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WINTER SPRAY IRRIGATION WITH SECONDARY
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT IN SOUTH
CENTRAL MICHIGAN

Thesis for Hm Degree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
David Earl LeIand
I977

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ABSTRACT

WINTER SPRAY IRRIGATION WITH SECONDARY
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT IN SOUTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN

by

David E. Leland

From December, 1975, to March, 1977, a 3 hectare (7.35 acre) unmodi-
fied subwatershed at the Michigan State Water Quality Management Project 9
was subjected to irrigation with secondary municipal effluent. The A
period included a short winter with heavy snowfall (1976) and a long win—
ter with little snowfall and record low temperatures (1977). The objec-
tive of the study was to construct seasonal water and nutrient balances
for nitrogen and phosphorus.

Hydrologic data was collected on surface runoff and water input due
to spray irrigation and natural precipitation. Surface runoff was moni-
tored by a weir and stage recorder. Irrigation and precipitation inputs
were measured with rain gages. Evapotranspiration was estimated and
infiltration volume was obtained by difference.

Water quality samples were taken of spray input, surface runoff, and
infiltrated water. Grab samples of spray input were collected and de-
tailed automatic runoff sampling was achieved using an ISCO sampler at
the spray site weir. Infiltrated water was sampled with porous cup lysi-
meters.

The data were used to compute water balances and nutrient mass

David E. Leland

balances for chloride, nitrogen, and phosphorus on a seasonal basis. The
highest percentage of surface runoff occurred during the winter periods
but most of the input water infiltrated during all seasons. Heavy ice
buildup occurred during subfreezing temperature spray operations. Quality
of runoff and infiltrated water was poorest during the winter seasons.
High phosphorus concentrations which violated Michigan standards were ob—
served in ice melt runoff but nearly 90 percent of the input phosphorus
mass applied during the winter was retained on the site. Significant
nitrate nitrogen infiltration was observed and violation of standards

was avoided only by groundwater dilution. Winter spray irrigation may

be feasible only if contour plowing or diking is practiced to increase

infiltration and if nitrogen levels in the applied wastewater are low.

WINTER SPRAY IRRIGATION WITH SECONDARY
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT IN SOUTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN

By

David Earl Leland

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

1977

TO PAM

FOR COPING

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I express thanks and appreciation to Dr. David Wiggert and Dr. Thomas
Burton whose guidance and advice throughout the course of the project made
this thesis possible. Thanks also go to Dr. Mackenzie Davis for his en-
couragement and support. Special thanks go to Paul Bent for sharing his
knowledge and skill in hydrologic data acquisition, and to John Przybyla
for helping with the field work and data reduction. Appreciation is ex-
pressed to Joe Ervin and his assistants for operating the irrigation system
under severe winter conditions, and to those at the Institute of Water
Research who gave their time and advice. Finally, appreciation is ex-
pressed to David Fritz who performed the pioneering work on this project.

I am indebted to the Institute of Water Research for financial support
under the grant "Utilization of Natural Ecosystems for Wastewater Renovation",

Environmental Protection Agency Y005065.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

Winter Wastewater Irrigation and the Michigan State
University Water Quality Management Project . . . . . .

Fate of Wastewater Nutrients in the Soil - Implications
for Winter Land Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Winter Land Application Projects . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Pennsylvania State University . . . . . . . . .

1.3.2 U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.3 Michigan State University . . . . . . . . . . .

Purpose and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1
2.2
2.3

'2.4

Winter Spray Site Description . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data COlleCtion O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0
Operation and Sampling Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

Summary of Results for Study Period . . . . . . . . . .
Winter 1976 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spring 1976 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summer 1976 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fall 1976 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Winter 1977 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

18

19

22

22

27

36

42

50

62

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

4. ERRORS AND DATA RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 0 CONCLUSIONS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX

APPENDIX

B

C

D

E

F

G

Thornthwaite Evapotranspiration Estimates . . . . .
Listing of Computer Program "FLUX" . . . . . . . . .
Seasonal Spray Input, Water and Nutrients . . . . .
Results of Computer Runoff Analysis . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Infiltration Estimates . . . . . . .
Calculation of Nutrient Reduction in the Soil . . .

Average Nutrient Concentrations in Lysimeter Samples

Page
76

80
82
84
86
89
94
100
108
110

114

Figure

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

22.

LIST OF FIGURES

Map of M.S.U. Water Quality Management Project

Detail Map of Winter Spray Site . . . . . .
Soil Map of Winter Spray Site . . . . . . .
Winter Spray Site Equipment Locations . . .
Spray Sampling Station . . . . . . . . . . .
Weir, Stage Recorder, and ISCO Sampler . . .

Typical Lysimeter Installation . . . . . . .

Monthly Nitrogen to Chloride Ratios for Study Period .

Lysimeter Chloride Data, Winter 1976 . . . .
Lysimeter Nitrate Data, Winter 1976 . . .

Lysimeter Ammonia Data, Winter 1976 . . . .

Hydrograph and Nutrient Mass Flows, February 16, 1976

Runoff Quality and Discharge, February 11-13, 1976

Lysimeter Chloride Data, Spring 1976 . . . .
Lysimeter Nitrate Data, Spring 1976 . . . .

Lysimeter Ammonia Data, Spring 1976 . . . .

Hydrograph and Nutrient Mass Flows, April 13, 1976

Lysimeter Chloride Data, Summer 1976 . . . .
Lysimeter Nitrate Data, Summer 1976 . . . .
Lysimeter Ammonia Data, Summer 1976 . . . .
Lysimeter Chloride Data, Fall 1976 . . . . .

Lysimeter Control Chloride Data, Fall 1976 .

vi

Page

10
11
13
14
15

‘17
26
32
33
34
35
37
41
43
44
45
49‘
51
52
56

58

Figure
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

LIST OF FIGURES (cont.)

Lysimeter Nitrate Data, Fall 1976 . . . . . . .
Lysimeter Ammonia Data, Fall 1976 . . . . . . .
Hydrograph and Nutrient Mass Flows, November 18,
Lysimeter Chloride Data, Winter 1977 . . . . . .
Lysimeter Control Chloride Data, Winter 1977 . .
Lysimeter Nitrate Data, Winter 1977 .

Lysimeter Ammonia Data, Winter 1977 . . . . . .

Low Groundwater Contours at the Winter Spray Site,

December 13, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High Groundwater Contours at the Winter Spray Site,

MarCh 10, 1977 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0

Average Daily Runoff Discharge and Quality, Winter 1977

Hydrograph and Nutrient Mass Flows, March 9, 1977

vii

Page
59
60
61
66
67
68

7O

71

72
73

74

Table

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

LIST OF TABLES

Overall Water Balance for Study Period, December 1,
1975 to MarCh 16, 1977 I O O O O I O O O O O C O O O O O O

Runoff, Infiltration, and Evapotranspiration as Percent of
Total Water Input by Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overall Nutrient Mass Balances for Study Period,
December 1, 1975 to March 16, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nutrient Reduction in the Soil by Season . . . . . . . . .

Water Balance - Winter 1976, December 1, 1975 to
February 27 ’ 1976 O O O O O O O O O O O I C O O 0 O O O 0

Nutrient Balance - Winter 1976, December 1, 1975
to February 27, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Water Balance - Spring 1976, February 28 to May 27 . . .
Nutrient Balance - Spring 1976, February 28 to May 27 . .
Water Balance - Summer 1976, May 28 to August 31 . . . .
Nutrient Balance - Summer 1976, May 28 to August 31 . . .
Water Balance - Fall 1976, September 1 to November 30 . .
Nutrient Balance - Fall 1976, September 1 to November 30 .

Water Balance - Winter 1977, December 1, 1976 to
March 16, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nutrient Balance - Winter 1977, December 1, 1976
to March 16, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example Statistical Analysis of Data from Spray
Zone Lysimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

Page

23

23

24

24

29

30
39
4O
47
48
54

55

63

64

78

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Winter Wastewater Irrigation and the Michigan State University Water

Quality Management Project

In recent years there has been growing concern over nitrogen and
phosphorus discharge from secondary municipal wastewater treatment plants.
These nutrients contribute to the degradation of surface waters by accel-
erating the eutrophication process. An increasing number of states are
setting nitrogen and phosphorus discharge standards and a number of
physical, chemical, and biological tertiary systems have been developed
to enable treatment plants to meet these new standards.

The Water Quality Management Project (WQMP) is a tertiary treatment
system operated by the Institute of Water Research at Michigan State
University. The system consists of a series of four man-made lakes and
a land disposal facility as shown in Figure 1 (l). The lakes receive
unchlorinated secondary effluent from the East Lansing sewage treatment
plant at rates of up to two million gallons per day. Nominal detention
time in the lake system is about 120 days. The lakes achieve up to 94
percent nitrogen removal but are considerably less effective in taking
up phosphorus (2). Nutrients in the lake system are also removed by
algae harvesting. Final wastewater nutrient recycling is achieved by
land disposal at the 145 acre spray irrigation site. The spray site

consists of uncultivated old field areas, cropland, and forest.

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At the present time the WQMP system is limited to land disposal
during the growing season, or about six months per year. Winter waste-
water irrigation would be advantageous for two reasons. First, storage
requirements for the winter months could be avoided and the required
lake volume for this type of system could be reduced. Second, year-
round operations would reduce land requirements for the irrigation site.

Little data is currently available on winter land application of
municipal wastewater. A complete assessment of winter spray irrigation
would include investigation of effects on both groundwater and runoff
quality during actual operating conditions. Water quality standards, how-
ever, must be met even during the winter months. Regulations resulting
from Michigan Public Act 245 call for eighty percent phosphorus con-
centration reduction in surface discharge or a maximum average monthly
concentration of l mg-P/l. The federal Safe Drinking Water Act standards
call for a maximum nitrate concentration of 10 mg-N/l, which applies to

groundwater in this project.

1.2 Fate of Wastewater Nutrients in the Soil - Implications for Winter

Land Application

 

Municipal effluents contain a wide variety of nutrients and contami-
nants. In land disposal, nitrogen and phosphorus are affected by a num-
ber of processes which result in storage or removal from the soil-plant
system.

Sufficient nitrogen removal is the most critical factor in land appli-
cation of wastewater because the nitrate form can move freely through the
soil profile into groundwater supplies creating a potential health hazard.

Nitrogen is taken up primarily by the vegetation at the land disposal site

and is ultimately removed from the system by harvesting (3). Flood resis—
tant perennial grasses are most effective for nitrogen uptake because of
their long growing season and high nitrogen requirement (4). Nitrogen
loss through denitrification in soils is significant due to the abundance
of denitrifying bacteria present (5). These bacteria use nitrate as a
hydrogen acceptor in the absence of oxygen resulting in liberation of
nitrogen gas. Nitrogen can also be lost to the air as ammonia. This
requires considerable air—water contact and may occur during spray opera-
tions (3).

Nitrogen can be stored in the soil by several means. Ammonium nitro-
gen can be incorporated into microbial tissue and either released by cell
decay or stored indefinitely in a stable form (6). Ammonia reacts with
soil organics to form leaching resistant complexes (7). The ammonium
ion can be trapped by expanding layers of clay minerals (3). Finally,
ammonium ions can be absorbed by the soil cation exchange complex consist-
ing of negatively charged clay and organic colloids (3).

Phosphorus is retained in the soil by adsorption onto soil particles
with ultimate removal by plant uptake and harvesting. The soil-plant
system achieves excellent phosphorus renovation and land disposal sites
are generally not limited by standards for phosphorus removal (8). Many
years of wastewater disposal are required to exhaust the capacity of a
site to retain phosphorus (9).

Winter land application of sewage effluent in northern climates pre-
sents a variety of potential difficulties for nitrogen and phosphorus re-
moval. The most obvious problem is the absence of vegetative growth
during the winter months. Soil frost may present a barrier to infiltra-

tion preventing soil-sewage contact and resulting in excessive ice

accumulation on the site. Ice buildup could lead to large volumes of low
quality surface runoff during thaw periods. Freezing significantly re-
duces the soil microbe population and causes denitrification to nearly
cease (10). Potential interferences, therefore, exist for all nitrogen
and phosphorus renovation and retention mechanisms during winter land

disposal operations.

1.3 Winter Land Application Projects
1.3.1 Pennsylvania State University

From 1966 to 1969, several studies were conducted at the Pennsylvania
State University on small old field subwatersheds subjected to year-round
irrigation with secondary municipal effluent (ll). Runoff volume and
quality were studied as functions of climatic conditions and spray treat-
ments. Water quality was determined with respect to nitrogen and phos-
phorus.

Minimum runoff occurred during the growing season when evapotrans-
piration was high. Maximum runoff occurred when the soil was frozen
and the air temperature was above freezing during spray operations. On
warm days, snow and ice melt contributed heavily to the runoff volume.
Runoff nutrient concentrations were minimum when soil percolation
occurred and were maximum when the soil was frozen. Nutrient levels
were reduced somewhat in the winter runoff when the weekly spray volume
was applied over several days rather than on one day.
1.3.2 U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)

Large scale outdoor concrete test cells were constructed for this
study in New Hampshire (12). The cells were filled with local soils,

Windsor sandy loam and Charlton silt loam, compacted to in—situ density,

and planted with forage grasses. The cells were irrigated at different
rates for a one year period with secondary and primary sewage effluent
from a nearby housing community. Water quality samples were collected
at various depths using suction lysimeters. The percolate was collected
from the bottom of the cells and its volume and quality were measured.
Water balances and nutrient mass balances were constructed for each cell.

The average total nitrogen content of the applied wastewater was
26 mg-N/l and the average total phosphorus content was 7 mg-P/l. Nitri-
fication was nearly complete in the top forty—five centimeters of soil.
Collected percolates showed seasonal nitrate trends with peaks of up
to 125 mg—N/l during late spring to early summer. Generally, the perco-
late nitrate concentration remained below ten mg-N/l. Phosphorus removal
was greater than 99 percent in all cells. A nitrogen mass balance error
of five to twenty-eight percent was observed.

Although the study was not conducted on a natural site, several
impacts on groundwater quality of winter wastewater land application were
indicated. Excellent phosphorus retention was still achieved. Nitrogen
renovation, however, was seriously impaired.

1.3.3 Michigan State University

During the winter of 1975, a spray study was conducted by David E.
Fritz at the Water Quality Management Project spray irrigation facility
(13). A well-defined three hectare (7.35 acre) subwatershed was sub-
jected to six one to two inch applications of wastewater from lake one
of the WQMP system over a two-month winter period. Direct secondary
effluent was not available. The objective of the study was to construct
a Water balance and nutrient mass balances for chloride, nitrogen, phosphorus

and boron for the study period.

Surface runoff from the site was collected in an excavated channel
fitted with a V-notch weir for flow measurement. A Stevens recorder
mounted on a stilling well gave a continuous record of stream stage and
time. Infiltration was measured with forty-seven gravity collection
glass funnel infiltrometers distributed around the site and buried at
a depth of three feet. The funnels were evacuated from the surface with
a hand pump for volume measurement and water quality sample collection.
Grab samples of surface runoff were taken and samples of wastewater
spray were collected in plastic—lined cans located around the site.
Natural precipitation was monitored with a recording raingage located
near the spray site. Water quality determinations were performed by the
Institute of Water Research Water Quality Laboratory.

The study was the first conducted during the winter at the WQMP and
numerous problems were encountered with procedures and equipment. Instru-
mental difficulties combined with an insufficient number of samples did
not allow foran1adequate computation of the water balance or the nutrient
mass balances. Because manual sampling techniques were employed, an in-
sufficient number of surface runoff samples were collected to allow compu-
tation of accurate mass flows. Hydrograph accuracy was affected by ice
buildup in the stilling well. Infiltrometer measurements were probably
the greatest source of error in the study. Air—water interfaces within
the funnels influenced water flow rates into the funnels depending on the
degree of soil saturation. Water quantities obtained from the funnels
were highly variable and several funnels showed evidence of direct hydraulic
connection to the surface. Only fifty-six percent of the input water was
accounted for in the water balance. Nutrient mass balance errors of up

to seventy percent were observed.

General conclusions were drawn in spite of the difficulties en-.
countered. Evaporation apparently accounted for fifteen to twenty per-
cent of the input water volume and ammonia gas was liberated during spray
operations. Ice buildup occurred during subfreezing spray conditions and
contributed to surface runoff during warm weather. Large amounts of

nitrate nitrogen apparently infiltrated to the groundwater.

1.4 Purpose and Objectives

Previous studies have provided some insight on the impact of winter
land application of secondary municipal effluent. No single study has
successfully determined the effect of winter land disposal on both ground-
water and surface runoff at a natural unmodified site. In order to fully
assess these effects, it is necessary to determine seasonal water and
nutrient mass balances for such a site under year-round operating condi-
tions.

The objective of this study was to continue the work begun by Fritz
in 1975 and obtain more reliable data on a year-round basis. Seasonal
water balances and seasonal nutrient balances for chloride, nitrogen,
and phosphorus were determined over a full year. The study was conducted
from December, 1975, to March, 1977, a period which included a very short
mild winter (1976) and a very long severe winter (1977): While the site
was able to retain ninety percent of the applied phosphorus during winter
operations, significant nitrate breakthrough to the groundwater was
observed. Runoff volume was a small percentage of the input water during
the winter but it was of poor quality. Most of the winter input water

and nutrients infiltrated.

CHAPTER 2

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

2.1 Winter Spray Site Description

 

The study was conducted on the three hectare (7.35 acre) site used
by D. Fritz in 1975 (13). ‘A map of the area is given in Figure 2 showing
two foot contours. The site was chosen for its well-defined watershed
boundary. Surface runoff was collected in the low area at the west end
of the field, and was conducted to Felton Drain by earthen dikes and an
excavated channel. The field was well drained with the exception of the
marshy western low area which comprised a very small percentage of the
total watershed.

A soil map of the WQMP spray irrigation facility was complied by
T. Zobeck in 1976 (14). Figure 3 is a map of the major soil types found
at the winter spray site. Seventy percent of the site consists of Miami—
Marlette soil, which is a loam, silt loam, or silt glacial till. Other
types present include Owosso (sandy loam), Kidder (clay loam or sandy
clay loam), and Colwood (fine sand). Extreme variation within these soil
mapping units was found; the units proved to be only forty—seven percent
homogeneous. The general soil profile is also very nonuniform with many

alternating layers of clay and sand materials.

2.2 Data Collection

 

In order to compute a water balance and mass balances for key nutri-

ents, it was necessary to monitor spray and precipitation input, surface

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runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration.. Both hydrologic and water
quality data were required. Equipment locations are shown in Figure 4.

Spray input volume was determined from pumping records. The depth
of spray application was checked with wedge—shaped plastic "TrunChekH
raingages at fifteen locations around the site. Sample bottles and
funnels were used to collect water quality samples of the spray at the
same locations as shown in Figure 5. During the winter of 1977, samples
of input wastewater were taken from the irrigation system drain pipes
because severe cold hampered sample collection by the bottle-funnel
devices. There appeared to be no difference between spray samples and
drain pipe samples during the winter. Natural precipitation was moni-
tored with a Bendix recording raingage located near the site. Precipi-
tation quality was not monitored, but average precipitation nutrient
concentrations have been measured at various locations around the Midwest.
The average total phosphorus concentration at points along the shoreline
of Lake Michigan is 0.027 mg-P/l (15). Measurements at Akron, Ohio;
Urbana, Illinois; and Indianapolis, Indiana, show average precipitation
nutrient concentrations of 0.35 mg-Cl/l chloride, 2.67 mg-N/l nitrate,
and 0.25 mg-N/l ammonia (16).

A 45° V-notch weir installed in the excavated channel allowed measure-
ment of surface runoff flow from the site. A Stevens recorder and stilling
well installed upstream of the weir provided continuous stage-time records.
The equipment setup is shown schematically in Figure 6. Freezing was
prevented during winter operations by suspending a heat lamp in the
stilling well and inserting a heat tape into the intake pipe. Snow and
ice were cleared from the channel regularly. Detailed automatic water

quality sampling was achieved using an ISCO model 1392 high speed

13

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15

 

 

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Figure 6.—-Weir, Stage Recorder, and ISCO Sampler.

l6

sequential sampler. The sampler collected up to twenty-eight samples at
preset intervals of one-half to four hours, and was triggered by the
Stevens recorder at the beginning of flow. Freezing protection was pro-
vided by an insulated heated housing and a heat tape wrapping on the in-
take line.

Infiltration is a very difficult parameter to measure in the field
when complex soil conditions exist. Because of the infiltration measure-
ment problems encountered by Fritz and others during the 1975 study, in-
filtration was estimated by subtracting surface runoff volume and evapo-
transpiration volume from the total water input volume. Infiltrated
water was sampled using porous cup lysimeters manufactured by the
Soilmoisture Equipment Corporation. Cups were installed at depths of
1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 feet at various locations around the site as shown in
Figure 4, previously. Few lysimeters were installed at the 1.5 foot
depth because frost problems were anticipated. Cups were installed one
to a hole as recommended by Wood (17). A representative lysimeter in-
stallation is shown schematically in Figure 7. To collect samples, an
eighty centibar (24 inches Hg) vacuum was applied to each cup with a
simple hand pump. After sufficient time was allowed for sample collection,
the pressure side of the pump was used to evacuate the cups. Twelve
lysimeters were installed prior to the winter of 1976, and fifteen addi-
tional cups were installed during the summer of 1976. Covers were
fashioned to protect the access hoses from surrounding ice buildup. The
depth to the groundwater table was monitored in shallow PVC pipe observa-
tion wells at eleven locations around the site beginning in the summer
of 1976. Differences between observation well elevations and the contours

in Figure 4 were due to local topography variations.

17

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/ “1P

\

 

 

 

 

 

 

l
1'74 _

o 000

Porous Ceramic Tip

 

Figure 7.—-Typical Lysimeter Installation.

l8

Evapotranspiration was estimated using the empirical method proposed
by Thornthwaite (18). Tables and easily obtainable weather data were
used to compute monthly values of potential evapotranspiration. The
method, based on monthly sunlight duration and mean monthly temperature,
was modified in that actual monthly sunlight duration values were substi-
tuted for the maximum values given in Thornthwaite's tables. The poten-
tial evapotranspiration calculated was assumed to be the actual evapo-
transpiration. Calculations are given in Appendix A for the study period.

Water quality determinations were performed by the Institute of
Water Research Water Quality Laboratory. When necessary, samples were
stored at 4°C and were not preserved after winter 1976 operations.

Early samples were preserved with H2804. Determinations were performed
with a Technicon Auto Analyzer according to U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency approved methods (19). Methods used were Storet 00940 (chloride),
00610 (ammonia nitrogen), 00615 (nitrite nitrogen), 00630 (nitrate-nitrite

nitrogen), 00620 (nitrate nitrogen), and 00665 (total phosphorus).

2.3 Operation and Sampling Schedule

 

Research at the Pennsylvania State University established that two
inches (51 mm) per week was a safe secondary effluent application rate
for perennial grasses (4). Applications of two inches on one day during
Fritz's study in 1975 resulted in several large runoff events. In the
present study, wastewater was applied at a rate of two inches per week
in two one-inch applications on Tuesdays and Thursdays. No wastewater
was applied during surface runoff events. Fifteen spray samples were
collected with the bottle-funnel devices during each spray operation and

were composited into three samples for analysis according to location in

19

the western, central, or eastern areas of the site. Initially, the
lysimeters were evacuated and repressurized before each spray event.
Beginning in the summer of 1976, the lysimeters were evacuated and re-
pressurized before every other spray event, or once per week, due to
observed slow changes in groundwater quality. The depth to the ground-
water table was monitored once per week prior to spraying beginning in

the summer of 1976.

2.4 Data Analysis

 

Data was analyzed on a seasonal basis with seasonal periods deline-
ated according to the hydrologic response of the watershed. Estimation
of infiltration and evapotranspiration volume was discussed previously.
The calculation of nutrient mass input from spray and precipitation
volume and average spray and precipitation nutrient concentration is
straightforward. Calculation of runoff nutrient mass and water volume
and nutrient reduction in the soil is discussed here.

Runoff data were analyzed using the computer program FLUX, described
in detail in Appendix B. Stage-time data and water quality-time data
were input and runoff volume and nutrient mass totals were generated on
a daily basis. A more detailed analysis option generated nutrient mass
flowrates, concentrations, and water flowrates interpolated to fifteen
minute intervals. Plots were generated to compare nutrient mass flows
with the hydrograph for selected runoff events.

In calculating nutrient reduction in the soil, it was assumed that
the difference between the input mass, or the applied nutrient mass,
and the runoff nutrient mass gave the total nutrient mass infiltrating

(M). A seasonal anticipated infiltrated water nutrient concentration (A)

20

assuming no removal of nutrient was calculated using (M) and the infiltra-

tion volume estimate (I) as follows:

le

A. (mg/l) = (1)

This concentration reflected dilution and concentration effects of preci-
pitation and evapotranspiration. Seasonal nutrient reduction in the soil
(R) was calculated by comparing (A) to the average seasonal nutrient con-
centration, or maximum seasonal concentration when a significant increas-

ing concentration trend was observed, measured at the five foot depth (B).

A — B
A

 

R,(%) = ( ) X 100 (2)

Reduction was assumed to include the effects of lateral inflow-outflow
of groundwater and dilution in the groundwater as well as soil nutrient
renovation and retention processes. Sample calculations are given in

Appendix F. Overall nutrient reduction mass was calculated as follows:

R x M
100 (3)

 

Overall Reduction, (kg) =

Nutrient infiltration mass, the nutrient mass penetrating the soil to the

five foot depth, was obtained by difference.

Infiltration Mass, (kg) = M - Overall Reduction (4)

Negative seasonal R values were occasionally obtained for chloride
when the time lag associated with changes in groundwater quality resulted
in carry—over of the high groundwater chloride levels into a season of
lower chloride input mass. These negative R values were incorporated in-
to the overall mass balance for the study period but were assumed to be

zero for seasonal mass balances to avoid calculation of negative overall

21

reductions. While this procedure introduced some numerical inaccuracy,
it allowed construction of approximate seasonal balances to characterize
the response of the site during different times of the year. Except when

negative R values occur, it can be shown that:

Infiltration Mass, (kg) = B x I (5)

CHAPTER 3

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

3.1 Summary of Results for Study Period

 

This section gives a summary of results for the entire study period
from December 1, 1975, to March 16, 1977. Subsequent sections give more
detailed discussions of results by season.

Table 1 gives the overall water balance for the study period. Waste-
water accounted for 68 percent of the total water input. Most of the out-
put water, 67 percent, infiltrated. Evapotranspiration and surface run-
off accounted for 19 percent and 14 percent of the output. Table 2 lists
runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration as a percent of total water
input by season. Minimum runoff occurred during the summer and fall and
maximum runoff occurred during the winter seasons which included periods
of ice melt. Infiltration accounted for most of the water input in all
seasons with higher percentages in the fall and winter than during the
spring and summer. Evapotranspiration estimates were maximum during the
summer growing season (43 percent), moderate during the spring and fall
(20 percent and 13 percent), and zero during the winter seasons. Runoff
varied inversely with evapotranspiration. In general, higher infiltra-
tion occurred with lower evapotranspiration.

Overall nutrient mass balances are given in Table 3. On a year
round basis, only two to four percent of the input nitrogen and phosphorus
accompanied the surface runoff. Overall reductions of nitrogen and phos-
phorus were high: 77 percent for ammonia, 85 percent for nitrate, and

22

23

Table 1
Overall Water Balance for Study Period
December 1, 1975 to March 16, 1977

 

Source Volume Percent of
(m3) Total
Input
Wastewater Spray 47,398 68
Precipitation 22,300 32
69,698 100
Output
Runoff 9,714 14
Infiltration 46,915 67
Evapotranspiration 13,069 19
69,698 100
Table 2

Runoff, Infiltration, and Evapotranspiration as
Percent of Total Water Input by Season

 

Season Runoff, Percent Infiltration, Evapotranspiration,
of Input Percent of Input Percent of Input
Winter 1976 27 73 W0

12/1/75-2/27/76

Spring 1976 23 57 20
2/28/76-5/27/76

Summer 1976 0 57 43
5/28/76r8/31/76

Fall 1976 4 83 13
9/1/76-11/30/76

Winter 1977
12/1/76—3/16/77 29 71 W0

24

Table 3
Overall bhtrient Mass Balances for Study Period
December 1, 1975 to March 16, 1977

Nutrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
Reduction
kg kg % of kg Z of kg Z of
spray rain input input input

 

Chloride (as Cl) 5,868 8 680 12 109 12 5,087 86

Nitrate (as N) 519 59 24 4 491 85 63 11
Ammonia (as N) 41 6 1 2 36 77 10 21
Total Phosphorus 163 0.6 6 4 149 91 8.6 5
(as P)
Table 4

Nutrient Reduction in the Soil by Season

Season Percent Reduction in Soil,(R)

Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total Phosphorus

 

Winter 1976

12/1/75-2/27/76 17 75 93 99
mamas... 60 98 9.
372371613331/76 39 91 99 99
:71I76EII/30/76 ‘20 66 99 99
Winter 1977 -28 60 68 85

12/1/76-3/16/77

25

91 percent for phosphorus. Only five percent of the input phosphorus in-
filtrated to the groundwater. Higher percentages of nitrate and ammonia
infiltrated primarily due to breakthrough during the winter. In contrast
to nitrogen and phosphorus, most of the input chloride infiltrated with
little overall reduction taking place.

Calculated nutrient reduction by season is given in Table 4. Nega-
tive R values for chloride were obtained following groundwater chloride
accumulation during the winter and summer of 1976. Very little ammonia
was applied during the study and reduction extent was obscured by
ammonia chemistry in the soil. High levels of nitrate and phosphorus
reduction were observed throughout the study with the lowest reductions
during the winter of 1977.

Nitrogen to chloride ratios for wastewater and groundwater are given
in Figure 8. Lake renovated effluent was applied from January through
April, 1976. Direct secondary effluent containing higher nitrogen levels
was applied to the site from May, 1976, to February, 1977. Nitrogen in
the applied wastewater was primarily in the nitrate form. A slightly
increased groundwater N/Cl ratio during the winter of 1976 indicated
higher levels of nitrogen infiltration since chloride levels remained
nearly constant. A low N/Cl ratio was observed in the groundwater during
the spring, summer, and fall in spite of higher N/Cl ratio in the applied
wastewater indicating significant nitrogen removal in the soil. In-
creased N/Cl ratio in the groundwater during the winter of 1977 evidenced
a breakdown in nitrogen renovation due to winter conditions. The dif-
ference between wastewater and groundwater N/Cl ratio during the winter
was probably due to dilution of wastewater with the low nitrogen high

chloride groundwater present at the beginning of the winter periods.

26

.powuwm hpSum Mom mowumm mpwHOHLU cu cwwouuwz >chcozul.w muswfim

ska.
m<z mum z<5

F b b

om:

- p

emo—

Huc mum U:< ;:w 235 ><z mg< z<2 mmh

b p L p p L b P u

 

—I||I|LI

 

 

 

Agratc

 

 

.uu my umumzc::0po

 

 

pomezmumm3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AH\_u-usv Seacoasu -.u
A~\21uev oumuu_z + m~=oEE< I z

CCZEL >22._.v. ”I; mc_h.<m mammogzo
CH zucCMth >4:PZCZ mu<mu><

r

 

com

coo

ccc

cow

coo—

co-

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cooN

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v01 ID/N

27

Wastewater spray irrigation Operations were generally successful on
a year-round basis. Surface runoff amounted to only a small percentage
of the total water input even during winter Operations, thus, most of
the input water infiltrated. Small percentages of the nitrogen and phos-
phorus input mass were detected in the surface runoff and the groundwater.

Nutrient reduction was high on a year-round basis.

3.2 Winter 1976 Results

 

The winter of 1976 was characterized by considerable early snowfall
and an early spring thaw. Early heavy snowfall prevented significant
frost penetration into the soil and temperatures remained below freezing
from January 9 to February 10. During this period, 10 inches (25 cm) of
wastewater from the bottom of lake one of the WQMP system were applied to
the winter spray site resulting in considerable ice buildup with no run-
off. Minor operating difficulties such as frozen valves and pipe breaks
were encountered. Sprinkler heads often froze in position resulting in
uneven spray distribution. An early spring thaw with rain beginning on
February 10 resulted in saturated soil conditions and constant surface
runoff. Runoff came to a halt on February 27 and the winter study period
was ended.

Average input concentrations of wastewater nutrients were 167 mg-
Cl/l chloride, 2.2 mg-P/l total phosphorus, 5.3 mg-N/l nitrate, and 0.5
mg—N/l ammonia (Appendix C). Nitrite was not expected to be present in
significant concentrations and was not monitored. The nitrogen and phos-
phorus concentrations were quite low compared to average levels found in
secondary municipal effluent: 10 mg-P/l phosphorus, 20 mg-N/l nitrate,

and 10 mg-N/l ammonia (20). These low levels reflected partial renovation

28

in the lake system during the previous summer.

Table 5 gives the water balance computed for the winter period.
Wastewater spray made up 61 percent of the total water input to the site
(Appendix C). Most of the input water, 73 percent, infiltrated and sur-
face runoff accounted for only 27 percent of the water input (Appendices
D and E). The Thornthwaite estimate of evapotranspiration was zero due
to the subfreezing average temperature during the winter study period
(Appendix A).

Computed nutrient mass balances for chloride, ammonia, nitrate, and
total phosphorus are given in Table 6. Only two percent of the applied
nitrate and phosphorus accompanied the surface runoff (Appendix D).
Nitrogen and phosphorus reduction in the soil was high; computed R values
were 93 percent for nitrate, 75 percent for ammonia, and 99 percent for
phosphorus (Appendix F). In contrast, 68 percent of the applied chloride
infiltrated. Overall reduction of nutrient mass as a percent of mass
applied was 97 percent for phosphorus, 91 percent for nitrate, 70 percent
for ammonia, and 14 percent for chloride. Chloride reduction did not
give a good estimate of nutrient reduction due to dilution because of
high background chloride levels present in the groundwater before the be-
ginning of spray operations.

Figures 9, 10, and 11 are plots of time versus average infiltrated
water nutrient concentrations measured in lysimeter samples. Lysimeter
averages are tabulated by season in Appendix G. Spray operations took
place from day 26 to day 53. Runoff and rainfall occurred from day 53
to day 70. Data prior to day 26 were suspect due to soil disturbance
associated with recent lysimeter installation. Phosphorus concentrations

in infiltrated water samples remained below 0.10 mg-P/l throughout the

29

Table 5

Water Balance - Winter 1976

December 1, 1975 to February 27, 1976

Source

Volume

Percent of Total

 

m3 (106 gal)
Input
Spray 5,832 (1.541) 61
Precipitation 3,777 ( .998) 39
9,609 100
Output
Runoff 2,618 ( .692) 27
Infiltration 6,991 (1.847) 73
Evapotranspiration O 0
9,609 100

30

Table 6
Nutrient Balance, Winter 1976
December 1, 1975, to February 27, 1976

 

Nutrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
Reduction

kg kg Z of kg Z of kg Z of

spray rain input input input
Chloride (as C1) 972 1 175 18 136 14 662 68
Nitrate (as N) 30.9 10.1 0.8 2 37.4 91 2.8 7
Ammonia (as N) 2.1 0.9 0.2 7 2 l 70 0.7 23
Total Phosphorus 12.8 0.1 0.2 2 12.6 97 0.1 1

(as P)

31

winter period and are tabulated in Appendix C, but are not plotted.

In Figure 9, lysimeter chloride data are shown. A background chlor-
ide level of about 100 mg/l existed prior to the beginning of spray opera-
tions. Chloride concentration at the five foot depth increased slightly
during spraying and decreased during the runoff period, indicating waste-
water infiltration and subsequent dilution by rainfall infiltration. The
lysimeter data for the three foot depth showed slightly lower chloride
levels than at the five foot depth, however, most of the shallow lysi-
meters froze during the spray period and few samples were collected.

The control outside the spray zone at location 46 showed elevated chloride
concentrations at the five foot depth compared to the three foot depth
indicating subsurface flow from the sprayed area toward Felton Drain.

Figure 10 shows a rapid increase in nitrate levels at the three foot
depth with the beginning of spray operations, reaching a maximum of 1.7
mg-N/l, still far below the average spray concentration of 5.3 mg-N/l.
Again, most samples were collected at the five foot depth and these data
showed a steady increase in nitrate concentration to 0.6 mg-N/l during
spraying. Groundwater dilution and a rising water table with ultimate
saturation accounted for lower nitrate levels at the five foot depth and
convergence of three and five foot depth data. The flushing effect of
rainfall was evident at both depths. The control showed very low nitrate
levels throughout the winter.

Lysimeter ammonia data are plotted in Figure 11. Concentrations
were low, fluctuating at about 0.1 mg—N/l, both at the control and in the
sprayed area and no trends were apparent. These results were due to the
very low ammonia input concentration of 0.5 mg-N/l.

Figure 12 gives a typical hydrograph with nutrient mass flowrates

32

.cnmu Hmucwz .mumn okuoaso umuoawmhanl.m shaman

nm>cou mzmh _
2: 8 mo 2. as an m. pm an :—

 

 

JOmpzoo kg m 0

momhzou .E m 0

mzou >¢mmw 1w>¢ »m m G

wZON >¢mmw |m>¢ hm m X

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wbmfi «whzuz

mzmh .w> momxomru

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(W/TO-OH]

00'!

ov'x

 

33

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2: 8 8 .1. we a.» ow .n .u a.

 

 

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wzomm wwm: pzmHmhsz 02¢ Immmoomo>r

36

during snow and ice melt in February. Nutrient mass flowrates increased
and decreased with discharge and peak flowrates coincided with peak dis-
charge. Hydrograph rise time was rapid, in general twenty minutes to an
hour.

Peak runoff nutrient concentrations of nitrogen and phOSphorus which
occurred during the beginning of spray runoff on February 11 to 13 are
shown with the hydrograph in Figure 13. Phosphorus reached 0.35 mg-P/l,
nitrate reached 1.24 mg-N/l, and ammonia reached 0.5 mg-N/l. The peak
runoff nutrient concentrations did not occur at peak discharge due to
rainfall dilution of ice melt. With the exception of ammonia, runoff
nutrient peak concentrations were far below input levels.

Nitrogen and phosphorus standards for groundwater and surface dis-
charge were met during winter 1976 Operations, primarily due to low
wastewater input concentrations. Nitrate remained below 10 mg-N/l in
the groundwater and runoff phosphorus concentrations remained below 1.0
mg-P/l. Significant reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus was achieved.
Nitrate buildup was observed in the groundwater and, therefore, most of
the reduction of nitrate reported probably resulted from groundwater
dilution. Snow and ice buildup prevented frost penetration and most of

the input water infiltrated.

3.3 Spping 1976 Results

Spring 1976, February 28 to May 27, was a period of frequent rain-
fall and surface runoff from the spray site. Saturated conditions allowed
only six applications of wastewater, again from lake one of the WQMP sys-
tem. Most of the spray applications generated surface runoff. The onset

of the growing season in early April brought extensive vegetation growth

37

0'0

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of

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d 78101
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[H/N-ON]

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OI

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(H/N-OHJ

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0

Am>¢oo mzop
mi N; m.o

n n

h.N cum ~.N o.~

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.mHIHH %Hm:unom .Oaumsomfio pom zuwsto wwocomnl.mfi muomwm

 

I

J

J

 

 

msmozawoza 3¢_o_ O . .
mu¢m__z my . ..
cmzozzq q .
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38

and the dominant plant types present were goldenrod (Solidago sp.) and

quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Average nutrient concentrations in the

 

wastewater applied during the spring period were 100 mg-Cl/l chloride,
0.5 mg-N/l ammonia, 1.3 mg-N/l nitrate, 0.9 mg—P/l total phosphorus.
These levels were far below average levels for secondary municipal waste-
water and considerably below winter levels due to increased plant acti-
vity in the WQMP lake system.

Table 7 gives the water balance for the spring period. Wastewater
accounted for only 31 percent of the water input. Twenty-three percent
of the output water was surface runoff and infiltration was estimated
at 57 percent. Thornthwaite calculations gave an estimated evapotrans-
piration percentage of 20.

The nutrient mass balances for the season are given in Table 8.
Nitrogen and phosphorus mass input from wastewater was very low, 6.2 kg
and 3.4 kg. Most of the nitrogen input was from precipitation. Thirty-
seven percent of the applied chloride accompanied the runoff but only 0
to 3 percent of the applied nitrogen and 3 percent of the applied phos-
phorus ran off. High overall reductions of nitrate and phosphorus were
observed, 98 and 94 percent. No reduction of chloride was apparent, and
most of the applied chloride and ammonia infiltrated.

Figures 14, 15, and 16 are plots of lysimeter data versus time for
the period. Phosphorus levels in the soil water remained below 0.03 mg/l
and were not plotted. Rainfall and spray events were spread uniformly
over the season.

Chloride data plotted in Figure 14 reflected steady flushing of the
soil profile by rainfall infiltration. Concentrations at the five foot

depth were higher but very close to those at the three foot depth due to

39

Table 7
Water Balance - Spring 1976
February 28 to May 27

 

Source 3 Volume 6 Percent of Total
m (10 gal)
Input
Spray 3,617 (0.956) 31
Precipitation 8,227 (2.174) 69
11,844 100
Output
Runoff 2,743 (0.725) 23
Infiltration 6,759 (1.786) 57
Evapotranspiration 2,342 (0.619) 20
11,844 100

40

Table 8
Nutrient Balance, Spring 1976
February 28 to May 27

 

NUtrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
- Reduction

kg kg Z of kg Z of kg Z of

spray rain input input input

Chloride (as Cl) 363 3 135 37 0 0 231 63
Nitrate (as N) 4.8 22.0 0.1 0 26.2 98 0.5 2
Ammonia (as N) 1.4 2.1 0.1 3 2.0 57 1.4 40
Total Phosphorus 3.4 0.2 0.1 3 3.4 94 0.1 3

(as P)

41

ans

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narco. mzuh
on on pp so an a.

   

   

  

 

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49:on .E m 0
wzoN >¢mmw Iu>¢ kg m 4
uzoN »¢mmm 1w>¢ pm m X

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whmo ozommw

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mhco aubuzowro

   

a

Mr.

 

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IH/HJ‘ONI EOIUDWHJ

5L

 

 

 

42

saturation of the site during the winter period and subsequent rainfall

dilution at the shallow depth. Chloride levels at the control decreased
to nearly zero indicating subsurface flow conditions at control location
46 different from those during the winter period.

Nitrate levels plotted in Figure 15 showed a rapid decrease in the
spray zone to nearly 0.1 mg—N/l by the beginning of April, probably due
to both rainfall dilution and increased interception of nitrogen by
plants. For the remainder of the season, soil water nitrate concentrations
fluctuated near those at the control location, about 0.05 mg—N/l.

Ammonia data from the lysimeters is given in Figure l6.’ The effects
of the very small ammonia input were obscured by soil processes generat—
ing ammonia, such as bacterial action. No trends were apparent, but the
ammonia levels in the spray zone fluctuated with those at the control lo-
cation at near input concentration.

Figure 17 shows a typical spray generated hydrograph with nutrient
mass flowrates during the spring period. In a manner similar to the winter
period, peak nutrient mass flows occurred at peak discharge. Hydrograph
rise time was very rapid throughout the season. During the spring period,
runoff phosphorus concentrations remained below 0.5 mg—P/l and nitrate
and ammonia levels remained below 0.3 mg-N/l.

Hydrologic and water quality patterns during the spring were similar
to those observed during the winter period. Standards for groundwater
and surface runoff quality were met, again largely because of the very

small amount of wastewater nutrient input to the site.

3.4 Summer 1976 Results

 

Summer 1976, May 28 to August 31, was a very dry period; only 7.5

43

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w. 1% o)
/ H
mm “W
m m
n? 81 9!.
ms nu womozmworm Jakob. + :0
I . wpmmpuz 4
n... “3535 e
I .7 wommromoo H I
. 1 0.. r0
0 0 0
. wbmfi .m~ momma .mmoor mm“; no mzoh
IL v wzouc wwc: Hzmamhoz 02¢ Immxoomo»: r...
. EL 7..
z 0 0

46

inches of rain fell allowing 24 one—inch (2.54 cm) wastewater applications
with negligible runoff. There was extensive vegetative growth with golden-
rod and grasses reaching up to five feet in height. Beginning in May,
secondary effluent was available for irrigation directly from the East
Lansing sewage treatment plant. Nitrate and total phosphorus levels in

the applied wastewater were considerably higher than in the lake reno-
vated effluent applied during the winter and spring. Average input waste-
water concentrations during the summer period were 118 mg-Cl/l chloride,
1.7 mg-N/l ammonia, 9.1 mg-N/l nitrate, and 2.5 mg-P/l total phosphorus.

The water balance for the summer is given in Table 9. Wastewater
spray accounted for 72 percent of the input water to the site. One run-
off event of negligible volume occurred during the period. Most of the
input water infiltrated as in previous seasons. The Thornthwaite estimate
of evapotranspiration was 43 percent.

Table 10 gives the summer nutrient mass balances. High overall
reductions and reductions in the soil of nitrogen and phosphorus were
observed - 91 percent for ammonia, 99 percent for nitrate, and 99 percent
for phosphorus. The chloride reduction of 39 percent was due to dilution
of wastewater in the low chloride groundwater present after the spring
period.

Figures 18, 19, and 20 are plots of lysimeter data versus time for
the summer period. The lysimeter pOpulation was further divided accord-
ing to whether or not surrounding area was ponded following spraying
(see Appendix G). Lysimeters were sampled once per week.

Chloride levels in the soil increased steadily at both the three and
five foot depths during the summer as shown in Figure 18. This trend

reflected the increased chloride input, high evapotranspiration, and

47

Table 9
Water Balance - Summer 1976
May 28 to August 31

 

Source 3 Volume 6 Percent of Total
m (10 gal)
Input
Spray 14,643 (3.869) 72
Precipitation 5,643 (1.490) 28
20,286 100
Output
Runoff 39 (0.010) 0
Infiltration 11,484 (3.034) 57
Evapotranspiration 8,763 (2.315) 43

20,286 100

48
Table 10
Nutrient Balance, Summer 1976
May 28 to August 31

 

NUtrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
Reduction
kg kg Z of kg Z of kg Z of
spray rain input input input
Chloride (as C1) 1723 2 3 0 672 39 1050 61
Nitrate (as N) 134 15 0 0 148 99 l l
Ammonia (as N) 25 1.4 0 0 24 91 2.4 9
Total Phosphorus 36 0.2 0 0 35.8 99 0.4 l

(as P)

49

.onmfi umEEOm .mumo OOHMOHLU umumem>At:.m~ ouswfim

8. so 8 e. p 4 mm 8

   

 

 

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hm
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no

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63
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(1/13-ou)

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mama .m> mo_monzu Am
coco mmcmz_m»3 o

50

falling water table leading to unsaturated conditions first at the three
foot depth and later in the summer at the five foot depth. Ponding had
little effect at the three foot depth but at the five foot depth, chloride
levels were considerably higher for most of the summer in ponded areas
than in unponded areas. Low concentrations at the control location indi-
cated little subsurface flow from the spray zone.

Figure 19 shows the low nitrate levels measured in the lysimeter
samples throughout the summer months. There was some fluctuation, but
the average nitrate level was about 0.1 mg—N/l. There was no significant
difference between the samples obtained from the sprayed area and the
control location.

Ammonia levels in the soil water are given in Figure 20. Data was
erratic during the entire summer period but soil water levels remained
below input levels in general. No significant trends were apparent; the
control showed the highest ammonia levels. These results were probably
due to the low input ammonia concentrations.

In spite of much increased nutrient loadings, nutrient reduction
during the summer was high due to a high level of plant activity supported
by the irrigation water and nutrient input. The site was able to accept
two inches (5.1 cm) per week of effluent without soil saturation or run-
off. Chloride levels in the groundwater, however, were increased due to

high input and high evapotranspiration. Once again standards were met.

3.5 Fall 1976 Results

 

The fall 1976 study period lasted from September 1 to November 30
and was characterized by the end of the growing season, the onset of cold

temperatures, and increasing frequency of surface runoff. Twenty-one

51

.omofi noEEOm .mumo Oumuufiz noumafim%411.afi Opswfim

.m»co. mzfic

2m; .s _ e a s .. s. e

 

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mm on on a.

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53

inches (53 cm) of direct secondary effluent were applied and spray opera-
tions frequently initiated runoff from the site. Average wastewater in-
put nutrient concentrations were 115 mg-Cl/l chloride, 0.6 mg-N/l ammonia,
12.1 mg—N/l nitrate, and 4.0 mg—P/l total phosphorus. Nitrate and phos-
phorus levels were somewhat higher than the summer average levels.

Table 11 gives the fall water balance. Wastewater accounted for 83
percent of the total water input to the site; only 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) of
precipitation were recorded. Surface runoff volume percentage was low,

4 percent, and evapotranspiration estimate was 13 percent due to colder
temperatures. Most of the input water, 83 percent, infiltrated.

Table 12 gives the nutrient mass balances for the fall period.

Trace masses of the applied nitrogen and phosphorus accompanied the sur-
face runoff. High overall reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus were
again observed - 99 percent for nitrate, 66 percent for ammonia, and 99
percent for phosphorus. Most of the chloride infiltrated.

Figures 21 through 24 are plots of average lysimeter sample nutrient
concentrations versus time for the fall period. Late in the summer, addi-
tional lysimeters were installed in the spray zone at depths of 1.5, 3.0,
and 5.0 feet, and several more lysimeters were located outside the spray
zone to intercept subsurface flow at locations 1, 2, and 3 (see Figure 4).
The lysimeter population was divided according to location in ponded or
unponded areas as in the summer study period. Phosphorus concentrations
in the groundwater remained below 0.2 mg-P/l and were not plotted.

Figure 21 shows lysimeter chloride data for the fall period. Sur-
face ponding had little effect on lysimeter sample concentrations. The
trend of steadily increasing chloride levels seen during the summer was

not evident during the fall due to reduced evapotranspiration.

Table 11
Water Balance - Fall 1976
September 1 to November 30

 

 

Source 3 Volume 6 Percent of Total
m (10 gal)
Input
Spray 12,660 (3.344) 83
Precipitation 2,659 (0.703) 17
15,319 100
Output
Runoff 614 (0.162) 4
Infiltration 12,741 (3.366) 83
Evapotranspiration 1,964. (0.519) 13
15,319 100

55

Table 12
NUtrient Balance, Fall 1976
September 1 to November 30

 

Nutrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
Reduction
kg kg Z of kg Z of kg Z of
spray rain input input input
Chloride (as C1) 1461 1 80 5 0 0 1382 95
Ifltrate (as N) 153 7.1 0.5 0 158 99 1.6 1
Ammonia (as N) 7 0.7 0 0 5.1 66 2.6 34
Total Phosphorus 51 0.1 0.1 0 50.6 99 0.4 1

(as P)

.ohofi Hams .muma mennofisu nmumsfimsq--.- spawns

narco. uzuh

56

3. .5 an a. no pm

owozomzo 1m>¢ hm
omozomzo Im>¢ Hm
owozomzo |u>¢ »m m.
omozom |w>¢ hm
owozom |m>¢ hm

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me

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mh

 

57

Observation well measurements showed a water table depth of two to five
feet. Replacement of the soil water with wastewater was reflected in
the lysimeter data which showed no difference in chloride concentration
with depth by the end of the fall. Figure 22 gives chloride levels at
the various control locations. Elevated levels comparable to those in
the sprayed area measured at location 1 indicated that most of the sub-
surface flow from the site occurred in the sandy area near the excavated
channel.

Nitrate levels during the fall remained very low, as shown in Figure
23, particularly at the five foot depth. Nitrate concentrations at all
depths were below 1.0 mg-N/l in general. A slight trend toward increas-
ing nitrate levels was apparent. Figure 24 gives lysimeter ammonia data.
Many fluctuations occurred but a trend toward decreasing concentration
with time was observed due largely to decreasing input concentrations.

A typical spray generated hydrograph with nutrient mass flows which
occurred on November 18 is given in Figure 25. Hydrograph rise time was
rapid and peak nutrient flowrates occurred at peak discharge. During the
fall, runoff phosphorus concentrations remained below 1.0 mg-P/l and nitro-
gen concentrations were less than 3.0 mg-N/l in general, but these con-
centrations were higher than those observed during previous seasons.

The winter spray site was able to accept significant wastewater in-
put during the relatively dry fall period. While runoff frequently
occurred, its volume as a percent of total input was low. Surface dis-
charge and groundwater standards were met throughout the fall period.
Significant reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus was achieved; nitrogen
reduction at the end of the fall was probably due primarily to dilution

in the groundwater.

58

 

 

 

 

 

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323. wt:
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62

3.6 Winter 1977 Results

 

The winter of 1977 was a record period of severe cold weather with
little snowfall. From December 1, 1976, to February 22, 1977, eighteen
inches (45.7 cm) of direct secondary effluent were applied to the winter
spray site resulting in heavy ice buildup. Frozen pipes and valves shut
down operations several times and spray distribution was uneven. Average
wastewater input nutrient concentrations were higher than in previous
seasons - 127ungl/1_chloride, 18.4 mg—N/l nitrate, 5.6 mg—P/l total
phosphorus, and 0.5 mg-N/l ammonia. Nitrite was monitored and as previ-
ously assumed was present at low levels, less than 0.1 mg—N/l, in the
applied wastewater. Several unexpected runoff events occurred following
spraying during subfreezing conditions in December and January. Spring
thaw brought considerable runoff from rainfall and ice melt during
February and March. Runoff ceased on March 16 and the winter study
period was ended.

Table 13 gives the water balance for the winter study period. Waste-
water accounted for 84 percent of the water input to the site. Twenty-
nine percent of the applied water ran off and the evapotranspiration esti-
mate was zero due to subfreezing temperatures during most of the winter.
The infiltration estimate was 71 percent. Field observations frequently
revealed unfrozen conditions at the bottom of the ice pack in the spray
zone. Apparently the ice buildup protected the underlying soil from
freezing allowing infiltration from ice melt at the ground surface through-
out the winter.

The winter nutrient mass balances are given in Table 14. Very lit-
tle nitrite was applied and the mass balance was not significant. The

lowest overall reductions of nitrate and phosphorus Observed during the

Source

63

Table 13

Volume

Water Balance - Winter 1977
December 1, 1976 to March 16, 1977

Percent of Total

 

 

m3 (106 gal)
Input
Spray 10,646 (2.813) 84
Precipitation 1,994 (0.527) 16
12,640 100
Output
Runoff 3,700 (0.978) 29
Infiltration 8,940 (2.362) 71
Evapotranspiration O 0
12,640 100

64

Table 14
NUtrient Balance, Winter 1977
December 1, 1976, to March 16, 1977

 

bhtrient Input Runoff Overall Infiltration
Reduction

kg kg Z of kg Z of kg Z of

Spray rain input input input

Chloride (as C1) 1349 1 287 21 0 O 1063 79
Nitrate (as.N) 196 5 23 11 121 61 57 28
Nitrite (as ml 0.6 - 0.4 66 o o 0.2 34
Ammonia (as N) 5.5 0.5 1.1 18 2.9 49 2.0 33
Total Phosphorus 60 0.1 6 10 46.0 77 8.1 13

(as P)

1 O C O O O
Prec1p1tat10n concentration estimate not available

65

entire study period occurred, 61 percent for nitrate, 77 percent for phos-
phorus, and 49 percent for ammonia. Soil water levels of up to 0.9 mg-P/l
phosphorus were observed at the five foot depth at the end of the winter.
Most of the nitrate reduction was probably due to dilution with low nitro-
gen groundwater and, therefore, the mass infiltration figure was probably
much higher. Higher percentages of the nutrient input masses accompanied
the runoff than during previous seasons; 11 percent for nitrate, 18 per—
cent for ammonia, and 10 percent for phosphorus.

Figures 26 through 29 show lysimeter data obtained during the winter
period. Severe cold resulted in many of the lysimeters freezing and few
samples were collected until after the thaw in March. The effect of
winter spraying on the groundwater was apparent, however. The lysimeter
population was not divided into ponded and unponded groups. Spring run-
off began on day 58. Dashed lines on the plots indicate extended periods
when frozen lysimeters yielded no samples.

Figure 26 gives lysimeter chloride data. Chloride concentrations
remained at about 135 mg/l except near the beginning of the winter when
higher chloride level wastewater was applied. No difference in chloride
concentration with depth was observed at the end of the winter when the
site was saturated. Figure 27 shows lysimeter control chloride data.
Location 1 showed considerable influence from the spray site indicating
subsurface flow toward Felton Drain in the area of the excavated channel.
Location 46 showed somewhat lower chloride levels and location 2 did not
show significant levels. The lysimeter at location 3 was dry during the
winter period.

High observed soil water nitrate concentrations are given in Figure

28. Prior to soil saturation, several large average nitrate peaks

.snmfi uOucHB .mumo opwuoanu uOuOsHm%AII.oN wuswfim

.wrco. uzoh
om“ OWL on“ mm mm as pm pm as am cm as o

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mm mm: nmad rco .om >oz no >¢o
shod muszoz

mzoh .m> moomomzo

choc aubmtow»4

66

 

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072

68

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ow“ o- oo~ om oo ob

P p P b b -

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cm. 8 3 am am 2

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69

greater than 10 mg-N/l occurred at the three foot depth. At the five

foot depth, the average nitrate level reached about 6 mg-N/l due to ground-
water dilution. A six to eight mg—N/l average nitrate concentration was
measured at all depths at the end of the winter period. Ammonia levels
fluctuated at about 0.15 mg-N/l during the winter as shown in Figure 29.

Groundwater contour maps compiled from observation well data are
given in Figures 30 and 31. Figure 30 shows the low water table condi-
tions of December 13, 1976. A significant gradient toward Felton Drain
was apparent in spite of dry conditions. Water table contours for the
saturated conditions on March 10, 1977, resulting from rain and ice melt
are shown in Figure 31. The water table was within inches of the ground
surface at most of the observation well locations in the spray zone. Com-
parison of the two figures shows water table elevation differences of up
to six feet.

Average daily discharge and nutrient concentrations during the run-
off period are plotted in Figure 32. Initial runoff concentrations were
higher than input levels, probably due to freeze—out of pure water.
Concentrations decreased steadily and phosphorus levels showed some in—
crease with discharge possibly due to soil erosion. Phosphorus concen-
trations remained above 1.0 mg-P/l during most of the runoff period
compared to average input of 5.6 mg-P/l. Nutrient mass flowrates again
varied with discharge as shown in Figure 33.

Soil water and runoff water quality during the winter period were
the poorest of the entire study period. Significant nitrate buildup and
some phosphorus breakthrough was observed at a depth of five feet in the
soil. Nitrate levels in the deep soil water remained below 10 mg—N/l

primarily due to dilution. In terms of total mass applied, the phosphorus

70

on“

o-

 

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no

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71

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72

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75

runoff mass amounted to only 10 percent, giving a removal of 90 percent.
However, the discharge standard calling for a reduction of 80 percent
of the input concentration, or a maximum of 1.0 mg—P/l, was violated
during most of the runoff period. Runoff volume was small allowing most
of the water to infiltrate. Winter 1977 Operations were not successful

in meeting Michigan standards for phosphorus discharge.

CHAPTER IV

ERRORS AND DATA RELIABILITY

In general, sufficient data were obtained to accurately assess those
components of the water and nutrient mass balances which could be measured.
In each balance, however, at least two components could not be measured
and had to be estimated or evaluated by difference between the known and
estimated components. These estimations were the primary sources of error
in the experiment.

The water balance computations required volume measurement or estima-
tion of input wastewater and precipitation, surface runoff, evapotranspira-
tion, and infiltration. Water input and surface runoff measurements were
highly accurate. Few problems were encountered with the recording rain-
gage and checks were provided with other nearby raingages. The V-notch
weir was rated in the field during both winter runoff periods and ratings
agreed very closely with each other and with the theoretical rating using
the weir equation. A sufficient number of high flow measurements were
obtained to accurately extend the stage-discharge curve above the weir
notch. The Stevens recorder gave continuous hydrograph records with very
infrequent problems such as clock steppage. Wastewater pumping figures
were not directly checked in the field but raingage observations at vari-
ous places in the spray zone showed the depth of spray to be very nearly
one inch per application. The Thornthwaite estimation was the most likely
source of error in the water balance. Evapotranspiration was certainly

76

77

greater than zero during the winter due to sublimation but the true value
was probably small. The Thornthwaite estimates were probably correct with-
in i'lO percent of the water input. Infiltration percentage was obtained
by difference.

The nutrient mass balance computations required measurements of nu-
trient mass input, runoff nutrient mass, soil renovation, and nutrient
infiltration mass. Sufficient spray samples were collected to compute
nutrient input due to wastewater accurately. Very complete runoff samp-
ling was achieved; 97 percent of the recorded runoff volume was adequate-
ly sampled and the laboratory reported complete data sets on 92 percent
of the total runoff volume. Runoff events which were not sampled due to
errors in procedure or equipment failure were small ones and errors in-
troduced were probably not significant. Data lost by the laboratory was
not critical. Porous cup measurements were the most questionable aspect
of the experiment. Extreme variability was encountered as shown in the
example data given in Table 15. The standard deviations for the sample
sets approached the means in some cases. Chloride data seemed to be less
variable than nitrogen or phosphorus data. Some of the variability was
due to the complex soil conditions at the site. Hansen and Harris re-
ported nitrogen and phosphorus variabilities of :130 percent for porous
cup lysimeter populations in a uniform sand profile subjected to irriga-
tion with simulated secondary effluent and suggested procedures for re-
ducing variability which were not followed in this study (21). The errors
introduced by the lysimeters affected computations of soil nutrient reduc-
tion, overall reduction, and nutrient mass infiltration and were most signi-
ficant during the winter when soil water nutrient levels were high. A

small amount of water quality data was lost by the laboratory, but data

78
Table 15

Example Statistical Analysis of Data
from Spray Zone Lysimeters

February 17, 1976 - 5 ft. depth

 

Lysimeter Chloride Nitrate Ammonia Total Phosphorus

Location (mg-Cl/l) (mg-N/l) (mg—N/l) (mng/l)
18 92 0.47 0.02 0.001
22 77 0.72 0.11 0.006
32 94 0.53 0.06 0.002
37 95 1.07 0.07 0.002
38 47 0.09 0.00 0.002
42 100 0.06 0.10 0.003

Mean (§) 84 0.49 0.06 0.003

Standard

Deviation (s) 20 0.39 0.04 0.002

March 21, 1977 - 5 ft. depth

 

Lysimeter Chloride Nitrate Ammonia Total Phosphorus
Location (mg-Cl/l) (mg—N/l) (mgeN/l) (mg-P/l)
6 157 9.0 0.21 1.49

18 135 8.7 0.05 0.14
37 130 0.9 0.01 1.61
38 98 4.0 0.09 0.31
42 151 3.1 0.01 1.62
43 165 12.2 0.10 0.23

Mean (§) 139 6.3 0.08 0.90

Standard

Deviation (s) 24 4.3 0.07 0.74

March 21, 1977 — 3 ft. depth

 

Lysimeter Chloride Nitrate Ammonia Total Phosphorus

Location (mg:Cl/l) (mg-N/l) (mng/l) (mg-P/l)
6 151 5.0 0.08 0.22
18 135 9.0 0.11 0.17
22 129 3.3 0.27 0.37
32 103 9.0 0.22 0.12
37 151 10.1 0.12 0.03
38 151 10.8 0.09 0.25
39 140 10.6 0.10 0.33
42 135 1.3 0.17 0.21

Mean (§) 137 7.4 0.15 0.21

Standard

Deviation (s) 16 3.7 0.07 0.11

79

from spiked and split samples submitted generally showed good laboratory

accuracy and precision.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

From the results of this study, a number of conclusions can be drawn
concerning the impacts of secondary effluent irrigation on an unmodified
natural watershed during northern winters.

Soil frost penetration can be prevented by beginning irrigation
early in the winter season to build up a protective ice pack. This pro-
cedure will allow significant infiltration from ice melt at the ground
surface to occur throughout the winter on a site with good infiltration
characteristics. A greatly raised water table with possible site satura-
tion will result. Significant runoff will occur from ice melt during thaw
periods but the runoff volume will be small because of infiltration.

Groundwater and surface runoff quality will be poor during winter
periods compared to that during the rest of the year. Significant nitrate
accumulation will occur in the groundwater and concentrations may ulti-
mately exceed the standard of 10 mg-N/l, although they did not in this
experiment. Some phosphorus breakthrough into the groundwater may be
observed, but up to 90 percent of the input phosphorus mass will be re-
tained on the site. The total nitrogen and phosphorus mass accompanying
the surface runoff will be as low as 10 to 20 percent of the applied mass,
but high concentrations of these nutrients present in the runoff will re-
sult in violation of the Michigan phosphorus discharge standards and

probable violation of future nitrogen discharge standards. Thus,

80

81

phosphorus retention remains high during winter irrigation, but nitrogen

renovation is seriously impaired.

CHAPTER VI

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

It appears that significant phosphorus retention can be achieved
during winter land application; however, stringent phosphorus discharge
standards cannot be met if surface runoff is allowed to occur naturally.
Surface runoff could be controlled by constructing earthen dikes or by
contour plowing to induce ponding and increase infiltration. Further
data should be collected under these conditions.

Winter land application results in serious nitrate buildup in the
groundwater with possible accumulation over time to high levels. There
is no solution to this problem other than to irrigate with low nitrogen
water. This low nitrogen water is available in the WQMP lake system in
the late fall and it would be possible to irrigate from the end of the
lake system during the winter while taking in new effluent at the head
of the system. Winter irrigation could proceed until the lake effluent
reached 10 mg-N/l nitrate, effectively increasing the operating season
of the WQMP system by several months.

Recommendations for future field studies during winter conditions
concern the suction lysimeters. First, more lysimeters should be in-
stalled if laboratory facilities to handle the increased sample load are
available. The minimum time to collect full or nearly full samples
should be determined, and porous cups should be allowed to collect samples

under vacuum for only this period to reduce variability. Finally, some

82

83

means must be found to keep the lysimeter access tubes from freezing

closed during the winter months.

LIST OF REFERENCES

10.

ll.

12.

13.

LIST OF REFERENCES

Institute of Water Research, Michigan State University.
King, D., private communication.

Lance, J. 1975. "Fate of Nitrogen in Sewage Effluent Applied to
the Soil". Proceedings of ASCE, Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol. 101, NIR3, September, pp. 131-143.

Sopper, W. E. 1973. "Crop Selection and Management Alternatives -
Perennials". Proceedings, Joint Conference on Recycling
Municipal Sludges and Effluents on Land, Champaign, IL, July,
pp. 143-154.

 

Broadbent, F. E. and F. E. Clark. 1965. "Denitrification".
Soil Nitrogen, W. V. Bartholomew and F. E. Clark eds., American
Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 347-379.

 

Bartholomew, W. V. 1965. "Mineralization and Immobilization of
Nitrogen in the Decomposition of Plant and Animal Residues".
Soil Nitrogen, W. V. Bartholomew and F. E. Clark eds.,
American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 285-306.

 

Broadbent, F. E., et a1. 1970. "Factors Influencing the Reaction
Between Ammonia and Soil Organic Matter". Transactions, 7th
International Congress of Soil Science, Madison, WI, Vol. 2,
pp. 509-516.

 

Lance, J. 1975. "Fate of Wastewater Phosphorus in the Soil".
Proceedings of ASCE, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division,
Vol. 101, NIR3, September, pp. 145-155.

Hook, J., L. Kardos, and W. Sopper. 1973. "Effects of Land Dis-
posal on Soil Phosphorus Relations". Recycling Treated Municipal
Effluent and Sludge Through Forest and Crepland, Pennsylvania
State University, pp. 200—217.

Alexander, M. 1950. Introduction to Soil Microbiology, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Kardos, L., et a1. 1974. "Renovation of Secondary Effluent for
Reuse as a Water Resource". U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA 660/2-74-016, Washington, D.C.

Iskander, I., et a1. 1976. "Wastewater Renovation by a Prototype
Slow Infiltration Land Treatment System". CRREL Report 76-19,
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Hanover, N.H., June.

Fritz, D. 1975. "A Preliminary Investigation of the Fate of Water
and Nutrients on a Small Watershed Subjected to Wintertime
Wastewater Spray Irrigation". Masters Thesis, Michigan State
University.

84

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

85

Zobeck, T. 1976. "The Characterization and Interpretation of a
Complex Soil Landscape in South Central Michigan". Masters
Thesis, Michigan State University.

Murphy, T. J. and P. V. Doskey. 1975. "Inputs of Phosphorus
from Precipitation to Lake Michigan". U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA—600/3-75-605, Office of Research and
Development, Environmental Research Lab, Duluth, MN,
December.

Carroll, D. "Rainwater". The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and
Environmental Sciences, R. Fairbridge ed., Vol. IV A, p. 1017.

 

Wood, W. 1973. "A Technique for Using Porous Cups for Water
Sampling at any Depth in the Unsaturated Zone". Water Resources
Research, April, pp. 486-488.

Thornthwaite, D. W. and J. R. Mather. 1957. "Instructions and
Tables for Computing Potential Evapotranspiration and the
Water Balance". Drexel Institute of Technology, Laboratory
of Climatology, Publications in Climatology, Vol. 10, N3,
Centerton, N.J.

"Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater".
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Technology
Transfer, Washington, D.C. 1974.

"Cleaning our Environment, the Chemical Basis for Action". Report
of the Committee on Chemistry and Public Affairs, American
Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1969.

Hansen, E., and A. Harris. 1975. "Validity of Soil-Water Sam-
ples Collected with Porous Ceramic Cups". Soil Science,
Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 39, pp. 528-536.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Thornthwaite Evapotranspiration Estimates

86

87

Evapotranspiration Estimates

Method and tables proposed by Thornthwaite (18)

Variables
T - mean monthly temperature (OF)
I - heat index based on T, found from tables
Ia - sum of monthly I values
UPE - unadjusted potential evapotranspiration
based on Ia and T, found from tables
L — mean possible monthly duration of sunlight
in units of 12 hours (actual monthly sun-
light used here)
APE - actual potential evapotranspiration (in.)
Assumptions

1)

2)

Evapotranspiration is zero when th meanO
monthly temperature falls below 32 F (0 C).

Use of actual monthly duration of sunlight
will give a more accurate estimate than use
of mean monthly values from tables.

Mean monthly temperature and duration of sunlight were
obtained from U. S. Weather Bureau records, Lansing,

Michigan.

88

Evapotranspiration Estimates - 1976

 

11%;) I. 932
JAN 17.4 0 0
FEB 29.9 0 0
MAR 38.2 0.56 0.02
APR 48.1 2.41 0.05
MAY 54.0 3.87 0.07
JUN 69.1 8.54 0.13
JUL 70.9 9.17 0.14
AUG 66.8 7.75 0.13
SEP 59.3 5.37 0.09
OCT 44.8 1.70 0.04
NOV 31.6 0 0
DEC 18.0 0 0

Ia = 39.37

Evapotranspiration Estimate - 1975

L(12 hrs)

 

6.67
12.93

14.18

23.28'

22.63
27.69
30.50
28.19
21.78
14.87

9.10
10.97

APE (in)
(Lx UPE)

 

17.3 in

Evapotranspiration for December 1975 was zero because

the mean monthly temperature was 27.8 F.

Evapotranspiration Estimate - 1977

Mean monthly temperature for January and February

was below zero; evapotranspiration was zero.

Evapotranspiration for the first half of March

was assumed negligible from above analysis.

APPENDIX B

Listing of Computer Program FLUX

89

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805
880

APPENDIX C

Seasonal Spray Input - Water and Nutrients

94

Spray

95
Input - Water and Nutrients, Winter 1976

 

 

 

l
.9; §E .
o“ ”a. 38°: :3. E.
mu .33 £302? 53. °3
OJ I: 4344 . omv om w-cu - Eu .
g .3'8 :5 was w :4 s m a =3 m m m m
C: HM ~52 £3 03:: 3“ “A '0 “A '9
o m u.4 .4 m m u.q .4 m
r a: 9.05:; 3': ass «a ME ~ on“ w
m m .4 m m mzz .4 c
m -H m u o l m o u m u m m u o l m u u o l m o
a m: 252-? ‘52 .2322 2.2 “w W ”W *4
m 2.. .06 to .mu 2. :85 a; :85 85
JAN 9 143,796 127(3)2 152.3 1.68 2.01 5.60 6.71 0.54 0.65
JAN 13 157,873 112(4) 147.5 1.54 2.03 5.60* 7.38 0.29 0.38
JAN 16 154,494 212(3) 273.3 2.25 2.90 5.70* 7.35 0.36 0.46
JAN 20 154,744 175(3) 225.8 2.14 2.76 5.70* 7.35 0.37 0.48
JAN 23 154,640 l74(3)*:3224.3 2.40* 3.09 2.80* 3.61 0.34* 0.44
JAN 27 154,494 173(2) 222.8 2.59 3.34 8.17 10.52 0.30 0.39
JAN 30 154,494 197(3) 253.7 2.30 2.96 5.53 7.12 0.47 0.61
FEB 4 154,494 215(3) 276.9 3.03 3.90 5.85 7.53 0.47 0.61
FEB 6 157,314 138(4) 181.0 2.23 2.92 1.13 1.48 0.43 0.56
FEB 10 154,494 144(3) 185.5 1.81 2.33 7.03 9.05 0.00 0.00
Total Input -
Water 1,540,837 gal. (5,832,068 liters)
Total Phosphorus 28.2 lbs. (12.8 kg) as P
Nitrate 68.1 lbs. (30.9 kg) as N
Ammonia 4.6 lbs. (2.1 kg) as N
Chloride 2143 lbs. (972 kg) as C1

1Net gallons delivered = pumping volume - 3000 gallons drained from system

after spraying

2(x) NUmber of samples

3 * Missing data, estimates obtained by ratio of known data points to
samples taken at lake one outlet structure

96
Spray Input - Water and Nutrients - Spring 1976

 

I

CA

w qu

“U (0 OJ U\

-:-I -H u ‘30-.

HI: cc: «It: HO!

0 o o o o H o mCJIm

m m u .4.H v1 U°H u a
C.‘ .Cu 0 U 0 OH“ 0 OQV O
u o'U (J was m m w =2 m m £4 a m s
3 HQ) LII-I .00) HA ,0 HA ,0 H .OH
HM mu\ Hm NUH Hm wua Hm mo: HO
>‘ m 0 chI4 ~H u>c~\ °H “ICE? u uh: o .n
m :5 > m we) r4 u m m:z r4 : m w .4 m m Qnfl rfill
H °H m u o I m o H u I m o H o I m u u m u m m
qu u m a a) uua w a u) u m c u) u u m o m u o
6;: gwfi >OE3 0.1: >06 0 >08 o-r-I >£H 0.:
czm -<<5~u you «ctgxz H <£tJ~I EIZ «snuaa 9cm

 

MAR 23 157,500 112(3)l 147.2 0.05 0.07 2.33 3.06 1.50 1.97
APR 6 157,800 93(3) 122.5 0.06 0.08 0.98 1.29 0.73 0.96
APR 9 164,000 94(3) 128.7 0.98 1.34 0.20 0.27 0.69 0.94
APR 13 157,800 104(3) 136.9 1.19 1.57 0.09 0.12 0.72 0.95
APR 20 164,000 100(3)":2 136.9 0.01 0.01 2.71 3.71 0.96 1.31

t *
MAY 13 154,491 100(3) 128.9 0.08 0.10 1.68 2.17 1.00 1.29

 

Total Input -

Water 955,591 gal (3,616,912 1)
Chloride 801.1 lbs. (363 kg) as C1
Nitrate 10.6 lbs. (4.8 kg) as N
Ammonia 3.2 lbs. ( 1.4 kg) as N
Total Phosphorus 7.4 lbs. (3.4 kg) as P

1(x) NUmber of samples

* Missing data- estimates are given

97

Spray Input - Water and Nutrients - Summer 1976

 

 

é...

. 3:

:3 '2 g c .4 8‘?

6 6 8 S S 6 6 6.3.6

mu r—I'H -H u-r-I U E
OJ C 4:“ 0 Eu o 0H“ 0 003V 03
u o-u LJcUrN w m m =2 m m 54 D m 5
m Iam ya no HA 3 HA 3 H on
Q HM mu\ H'U QUI—i r-Im OJUr-I r-IQ) won: r-Io
m w NECIH 'H m :~\ ~H a):~\ u an: o .2
h (J > m 0C) r4 u m miz .4 a m miz .4 m m nnH .4 a
m -H m H o I w o H u I m o u u I m H u m u m m
u uIA u m c a) ura m c m3 8‘; g g g: 85“ 3.2 S 3.2
3 £33 £85 85 $85 a <ov HE <mu Hm
MAY 27 163,500 112(3) 152.8 0.01 0.01 18 77 25.61 2.59 3.53
JUN 1 163,500 110(3) 150.1 0.00 0.00 16.50 22.51 2.75 2 3.75
JUN 3 162,000 124(3) 167.7 0.53 0.72 16.80 22.71 2.68* 3.62
JUN 8 159,000 127(3) 168.5 0.74 0.98 14.80 19.64 2.61 3.46
JUN 10 163,500 130(3) 177.4 0.35 0.48 15.77 21.52 2.37 3.23
JUN 15 162,750 155(3) 210.5 0.20 0.27 17.70 24.04 2.11 2.87
JUN 17 163,500 110(3) 150.1 0.13 0.18 ' 12 97 17.70 2.59 3.53
JUN 22 157,500 114(3) 149.9 0.18 0.24 13.10 17.22 3.19 4.19
JUN 24 158,250 56(3) 74.0 0.11 0.15 6.30 8.32 2.33 3.08
JUN 29 163,500 115(3) 156.9 0.13 0.18 13.13 17.92 3.77 5.14
JUL 6 163,888 100(3) 136.8 0.16 0.22 11.63 15.91 1.98 2.71
JUL 8 163,500 115(3) 156.9 0.02 0.27 11.63 15.87 1.21 1.65
JUL 13 163,500 133(3) 181.5 4.13 5.64 5.67 7.74 0.70 0.96
JUL 15 147,520 123(3) 151.2 0.71 0.87 4.88 6.00 0.68 0.84
JUL 20 156,660 122(3) 159.5 0.46 0.60 4.93 6.45 1.25 1.63
JUL 22 162,858 130(3) 176.7 4.27 5.80 3.04 4.13 1.38 1.88
JUL 27 161,250 117(3) 157.5 6.01 8.09 0.80 1.08 2.32 3.12
AUG 3 166,770 111(3) 154.5 4.19 5.83 3.87 5.39 2.63 3.66
AUG 10 163,500 116(3) 158.3 3.69 5.04 4.37 5.96 2.54 3.47
AUG 12 163,500 116(3) 158.3 1.97 2.69 1.97 2.69 2.94 4.01
AUG 17 157,500 121(3) 159.1 3.73 4.90 4.14 5.44 3.24 4.26
AUG 19 158,250 130(3) 171.7 4.88 6.45 3.38 4.46 3.78 4.99
AUG 24 165,000 119(3) 163.9 2.78* 3.83 5.38* 7.41 4.14 5.70
AUG 26 158,039 118(3) 155.6 0.67 0.88 7.37 9.72 3.63 4.79

 

Total Input -

Water

Chloride
Ammonia
Nitrate
Total Phosphorus

1(x) Number of samples

* Missing data, estimates are given

3,868,735 gal (14,643,162 1)

3799.4 lbs (1723 kg) as CI

54.3 lbs
295.4 lbs
80.1 lbs

(25 kg) as N
(134 kg) as N
(36 kg) as P

98

 

 

 

Spray Input — Water and Nutrients - Fall 1976
I
cA
w 6.4
'o m m o-
H H "-4 U CD-a
u a c a m a .4 o I
o o o o o u o mcacm
mu H'H H +444 :4 e
m a .2 u . “g u - -H u - o m~u m
u or: own 03 cu to Zn: to 54: m:
m Hm HH no HA .6 Ins a u a»
Q I-IH mu\ r-I'O GUI—i H60 (Du—I HQ) (Doc: HO
m w u>c.4 vI ooczgz -H m>s~\. u uLc o .n
>. (D > 6 wt) '4 H m w .4 c m wiz ..A m m anH rfitl
m -H w u o I w o u o I m o u u I m u u m u m m
H °6:: 666° 6:: 666° 6; 666° 6:: 6.66 66
6? igtatn <£caxv 64L) <nc3~w 64 <:L>~/ 9:23 '4lh u lth
AUG 31 167,750 116’"2 162.4 0.60* 0.84 11.41* 15.97 4.11* 5.75
SEP 2 151,876 132(3) 167.3 0.37 0.46 11.47 14.54 4.07 5.16
SEP 7 156,000 126(3) 164.0 0.51 0.66 9.60 12.50 3.12 4.06
SEP 9 156,668 93(3) 121.6 0.32 0.42 8.83 11.50 2.26 2.96
SEP 14 163,170 140(3) 190.7 0.13 0.18 10.48 14.27 2.67* 3.64
SEP 16 158,250 119(3) 157.2 0.22 0.29 10.90 14.40 3.07* 4.05
SEP 21 160,928 110(3) 147.7 0.21 0.28 11.10 14.91 3.48* 4.67
SEP 23 156,416 127(3) 165.8 2.67 3.49 10.30 13.45 3.88 5.07
SEP 28 162,756 114(3) 154.9 1.82 2.47 9.03 12.27 3.26 4.43
SEP 30 162,000 112(3) 151.4 1.36 1.84 10.00 13.52 3.40 4.60
OCT 5 158,470 115(3) 152.1 0.78 1.03 8.60 11.37 3.85 5.09
OCT 12 158,250 124(3) 163.8 0.50 0.66 10.77 14.22 4.14 5.47
OCT 14 159,636 110(3) 146.6 0.71 0.95 7.45 9.93 2.95 3.93
OCT 26 164,000 115(3) 157.4 0.56 0.77 8.20 11.22 4.17 5.71
OCT 28 164,700 105(3) 144.3 0.18 0.25 13.33 18.32 4.80 6.60
NOV 2 161,657 101(3) 136.3 0.04 0.05 14.47 19.52 4.50 6.07
NOV 9 160,153 102(3) 136.3 0.09 0.12 16.77 22.42 4.97 6.64
NOV 11 160,400 140(3) 187.4 0.08* 0.11 16.82* 22.52 5.90 7.90
NOV 16 160,800 103(3) 138.2 0.06 0.08 16.87 22.64 5.13 6.88
NOV 18 147,500 110(3) 135.4 0.26 0.32 17.17 21.14 5.33 6.56
NOV 30 153,400 110(4)* 140.8 0.35 0.45 20.20 25.86 5.88 7.53
Total Input -
Water 3,344,780 (12,659,992gl)
Chloride 3221.6 lbs.(146l kg) as C1
Ammonia 15,7 lbs.(7 kg) as N
Nitrate 336.5 lbs.(153 kg) as N
Total Phosphorus 112.8 lbs.(51 kg) as P
1 Irrigation lines drained after OCT 28 to prevent freezing - 'volume

delivery reduced by 3000 gallons

2 * Missing data — estimates are given

3 (X)

Number of samples

Nhlchmu HUN-CH3 I Qucwfihua 06¢ H0003 I Hanna—H %thm

=o>ww on: nwuuauunw .aumv magnum: ¢ n
moan—awn mo hoe—=2 Awi
acumuuan nouuo quomn louu coauuuv occafimm 000m I os=Ho> dawning I vmuu>wnov occuaaw umz~

I m on Am: 000 «AH 0.~nH onuonnmosm HauOH
2 an Aux o.ov up“ n.~ ouauuaz
z on Am; :3 on; 043 33:2
2 66 A»; «.mv. ans H.~H aficoee<

2 ma wa 0¢MHO man m.mn0.~ ovuuoHco

was oao.oso.oav Haw oo~.~fiw.~ 66663

I unacn sauce

 

99

 

on.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.5N N.0N 0H.0 0H.o o.anu n 1A000ad 000.00H NN nun
mm.o 0H.n 00.0 no.0 N0.~N 0.HN mm.o H0.o n.00u Anvqmd oom.0ma NH 000
“0.0 ~06 00.0 50.0 3.: .7: 00.0 3.0 0.0.: 3:: oomJnH 0a new
om.o hm.“ no.0 00.0 nn.0N m.0~ 0H.o m~.o H.00H Anvmaa ooN.HmH 0 00%
no.0 no.0 0H.o 00.0 nn.m~ 0.NN N~.o nH.o 5.00H Anvmmu 000.00H n 000
mm.0 no.0 «0.0 00.0 sm.0~ o.- ma.0 NH.0 0.mm~ Anvmom 000.00H H 000
m~.0 0H.0 00.0 00.0 ~0.0H 0.0a 0H.o N~.o 0.00H vaama 00N.00H NN can
0m.n Nu.m 00.0 00.0 MN.mN 0.0a 00.0 00.0 ~.oMH Amvao~ . 000.00H mN cmw
0m.n 00.0 NH.o 00.0 00.- o.- NN.o ~a.0 0.m0H Amvnun 000.00H om can
ww.n 00.n no.0 no.0 0N.n~ 0.0H 0H.o 0H.o 0.00H Amvnoa 000.50H 0H cmfi
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H0.~ mn.m 00.0 no.0 H~.0H 0.0a 00.0 00.0 0.00H Am00mm 000.00H HA :60
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we. 00. 00.0 no.0 0~.m~ n.0H 00.0 00.0 o.m0H AHVQNH 00n.0md 0 saw
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mm a...“ 3 3“ um. um.“ mwmmu .3 .3.“ uwm m
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Ta 3

(m

 

APPENDIX D

Results of Seasonal Computer Runoff Analysis

100

101

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Winter 1976
January 1 to February 27

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total
(liters) (gms-Cl) (gms-N) (gms-N) PhOSphorus
(gms-P)

FEB 7-8 17,628 1,728 1.500 1.519 1.588
10 145,824 13,610 9.992 84.56 10.43

11 156,688 14,530 31.79 133.1 36.96

12 297,212 26,000 49.79 182.5 54.73

13 139,756 10,540 5.209 35.79 10.91

14 47,412 4,161 1.022 11.32 1.661

15 831,366 49,350 23.69 158.9 51.41

16 171,725 10,740 14.33 33.96 5.056

17 73,301 4,648 1.769 13.37 3.182

18 128,282 7,986 2.084 17.56 8.984

19 34,805 2,371 1.064 7.827 1.264

20 19,113 1,369 0.630 4.095 0.576

21 409,898 19,150 7.586 84.32 35.61

22 60,052 3,503 0.633 13.27 2.731

23 30,423 1,939 0.487 6.441 1.057
23-24 21,491 1,405 0.918 2.712 0.722
24 14,780 976 0.122 1.098 0.550

25 11,906 776 0.240 0.629 0.435
26 4,724 309 0.044 0.033 0.172
27 1,513 98 0.002 0.019 0.050
Totals 2,617,899 1 175,200 gm 153 gm 793 gm 228 gm
(691,649 gal) (386 lbs) (0.3 lbs) (1.7 lbs) (0.5 lbs)

 

1

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Spring, 1976
March 2 to April 1

102

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total
(liters) (gms—Cl) (gms-N) (gms-N) Phosphorus

(gms-P)
MAR 2 234,459 13,080 18.90 3.87 8.756
3 187,580 9,032 12.78 16.97 6.670
4 173,423 9,227 23.53 14.52 6.436
5 136,396 6,844 12.66 3.988 4.556
6 91,529 5,100 1.252 11.87 2.122
7 74,494 4,396 0.210 7.611 1.099
8 41,502 2,568 - 1 1.619 0.791
9 17,618 1,140 - - 0.521
10 17,503 1,089 0.136 0.136 0.381
11 10,494 672 0.105 0.105 0.170
12 7,538 457 0.167 0.124 0.217
13 7,538 451 0.266 0.252 0.404
13-14 7,538 489 0.088 0.133 0.188
14 7,538 513 0.075 0.075 0.161
15 7,538 582 0.115 0.075 0.162
16 1,153 80 0.012 0.012 0.028
23 39,025 2,240 4.854 2.307 3.337
24 46,620 2,857 0.475 0.099 1.795
25 13,450 854 0.079 - 0.385
26 3,175 - - - 0.107
27 98,571 - 0.391 2.182 4.950
28 28,723 - 0.387 0.182 0.874
29 14,799 - - 0.052 0.136
30 9,278 524 0.127 0.285 0.146
31 9,834 894 0.192 0.603 0.185
3l-Apr 11,664 977 0.183 0.802 0.283
Totals 1,298,980 64,066 76.984 67.872 44.860

 

- Data not reported by lab

103

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Spring, 1976 (Cont'd)
April 1 to April 30

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total
(liters) (gms—Cl) (gms-N) (gms-N) Phosphorus

(gms-P)

APR 1 24,450 3,442 0.583 1.306 0.691

2 2,144 298 0.043 0.095 0.084

6 26,054 - 1 - - -

7 7,005 - - - -

9 31,222 1,920 0.737 1.057 1.067
10 7,157 445 - 0.146 0.142
13 35,677 2,437 0.872 0.091 2.651
14 12,226 830 0.080 0.213 0.175
15 125,853 7,352 4.565 2.684 10.360
16 48,266 2,792 1.372 0.966 3.805
17 18,919 1,183 0.363 0.118 1.915
18 4,778 316 0.211 - 0.440
20 51,129 - 1.482 10.09 -
21 70,318 - 1.274 1.425 —
22 26,758 - 2.878 0.224 -
23 21,825 1,417 0.289 0.107 0.378
24 147,903 7,502 7.708 1.240 5.262
25 192,129 9,429 4.863 0.657 6.111
26 89,857 4,778 1.588 0.353 1.911
27 44,059 2,453 0.357 0.161 0.579
28 22,645 1,268 0.063 0.036 0.885
29 15,488 867 - - 0.502
30 10,687 620 0.210 - 0.196

Totals 1,036,549 49,349 29.538 20.969 37.154

 

1-Data not reported by lab

104

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Spring, 1976 (Cont'd)
May 1 to May 31

 

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total
(liters) (gms-Cl) (gms-N) (gms-N) Phosphorus
(gms-P)
‘May 1 6,168 370 0.304 0.000 0.110
2 15,543 893 1.141 0.235 0.410
3 17,286 1,019 0.983 0.000 0.549
3-4 5,053 298 0.202 0.000 0.298
4 3,281 183 0.015 0.000 0.162
6 111,498 5,975 0.239 0.000 1.426
6-7 73,124 4,075 0.132 0.000 0.590
7 40,926 2,292 0.409 0.000 0.287
8 35,092 1,965 0.351 0.000 0.246
9 20,521 1,149 0.205 0.000 0.144
10 10,305 577 0.103 0.000 0.072
13 13,273 735 0.181 0.000 0.193
14 7,220 401 0.052 0.000 0.081
15 12,575 701 0.251 0.000 0.189
16 11,630 694 0.176 0.000 0.792
17 19,668 --- 1 --- --- ---
18 4,551 --- --- --- ---
Totals 407,714 21,328 4.744 0.235 5.549
Spring 2,743,243 1 134,743 111-266 89.076 87.563
1976 gms gms gms gms
Totals (724,765 881) (297 lbs) (0.3 lbs) (0.2 lbs) (0.2 lbs)

 

1
Data not reported by lab

105

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis

Summer 1976
June 1 to August 31

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia bfltrate Total
(liters) (gms-Cl) (gms—N) (gms-N) Phosphorus
(gms-P)
JU1124 38,724 2,804 0.013 17.24 -- 1
Totals 38,724 2,804 0.013 17.24 2

(10,231 gal) (6.2 165.).(0 lbs.) (0 lbs.) (0 lbs.)

 

1Data not reported by laboratory

2Estimate

106

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Fall 1976
September 1 to November 30

 

 

 

Date Runoff Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Total
(liters) (gms—Cl) (gms—N) (gms-N) Phosphorus
(gms-P)
Sep 29 122 —- -— -- --
Sep 30 19,678 -- -— -- --
Oct 6 136,439 20,960 3.481 22.270 24.38
Oct 7 37,791 6,355 0.610 1.714 2.960
Oct 8 7,765 1,242 0.279 0.180 0.340
Oct 12 931 —— -- -- --
Oct 13 7,736 -- -- -- --
Oct 14 21,937 -- -- -- --
Oct 15 33,475 -- -- -- --
Oct 16 222 -- -— —- --
Oct 28 6,351 986 0.656 8.157 1.095
Oct 29 17,913 2,917 0.671 8.770 1.304
Oct 30 12,259 1,724 0.123 0.000 0.483
Oct 31 70,466 10,730 3.607 6.400 4.813
Nov 1 5,190 796 0.127 0.000 0.387
Nov 2 24,638 4,164 1.269 53.480 6.728
Nov 3 33,613 5,331 1.292 25.140 2.171
Nov 4 8,144 1,279 0.163 1.629 0.244
Nov 9-10 4,191 -- -- -- --
Nov 11 9,688 1,545 0.718 13.570 2.903
Nov 12 11,568 1,972 0.531 9.249 0.688
Nov 13 859 -- -- -- --
Nov 16 5,052 798 0.227 6.049 0.491
Nov 17 17,988 2,825 0.837 12.940 1.009
Nov 18 56,950 8,256 2.233 232.1 33.30
Nov 19 37,688 5,333 0.912 74.55 3.245
Nov 20 8,518 -- -- -- --
Nov 21 333 -- -- -- --
Nov 27 15,738 2,235 0.630 1.682 0.772
Nov 28 419 670 0.017 0.017 0.131
Totals 613,662 1 80,118 gm 18.383 gm 477.9 gm 87.44 gm
(162,130 gal) (177 lbs) (0 lbs) (1.1 lbs) (0.2 lbs)

 

1No samples taken

107

Results of Computer Runoff Analysis
Winter 1977
December 1, 1976 to March 16, 1977

 

 

 

Runoff Total
Date Volume Chloride Ammonia Nitrate Nitrite Phosphorus

(liters) (gms-Cl) (gms—N) (gms-N) (gms-N) (gms-P)
DEC 21 23,680 —1 - - - -
DEC 22 9,346 - - - — -
JAN 20 64,707 - - - - -
JAN 21 44,550 - - - - -
JAN 27 29,873 5,613 6.984 1050 16.14 156.9
JAN 28 39,065 7,225 9.970 967.2 12.58 138.4
FEB 3 2,807 547 1.127 72.1 0.425 10.08
FEB 4 1,580 308 0.337 34.8 0.175 3.080
FEB 10 32,469 4,850 36.35 766.1 9.943 165.0
FEB 11 88,719 12,780 57.32 187.0 14.27 392.5
FEB 12 79,155 9,499 33.40 1328 10.32 242.9
FEB 13 92,024 11,280 30.95 1072 12.47 237.6
FEB 14 54,283 6,420 8.927 659.0 6.126 63.96
FEB 15 64,337 8,033 3.399 795.2 5.227 29.33
FEB 17 1,124 157 0.244 18.3 0.231 1.840
FEB 18 4,610 583 0.488 70.0 0.297 2.450
FEB 22 147,206 12,680 118.4 2228 34.24 497.5
FEB 23 342,947 33,990 101.8 3758 29.71 829.3
FEB 24 822,986 38,630 217.3 3011 56.75 1937
FEB 25 35,271 3,719 2.212 277.1 1.764 36.24
FEB 26 8,131 1,007 0.081 64.8 0.586 11.37
FEB 27 2,367 304 0.040 18.8 0.169 3.78
MAR 1 52,087 6,094 128.1 655.1 11.65 132.1
MAR 2 41,402 4,631 6.682 402.4 4.752 30.60
MAR 3 25,787 3,126 6.110 188.3 3.678 3.390
MAR 4 732,241 39,480 216.2 2450 71.40 563.3
MAR 5 39,298 4,065 2.930 256.0 4.596 8.410
MAR 6 7,358 810 0.511 48.68 0.935 1.240
MAR 7 16,116 1,651 3.316 88.41 0.851 5.411
MAR 8 124,898 10,450 21.20 606.3 6.220 31.59
MAR 9 251,179 19,800 58.63 1020 13.58 36.37
MAR 10 98,956 8,183 15.45 419.1 4.114 13.87
MAR 11 61,940 5,350 7.785 235.3 2.630 6.864
MAR 12 121,615 11,410 4.393 355.5 54.14 43.99
MAR 13 68,385 7,207 1.672 194.2 18.74 61.21
MAR 14 32,215 3,451 1.268 94.65 2.543 33.61
MAR 15 19,021 2,127 1.262 47.14 1.052 5.655
MAR 16 16,113 1,822 0.907 35.04 1.058 4.807

Totals 3,699,848 1 287,282 gms 1105 gms 23,474 gms 413 gms 5,742 gms
(977,450 gal) (633 lbs) (2.4 lbs) (51.8 lbs) (0.9 lbs) (12.7 lbs)

 

1No samples taken due to equipment failure

APPENDIX E

Calculation of Infiltration Estimates

108

109

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q

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omfi.mom.~ omq.n5o o o omm.o~m qo.~ ooA.NHw.N Ahmofi .oa noun: cu saga .H .umnv
mnma umuafiz
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omma Hamm
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omma nous“:

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mmoasm

«cowumuuawmcH momwuam maofiumufiamcmuuoam>m NCOHuMuflowomum HusacH xmuam commom

APPENDIX F

Calculation of Nutrient Reduction in the Soil

110

111

Calculation of NUtrient Reduction in the Soil by Season

M = Nutrient mass infiltrating =(Spray input mass +-Precipitation
input mass - Runoff mass), kg

I = Infiltration volume estimate, m
A = Anticipated infiltrated water nutrient concentration assuming

no retention or removal in the soil, mg/l

A - B
A

 

R = ( ) x 100

R = Seasonal nutrient reduction in the soil, Z

B = Average measured infiltrated water nutrient concentration
at the five foot depth in the soil, or maximum seasonal
concentration when a significant increasing concentration
trend exits, mg/l

Assumptions:
1) Nutrient application is uniform during a season.

2) Precipitation, infiltration, and evapotranspiration
are uniform during a season.

3) Reduction includes dilution in the groundwater pool,
dilution from subsurface lateral flow, and removal
and retention processes in the soil.

112

Average Measured Infiltrated Water Nutrient Concentrations at
the Five Foot Depth by Season, mg/l

 

Season Chloride Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia Total
Phosphorus
(mg-Cl/l) (mg-N/l) (mg-N/l) (mg-N/l) (mg-P/l)
Winter 1976 95 0.4 - 0.1 0.02
Spring 1976 74 0.1 - 0.2 0.01
*
Summer 1976 92 0.1 - 0.2 0.03
*
Fall 1976 130 ' 0.1 - 0.2 0.04
* *
Winter 1977 152 6.3 0.03 0.2 0.90

 

*
Maximum buildup at end of season

113

Sample Calculation

Winter 1977

l) Chloride

 

 

 

 

_ 1349 + 1 - 287 3 _ _
A — ( 8,940 ) x 10 — 119 mg Cl/l
_ 119 - 152 = _ ,
R — (-———TT§——— ) x 100 284
2) Nitrate
_ 196 + 5 - 23 3 _ _
A — ( 8,940 ) x 10 — 19.9 mg N/l
_ 19.9 - 6.3 _ a
R — ( V 19.9 ) x 100 - 684
3) Ammonia
_ 5.5 + 0.5 - 1.1 3 _ _
A - ( 8,940 ) x 10 - 0.5 mg N/l
0.5 - 0.2 _ c
R (T) X 100 - 60/o

4) Total Phosphorus

60 + 0.1 - 6
8,940

6 - 0.9
6

) x 103 = 6 mg-P/l

 

A=<

R = ( ) x 100 = 85%

APPENDIX G

Average Nutrient Concentrations in Lysimeter Samples

114

115

List of Lysimeter Locations in Ponded and Unponded Areas

 

Ponded Unponded
6 18
42 22
43 32
. 37
38

39

116

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1976 - Chloride

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-C1/1) (mg-Cl/l)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
DEC 19 94 (3)1 108 (3) 7 -
JAN 6 113 (3) 114 (5) — 36
JAN 9 78 (2) 92 (5) 6 28
JAN 16 92 (5) 96 (7) 6 23
JAN 20 87 (4) 97 (7) 4 22
JAN 23 - 2 95 (2) - -
JAN 27 89 (1) 107 (4) - 28
JAN 30 84 (l) 103 (4) - 37
FEB 4 - 102 (4) - 38
FEB 6 - 98 (3) - 35
FEB 10 - 87 (4) - 35
FEB 13 85 (2) 81 (5) 7 32
FEB 17 92 (2) 84 (6) 5 31
FEB 20 89 (2) 89 (6) 3 30
FEB 24 85 (3) 84 (6) l 26
FEB 27 82 (2) 85 (7) 0 17

 

l(x) Number of samples

2 - No samples due to frozen lysimeters

117

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1976 - Nitrate

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-N/ l) (mg-NI 1)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

DEC 19 0.61 (4) l 0.95 (3) 0.10 -
JAN 6 0.00 (3) 0.00 (5) - 0.00
JAN 9 0 00 (2) 0.00 (5) 0.00 0.00
JAN 16 0.00 (5) 0.00 (7) 0.00 0.00
JAN 20 0.08 (4) 0.06 (6) 0.00 0.00
JAN 23 - 2 0.03 (2) - -
JAN 27 1.70 (1) 0.31 (4) - 0.01
JAN 30 1.07 (1) 0.21 (4) - 0.02
FEB 4 - 0.38 (4) - 0.06
FEB 6 - 0.30 (3) - 0.02
FEB 10 - 0.57 (4) - 0.06
FEB 13 0.80 (2) 0.58 (5) 0.05 0.05
FEB 17 0.76 (2) 0.49 (6) 0.03 0.04
FEB 20 1.02 (2) 0.61 (6) 0.02 0.06
FEB 24 0.75 (3) 0.43 (6) 0.02 0.04
FEB 27 0.57 (2) 0.41 (7) 0.02 0.05

 

1
(x) Number of samples

1b samples taken due

to frozen lysimeters

118

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1976 - Ammonia

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-N/ 1) (mg-NI 1)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

DEC 19 0.05 (4)1 0.13 (3) 0.07 - 2
JAN 6 0.63 (3) 0.08 (4) — 0.15
JAN 9 0.14 (2) 0.04 (5) 0.05 0.05
JAN 16 0.14 (5) 0.10 (7) 0.10 0.06
JAN 20 0.14 (4) 0.07 (7) 0.12 0.05
JAN 23 - 0.06 (2) - -
JAN 27 0.15 (l) 0.15 (4) - 0.00
JAN 30 0.19 (1) 0.09 (4) - 0.03
FEB 4 - 0.09 (4) - 0.03
FEB 6 — 0.03 (3) - 0.01
FEB 10 - 0.05 (4) - 0.03
FEB 13 0.10 (2) 0.05 (5) 0.15 0.03
FEB 17 0.13 (2) 0.06 (6) 0.16 0.11
FEB 20 0.07 (2) 0.03 (6) 0.16 0.00
FEB 24 0.07 (3) 0.04 (6) 0.07 0.10
FEB 27 0.17 (2) 0.08 (7) 0.22 0.12

 

1(x) Number of samples
2

- No samples due to frozen lysimeters

119

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1976 - Total Phosphorus

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-P/ 1) (mg-P/ 1)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

DEC 19 0.004 (4)1 0.074 (2) *2 -3
JAN 6 0.036 (3) 0.036 (5) - 0.019
JAN 9 0.011 (2) 0.015 (5) 0.008 *
JAN 16 0.012 (5) 0.024 (7) 0.006 0.008
JAN 20 0.026 (4) 0.042 (7) 0.010 0.060
JAN 23 - 0.008 (2) - -
JAN 27 0.002 (1) 0.003 (4) - 0.002
JAN 30 0.001 (1) 0.003 (4) - 0.002
FEB 4 - 0.006 (4) - 0.001
FEB 6 - 0.009 (3) - 0.010
FEB 10 - 0.012 (4) - 0.002
FEB 13 0.004 (2) 0.005 (5) 0.003 0.004
FEB 17 0.002 (2) 0.003 (6) 0.002 0.008
FEB 20 0.002 (2) 0.002 (6) 0.004 0.001
FEB 24 0.002 (3) 0.004 (6) 0.000 0.001
FEB 27 0.008 (2) 0.001 (7) 0.000 0.000

 

1(x) thber of samples

2 * Data not reported by lab

3

- No samples due to frozen lysimeters

120

Lysimeter Data - Spring 1976 - Chloride

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-Cl/l) (mg-Cl/l)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
FEB 27 82(2)1 85(7) 0 17
MAR 23 82(3) 85(6) 14
MAR 26 69(2) 81(6) 6
MAR 30 76(2) 79(6) 3
APR 6 74(2) 75(6) 5
APR 9 67(2) 76(5) 3
APR 13 70(2) 78(6) 4
APR 15 71(2) 76(5) 3
APR 20 72(2) 73(6) 4
APR 22 57(3) 71(6) 3
APR 29 61(3) 71(6) 3
MAY 4 59(3) 66(6) 2
MAY 11 58(3) 65(6) 2
MAY 13 58(2) 68(5) 2
MAY 18 54(3) 59(5) 2
MAY 27 66(5) 70(5) 2

 

(X)

Number of samples

121

Lysimeter Data - Spring 1976 - Nitrate

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-N/ l) (mg-N/ 1)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

FEB 27 .57(2)1 0.41(7) 0.02 0.05
MAR 23 .36(3) 0.25(6) 0.05 0.02
MAR 26 .18(3) 0.08(6) 0.16 0.03
MAR 30 .13(3) 0.12(6) 0.04 0.00
APR 6 .04(3) 0.04(6) 0.02 0.00
APR 9 .02(3) 0.04(5) 0.02 0.00
APR 13 .02(3) 0.06(6) 0.01 0.00
APR 15 .01(3) 0.02(5) 0.01 0.00
APR 20 .01(3) 0.07(6) 0.03 0.01
APR 22 .01(3) 0.07(6) 0.00 0.14
APR 29 .01(3) 0.03(6) 0.00 0.00
MAY 4 .03(3) 0.00(6) 0.00 0.00
MAY 11 .01(3) 0.03(6) 0.12 0.02
MAY 13 .00(2) 0.02(5) 0.00 0.00
MAY 18 .00(3) 0.04(5) 0.00 0.00
MAY 27 .11(5) 0.23(4) 0.04 0.01

 

(X)

Number of samples

122

Lysimeter Data - Spring 1976 - Ammonia

 

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-N/l) (mg-N/l)
3 ft Depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
FEB 27 0.17(2) 1 0.081(7) 0.22 0.12
MAR 23 0.44(3) O.16(6) .62 0.75
MAR 26 0.21(3) O.16(6) .28 0.20
MAR 30 0.20(3) 0.l9(6) .26 0.12
APR 6 0.25(3) 0.20(6) .28 0.11
APR 9 0.10(3) 0.11(5) .16 0.19
APR 13 0.09(3) 0.13(6) .15 0.16
APR 15 0.15(3) 0.12(5) .25 0.09
APR 20 O.42(3) 0.28(6) .52 0.68
APR 22 0.14(3) 0.22(6) .16 0.07
APR 29 0.20(3) 0.23(6) .24 0.35
MAY 4 0.23(3) 0.12(6) .26 0.18
MAY 11 0.26(3) 0.31(6) .41 0.41
MAY 13 0.12(2) 0.15(5) .16 0.12
MAY 18 0.30(3) 0.33(5) .32 0.35
MAY 27 0.31(5) 0.08(5) .65 0.50
1(x) Number of samples

123

Lysimeter Data - Spring 1976 - Total Phosphorus

 

Date Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)
(mg-Pl 1) (mg-Pl 1)
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

FEB 27 0.008(2)1 0.001(7) 0.000 0.000
MAR 23 0.006(3) .023(6) 0.170 0.002
MAR 26 0.015(3) .008(6) 0.014 0.012
MAR 30 0.013(3) .008(6) 0.006 0.005
APR 6 0.011(3) .013(6) 0.011 0.010
APR 9 0.016(3) .012(5) 0.017 0.001
APR 13 0.012(3) .007(6) 0.017 0.022
APR 15 0.017(3) .011(5) 0.006 0.015
APR 20 0.006(3) .010(6) 0.006 0.008
APR 22 0.009(3) .010(6) 0.013 0.009
APR 29 0.011(3) .011(6) 0.003 0.002
MAY 4 0.004(3) .010(6) 0.017 0.007
MAY 11 0.007(3) .009(6) 0.013 0.004
MAY 13 0.006(2) .010(5) 0.039 0.008
MAY 18 0.013(3) .013(5) 0.008 0.004
MAY 27 0.012(5) .022(5) 0.004 0.013

 

(X)

Number of samples

124
Lysimeter Data - Summer 1976 - Chloride

Averages over Spray Site

Control (location 46)

 

(mg-Cl/ 1) (mg-Cll 1)
Date Ponded Lysimeters Unponded Lysimeters
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
MAY 27 55(1)1 79(2) 50(3) 44(2) 1 2
JUN 3 59(1) 88(3) 50(3) 46(2) 1 2
JUN 10 59(1) 80(3) 49(3) 46(2) 1 2
JUN 17 66(1) 82(3) 51(3) 47(2) 1 3
JUN 24 70(1) 83(3) 53(3) 46(2) 2 5
JUL 1 78(1) 89(3) 92(3) 57(3) 2 6
JUL 8 76(1) 85(3) 103(3) 59(3) 2 7
JUL 15 78(1) 81(3) 96(3) 52(2) 2 7
JUL 22 84(1) 78(3) 98(3) 54(2) 2 9
JUL 29 106(2) 80(3) 102(3) 56(2) 2 10
AUG 6 119(1) 88(3) 116(3) 65(2) 3 11
AUG 12 157(1) 96(3) 126(3) 80(2) 4 11
AUG 19 124(1) 102(3) 134(3) 95(3) 5 12
AUG 26 143(2) 100(3) 131(3) 84(2) 6 13

 

1(x) Nimber of samples a

125
Lysimeter Data - Summer 1976 - Nitrate

Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)

 

(mg-N/ 1) (mg-N/l)
Date Ponded Lysimeters Unponded Lysimeters
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
MAY 27 .12(1)1 0.28(2) 0.13(3) 0.18(2) 0.04 0.01
JUN 3 .01(1) O.16(3) 0.00(3) 0.00(2) 0.03 0.00
JUN 10 .00(1) 0.13(3) 0.00(3) 0.00(2) 0.13 0.05
JUN 17 .00(1) 0.21(3) 0.03(3) 0.00(2) 0.06 0.01
JUN 24 .02(1) O.16(3) 0.02(3) 0.02(2) 0.03 0.03
JUL 1 .01(1) 0.01(3) 0.06(3) 0.02(3) 0.00 0.05
JUL 8 .01(1) 0.13(3) 0.00(3) 0.01(3) 0.01 0.05
JUL 15 .02(1) 0.15(3) 0.00(3) 0.02(2) 0.02 0.06
JUL 22 .02(1) 0.15(3) 0.00(3) 0.03(2) 0.02 0.05
JUL 29 .25(2) 0.11(3) 0.01(3) 0.02(2) 0.03 0.03
AUG 6 .16(2) 0.10(3) 0.02(3) 0.02(2) 0.03 0.01
AUG 12 .30(2) 0.10(3) 0.15(3) 0.00(2) 0.01 0.00
AUG 19 .09(2) 0.06(3) 0.19(3) 0.54(3) 0.01 0.00
AUG 26 .07(2) 0.06(3) 0.07(3) 0.01(2) 0.01 0.00

 

1(x) Number of samples

126

Lysimeter Data - Summer 1976 - Ammonia

Control (location 46)
(mg-N/l)

Averages over Spray Site
(ms-N/l)

Unponded Lysimeters
3 ft depth 5 ft depth

Date Ponded Lysimeters

3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

 

MAY 27 0.23(1)1 0.10(2) .31(3) 0.10(2) 0.65 .50
JUN 3 0.18(1) 0.10(3) .13(3) 0.23(2) 0.22 .22
JUN 10 0.24(1) 0.17(3) .24(3) 0.24(2) 0.50 .35
JUN 17 0.50(1) 0.22(3) .42(3) 0.24(2) ----2 .33
JUN 24 0.29(1) 0.15(3) .45(3) 0.45(2) 0.72 .47
JUL 1 0.22(1) 0.14(3) .36(3) 0.39(3) 0.38 .36
JUL 8 0.27(1) 0.16(3) .41(3) 0.49(3) 0.58 .11
JUL 15 0.36(1) 0.30(3) .49(3) 0.33(2) 1.03 .60
JUL 22 0.35(1) 0.28(3) .36(3) 0.26(2) 0.56 .47
JUL 29 0.19(2) 0.28(3) .51(3) 0.10(2) 1.00 .19
AUG 6 0.90(2) 0.33(3) .44(3) 0.17(2) 0.79 .24
AUG 12 0.32(2) 0.16(3) .37(3) 0.23(2) 0.64 .19
AUG 19 0.22(2) 0.12(3) .35(3) 0.13(3) 0.65 .12
AUG 26 0.20(2) 0.30(3) .39(3) 0.41(2) 0.60 .65

 

1(x) thber of samples

2
--- Data not reported

by lab

127

Lysimeter Data - Summer 1976 - Total Phosphorus

Averages over Spray Site Control (location 46)

 

(mg-Pl 1) (mg-Pl 1)
Date Ponded Lysimeters Unponded Lysimeters
3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
MAY 27 0.013(1)1 0.009(2) 0 014(3) 0.009(2) 0.004 0.013
JUN 3 0.007(1) 0.005(3) 0.008(3) 0.011(2) 0.005 0.015
JUN 10 0.017(1) 0.045(3) 0.014(3) 0.083(2) 0.079 0.047
JUN 17 0.047(1) 0.053(3) 0.048(3) 0.049(2) 0.050 0.012
JUN 24 0.047(1) 0.053(3) 0.048(3) 0.049(2) 0.050 0.012
JUL 1 0.028(1) 0.044(3) 0.007(3) 0.053(3) ' 0.100 0.004
JUL 8 0.030(1) 0.043(3) 0.018(3) 0.033(3) 0.028 0.037
JUL 15 0.024(1) 0.038(3) 0.024(3) 0.021(2) 0.009 0.007
JUL 22 0.028(1) 0.014(2) 0.021(3) 0.010(2) 0.006 0.045
JUL 29 0.055(1) 0.013(3) 0.018(3) 0.012(2) 0.017 0.023
AUG 6 0.063(1) 0.018(3) 0.005(3) 0.019(2) 0.020 0.029
AUG 12 0.031(1) 0.009(3) 0.012(3) 0.016(2) 0.022 0.018
AUG 19 0.013(1) 0.005(3) 0.004(3) 0.008(3) 0.013 0.014
AUG 26 0.022(2) 0.010(3) 0.005(3) 0.004(2) 0.012 0.019

 

1(x) NUmber of samples

128

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Chloride

Averages over Spray Site
(mg-Clll)

Date Ponded Lysimeters Unponded Lysimeters
1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

 

1

 

AUG 26 ---- 143(2) 100(3) ---- 131(3) 84(2)
SEP 9 ---- 159(2) 106(3) ---- 138(2) 91(2)
sap 16 159(1)2 171(2) 113(2) 177(2) 160(6) 104(2)
SEP 28 164(1) 172(2) 118(3) 178(2) 174(6) 100(3)
001 7 160(1) 181(2) 117(3) 165(2) 178(4) 110(3)
001 14 144(1) 152(2) 116(3) 130(2) 168(6) 124(2)
061 26 142(1) 149(2) 117(3) 129(2) 168(6) 124(2)
Nov 2 139(1) 146(2) 117(3) 126(2) 156(5) 124(2)
nov 9 140(1) 141(2) 124(3) ---(1) 158(6) 131(3)
nov 16 —--- ---(1)3 ---(1) 109(2) 150(5) 139(3)
NOV 30 135(1) 143(2) 137(3) ---- 139(4) 143(3)
1--- Lysimeter dry, no sample

2(x) Nmeer of samples

3—(1)Bad data point

129

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Chloride

Lysimeter Controls outside Spray Site

 

 

(mg-Cl/l)
Locations
Date 4.6-1.5 46-3 46-5 1-3 1-5 2-5 3-5
AUG 26 ---l 6 13 +2 + + +
SEP 9 --- 7 15 + + + +
SEP 16 --- 10 25 + + + +
SEP 28 22 15 29 + + + +
OCT 7 39 22 31 139 59 + +
OCT 14 49 46 37 152 71 12 ---
OCT 26 —-- 56 42 163 123 11 ---
NOV 2 -—- 61 44 151 141 ll ---
NOV 9 --- 65 45 153 155 ll ---
NOV 16 -—- 65 + 165 + 11 ---
NOV 30 + 50 150 156 12 ---
l--- Lysimeter dry, no sample

+' Lysimeter not sampled

130

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Nitrate

Averages over Spray Site
(mg-N/l)

Unponded Lysimeters
1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

Ponded Lysimeters
Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

 

AUG 26 --- .07(2) 0.06(3) --- 0.07(3) .01(2)
SEP 9 --- .43(2) 0.02(3) --- 0.00(3) .00(2)
SEP 16 l.00(1)2 .71(2) 0.11(3) 0.77(2) 0.95(6) .02(2)
SEP 28 0.83(1) .54(2) 0.02(3) 0.20(2) 0.76(6) .31(3)
OCT 7 0.18(1) .22(2) 0.04(3) 0.08(2) 0.05(5) .11(3)
OCT 14 0.48(1) .16(2) 0.04(3) 0.04(2) 0.54(6) .02(2)
OCT 26 0.57(1) .55(2) 0.03(3) 0.09(2) 0.7l(6) .05(2)
NOV 2 0.50(l) .20(2) 0.05(3) 0.12(2) 0.27(5) .03(2)
NOV 9 0.81(1) .63(2) 0.03(3) 0.31(2) 0.90(6) .22(2)
NOV 16 --- .74(l) 0.03(3) 3.36(2) 0.85(5) .17(3)
NOV 30 1.02(l) .43(2) 0.67(3) --- 0.40(4) .06(3)

 

--- Lysimeter(s) dry, no sample

2(x) N1mber of samples

131

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Nitrate

Lysimeter Controls outside Spray Site

 

 

(mg-N/l)
Locations
Date 4.6-1.5 46—3 46-5 1-3 1—5 2-5 3-5
AUG 26 ---l 0.01 0.00 +2 + + +
SEP 9 --- 0. 03 0. 00 + + + +
SEP 16 --- 0.03 0.17 + + + +
SEP 28 1.02 0.07 0.01 + + + +
OCT 7 0.43 0.06 0.02 0.84 0.04 + +
OCT 14 0.20 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.31 —--
OCT 26 --- 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.22 ---
NOV 2 -—- 0.01 0.00 0.28 0.01 0.07 ---
NOV 9 --- 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.05 ---
NOV 16 --- 0.05 --- 0.13 --- 0.08 ---
NOV 30 --- --- 0.03 0.34 0.00 0.02 ---
1--- Lysimeter dry, no sample
2

+ Lysimeter not sampled

132

Lysimeter Data — Fall 1976 - Ammonia

Averages over Spray Site
(mg-N/l)

Unponded Lysimeters
1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

Ponded Lysimeters
Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth

 

AUG 26 ----l 0.20(2) 0.30(3) —--- 0.39(3) 0.41(2)
SEP 9 ---- .73(2) 0.23(3) ---- 0.78(3) 0.36(2)
SEP 16 .22(1) .29(2) 0.11(3) .22(2) 0.27(6) 0.19(2)
SEP 28 .12(1) .08(2) 0.18(3) .28(2) 0.73(6) 0.21(3)
001 7 .33(1) .19(2) 0.32(3) .47(2) 0.51(5) 0.20(3)
001 14 .22(1) .23(2) 0.17(3) .31(2) 0.46(6) 0.21(2)
001 26 .19(1) .12(2) 0.22(3) .32(2) 0.29(6) 0.11(2)
NOV 2 .11(1) .05(2) 0.08(3) .17(2) 0.16(5) 0.03(2)
NOV 9 .08(1) .05(2) 0.09(3) .27(1) 0.20(6) 0.13(3)
NOV 16 ---- .07(1) 0.04(1) .08(2) 0.18(5) 0.76(3)
NOV 30 .20(1) .06(2) 0.06(3) ---- 0.16(4) 0.06(3)

 

1—-- Lysimeter(s) dry, no sample

2(x) Fhmber of samples

133

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Ammonia

Lysimeter Controls outside Spray Site

 

(mg-N/ 1)

Date 46-1.5 46—3 46-5 1-3 1-5 2-5 3-5
AUG 26 --- 0.60 0.65 +2 + + +
SEP 9 --- 0.90 0.24 + + + +
SEP 16 --- 0.40 0.02 + + + +
SEP 28 1.80 0.61 0.07 + + + +
001 7 0.40 0.78 0.14 0.65 0.24 + +
001 14' 0.58 0.23 0.70 0.41 0.56 0.73 ---
081 26 --- 0.29 0.19 0.34 0.29 0.34 ---
NOV '2 --- 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.22 --—
NOV 9 -—- 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.10 ---
NOV 16 --- 0.05 -—- 0.10 --- 0.05 ---
NOV 30 --- --- 0.02 0.11 0.08 0.10 ---

 

1-- Lysimeter dry, no sample

+ Lysimeter not sampled

134

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 - Total Phosphorus
Averages over Spray Site
(mg-P/ 1)

Ponded Lysimeters Unponded Lysimeters

 

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
AUG 26 ---l .022(2) .010(3) —-- 0.005(3) 0.004(2)
SEP 9 --- .090(2) .004(3) --- 0.013(3) 0.011(2)
SEP 16 *2 * * * * *
SEP 28 .002(1)3 .018(2) .012(3) .006(2) 0.033(6) 0.035(3)
001 7 .005(1) .007(2) .028(3) .024(2) 0.025(5) 0.014(3)
001 14 .024(1) .040(2) .036(3) .025(2) 0.060(6) 0.031(2)
OCT 26 .003(1) .007(2) .106(3) .073(2) 0.011(6) 0.007(2)
NOV 2 .013(1) .005(2) .199(3) .009(2) 0.142(5) 0.009(2)
NOV 9 .007(1) .032(2) .008(3) .110(1) 0.038(6) 0.046(3)
NOV 16 --- .008(1) .004(1) .007(1) 0.020(5) 0.138(3)
NOV 30 .010(1) .031(2) .046(3) --- 0.019(4) 0.130(3)

 

1-- Lysimeter dry, no sample

* Data not reported by lab

1x) Number of samples taken

135

Lysimeter Data - Fall 1976 — Total Phosphorus

Lysimeter Controls outside Spray Site

 

 

(mg-P/l)

Date 46-1.5 46-3 46—5 1-3 1-5 2-5 3-5
AUG 26 ---I 0.012 0.019 +2 + + +
SEP 9 --- 0.001 0.001 + + + +
SEP 16 --- *3 * + + + +
SEP 28 0.040 0.006 0.002 + + + +
OCT 7 0.021 0.048 0.059 0.025 0.006 + +
OCT 14 0.040 0.028 0.028 0.022 0.022 0.020 ---
OCT 26 --- 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.002 0.006 —-—
NOV 2 --- 0.006 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.028 ——-
NOV 9 --- * 0.004 0.012 0.007 0.046 ---
NOV 16 f-- 0.014 --- 0.005 --- 0.064 ---
NOV 30 ——- --- 0.093 0.013 0.015 0.003 --—

1--- Lysimeter dry, no sample

2

3

+ Lysimeter not sampled

* Data not reported by lab

136

Lysimeter Data — Winter 1977 - Chloride

Averages over Spray Site

 

 

(mg-Cl/l)

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
NOV 30 135 (1)1 154 (7) 140 (6)
DEC 10 - 2 123 (2) 179 (3)
DEC 14 210 (1) 182 (2) 218 (2)
DEC 21 - 150 (3) 169 (2)
JAN 4 - 136 (1) 178 (2)
JAN 25 - 125 (1) 142 (2)
FEB 1 - 120 (1) 115 (1)
FEB 8 - 116 (1) 115 (1)
FEB 15 - 120 (1) -
FEB 22 - * 3 -
MAR 7 - _ -
MAR 10 - 124 (2) -
MAR 14 137 (3) 153 (4) 133 (5)
MAR 21 122 (3) 138 (8) 139 (6)
MAR 25 122 (2) 127 (8) 131 (5)

 

l(x) Number of samples

2
3

*

Nb samples due to frozen lysimeters

Data not reported by lab

137

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 — Chloride

Lysimeter Controls Outside Spray Site

 

(mg-Cl/l)

Locations
Date 46-1.5 46—3 46—5 1-3 1—5 2-5 3-5
Nov 30 +1 + 50 150 156 12 +
Dec 10 + —2 100 147 155 11 +
Dec 14 + - 203 219 240 14 +
Dec 21 + - 83 145 152 12 +
Jan 4 + - 84 136 — 12 +
Jan 25 + - 87 120 - 12 +
Feb 1 + — 100 120 - 5 +
Feb 8 + - 112 115 - 12 +
Feb 15 + - 115 115 - 12 +
Feb 22 + _ _ * 3 - * 1
Mar 7 + - 125 ' 114 — 14 +
Mar 14 27 82 - - - .' +
Mar 21 129 57 - - - 23 +
Mar 25 + 114 56 95 115 25 +

 

+ Lysimeter dry, no sample

- No sample due to frozen lysimeter

3 * Data not reported by lab

138

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Nitrate

Averages over Spray Site

 

 

(mg-N/l)

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
NOV 30 1.02 (1)1 0.85 (7) 0.37 (6)
DEC 10 - 2 0.96 (2) 0.07 (3)
DEC 14 5.0 (1) 8.35 (2) 0.57 (2)
DEC 21 - 7.68 (3) 2.10 (1)
JAN 4 0.01 (1) 0.24 (2) 0.01 (2)
JAN 25 - 13.50 (1) 2.93 (2)
FEB 1 - 0.02 (1) *3
FEB 8 - 1.47 (1) 2.90 (1)
FEB 15 - 14.00 (1) -

FEB 22 - f 13.40 (1) -
MAR 7 — - -
MAR 10 — 7.08 (2) -
MAR 14 7.60 (3) 4.56 (4) 5.67 (4)
MAR 21 7.69 (3) 7.38 (8) 6.32 (6)
MAR 25 9.55 (2) 5.02 (7) 6.01 (5)

 

l(x) Number of samples

2 - 1b samples due to frozen lysimeters

3 * Data not reported by lab

139

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Nitrate

Lysimeter Controls Outside Spray Zone

 

(mg-N/l)
Locations
Date 46—1.5 46-3 46-5 1—3 1-5 2-5
1

Nov 30 + + 0.03 0.34 0.00 0.02
Dec 10 + -2 0.05 0.28 0.07 0.03
Dec 14 + — 0.03 0.46 0.00 0.00
Dec 21 + - 0.02 10.42 0.01 0.01
Jan 4 + _ 2°01 2°50 ‘ 0.31
Jan 25 + — 0'05 1°06 ’ 0.05
Feb 1 + — 0°01 0°02 ’ 1.56
Feb 8 + — 0'05 0'92 “ 0.02
Feb 15 + — 0'10 13'0 ‘ 0.15
Feb 22 + — - 13.3 - 0.09
Mar 7 + — 0.50 9.90 - 0.80
Mar 14 0.21 0.06 — - - -
Mar 21 1.20 0.50 - - - 4.20
Mar 25 + 0.34 0.13 5.10 7.00 0.13

 

+ Lysimeter dry, no sample

- No sample due to frozen lysimeter

140

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Ammonia

Averages over Spray Site
(mg-N/l)

 

 

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
NOV 30 0.20(19 0.12(6) .06(6)
DEC 10 4-2 0.31(2) .06(3)
DEC 14 0.08(1) 0.38(2) .03(2)
DEC 21 - 0.22(3) .06(2)
JAN 4 0.07(1) 0.16(2) .14(2)
JAN 25 - 0.23(1) .04(2)
FEB 1 - 0.20(1) .04(1)
FEB 8 — 0.12(1) .03(1)
FEB 15 — 0.18(1) -
FEB 22 - 0 20(1) —
MAR 7 - - -
MAR 10 - 0.08(2) -
MAR 14 0 37(3) 0.20(4) .22(5)
MAR 21 0.13(3) 0 15(8) .08(6)
MAR 25 0.11(2) 0.07(8) .05(5)

 

1(x) Number of samples

2

No samples due to

frozen lysimeters

141

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Ammonia

Lysimeter Controls outside Spray Zone

 

 

(mg-N/l)

Date Locations

46-1.5 46-3 46-5 1-3 1-5 2-5 3-5
NOV 30 +-1 + 0.02 0.11 0.08 0.10 +
DEC 10 + - 2 0.02 0.18 0.10 0.12 +
DEC 14 + - 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.10 +
DEC 21 + - 0.05 0.22 0.09 0.08 +
JAN 4 + - 0.02 0.18 - 0.02 +
JAN 25 + - 0.04 0.14 — 0.04 +
FEB 1 + - 0.10 0.20 - 0.06 +
FEB 8 + - 0.03 0.26 - 0.10 +
FEB 15 + - 0.01 0.18 - 0.17 +
FEB 22 + - - 0.09 - 0.25 +
MAR 7 + - 0.01 0.12 — 0.20 +
MAR 14 0.77 0.17 - — - - +
MAR 21 0.21 0.09 - - — 0.21 +
MAR 25 + 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.12 +

 

+ Lysimeter dry, no sample

' - No sample due to frozen lysimeter

142

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Nitrite

Averages over Spray Site

(mg-N/l)

 

 

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
DEC 10 - 1 0.00 (2) 0.00 (3)
DEC 14 0.01 (l)2 0.00 (2) 0.00 (2)
DEC 21 - 0.00 (3) 0.01 (2)
JAN 4 0.00 (l) 0.01 (2) 0.04 (2)
JAN 25 - 0.20 (1) 0.01 (2)
FEB 1 — 0.05 (l) 0.05 (1)
FEB 8 - 0.00 (1) 0.01 (1)
FEB 15 - 0.00 (1) -
FEB 22 - 0.01 (1) -
MAR 7 - - -
MAR 10 - 0.08 (2) -
MAR 14 0.00 (3) 0.00 (4) 0.00 (5)
MAR 21 0.03 (3) 0.05 (8) 0.03 (6)
MAR 25 0.01 (3) 0.02 (8) 0.02 (5)

 

1

1b samples due to frozen lysimeters

2(x) N1mber of samples

143

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Nitrite

Lysimeter Controls Outside Spray Zone

 

 

(mg-N/l)
Date Locations
46-l.5 46-3 46-5 1-3 1-5 2-5
1
Dec 10 + + 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dec 14 + - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 +
Dec 21 + — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 +
Jan 4 + - 0.04 0.70 - 0.02 +
Jan 25 + - 0.00 0.00 - 0.01 +
Feb 1 + - 0.05 0.05 - 0.04 +
Feb 8 + — 0.00 0.01 - 0.00 +
Feb 15 + - 0.00 0.02 - 0.00 +
Feb 22 + - - 0.01 - 0.01 +
Mar 7 + - 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 +
Mar 14 0.00 0.00 - - - - +
Mar 21 0.01 0.01 — - - 0.01 +
Mar 25 + 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 +

 

1 + Lysimeter dry, no sample

' - No sample due to frozen lysimeter

144

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Total Phosphorus

Averages over Spray Site

 

 

(mg-P/l)

Date 1.5 ft depth 3 ft depth 5 ft depth
NOV 30 0.010 (1)1 0.021 (7) 0.088 (6)
DEC 10 -2 0.028 (2) 0.022 (3)
DEC 14 0.007 (1) 0.025 (2) 0.026 (2)
DEC 21 - 0.013 (3) 0.011 (2)
JAN 4 0.003 (1) 0.004 (2) 0.003 (2)
JAN 25 - 0.062 (1) 0.049 (2)
FEB 1 - 0.076 (1) 0.020 (1)
FEB 8 - 0.18 (1) 0.10 (1)
FEB 15 - 0.012 (1) -
FEB 22 - 0.095 (1) -
MAR 7 - - -
MAR 10 - 0.030 (2) —
MAR 14 0.059 (3) 0.032 (4) 0.017 (5)
MAR 21 1.02 (3) 0.21 (8) 0.90 (6)
MAR 25 0.58 (2) 0.18 (6) 0.72 (8)

 

l(x) Number of samples

2 - 1b samples due to frozen lysimeters

145

Lysimeter Controls Outside Spray Site

Lysimeter Data - Winter 1977 - Total Phosphorus

 

(mg-P/l)

Locations
Date 46-1.5 46-3 46-5 1-3 1-5 2-5 3-5

1

Nov 30 + + .093 0.013 0.003 0.015 +
Dec 10 + -2 .008 0.026 0.015 0.014 +
Dec 14 + - .010 0.019 0.015 0.005 +
Dec 21 + - .005 0.015 0.007 0.072 +
Jan 4 + - .001 0.001 - 0.001 +
Jan 25 + - .012 0.052 - 0.036 +
Feb 1 + - .037 0.120 - 0.006 +
Feb 8 + - .230 0.130 - 0.140 +
Feb 15 + - .014 0.02 - 0.014 +
Feb 22 + - - 0.072 - 0.084 +
Mar 7 + - .240 0.019 - 0.020 +
Mar 14 0.034 0.013 - - - - +
Mar 21 0.880 0.210 - — - 1.190 +
Mar 25 + 0.650 .580 0.60 0.280 0.080 +

 

1 + Lysimeter dry, no sample

- Nb sample due to frozen lysimeter

"1111111111111(1),;(1151131‘5

 

31293101