meatscraps (2%), fishmeal (3%), dehydrated alfalfa
(1.0%) basal ration. Metabolizable energy values were
obtained when triticale replaced wheat at levels of 0,
33 and 66%. They found ME values of 2.83, 2.81, and
2.76 kcal/g, respectively. These were similar to the
results obtained by Sell et al. (1962). Sell and
Johnson (1969) compared the MB of two lines of triticale
and one line of wheat in layer rations. Analysis indi-
cated that the metabolizable energy values of wheat and
triticale were similar. In a more recent study (Weber
et aZ., 1972), the ME of two lines of triticale were
compared with two lines of wheat in layer rations.
Average ME values for triticale and wheat were 3.13
and 3.45 kcal/g, respectively. It was concluded that
triticale had lower ME values than wheat in this study.
Shimada and Cline (1974a) compared chick basal rations
substituting 40% glucose monohydrate for either three
triticale varieties or corn for White Mountain chicks.
The metabolizable energy for corn was 4.01 kcal/g
compared with values of 3.65 kcal/g, 3.61 kcal/g, and
3.38 kcal/g for each line of triticale. Shimada and
Cline (1974a) fed rats (Sprague-Dawley) basal diets
containing either 40% corn or 40% triticale. The metabo-

lizable energy for corn was 3.83 kcal/g, whereas triticale

9

was 3.50 kcal/g. In the same study, either a 97% corn
or 97% triticale ration was fed to 25.7 kg barrows.
Metabolizable energy values were 3.50 kcal/g and 3.27
kcal/g, respectively. In all studies, corn had higher
ME values than triticale. In an earlier study by
Cornego et al. (1973), the ME for four cereal grains in
swine rations were compared. The rations were composed
of either 97.5% barley, corn, wheat or triticale and
were fed to barrows weighing 43 to 49 kg. The values
reported for corn, barley, wheat and triticale were
3.75, 3.33, 3.63 and 3.52 kcal/g, respectively. Triti-
cale ME was lower than corn, similar to wheat, but higher
than barley.

Triticale varieties evaluated in metabolizable
energy studies, which have been reviewed, could ener-
getically replace, on an equal percentage basis of the

diet, wheat and barley, but not corn.

Amino Acid Availability

 

The first studies concerning the availability of
amino acids in triticale began in 1962. Sell et al.
(1962) fed White Leghorn chicks a basal 17.5% protein
diet containing 90% triticale. This diet was supplemented
with either 0.15% glycine, 0.05% DL-methionine or 0.10%
L-lysine HCl, singularly or in combination. Although the
amino acid analysis of the triticale proteins revealed a

lysine content of 6.07%, supplementation of lysine

10

produced a significant growth response, whereas no
response was elicited by the other treatments. The
authors attributed the response from lysine supplemen—
tation to either an error in chemical determination of
lysine or low availability of that particular amino acid
in triticale. A study utiliEing a 21% protein chick
diet containing triticale (76%) and soybean meal (13%)
with addition of lysine and/or methionine was also con—
ducted by Sell et a2. (1962). Only lysine additions
alone significantly increased growth rates, although
methionine additions alone and in combination with lysine
produced some minimal increase in growth rate.

Lysine was first reported as a limiting amino acid
in triticale for the growing rat by Knipfel (1969).
Utilizing performance data and plasma lysine levels as
his criteria, he fed diets containing 10% protein from
casein, triticale, wheat and rye, or equal part mixtures
of triticale plus casein, or rye plus casein, to rats.
When rye was fed alone, the lysine deficiency was less
severe than when the other wheat and triticale diets were
fed alone. The author also noted that plasma threonine
decreased when wheat or triticale were supplemented with
casein. He suggested that this was a result of an
increased utilization of threonine for body protein
synthesis when lysine deficiencies were reduced by sup-
plementation. Bragg and Sharby (1970) studied methionine

and lysine interactions in broiler rations. Broilers

11

were fed for 4 weeks 0, 50, and 100% triticale diets sup-
plemented with 0, .05, .10 and .15% methionine. Dietary
lysine was maintained at a constant level (1.1%) through
the appropriate additions of L-lysine. They found no
significant difference in lysine adequate triticale
diets supplemented with methionine. Bragg and Sharby
(1970) in another experiment supplemented 4 levels of
DL-methionine (0, .05, .10, and .20%) and 4 levels of
L-lysine (0, .05, .10 and .20%) in a factorial arrange-
ment in triticale diets. All rations were composed of
66% triticale with meat meal, fish meal and alfalfa meal
as the protein supplement. These diets were fed to
broilers for 4 weeks. Amino acid analysis of the feces
indicated that the average availability of 17 amino
acids was 93.6% (i 4.66). The lysine content and availa-
bility in triticale were 0.439% and 93.4%, respectively.
They also concluded that there were no significant dif-
ferences in gain and feed/gain ratios.

Frandez et al. (1972) evaluated a laying hen ration
which contained 82% of its protein from triticale and
the remainder from alfalfa and fish meals. Comparing the
diet with that of a ”conventional" layer diet, egg pro-
duction was equal. When fish meal was replaced by
crystalline amino acids (L-lysine and DL-methionine),
maximum egg production was not maintained, nor did
further additions of lysine supplementation help. In

conclusion, the authors suggested high quality protein

12

supplementation was necessary due to the apparently low
availability of essential amino acids in triticale. In
1974, Fernandez and McGinnis studied supplementation of
amino acid in triticale based chick diets. A basal diet
comprised of 73% triticale and 9.65% soybean meal, 0.2%
DL-methionine, meat and bone meal (1.5%), as well as
supplementation with lysine, methionine, tryptophan sin-
gularly or in combination. Results indicated that the
basal diet was deficient in lysine, but no growth
response was elicited by the addition of methionine or
tryptophan. The authors suggested that there was no
growth response due to methionine level in the ration.
In another study, by Bragg and Sharby (1970), supplemented
chick diets composed of 55% triticale, 15% wheat and
12.65% soybean meal and the above-mentioned ingredients
with lysine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, arginine
and leucine. Lysine addition significantly improved chick
growth and feed efficiency. Isoleucine produced no
effects. Valine with lysine and isoleucine produced a
slight, but non-significant, decrease in growth without
affecting feed efficiency. Significant increases in
growth without affecting feed efficiency were noted with
threonine inclusive of the previously mentioned amino
acids. Arginine and leucine had no effect.

Bravo, Naranjo and Shimada (1971) used albino rats
to study the addition of graded levels of lysine, methio-

nine or in combination in diets containing 85% triticale.

13
They found that L-lysine supplementation produced a
significant linear increase in weight gain and nitrogen
retention. This was not the case when DL-methionine was
added alone. Nitrogen retention and weight gains
decreased. However, best performance was noted with
addition of both amino acids.

Shimada et al. (1971) fed graded levels of L-lysine
to 96% triticale diets to swine, which resulted in a
significant linear increase in weight gains. Although
feed to gain ratios responded similarly, the difference
was not statistically significant. In another study, the
same group fed 0.10% DL-methionine to swine, which
resulted in a depression in weight gains and feed
efficiency, as compared with the diet without supplemented
amino acids. When 0.16% L-lysine and 0.10% DL-methionine
were added, weight gain was increased, even though the
effect was not statistically significant.

In order to establish a sequence of the most limiting
amino acids in triticale, Shimada and Cline (1974b) used
335 weanling rats and 24 growing pigs. A 10% protein
diet, using triticale as the only source of dietary pro-
tein, was supplemented with DL-methionine, L-threonine
and L-lysine HCl, singularly or in combination, and was
fed to the rats. They concluded that supplementation
with L—lysine significantly improved both growth and feed
conversion. Addition of DL-methionine to the L-lysine

supplemented diet did not enhance its quality, but

14

supplementation with L-threonine had a positive effect.
Slight improvement was observed in growth and feed con-
version when all three amino acids were supplemented.
The response obtained by the addition of L-isoleucine
and L-valine, or L-leucine and L-valine, did not elicit
a significant response as compared with treatments of
lysine, threonine, or methionine. Shimada and Cline
(1974b) conducted another study utilizing rats. They
were fed a 14.4% protein triticale diet with dietary
additions of L-lysine and L-threonine. Lysine supple-
mentation, at the required level, significantly improved
Ithe rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization.
Additional L-lysine (25% above the requirement) did not
improve the latter results. A treatment with L-threonine
did increase response in gain and feed/gain ratio in one
particular variety of triticale. Shimada and Cline in
the same paper fed a triticale diet supplemented with
L-threonine to pigs. This did not affect performance,
but did further the response when fed inclusive with
lysine.

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of triti-
cale in finishing swine. Allee and Hines (1972a) found
that triticale diets produced significantly slower gains
than other dietary regimes. Incorporating 0.1% lysine
into these diets significantly improved growth to a rate
comparable to that obtained with triticale and other

grains when supplemented with soybean meal. These

15
researchers also suggested that the first limiting amino
acid was lysine in triticale when it was fed to finishing
pigs because of the limited availability of lysine to
the pigs.

The determination of the first limiting amino acid
of triticale grain for humans was studied by Kies and
Fox (1970). Ground whole triticale was fed to adult
humans providing 4 g of nitrogen per day. Triticale
was fed alone, or with added lysine, methionine, or
tryptophan singularly or in combination. When lysine
was supplemented alone or in combination with methionine
and tryptophan, higher nitrogen retention was obtained
than when methionine or tryptophan or no supplements
were added. Statistically significant results indicated
that lysine was the only limiting amino acid of triti-
cale for adequate protein nutrition in the adult human.

The literature cited for a number of non-ruminants
indicated that lysine, threonine and methionine, in that

sequence, are the most limiting amino acids in triticale.

Growth and Production Response

Growth response elicited by triticale diets has been
found to be related to the quantity of triticale in the
diet, as well as the species consuming it. Evaluations
for growth response, in most cases, have been on a com-
parative basis with other cereal grains. Sell, Hodgson

and Shebeski (1962) substituted triticale for equal

16

amounts of hard spring wheat at 30, 45, 60 and 67% in
chick diets; an additional diet isonitrogenous to wheat
(67%) and soybean meal (23%) contained 81% triticale.
Although triticale was equivalent to hard spring wheat
on an equal weight basis in all levels of substitution,
grain/feed ratio was better with 30 to 45% of triticale
substitution. The 81% triticale diet resulted in sig-
nificantly lower weight gains and feed conversions. In
another experiment, 58.5% of one of the following cereal
grains, barley, hard spring wheat, or triticale were
mixed with a ration containing 30% soybean meal. Con-
cluding the study at the end of 4 weeks, no significant
differences were noted in feed conversion between grains,
but triticale fed chicks had the fastest rate of gain.
Similar results were noted by Bragg and Sharby (1970).
Replacing all of the wheat with triticale in a soybean
meal ration for broiler chicks resulted in no signifi-
cant effects on growth or feed conversion. However,
Bixler, Schaible and Bandemer (1968) compared feed con-
versions of 4 cereal grains. Corn, rye, wheat and
triticale were formulated with soybean meal to contain
23% protein. The all-mash chick starter diets were fed
for 2 weeks. Results indicated that wheat and corn were
significantly better than triticale and rye, which were
similar.

Contrary to most results obtained from feeding triti-

cale in chick diets, as noted in the previous paragraphs,

l7
layer rations consisting of triticale were found to be
inferior by Guenther and Carlson (1970). They indi-
vidually compared triticale, corn, wheat, and mile at
two dietary protein levels (12.0 and 15.4%), and fed
them to layers. At the 12.0% protein level, wheat and
triticale were the sole sources of protein, whereas the
remaining grains were supplemented with soybean meal.
Treatments of DL-methionine and L-lysine were provided
in order to establish a minimum of 0.52% sulfur amino
acids and 0.5% lysine, and the caloric density ranged
from 2900 to 2950 kcal of ME/kg diet. At the 15.4% level
production increased 4-5% when fed corn, wheat, and
milo diets. However, a 4% decrease in production
occurred when triticale diets were consumed. Feeding
the 12% protein diets, triticale, wheat and milo decreased
egg production 13, 10, and 7%, respectively. However,
corn at this level increased egg production by 4%.
These results were based on averages 3 weeks preceding
the 9 week test period. Besides the loss in egg produc-
tion, weight loss was also observed in both the 12.0 and
15.4% protein diets containing triticale and the low
protein wheat diet. A more recent study by Weber et a1.
(1972) showed that triticale, wheat and sorghum when fed
to laying hens exhibited no significant differences in
egg production or feed conversions. Lighter eggs were
produced from the birds consuming wheat and triticale in

one trial, but not in the other.

l8

Knipfel (1969) prepared 10% protein diets for rats
containing casein, triticale, wheat, rye, or in combina—
tions with casein. He found that weight gains were
greatest with rye, then triticale, followed by wheat
when tested singularly. The daily gains and protein
efficiency ratio (PER) were lower for these cereals
compared with casein fed rats. Both rye and triticale
had PER values significantly greater than wheat. When
half of the protein supplied by the grains was substi-
tuted by casein protein, the PER values were equal to
those of casein fed alone. Weber and Reid (1972) utilized
young mice and compared Mexican wheat with triticale
varieties. Body weights were similar at the conclusion
of the experiments.

The first evaluation of triticale in swine diets
was reported by Stothers and Shebeski (1965). Triticale
replaced 50 and 100% of the barley in a grower ration.
Pigs were grouped into heavy weight (39 kg) and light
weight (16 kg) classes. The authors found that heavy
pigs utilized triticale as well as barley; however, the
light pigs grew significantly slower when fed triticale
at the 100% level. Another study by Stothers and
Shebeski (1965) found that finishing pigs required a
gradual introduction of triticale in order to use it as
the sole grain during finishing. Shimada et al. (1971)
compared the performance of weanling pigs fed 16% iso-

nitrogenous triticale-soybean meal and sorghum-soybean

19

meal diets. Feed/gain ratio and average daily gain were
not significantly different between the two diets fed.
Shimada and co-workers (1971) studied the performance
of finishing swine. When triticale replaced sorghum in
a 14% crude protein finisher diet at levels of 0, 32,
64, and 96%, they found that 96% triticale diets sig-
nificantly depressed performance. Daily gains and feed
conversions were not statistically different in the 0,
32, and 64% diets. Allee and Hines (1972b) compared the
performance of grower swine rations. Milo was replaced
by triticale on an equal weight basis. Results indicated
no significant effect on feed intake, daily gain, or
feed/gain ratio. This was not the case when a triticale-
soybean meal diet isonitrogenous to the 16.5% protein
sorghum-soybean meal based diet was fed. Slower gains
were obtained from the triticale diet. Allee and Hines
(1972a), in another experiment, compared performance and
carcass data from pigs on finisher rations. These
rations were composed of triticale alone, triticale plus
soybean meal, milo plus soybean meal or wheat plus soybean
meal. Pigs receiving triticale alone showed slower gains.
Pigs receiving rations containing soybean meal were
similar in performance, back fat thickness, loin eye
area, length and percent lean cuts.

Shimada, Cline and Rogler (1974) conducted studies
on rats, chicks, and pigs to compare the nutritive value

of triticale with corn. Rats were fed 2 triticale

20
varieties, corn, or corn-soy diets that were isonitrogenous.
A third variety of triticale was fed to chicks and rats
and compared with corn alone on an equal weight basis.
Chicks were also fed triticale diets isonitrogenous to
soybean meal. Graded levels of soybean meal were added
to triticale and fed to weanling pigs. Results indicated
that triticale fed to rats on an isonitrogenous basis
had comparable gains to these rats fed corn. Rats and:
chicks that consumed triticale on an equal weight basis
with corn showed superior performance. Rats fed the
isonitrogenous corn-soy diet had superior growth per-
formance to those fed triticale. When chick diets were
provided with adequate dietary protein, the two grains
were similar in performance. Although pigs required a
short period of time to adjust to triticale in their
diet, it was concluded that triticale can replace corn
on an equal weight basis.

McCloy and co-workers (1971) compared the feeding
value of triticale with that of sorghum for ruminants.
Isonitrogenous finishing rations were self fed to 40
uniform Hereford steers. The steers consuming triticale
gained slower, but utilized the feed more efficiently.
Carcass data indicated that triticale fed steers had
significantly more liver abscesses, but other carcass
traits were similar. An acceptability study was performed
whereby triticale replaced sorghum at levels of 0, 30,

60 and 90%. Results indicated that increasing triticale

21

in steers' diets causes a linear decrease in feed con-
sumption. Jordan and Hanke (1972) conducted a performance
study on finishing lambs. They compared triticale,
shelled corn and barley. Shelled corn produced the best
gains and feed efficiency. A combination of equal parts
corn and triticale showed superior performance to barley
alone. In a review by Moody (1973), triticale and barley
were compared as ingredients in rations for lactating
dairy cows. The Holstein cows were fed 24 lb (11 kg) of
triticale or barley. Data obtained from milk production
records, digestibility and ruminal volatile fatty acids
showed that triticale was equal to barley when utilized
in that manner.

Performance studies reviewed indicated that triti-
cale can replace at least 50% if not 100% of all cereal
grains if it is gradually introduced in feed replacing
an equal weight of corn or wheat for both non-ruminants

and ruminants.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Introduction

 

Six digestion studies were conducted in order to
evaluate four varieties of triticale as the principal
source of protein and energy in the diet of weanling
pigs. Experiments 1 through 4 were balance studies that
utilized each of the four varieties of triticale with
their appropriate treatments. Experiment 5 was a balance
trial to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) concen-
tration of each of the four varieties of triticale in
the basal diets. Experiment 6 was a balanace trial
utilizing triticale variety number 4 in a basal diet at
decreasing concentrations.

Twelve Yorkshire-Hampshire crossbred weanling pigs
from the Michigan State University swine research herd
were randomly allotted into four groups of three. A
4x2x2 factorial arrangement was developed allowing each
group to receive one of four dietary treatments prepared
from each variety of triticale. The triticale varieties
used in each of these experiments were of the hexaploid
type. Prior to being mixed into these rations, all
triticale varieties were brine treated to remove ergot,
scab and other foreign debris. The triticale was then

22

23

ground to a texture similar to flour and finally mixed
with the appropriate ingredients to make a complete
feed.

The balance trials were conducted in a specially
designed metabolism room that was well ventilated and
had thermostatically controlled hot water heat. The pigs
were weighed and bled initially and at the conclusion of
each experiment. Prior to each study the weanling pigs
were adjusted to the diet for 4 days, then placed in
stainless steel lined, expanded metal-floored metabolism
cages for 3 days for excreta collection. In all experi-
ments, pigs were fed a gruel on an individual basis at
7:30 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily, allowing them to consume
the feed within 10 minutes. The feed intake data during
the collection periods were adjusted for any refused feed
by air drying the material, weighing it, and subtracting
this amount from the total offered. Feces were collected
separately from the urine by means of a fine screen
placed above the urine collection tray. The total feces
collected for each pig was oven dried at 64 degrees
Celsius for 48 hours. These samples were weighed, finely
grOund, and stored in air-tight polyethylene bags for
analysis. Urine was collected in a 50% hydrochloric
acid (HCl) solution separate from the feces. The total
amount of urine collected for each pig was measured and
a 100 ml aliquot was stored in acid washed polyethylene

bottles at 0 degrees Celsius for subsequent analysis.

24

Four other varieties of triticale were fed to weaned
pigs in order to determine the protein efficiency ratio
(PER). Experiments 7, 8, 9, and 10 compared the MSU
16.0% crude protein grower diet to these triticale
varieties when formulated with wheat gluten to make a
16.0% crude protein diet. In these particular studies
the weaned pigs were housed two per stainless steel pen
on expanded metal flooring. The heating and ventilation
were essentially the same as in the previously mentioned
metabolism room. Pigs had access to both feed and water
at all times. Each pig was weighed initially and at the
conclusion of each experiment. Each experiment ran for

7 days.

Experiments

 

Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4. Balance
Trials UtilizihggTriticale Varieties
MSU-I,_MSU-2, MSU-3 and MSU-4,
RESpectiver, wifh’Treatments
(Autoclaving and Supplemental

Amino Acids)

 

 

 

 

These balance trials utilized the same 12 crossbred
weanling pigs in order to determine the digestibility of
protein, biological value (BV) and net protein utiliza-
tion (NPU) for each variety of triticale and its respective
treatments. At the conclusion of Experiment 4, pig plasma
was analyzed for zinc. The basal ration utilized with
each variety of triticale is presented in Table 1. Table

2 lists the treatments that were applied to each variety

25

Table 1. Composition of basal diets for Experiments 1,
2, 3, 4 and 5

 

 

Ingredient Percent
Triticale 84.93
Corn starch 1.44
Corn oil 4.78
Dicalcium phosphate 1.44
Calcium carbonate .96
Salt .48
MSU vitamin premixa .96
Se-Vitamin E premixb 4.78
ASP-250C .24

100.01

 

3598 the Appendix, Table A-1, for composition.

b4.78 lbs supplies 250 IU vitamin E and 4.5 mg
Se in a ground shelled corn base.

CASP-250 supplies 4.4% chlortetracycline, 4.4%
sulfamethazine and 2.2% procaine penicillin.

26

Table 2. Triticale treatments

 

Group 1 basal triticale diet

Group 2 basal triticale diet plus 0.3%
L-lysine plus 0.2% L-threonine

Group 3 basal triticale diet autoclaved at
121 degrees Celsius for one hour

Group 4 basal triticale diet plus 0.3%
L-lysine plus 0.2% L-threonine
autoclaved at 121 degrees Celsius
for one hour

 

of triticale ration. In Experiment 1 pigs were assigned
to receive 75 g Of variety one triticale diet plus 100

ml of water in a gruel twice a day. Variety two triti—
cale diet, in Experiment 2, was fed at 100 g plus 100

ml of water in a gruel two times a day. Pigs in Experi-
ment 3 were fed type three triticale diet at 125 g plus
175 ml of water twice daily. The pigs in the last experi—
ment were fed 125 g of variety four triticale diet plus
175 g of water two times a day. A small quantity of
water was added to the above-mentioned diets in order

that the pigs would clean up feed remaining in the feeders.
The percent crude protein and the amino acid composition
of each variety of triticale are shown in Table 3. In

all balance trials conducted, rations shown in Table l
were formulated to meet the minimum N.R.C. (1973) require-

ments for minerals and vitamins, but not necessarily for

27

Table 3. Amino acid composition of 4 varieties of

 

 

 

triticalea
V
Amino acid WWI)
Lysine 2.88 4.31 2.94 3.22
Histidine 2.39 2.71 2.27 2.60
Arginine 5.14 6.39 5.39 5.32
Valine 4.44 4.51 4.11 3.69
Threonine 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.70
Methionine 1.04 0.94 0.90 1.01
1/2 Cystine 1.16 1.03 0.91 0.90
Iso1eucine 3.96 3.58 3.70 4.12
Leucine 6.95 7.30 5.76 3.81
Phenylalanine 4.74 4.79 4.39 4.61
Glutamic acid 28.75 28.05 28.83 28.34
Aspartic acid 6.07 6.30 6.46 5.74
Serine 4.03 3.89 3.98 3.76
Proline 14.79 14.41 15.30 16.50
Glycine 3.79 3.90 3.78 3.66
Tyrosine 2.36 1.91 2.49 2.60
Alanine 3.17 3.67 3.49 3.37
Percent crude 12.93 12.22 12.46 11.70
protein
aAnalyzed
b

Percent of protein

28

protein and energy for weanling pigs. At the conclusion
of each of these experiments the animals were fed the
next experimental.diet with the appropriate treatments,
respectively.
Experiment 5. Balance Trial Determining
Gross Energy (GE), Digestible Energy (DE)
and Metabolifable Energy (MB) of TriticaIe
Varieties MSU—l, MSU:2] MSU-3 and MSU-4

Twelve crossbred weanling pigs averaging 9.5 kg were
assigned to one of the four triticale variety basal diets
formulated as in Table 1. Using three pigs for each
triticale variety basal diet on an adjustment period of
4 days followed by a 3 day collection period, information
for ME analysis was obtained. In this trial minimum
dietary requirements except energy and protein were met
in accordance with N.R.C. (1973) requirements for wean-
ling pigs. All pigs were fed a gruelprepared with 175
g of the appropriate basal diet plus 200 ml of water two
times a day. A small quantity of water was added in order
that the pigs would clean up feed remaining in the feeders.
The amino acid composition of each variety of triticale
is shown in Table 4. Blood samples were drawn and

analyzed for amino acid content.

29

Table 4. Amino acid composition of diets using 4
varieties of triticalea

 

 

 

 

Variety

Amino acid MSU-1b MSU-2b MSU-3b MSU-4b RequirementC
Arginine .66 .78 .67 .66 .28
Lysine .37 .53 .36 .38 .96
Histidine .31 .33 .28 .30 .25
Isoleucine .51 .44 .46 .48 .69
Leucine .90 .89 .72 .45 .83
Methionine + .28 .24 .23 .22 .69
1/2 cystine
Phenylalanine .92 .82 .98 .84 .69
+ tyrosine
Threonine .36 .33 .34 .32 .62
Tryptophan not analyzed .18
Valine .57 .55 .51 .43 .69

aAnalyzed

b

Percent of diet

CN.R.C. (1973)

Experiment 6. Balance Trial to Determine
the Metabolic and Endogenous Nitrogen
of MSU-4 Triticale

 

 

Twelve crossbred weaned pigs weighing an average of
8.7 kg were utilized to determine the digestibility of
protein, biological value (BV) and net protein utilization
(NPU) for variety four triticale formulated in diets at

100, 66 and 33% of that in the basal diet. A non-protein

30
ingredient, glucose monohydrate, replaced triticale as
it was reduced in the diet. The composition of these

rations is shown in Table 5.

Experiment 7. Feeding Trial Utilizing
MSU 16% Grower Diet fof‘Weanling Pigs

 

 

Twelve crossbred weaned pigs were randomly allotted
in groups of twos and were fed MSU 16% grower diet as
formulated in Table 6. The PER was determined for a
seven day feeding period. At the conclusion of this
trial the remaining feed was not removed from the pen
until the time of weighing.

Experiment 8. Feeding Trial Utilizing
Triticale Varieties MSU-l, 49-2, 49?6,

22-2 and the MSU 16% Grower Diet for
Weanling Pigs

 

 

 

 

The twelve crossbred pigs from Experiment 7 were
used in this experiment. Groups of two pigs were fed
one of four triticale diets or the MSU 16% grower diet,
as shown in Table 6. The PER was determined for these
pigs for a seven day period. It was not until the pigs
were weighed that the feed was removed.

Experiment 9. Feeding Trial Utilizing
MSU 16%FGrower Diet fer Weanling Pigs

 

 

Experiment 9 was a repeat of Experiment 7 except that
feed was removed 5 hours prior to weighing on the final

day of the trial.

31

Table 5. Composition of rations fed in Experiment 6

 

 

MSU-4 MSU-4 MSU-4
Triticale Triticale Triticale
100% 66% 33%
Ingredient (percent) (percent) (percent)
Triticale 84.93 56.38 28.19
Glucose monohydrate - 28.19 56.38
Corn starch 1.44 1.47 1.47
Corn oil 4.78 4.90 4.90
Dicalcium phosphate 1.44 1.47 1.47
Calcium carbonate .96 .98 .98
Salt .48 .49 .49
MSU vitamin premixa .96 .98 .98
Se-Vitamin E premixb 4.78 4.90 4.90
Asp-250C .24 .24 .24
100.01 100.01 100.01

 

aSee Appendix A, Table A-1, for composition.

b4.78 lbs supplies 250 IU vitamin E plus 4.5 mg
Se in a ground shelled corn base.

CSupplies 4.4% chlortetracycline, 4.4% sulfa-
methazine and 2.2% procaine penicillin.

32

Table 6. Composition of diets fed in Experiments 7, 8,

 

 

 

9 and 10
MSU

Triticale variety(percent) 16%
Item 71 2 3’ 4 Grower
Triticale 91.50 94.72 91.45 93.56 -
Wheat gluten 4.75 1.53 4.80 2.69 -
Ground corn - - ' - - 78.25
Soybean meal, 48% - - - - 18.00
Calcium carbonate 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.75
Defluorinated phosphate - - - - 1.25
Dicalcium phosphate 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -
Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
MSU vitamin premixa 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Se-Vitamin E premixb 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Asp-250C 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

 

aSee Appendix A, Table A-1, for composition.

b10 lbs of premix/ton of feed supplies 5000 IU
.vitamin E and 90.8 mg Se.

CASP-250 contains 4.4% chlortetracycline, 4.4%
sulfamethazine and 2.2% procaine penicillin.

Experiment 10. Feeding Trial Utilizing
TriticaleTVarieties MSUFl, 49F2, 49-6,
22-2 and the MSU 16% Grower Diet for
Weanlinngigs

 

Experiment 10 was a repeat of Experiment 8, except
that feed was removed 5 hours prior to weighing on the

final day of the trial.

33

Chemical Analyses

 

Feed and Feces

 

Triticale varieties were obtained from Dr. F. C.
Elliot of the Crops and Soils Department, Michigan State
University. They were harvested in July, 1974, and
stored in burlap sacks until used, beginning January,
1975. At that time triticale samples were ground through
a commercial coffee grinder and further ground to a con-
sistency similar to flour in a Reynolds grinder.a After
ingredients were mixed to make the diets, the specified
treatments were administered, autoclaving at 121 degrees
Celsius for one hour and supplementation of 0.3% L-lysineb
and 0.2% L-threonine.C Rations were stored in air-tight
polyethylene bags and refrigerated until further use.
Crude protein was determined by a semi-micro Kjeldahl
technique (AOAC, 1965). Dry matter was determined by
drying in a low temperature oven for 24 hours. Gross
energy was determined using a Parr adiabatic oxygen bomb
calorimeter.

Upon collecting feces samples, they were oven dried

at 65 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Samples were ground

 

aCombustion Engineering Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

bMerck Chemical Div., Rahway, New Jersey.

CNational Biochemicals, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

dParr Corp., Moline, Illinois.

34

through a 2 mm diameter screen in a Wiley mill8 and
stored in air-tight polyethylene bags and refrigerated
until analyzed. Analyses were performed in the same
manner as the feed samples.

The amino acid composition of the four varieties
of triticale was determined in acid (6 N HCl) hydrolysates
by resin column chromatography. Approximately 10 mg of
purified protein was weighed into 25 ml screw-cap (teflon-
lined) tubes together with norleucine as an internal
standard and PEC (5-B(4-Pyridy1ethy1)-L-cysteine) external
standard. In order to hydrolyze the protein, the sealed
tubes were autoclaved at 121 degrees Celsius for 16 hours.
Thereafter, the contents of the tubes were filtered I
through No. 1 Whatman paper and HCl was removed from the
filtrate by successive evaporations in a flash evaporator.
The residual amino acids were dissolved in a buffer of
pH 2.0 composed of 0.3 N lithium hydroxide and 0.05 M
citrate and then applied to the amino acid analyzerf as

described by Makdani, Huber and Bergen (1971).

Urine

 

The nitrogen content in the urine was determined by

the semi-micro Kjeldahl method. In the experiment where

 

eThomas-Wiley Mill, Model ED-S, Arthur H. Thomas
Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

fTSM-l Amino Acid Analyzer, Technicon Corp.,
Tarrytown, New York.

35
metabolizable energy was to be determined, samples were

burned in the Parr adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter.

M

The amino acid composition in the blood was deter-
mined by the method described by Bergen et a1. (1973).
Blood was drawn from the vena cava of each pig and placed
in tubes containing 1 to 2 drOps of heparin. Samples
were centrifuged at 8000 x g. To the supernatant, 0.1
m1 of 1 mM norleucine, PEC (5-B(4-Pyridy1ethy1)-L-
cysteine) was added for each 1 m1 plasma; also, 0.1 ml
50% SSA (sulfosalicylic acid) was added and chilled for
a minimum of 30 minutes. Samples were centrifuged a
second time at 27,000 x g. The supernatant was saved
and frozen until subsequent analysis was made.

The plasma concentration of zinc was determined
using an Instrumentation Laboratories, Inc.,g model
453 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The plasma was
diluted 1 to 6 parts water; the resulting solution was
measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry at a

wavelength of 213.9 nm.

Statistical Analyses

 

Data from Experiments 1 through 4 were analyzed by
the method of least squares by Harvey (1960). Treatment

differences within experiments were determined by the

 

gInstrumentation Laboratories, Inc., Lexington,
Massachusetts.

36

multiple range test of Duncan (1958). One—way analysis
of variance with unequal numbers by Snedecor and Cochran
(1967) was used as the method of statistical analysis for
Experiment 5. In Experiments 7 through 10, mean PER

values and their standard errors were determined.

/ ”\

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4: Nitrogen Balance
Trials of Feur Varieties ofTTritICale with
fhe Appropriate Treatments

 

 

 

Composition of basal diets fed in these balance
trials are presented in Table l. Treatments applied to
each basal diet are presented in Table 2. A summary of
the information used in statistical analyses are presented
in Table 2. A summary of the information used in statis-
tical analyses is presented in the Appendix, Tables A-Z,
A-3, A-4 and A—5. Data from these balance trials are
presented in Tables 7, 8 and 9. These diets were not
made isonitrogenous and were not fed at the same level
for each of the four nitrogen balance trials. For these
two reasons there are significant (P<0.01) differences
between nitrogen intake values for each basal triticale
diet (Table 7). Daily fecal nitrogen output was signifi-
cantly greater (P<0.05) for the pigs receiving the
triticale 3 variety diet. The daily nitrogen retained
(Table 7) followed a similar pattein to that of nitrogen
intake. Nitrogen retention of variety 2 was significantly
greater (P<0.01) than the least value, while that of
varieties 3 and 4 were Significantly greater (P<0.01)
than the least two values. Although pigs consuming

37

Table 7. Summary of least square analysis of triticale

38

variety effect upon nitrogen balancea

 

 

 

Triticale Variety

Item MSULI MSU-2 MSU43' *Msu-I' :SEb

N intake, g 5.40 4.29C C5.99e 5.09dd 0.09
Fecal N, g 0.71 0.82 1.18d 0.91 0.06
Urinary N, g 1.05 1.76 1.54 0.99 0.36
N retention, g 1.66 2.55C 5.63dd 3.21dd 0.08
Apparent protein 69.04 80.83 82.37 82.34 0.85
digestibility, %

Biological value 61.87 67.78 74.02 76.66 1.75
Net protein 48.84 54.76 61.05C 65.24dc 1.45

utilization

 

aStatistical analyses performed on the CDC 6500

computer.

bStandard error of the

CSignificantly greater

dSignificantly greater

dd

Significantly greater

eSignificantly greater

(P<.01).

mean.

than least value (P<.01).

than least 2 values (P<.05)

than least 2 values (P<.01).

than all other values

triticale variety 3 diet had a significantly higher

N intake than those consuming triticale variety 4 diet,

there was no significant difference in N retention, because

of greater fecal loss by pigs consuming triticale variety

3 diet.

39

The apparent biological value (BV) and apparent net

protein utilization (NPU) were determined as follows:

 

N intake - (fecal N + urinary N) x 100

BV = TN intake - fecal N

N intake — (fecal N + urinary N) x 100

NPU = N intake

 

OR NPU = apparent protein digestibility x apparent BV

There were no significant differences in the apparent
percent protein digestibility among the four varieties
with values ranging from 79.04% to 82.37% and a standard
error of the mean of 0.85. The biological value differ-
ences were not significant. Biological values ranged
from 61.87 to 76.66. Using NPU values, varieties 3 and
4 were both superior (P<0.01) to variety 1. Variety 4
was significantly (P<0.05) better than the least two
values.

Lysine and threonine are considered to be the most
limiting amino acids in triticale (Shimada et aZ., 1971;
Shimada and Cline,1974bq Allee and Hines, 1972). Based
on this information, amino acid supplementation was
evaluated (treatments shown in Table 2) and these data
are presented in Table 8. As might be expected, amino
acid supplementation produced superior (P<0.01) nitrogen
intake. Fecal nitrogen and urinary nitrogen values were

not significantly influenced by dietary amino acid

40

Table 8. Summary of least square analysis of the effect
of amino acid additions upon nitrogen balancea

 

 

Amino Acids No

Item Addition Addition :SEb
N intake, g 4.84d 4.55 0.06
Fecal N, g 0.88 0.92 0.04
Urinary N, g 1.41 1.25 0.26
N retention, g 2.87C 2.55 0.06
Apparent protein diges- 81.47 80.82 0.60
tibility

Biological value 72.07C 68.10 1.24
Net protein utilization 58.78C 55.17 1.03

 

3Statistical analysis performed on the CDC 6500
computer.
bStandard error of the mean.

CSignificantly greater than the unsupplemented
group at P<0.05.

dSignificantly greater than the unsupplemented
group at P<0.01.

supplementation. Loss of urinary nitrogen was greater
in the supplemented treatment. Nitrogen retention, bio-
logical value and net protein utilization were all sig-
nificantly greater (P<0.05) than the unsupplemented group.
The apparent protein digestibility numerically indicated
an increase in value from the treatment, but it was not

significant.

41

The exposing of whole-wheat to high temperatures has
reduced the inhibitory factors responsible for poor pro-
tein digestibility and availability (Shyamala and Lyman,
1964). Autoclaving was tested to see if this treatment
(one hour at 121 degrees Celsius and 9.525 kg/cm2 of
pressure) would destroy these inhibitory factors.

An evaluation of least square analysis of autoclaved
versus non-autoclaved treatments of diets is presented
in Table 9. Autoclaving produced a significant (P<0.05)
increase in nitrogen retention. Autoclaving the diets
produced a significant improvement in apparent protein
digestibility. Autoclaving diets produced significantly
higher (P<0.01) values for biological value and net pro-
tein utilization.

The amino acid composition of the triticale varieties
used in the manufacturing of diets l, 2, 3 and 4 are
presented in Table 3. Table 4 is a list of the 10 essen-
tial amino acids as a percent of the various triticale
diets. Arginine, histidine and phenylalanine plus tyro-
sine, in the triticale varieties, surpassed the required
levels for the young pig (Table 4). Leucine was adequate
in triticale varieties MSU-l and MSU-2, but not in MSU—3
and MSU-4. Isoleucine and valine were slightly below
the required amino acid levels. Lysine was the most
limiting amino acid, followed by methionine plus 1/2

cystine and threonine in all varieties of triticale.

42

Table 9. Summary of least square analysis of the effect
of autoclaving upon nitrogen balancea

 

 

Item Autoclaved AutggIaved :SEb
N intake, g 4.73 4.66 0.06
Fecal N, g 0.92 0.89 0.04
Urinary N, g 1.06 1.60 0.26
N retention, g 2.94C 2.49 0.06
Apparent protein digesti- 81.60C 80.69 0.60
bility

Biological value 74.13d 66.04 1.24
Net protein utilization 60.61d 55.33 1.03

 

3Statistical analysis performed on the CDC 6500
computer. Summaries of treatment means by triticale

varieties are presented in the Appendix, Tables A-2 through
A-S.
bStandard error of the mean.

CSignificantly greater than the non-autoclaved
group (P<0.05).

dSignificantly greater than the non-autoclaved
group (P<0.01).

Variety 2 contained the highest percent lysine, .53%.
Varities 1, 3 and 4 exhibited similar lysine values.
Methionine plus 1/2 cystine and threonine concentrations
were greatest in variety 1, .28 and .36%, respectively.

The four basal diets made from each variety of
triticale were fed in Experiment 5. Table 10 is a list

of plasma amino acid values obtained from pigs fed these

43

CmmE wfiw MO HOFHQ Uhmficmpm

 

 

 

 

a
cowmfimc<m
woo. coo. HHH. moo. omo. moo. moo. mmo. omo. ocflcmmmmmcozo
mco. moo. moo. moo. Hco. woo. omo. mmo. mmo. mammosmm
mmN. omo. mHH. cmo. omo. mmo. mom. oNo. HmH. osmosoq
com. oco. mom. omo. coo. omo. omH. mmo. mam. osmosomomm
mco. moo. omo. moo. mmo. moo. mmo. coo. omo. ocficoflcpoz
ova. ooo. cmm. mmo. ccH. mmo. NHN. coo. mom. mammm>
coo. Hmo. ooo. mco. moo. mmo. woo. mmo. ocwummu
mmo. omc. mmo. mom. ooH. mmm. mmm. moo. ocmcmm<
omo. mmo. mom. NoH.H new. mom. «co. mom. ocfiommc
omo. mom. moo. mmo. mmo. omo. mmo. moo. mafiEwpsHu
cNo. omo. moo. «cw. omo. mom. moo. mom. cmom omampsmu
. «Ho. ch. «Ho. ooN. mmo. ocN. mmo. com. ocwhom
oHH. omo. Hem. mmo. vow. cmo. com. moo. vow. ocflcoopam
woo. mmo. woo. omo. ooo. omo. omo. woo. ocfiwummm<
cNH. mmo. mam. mmo. omo. NNe. med. mmo. mNH. oeaeama<
omo. omo. mom. woo. mco. Noo. mom. moo. coo. ocflcwumflm
«NH. omo. mom. woo. woo. mmo. NmH. mHo. HNH. ocfimmq
wean monopomom Inm+ v-3m2 mm+ mwbmz. mm+ Nabm: me+ H-3mz EouH
«Emmma HE\<<21 4I
moamofiufipu com mmflm new mosmm> cfiow ocflam wemmflm coo: .oH emcee

44
diets. It also contains a list of plasma amino acid
levels from pigs fed a typical corn-soybean meal diet by
Stockland, Meade and Nordstrom (1970). Data presented
in Table 10 show plasma lysine values for pigs fed triti—
cale diet 2 were higher than the reference diet, .132
and .124 pM lysine/ml plasma, respectively. Methionine
plus 1/2 cystine and threonine in the plasma of the
triticale fed pigs were higher than those for pigs fed
the reference diet.

The ranking of the triticale varieties according to
their meeting of the requirements for the 3 most limiting
amino acids are varieties MSU-2, MSU-1, MSU-4 and MSU-3.
The triticale diet that best equals or surpasses the
plasma amino acid concentration for the 3 most limiting
amino acids for those pigs fed the reference diet is
triticale ration 2. Triticale diets l, 4 and 3 follow
in that sequence.

Data from nitrogen balance studies (Appendix,
Tables A-2 through A—S) show that the apparent nitrogen
digestibility of variety 2 is 80.86%, which is slightly
higher than the other triticale diets fed. However,
the biological value and the protein utilization of
triticale variety 2 was lowest as compared with the
other varieties. This may indicate that the protein in
variety 2 triticale is very digestible, but not very

well utilized by the pig.

45

Dermatitis, or skin lesions, found on pigs has been
related to inadequate dietary zinc or non-absorbable zinc
(Miller et aZ., 1968). After 29 days of feeding various
triticale diets, dermatitis was observed on the ventral
surface of 4 pigs. Blood samples were drawn and analyzed
for plasma zinc on days 43 and 61 after the initiation of
the balance studies. Data presented in Table 11 indicate
that treatments of the basal diet (Table 2) had no effect
in preventing the dermatitis. The level of plasma zinc
ranged from 86.87 to 118.19 ug/100 m1 plasma. Dermatitis
was observed at both the low and high levels of plasma
zinc. Observations of pig dermatitis and plasma zinc
analysis at day 61 are listed in Table 12. Plasma zinc
concentrations ranged from 60.22 to 124.12 ug/lOO ml
plasma. All but two pigs displayed varying degrees of
dermatitis.

The plasma zinc concentrations obtained in these
studies are similar to the results obtained by Ullrey
et a1. (1967). They fed a corn-soybean meal diet that
provided the level of nutrients recommended by N.R.C.
(1964). The plasma zinc concentration of these pigs at
3, 4 and 5 months of age were 83 i 3.4, 94 i 3.0 and
88 i 2.2, respectively. Comparing the data from the
present study with these values, it appears that zinc
deficiency was not the cause of dermatitis observed in

the triticale studies.

46

Table 11. Pig plasma analysis for zinc on day 413

 

 

Triticale variety Observed
MSU-4 ug/100 ml dermatitis
Basal diet
lll-ll 91.07 no
111-3 118.19 yes
111-9 108.73 no

Basal + 0.3% L-lysine + 0.2%
L-threonine

lll-12 87.75 yes
lll-lO 106.97 no
105-7 108.91 no

Basal autoclaved

111-4 99.69 slight
111-2 108.73 yes
105-4 99.88 no

Basal autoclaved + 0.3% L-lysine
+ 0.2% L-threonine

111-13 93.19 no
111-8 98.46 slight
111-1 86.87 no

 

aAnalyzed

47

Table 12. Pig plasma analysis for zinc on day 61a

 

 

Observed

Triticale variety pg/lOO ml dermatitis
MSU-1

136-6 100.4 yes

105-10 90.99 yes

107-4 79.20 yes
MSU-2

111-10 124.12 no

105-7 100.4 yes

111-12 116.584 yes
MSU-3

105-4 94.58 yes

lll-2 78.51 yes

Ill—4 60.22 slight
MSU-4

111-8 113.36 no

lll-l 79.20 yes

111-13 100.9 yes

 

aAnalyzed

48

Experiment 5: Balance Trial Determining the
Gross Energy (GE), Digestible Energy (DE):
and Metabolizable Energy (ME) of the
’Four Triticale Varieties

 

The ingredients used to formulate these diets are
presented in Table 1. Data from the balance trial (Table
13) show that MSU triticale variety 4 had significantly
higher (P<0.01) daily digestible energy than MSU triti-
cale varieties l, 2 and 3. The daily energy excreted in
the urine was significantly higher (P<0.01) from pigs fed
variety 1. Triticale varieties 2 and 3 when fed had sig-
nificantly more (P<0.05) urinary energy excreted than
triticale variety 4. The low urinary energy value of
triticale variety 4 may be due to its lower protein con-
tent and possibly a more highly digestible fat. The
daily metabolizable energy of triticale variety 4 was
significantly greater (P<0.01) than that of all other
varieties.

The gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable
energy values were calculated on a kcal/kg basis (Table
14). These values were similar for all triticale varie-
ties, except triticale variety 4, which was 10% higher.
The ME values for triticale varieties l, 2 and 3 are
similar to the ME value found by Cornego et al. (1971).
This group found the ME to be 3.52 kcal/kg when fed at

97.5% of the ration to barrows weighing 43 to 49 kg.

49

Table 13. Summary of energy balancea

 

Energy balance Triticale Varieties
(daily) MSU-I MSU-2 MSU-3 MSU-4 :SE

 

Energy intake, 1398.0 1411.9 1409.8 1555.7 0.00
kcal

Fecal energy, 195.0 204.0 183.2 195.3 3.33
kcal

Digestible 1203 1207 1224 1360e 6.81
energy, kcal

Urinary energy, 16.7d 13.1C 15.3C 6.9 1.79
kcal

Metabolizable 1186 1191 1209C 1354e 6.30

energy, kcal

 

3Statistical analysis from CDC 6500 computer.
Summary of data is in the Appendix, Table A-6.

bStandard error of the mean.
CSignificantly greater than least value (P<.05)
dSignificantly greater than least value (P<.01).

eSignificantly greater than all other values
(P<.01).

50

Table 14. Summary of mean energy values

 

 

Energy values Triticale Varieties
(kcal/kg) MSU-l MSU-2 MSU-3 MSU-4
Gross energy 3994.0 4034.0 4028.0 4444.8
Digestible 3490.0 3450.0 3498.0 3886.0
energy
(range) (3454- (3435- (3463- (3882-
3591) 3459) 3532) 3892)
Metabolizable 3389.0 3403.0 3454.0 3869.0
energy
(range) (3442- (3393- (3417- (3859-
3416) 3422) 3497) 3879)

 

Experiment 6: Nitrogen Balance Study Used
to Determine the Metabolic and—
Endogenous Nitrogen Values

 

This experiment was run in order to determine the
true biological value and true net protein utilization
for triticale diet 4. Data presented in Table 15 show
the levels of daily fecal and urine nitrogen when fed
diets decreasing in crude protein. These data were
extrapolated using the linear regression format in the
Hewlett-Packard Computer to establish the expected daily
endogenous and metabolic nitrogen. The metabolic nitro-
gen was evaluated to be .3931 g per day; the endogenous
nitrogen was evaluated to be 0.0 g per day.

The Thomas-Mitchell formula was used to determine

the true biological value (BV):

51

Table 15. Summary of nitrogen balance study to determine
endogenous and metabolic nitrogen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b 67% Basal 33% Basal
100% Basal 33% glucose % glucose a
Item ration monohydrate monohydrate :SE
Number of pigs 3 2 3
Daily feed 250 250 250 0
intake, g
Daily feces, g 35.1 29.2 23.6 3.1
Daily urine, g 125.0 67.8 85.2 16.4
N balance daily
N intake, g 5.67 3.78 1.89 .94
Fecal N, g 0.85 0.81 0.52 0.07
Fecal N, % 14.92 21.32 27.30
Urinary N, g 1.75 0.99 0.56 0.26
Urinary N, % 30.77 26.24 29.63
N retention, g 3.08 1.98 0.81 .58
N retention, % 54.31 52.43 43.07
aStandard error of the mean.
bBasal ration was made from triticale variety 4.
N intake- (fecal N- metabolic N)- (urinary N- endogenous N)X100

N intake- (fecal N- metaboiic N)

The true BV was determined to be 66.17%.

used to determine the true net protein utilization (NPU)

was:

The formula

52

N intake—(fecal N-metabolic N)-(urinary N-endogenous N)

N intake x 100

The true NPU was determined to be 60.37%. These values
are higher than the apparent BV and apparent NPU, 63.69
and 54.14%, respectively.

Experiment 7: Feeding Trial Utilizing MSU 16%
Grower Diet for Weanling Pigs

 

Composition of the diet fed in this feeding trial
is presented in Table 6. Data from this experiment
(Table 16) show the variation in gains and feed intake
by pigs fed the same diet. This in turn affected the
Protein Efficiency Ratios (PER) dramatically. PER values
ranged from 1.39 to 3.28. The range may have been caused
by the new environment and the stress of weaning, as well
as the feed conversion of each individual pig, as indi-
cated by the standard error of the mean.

Experiment 8: Feeding Trial Utilizing the MSU

i6% Gibwer Diet anleouriVarieties of’
Triticale foriWeanling Pigs

 

The diet composition for these feeds is presented
in Table 16. Table 17 shows variation of Protein
Efficiency Ratios (PER) between treatments. The MSU
16% diet was removed at the beginning of Experiment 8.
The data show PER values for pigs fed triticale diets
range from 0.44 to 1.45. Feed and protein intake values
were similar for three of the four varieties of triti-
cale. MSU-l triticale fed pigs ate more food, but gained

less, resulting in a PER value of 0.44. This could

S3

.cmoe ecu mo pommo camccmumm

 

 

wN.o wN.m oe.~ mm.N mo.N om.a mm.H moo

m.mHH c.0NmH e.cmNH e.OHmH o.NHON 0.0mmH o.eNmH m .oxaoea eaoooao
m.emm comm oeow oeee eco.0H omaw ONcw m .oaaoea eooa
c.mHm aame moem mmwm mmHe cHwH eNmN m .eaao
ammu cm om: ca om: ca om: ca om: ea om: ca om:

 

m ucoeflsomxm Eosm mpHDmos mmmmc owpms mocoflofimmo cameosm mo mpmeesm .cH omcmm

4
5

.con may we posse csmccmumm

 

 

em.o 44.0 me.H mm.o cm.N me.m mm.o moo
H.Nm c.4NOH m.oem m.ooo a.momH c.NHHH omm m .oxaoea eaoooao
a.mmm eoec mmmm mmom coma ammo mmmm w .oxaoea eoom
H.4em ewe mama Hmc meee cwoe Hoe m .eaau
ammu H om: ofiawwmmam oaewwmmpm ca om: ca om: oHanmwam

 

o ucoeflsomxm Eosw mumsmoa mmmmo ofiums mocoflowmmo :Houowm mo msmEESm .mH omcmm

55
indicate that this particular triticale variety has poor
protein digestibility or availability. Those pigs fed
the MSU 16% grower diet gave PER values of 2.96 and 3.67.
The feed intake was lower for triticale compared with the
MSU-l6. This may have been a result of the physical
form of the triticale diets. The changing to a triticale
diet, which exhibited a different physical form (texture)
and possible taste difference, may have caused a certain
degree of anorexia. Comparing the protein intake between
triticale diets and MSU-l6, Table 17 shows that triticale
variety 22-2 fed pigs consumed 172.3 g less protein and
gained 2724 g less than MSU-l6. The PER values were
1.45 and 3.67, respectively. These differences reinforce
the concepts of differences in palatability, digesti-
bility and availability of protein, of diets made with
triticale.
Experiment 9: Feeding Trial Utilizing MSU 16%
Grower Diets for Weanling Pigs

Table 6 isia list of the ingredients used in the
making of this grower diet. Data from Experiment 9 are
found in Table 18. The removal of the triticale ration
5 hours prior to the end of Experiment 9 was the only
difference in methods used in determining PER values
between Experiments 7 and 9.

Computations from data collected during Experiment
9 show PER values ranging from 1.79 to 3.35. There is

much variation with respect to the utilization of feed

.cmoE map mo sosho cswccmpmm

 

 

NN.O mm.m mw.N ma.~ em.~ om.H om.~ mma
N.eN m.Hme o.emwa m.mmmH m.memH 4.0mma a.mcmfi m .oxaoea eaoooao
m.HmH weeHH ommam Nmaoa mawoa mooaa OHOHH m .oaaoea eoom
e.wNe ammo weem HNNm omoe ”mam meme a .eaao
ammu ca om: cm om: ca om: ea om: ca om: ca om:

 

o pcoefisomxm Eosm mumsmos mmmmo ofipms mocofioflmmo :fiouosm we msmeesm .om omcmm

57
between pigs. This may be a reason for such a wide
range in PER values obtained.
Experiment 10: Feeding Trial Utilizing MSU 16%

Grower Diet and Four VariEties of
Triticale for Weanling Pigs

 

 

 

The composition of feeds fed in Experiment 10 is
listed in Table 6. Table 19 is a summary of data col-
lected at the conclusion of Experiment 10. These animals
had their food removed 5 hours prior to the end of Experi-
ment 10. The purpose of this was to eliminate recent
intake influences on plasma amino acid level and to
equalize fill. Also to establish true protein of gain
for protein consumption. Triticale diets were fed in
such a manner that no pigs received the same triticale
variety as they were fed in Experiment 8. The data from
Table 19 show that a larger quantity of triticale 49-2
was consumed than the other varieties, but the gain was
the least of all four varieties. Also, triticale variety
49-2 had the poorest PER value, 0.63. Triticale variety
22-2 had the second highest consumption rate. It was
within 100 g of the consumption level of variety 49-2.
Variety 22-2 was able to produce the highest weight
gain and PER, 1.44. PER values for triticale varieties
MSU-1 and 49-6 were 1.26 and 1.16, respectively. The
MSU-l6 grower diet fed pigs consumed more feed, gained
more weight resulting in higher PER value, 3.37 and 3.12.

Again, as in Experiment 8, the same concepts of

.cmoe one we gouge csmccmumm

 

58

 

ce.o NH.m mm.m ee.H mc.o oH.H cN.H mmo
m.mmH a.mcoH H.mmom m.HNeH a.mmeH o.omHH m.ecNH m .oxaoea eaoooao
o.wmo chNH Nmomfi mow” mwmm ocmm Noam m .oxooea poem
a.mmoa ammo mmom maom woo NcmH owmfl m .eaao
ammu ca om: ca om: N-N~ N-oe c-me H-omz

oaaoaoaam oHaoaoaae oaeoaomae oHaoaoaae

 

oH ucoeflsomxm Eopm mumsmos mommy capes moaoflommmo Camposm mo mhmeesm .oH emcee

59

palatability, protein digestibility and availability
seem evident in Experiment 10.

A summary of results from Experiments 7, 8, 9 and
10 is required to evaluate triticale as the main feed
ingredient in swine rations. Normally the consumption
of feed by pigs increases with age. In Experiments 7
and 9, pigs were fed MSU-16 grower ration, then switched
to the triticale grower diets. In Experiments 8 and 10,
weight gain, PER values and feed consumption decreased.
The opposite occurred in Experiment 9. When the pigs
were changed back to the MSU-16 grower diet, feed con-
sumption, weight gain and PER values increased. Reasons
for these decreases in consumption, weight gain and PER
values when fed triticale diets may be due to the physi-
cal texture of the triticale feed. The MSU-l6 grower
was a medium texture, whereas the triticale was a fine,
flour-like texture. Palatability of triticale may also
be a factor for the decrease of consumption. Triticale
variety 49-6 was consumed the least of all varieties in
both experiments.

Variations in weight gain and PER values among
these triticale varieties indicate the possibility of
poor digestibility or availability of protein due to
protease inhibitors, as compared with the control, MSU-16
grower diet. In both Experiments 8 and 10, variety
49-2 was found to have the lowest PER values, but its

intake was almost equal to or greater than triticale

60
variety 22-2, which was found to have the highest PER
value of all triticale varieties evaluated in both
experiments. When triticale varieties within Experi-
ments 8 and 10 are compared with the control, the con-

trol exhibits greater feed consumption, weight gains

and PER values.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limits of the experimental conditions
and procedures of the 10 experiments presented herein,
the results of this study have led the author to make
the following conclusions:

1. All triticale varieties used in nitrogen balance
studies have similar apparent protein digestibility and
apparent biological values. But the net protein utili-
zation value is superior invarietieslMSU-3 and MSU-4
triticale.

2. The addition of L-lysine and L-threonine to the
basal triticale diets benefited the nitrogen retention,
biological value and net protein utilization.

3. Autoclaving basal triticale diets enhanced the
nitrogen retention, apparent protein digestibility,
biological value and net protein utilization.

4. These triticale varieties are most limiting in
lysine, methionine plus 1/2 cystine and threonine. The
plasma amino acid levels were equal to or greater than
the expected levels for all essential amino acids, except
for lysine in the plasma from pigs fed triticale

variety MSU-3.

61

62

5. Dermatitis observed on the abdominal surface of
pigs was not a result of zinc deficiency.

6. The digestible energy of MSU triticale varieties
l, 2, 3 and 4 ranged from 3435 to 3892 kcal/kg. The
metabolizable energy of these triticale varieties ranged
from 3342 to 3879 kcal/kg. The metabolizable energy
density was high enough from all varieties so pigs could
meet their daily energy requirements.

7. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for 16%
protein triticale-wheat gluten diets is considerably

lower than 16% protein corn-soybean meal grower diets.

BI BL IOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allee, G. L. and R. H. Hines. 1972a. Nutritional
adequacy of triticale for finishing swine.
J. Anim. Sci. 35:1101 (abstr.).

Allee, G. L. and R. H. Hines. 1972b. Nutritional
value of triticale for growing swine. J.
Anim. Sci. 35:1101 (abstr.).

' Bergen, W. G., H. A. Henneman and W. T. Magee. 1973.
Effect of dietary protein level and protein
source on plasma and tissue free amino acids
in growing sheep. J. Nutr. 103:575.

Bixler, E., P. J. Schaible and S. Bandemer. 1968.
Preliminary studies on the nutritive value of
triticale as chicken feed. Mich. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Quart. Bull. 50:276.

Bragg, D. B. and T. F. Shardy. 1970. Nutritive value

of triticale for broiler chick diets. Poultry
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Bravo, F. 0., A. Navanjo and M. A. Shimada. 1971.
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Cornejo, S., S. Potocnjak, J. H. G. Homes and D. W.
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Diggs, B. G., D. E. Becker, A. H. Jensen, and H. W.
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Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F
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Fernandez, R., S. M. Kim, B. Riveva and J. McGinnis.
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ingredients in diets of laying hens. Poultry
Sci. 51:1806 (abstr.).

63

64

Fernandez, R. and J. McGinnis. 1974. Nutritive value
of triticale for young chicks and effects of
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Guenthner, E. and C. W. Carlson. 1970. A comparison
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Harvey, W. R. 1960. Least squares analysis of data
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Jenkins, B. C. 1974. Hexaploid triticale: Past,
present and future. Triticale: First man-made
cereal. p. 56.

Jorden, R. M. and H. S. Hanke. 1972. Finishing lambs
with triticale, barley or corn. Feedstuffs 44:
19. p. 30.

Kies, C. and H. M. Fox. 1970a. Protein nutritive value
of wheat and triticale grain for humans, studied
at two levels of protein intake. Cereal Chem.
47:671.

Kies, C. and H. M. Fox. 1970b. Determination of the
first limiting amino acid of wheat and triticale
grain for humans. Cereal Chem. 47:615.

Knipfel, J. E. 1969. Comparative protein quality of
triticale, wheat and rye. Cereal Chem. 46:313.

Larter, E. N. 1974. A review of the historical develop-
ment of triticale. Triticale: First man-made
cereal. p. 35.

Makdani, D. D., J. T. Huber and W. G. Bergen. 1971.
Effect of histidine and methionine supplementa—
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prepared fish protein concentrate in rat diets.
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McCloy, A. W., L. B. Sherrad, R. C. Albin and K. R.
Hansen. 1971. Nutritive value of triticale for
ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 32:534.

Miller, E. R., R. W. Luecke, D. E. Ullrey, B. V. Baltzer,
B. L. Bradley and J. A. Hoefer. 1968. Biochemical,
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6S

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66

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p. 53.

APPENDIX

67

Table A-1. Michigan State University vitamin trace
mineral premix

 

 

Nutrient Amount in 10 lb of premixa
Vitamin A 3.0 million IU
Vitamin D 0.6 million IU
Vitamin E 5000 IU
Vitamin K compound 2.0 g
Riboflavin 3.0 g
Nicotinic acid 16.0 g
D-pantothenic acid 12.0 g
Choline 100.0 g
Vitamin B12 18.0 mg
Zinc 68.0 g
Manganese 34.0 g
Iodine 2.5 g
Copper 9.0 g
Iron 54.0 g
Antioxidantb 45.0 g
Carrier (ground yellow corn) to bring total
to 10 lb

 

aMixed into diet at rate of .96%.

bButylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and/or butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT).

68

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70

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71

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72

 

 

 

 

Table A-6. Summary of energy study from Experiment 5

1 2 3 4 :SEa
No. of pigs 3 3 2 3
Daily feed 350 350 350 350 0.0
intake, g
Daily feces, g 44. 45. 42.7 43. 0.63
Daily urine, g 127. 115. 153.6 139. 12.26
Daily energy
balance
Energy intake, 1398. 1411. 1409.8 1555. 7.04
kcal
Fecal energy, 195. 204. 185.4 195. 5.42
kcal
Digestible 1203. 1207. 1224.4 1360. 7.15
energy, kcal
Digestible 87. 85. 86.8 87.
energy, %
Urinary energy, l6. 13. 15.3 6. 0.54
kcal
Metabolizable 1186. 1191. 1209.0 1354. 7.63
energy, kcal
Metabolizable 84. 84. 85.8 87.

energy, %

 

aStandard error of the mean.

 

‘IImIIIIIII