SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ATTiTUDES AND FANTASY Thesis for the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNAVERSWY MICHAEL R.. BARNAT 1970 (Hams LIBRA'R y Micbigan State Univr sity T~ Im‘l'flflfi BY v'aoAs & sons' aunx swam me. up mv BlN" “ (S . w n 11! um; IIIZIIIIQHLUIHI Lm 1|)“ W gin W M II ; WIS? 7- .25! (7|; - ‘ M6937 SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ATTITUDES AND FANTASY By Michael R. Barnat Abstract of Master’s Thesis Completed Winter Term, 1970 The present study was designed to explore the area of the relation- ship of fantasy to behavior with respect to the "primary drives" of sex and aggression. It was hypothesized that physical sex imagery in TAT stories would relate positively with overt sexual behavior and that inhibi- tion imagery would relate negatively with overt behavior. It was further hypothesized that a positive relationship would exist between overt sexual behavior and aggressive fantasy. A supplementary hypothesis predicted a negative relationship between overt sexual behavior and the degree of belief that sexuality should be restricted to intimate relations, 1.6., those in- volving love and marriage. The modulating effects of socioeconomic status on these hypotheses was also explored. Measures of sexual fantasy were obtained using the standard experimen- tal (written) version of the TAT, with suitable pictures for the fantasies being examined. Subjects were lu5 high school juniors and seniors, 71 males and 7h females. The stories were coded for a variety of primary drive cate- gories (sex, aggression, orality) as well as imagery related to guilt and inhibition. Questionnaire and interview measures of sexual behavior were also obtained from the subjects during another testing session. Statistical analysis revealed a high degree of interrelationship Michael R. Barnat among fantasy variables. Primary drive impulse themes were positively related to inhibition themes for both boys and girls. These findings suggest that expressive and restraining imagery occur together in normal populations. The boy's data showed distinct clustering with physical sex and non-physical sex imagery tending to appear in separate clusters. Fbr both boys and girls, the behavioral variables (dating, necking, petting, flirting, etc.) were also highly interrelated. Positive relations existed among all behavioral variables with the exception of Degree of Belief and Intercourse. Degree of Belief negatively correlated with all variables fer boys and girls. Due to the low frequency of occurrence of intercourse in the female sample, this variable was correlated only with the frequency of petting. Among males, due to a higher frequency of occurrence, inter- course correlated with a wider range of variables. ' Analyses failed to reveal any relationahips between fantasy and behavioral measures. Fer male data, the number of correlations significant at the 5 per- cent level fell below chance expectations. For female data, the chance level was exceeded by only a small amount. Thus for females, interpretations ' were considered highly speculative. The results were attributed to (l) a low frequency of intense sexual behavior in the present pepulation and (2) differing conceptual levels of fantasy and behavioral variables. One conclu- sion was that previous research findings of positive relationships between fantasy and behavior would have been replicated, had the present study in- volved a measure of frequency of orgasm, instead of interpersonal measures (e.g. intercourse, petting). The hypothesized negative relationship between overt sexual behavior and degree of belief that sexuality should be restricted to intimate relation- ships was confirmed. Significant negative correlations were obtained between Michael R. Barnat attitude and the overt behavioral variables for both boys and girls. Ex- planations for this finding involved a dissonance reduction model and alter- nately, a consideration of the effect of attitudes on sexual behavior. Socio-economic status was positively related to the occurrence of aggressive fantasy among males and negatively to the occurrence of sexual intercourse. Factoring out social staus did not alter the zero-order rela-. tionship between fantasy and behavior. Among girls, virtually no relation- ships occurred between social status and fantasy or behavioral variables. Approved by: Robert.A Zucker, Chairman Andrew Barclay Dozier W. Thornton Date: March 25, 1970 HRBsaa sous usurious BETWEEN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, Arn'ruoss AND FANTASY By ’ Michael R§WBarnat A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University ’ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1970 , .‘2 7/; —,,/-.t ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Robert A. Zucker and Bernie I. Silvermsn for their help. This research was in part supported by grants to Robert A. Zucker from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 05655 and ME 17120), The Division of Community Health Services of the Bureau of State Services (CH 00231) and from the Friends of the Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies. Further gratitude is expressed to William N. Davis and Thomas Jones for TAT coding. Interview coding was done by Kaye M; Fillmore, Gwen Besson, Ruth Imber, Charles Swencionis and Gerald Ford. ii Acknowledgments. . . . . List of Tables . . . . . List of Appendices . . . Introduction . . . . . . Methods and Procedures . Results and Discussion . Summary and Conclusions. References . . . . . . . Appendices . . . . . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS iii vi 19 26 59 72 74 Table Number 1 10 11 LIST OF TABLES Name Means and Standard Deviations of Demo- graphic Characteristics: Study Sample and Subject Pool Intro-rater Reliability Percent Agreement on Presence and Presence plus Absence Based on First and Second Coding of 20 Stories Intra-rater Reliability: Percent Agree- ment between Two Coders Based on Story- sample from Beginning, Middle and End of Coding Inter-rater Reliability: TAT Codes: Percent Agreement on Presence and Presence Plus Absence Based on 108 Stories Interview Code Reliabilities: Percent Agreeé ment between Two Coders for Male and Female Data I Inter-relationships Among Measures of TAT .Fantasy with Means and Standard Deviation for Males Lists of Significant Relationships for each TAT Variable - Male Data Inter-relationships Among Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior for Males Lists of Significant Relationships for each 083 Variable - Male Data Inter-relationships Among TAT Variables and Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior for Males Relationship Between TAT Measures of Fantasy, Overt Sexual Behavior and Socio-Economic Status for Males iv Table Number 12 13 14 15 16 17 Name Inter-relationships Among Measures of TAT Fantasy for Females Lists of Significant Relationships for each TAT Variable - Female Data Inter-relationships Among Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior for Females Lists of Significant Relationships for each OSB Variable - Female Data Inter-relationships Among TAT Variables and Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior for Females Relationship Between TAT Measures of Fantasy Overt Sexual Behavior and Socio-Economic Status for Females LIST OF APPENDICES Identification £532. A TAT Pictures for Boys and Girls B Coding Scheme for TAT Stories 74 C Codes for Scoring Interviewers 88 D Interview Rating Scales 94 E Correlation Between Ratios of 100 Thematic Sex and Thematic Fantasy and Measures of OSB F Note on Sexuality 101 vi INTRODUCTION One result of the controversy over the phenomenological vs. be- havioral approach to research is a compromise: psychology is the study of both behavior and experience, of manifested activity and "private states" (wann, 1964). Many questions have been raised as to the relation- ship between the two and the possibilities of predicting one from the other. It is to one facet of this general problem that this work is directed, namely the role of fantasy in the modulation and expression of the "primary drives" of sex and aggression. Mbst investigations into "primary drive" expression have involved projective devices. Most notable is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Dhrray, 1943) and variations on it. In an attempt to clarify and integrate discrepant findings in the area of the "generalized relationship between need states and appercep- tive fantasy" Lazarus (1961, 1966) concluded that the principle of direct expressions of drives in fantasy was "incomplete." He suggests that a "substitutive-defensive" principle should also be invoked wherein fantasy "may serve as a substitute expression of needs." The "substitutive" principle states that for conditions of (1) low or moderate drive levels and (2) lack of "motoric discharge" a positive relation exists between needs and apperceptive fantasy. In this case, fantasy is "wishfulfilling" or "daydream." The "direct expression" principle serves when problem- solving behavior is involved: fantasy is a symbolic "working out" of the ways to gratify needs. The "defensive" principle applies under con- ditions of "excessively high" levels of drive with subsequent anxiety, i.e., conditions of experimentally induced drives. According to Lazarus, the actual nature of the relationship depends on a wide variety of cir- cumstances." To investigate the extent to which drive inhibition is manifested in the TAT, Clark (1952) chose the potentially anxiety-laden motive of sexuality. In an exploratory study he performed three separate ex- periments. In experiment A, gs were exposed to slides of nude females and immediately thereafter administered the TAT. The eight TAT cards used were, with one exception, from the Murray series. In experiment A only the first five cards were used. In Experiment (B) and (C), gs were administered the first six and all eight respectively. A control group in Experiment (A) saw slides of landscapes and architecture. The slides of nudes constituted the experimental sex arousal. In Experiment B an attractive female §_constituted the experimental stimulus. To help insure effectiveness the g,"staged" difficulty with the slide projector and wore an "allegedly" provocative perfume. A male ‘g tested the control group where no nude or neutral slides were utilized. Experiment (C) was essentially a replication of (A) in a liberal beer-party setting. §s were permitted to drink throughout. Slides of nudes were shown to the experimental group. A control group was not . exposed to slides of any kind. TAT protocols were rated for Manifest Sex Content (MSC) which Clark catagorized on a continuum from one to three. A score of (l) was assigned to "primary sex": "explicit or implicit evidence of sexual intercourse; a score of (2) to "secondary sex": evidence of "kissing, dancing, fondling." A score of (3) was assigned to "tertiary sex": characterizations of people in the stories being "lovers" or "sweethearts." In addition, "three general categories (were scored) as being indicative of the presence of guilt: "A score of one was assigned when someone was guilty, ashamed or embarrassed; a score of (2) was assigned to expressions of external punishment, criticism or ostracism for sexual activity. A score of (3) was assigned to evidence of self-punishment "in some concrete fashion" as a result of sexual activity. Both sex and guilt were scored only once for each story. The findings were (1) MSG was lowered following the presentation of sexually arousing stimuli (provocative female §_and nude slides). (2) The experimentally aroused group of Experiment (C) showed "more" sex imagery than the control group. (3) "in general" the groups in the alcoholic conditions show more sex imagery than did the non-alcoholic groups of (A) and (B). With respect to the three types of sex imagery, the general finding was that primary sex was the main distinguisher be- tween groups. The control group of Experiment C (non-aroused, alcoholic setting) exhibited a significantly greater amount or primary sex imagery than did the control group of Experiment A (non-aroused, "dry" setting). There was no significant difference in sex imagery (over all) between the non-aroused groups of Experiment A and C. More guilt was evoked by the expression of primary sexuality than by the expression of less direct sex activity. Guilt connected with "secondary and tertiary" sex activities did not show any difference. Clark makes a distinction between stimulus (arousal) produced guilt and response produced guilt, i.e., guilt produced by writing stories of a sexual nature. Using an approach-avoidance model, he suggests that for stimulus produced motives, the avoidance or guilt gradient is steeper than the approach or sex gradient. He suggests that for aroused groups in (A) and (B) the "stimulus produced guilt is at a higher level than the stimulus produced sex. Thus control groups would have "a greater tendency to express sex" and also to express primary sex. Having done this the control groups could be seen as expressing a greater amount of response produced guilt. In further consideration of the relation of inhibiting factors to the expression of sexuality, Clark and Sensibar (1955) rescored the TAT protocols from the earlier study for the presence of symbolism. This was based on the Freudian hypothesis that symbolic behavior is a disguised form of sexual expression. It occurs (with respect to primary drives) as a function of harsh or repressive social values. This is one test of the dynamic hypothesis underlying the Freudian theory. Stories were assigned weights of two, one and zero: two when "strong symbolism” was present; one when "some symbolism” was present and zero when there was no evidence of symbolism. According to the investigators' hypothesis, symbolic sex content (SSC) should be greater where MSC is lower provided that there is sexual arousal. Their results indicated that symbolism was indeed a "substi- tute" outlet for sexual expression. However, they discovered a curvi- linear relationship between MSC and SSC. The paradox resulting was the presence of high MSC and high SSC occurring simultaneously. This "paradox" was explained as being a function of "response produced guilt.9 writing stories involving primary sexual activity may cue off enough guilt to bring about anxiety with resultant symbolism. According to the investigators, this did appear to be happening since "...in some cases...a primary sex story was followed immediately by one containing symbolism." With respect to the strength of symbolism, the "aroused" groups exhibited significantly higher symbolic sex than did the control groups. When data were analyzed for the permissive and non-alcohol settings, the latter showed less SSC than did the former. Tentatively, Clark and Sensibar conclude (1) that classical symbolism does serve as a disguised form of sexuality; (2) symbolism is preferred only insofar as there is guilt-related anxiety present; (3) the amount of symbolism present in a story is not necessarily a direct index of the "normal" level of anxiety and (4) the presence of response-produced guilt may explain why high MSC and high SSC could appear simultaneously. Some problems are suggested in terms of the Clark and Sensibar study. The scoring, at least as reported, is rather vague; little explanation is given as to what "some" and "strong" mean in terms of symbolic content. It would have been more fruitful for later researchers had these cate- gories been made more specific. For example, in scoring for MSC, primary sexuality received priority over other levels of sexuality in the same story, rather than being coded independently. Likewise, it was not clear whether the investigators gave priority to "strong symbolism" vis a via other levels of SSC in the same story. Following along the lines of the above studies, Mussen and Scodel (1955) "essentially" replicated Clark's procedure using two conditions. The experimental groups were shown slides of nude females by an author- itarian figure: "a stern professorial man in his sixties." The control group watched the slides in the presence of a permissive young graduate student. Following presentation of slides, the groups were administered TAT cards and asked to write stories. The manifest and "implied" sex content of each story was rated on a seven point scale, from zero to six "depending on the intensity of the sexual experience. The total sex response was the sum of scores on eight stories. The mean response for the informal group, in terms of MSC was higher than that of the authoritarian group. There was also greater variance in the informal group. Mussen and Scodel concluded that the presence of an authority figure may inhibit the expression of socially disapproved needs. In accordance with the Freudian hypothesis, the inhibition is the result of internal- ized "punitive" associations with the older man. A study by Ralin (1964) deals in part with the effect of "situation" on the expression of sensuality. Although the study was designed primarily to measure the effects of alcohol consumption on the expression of phy- sical needs, some of the results are relevant in the present context. Posited by Kalin is the independence of sentience and inhibition. The former he defines as a "state" of sensuous, bodily physicality." The latter is defined as the "process" which interferes with the expression of sentience "and other impulses" and which "...guide(s) adaptive, goal directed behavior." Utilizing two fraternities from a large Eastern university, Kalin manipulated sentience by exposing one group of males to "a sexy female folksinger." Another group was exposed to "neutral recorded music." Inhibition was manipulated in two ways. One group was tested in the class- room situation and another tested in a private bachelor apartment. An adapted version of the TAT (photos) was administered to the groups. The stories were coded for thematic sex material and expressions of sex restraints including reflections of guilt. Contrary to the Efs original purpose, the expression of both phy- sical and non-physical sex in TAT stories was decrease in the presence of the folksinger. However, the decrease was not statistically signifi- cant. ‘§s exposed to the folksinger exhibited fewer sex thought, parti- cularly with respect to "consumation imagery" (i.e., references which do not involve sexual deprivation). The number of restraining fantasies were increased in the group exposed to neutral recorded music showed greater MSC and lower restraints. The folksinger raised the frequency of "personal negative aftermath" (guilt) and it was found that for persons high in sexual imagery, the "avoidance imagery" was raised. The presence of "physical sex thoughts" was positively related to the occurrence of "personal negative aftermath." For the dry groups alone, the "situation had no discernible effect." Over all, however, the results demonstrated the effects of the inhibiting atmosphere (class- room) as compared to the permissive atmosphere of a private bachelor apartment. In the former setting, sentient thoughts, including "physical sex thoughts" decreased. Increased in this setting were themes of avoidance in §9 high in sexual imagery. There were also, in the inhibiting setting, an increase of inhibition fantasies in the form of sex re- straints and "time concern." Thus one hypothesis was supported: sex is expressed or suppressed to the extent that the situation is appro- priate. The "inappropriate" situation serves to inhibit the expression of sexuality. "Inhibition creates inhibition fantasies" and is, to Ralin, an "active process." These findings lend indirect support to the Clark study (1952) where an "alluring" female E was coupled with a decrease in NBC. The above studies all deal with experimentally aroused .n,Sex. That is, there is an "acute heightening" of socially prohibited needs. Rather than defenses being circumvented, they seem also to be heightened, particularly in people who experience the need more acutely. It would simplify things too much to conclude from these studies that "the more people think, the less they do." What seems rather to be the case is "the more intensely people are stimulated, to the level which these studies attempt to reach, the more actively do they defend against the expression of drives, at least temporarily. Noteable is the inconsistency of the situations in which Thematic Sex is inhibited. By these studies, a "stern professorial man in his sixties" has an effect in the same general direction on the projection of n’Sex as does a provocative female experimenter or a "sexy folksinger." The possible mechanisms involved are interesting. It is doubtful that ‘2 Sex is inhibited in these situations for the same reason. It can be suggested that the presence of a female who is provocative but "unavailable" creates a "look - don't touch" situation which might be seen as stimula- ting anger responses which in turn inhibit the expression of sexual responses. The "punitive associations" with the older man and the sub- sequent inhibition of NBC would appear to be the most plausible explana- tion for a decrease in MSC in that situation. In short while the occurr- ence of a decrease in MSC is demonstrated in varying situations, it is not appropriate to conclude that the dynamics are automatically the same. With respect to the setting or situation not being appropriate to the expression of sex (Kalin, 1964), there is some inconsistency. Clark (1952) and Mussen and Scodel (1955) both derived measureable M50 in a classroom situation - enough to demonstrate a difference be- tween two groups. Thus, the effects cf the inhibiting setting depends on the level of inhibition one wishes to talk about. The effects of -the "setting" or "situation" in which fantasy data are collected are (clearly relevant in determining the type of fantasy a subject has. How- ever, the parameters of these effects need to be tied down further. In another type of study, Epstein and Smith (1957) attempted to determine whether projective responses could distinguish between differ- ing degrees of sexuality; Their question concerned the possibly different functions of "drive aroused by external stimulation" and drive "aroused by internal stimulation." They were interested in drive which was not artificially produced i.e., produced by presentation of sexually stimulating materials such as nude slides or provocative female Es. According to Epstein and Smith, the transient states induced in the Clark (1952) and Ralin (1963, 1964) studies are of less importance to the user of projective tests than are the relatively (stable) and en- during states*which occur naturally as a function of hormonal balance. 10 These investigators used two indices to measure sex "drive:" (1) a self-report of orgasms per weekly period and (2) "time since last orgasm relative to rate." A third index was a self-report of the current level of the §fs internal stimulation. This proved to be of no value. The investigators used 59 male college students. Two different orders of test material presentation were used with half the students in each order. In one sequence a group Rorschach was administered followed by eight pictures for which projective stories were elicited. The pictures were derived from the Murray Series (1943), the Symonds Picture Story test and selected magazines. According to Epstein and Smith, "...none of the pictures was high in stimulus relevance." Four minutes were given for writing stories. Following writing, a question- naire on sexual behavior was administered. This was used to elicit in- formation concerning rate of orgasm and relative deprivation. Following administration of the questionnaire, the Sp were shown "slides of sexually attractive women." They then rated each slide for "sex appeal." In the other sequence, the order of presentation of group Rorschach and TAT was reversed. In other respects the sessions were identical. The questionnaire on sex behavior was presented prior to the slides of sexually attractive females to control for "temporary drive states." Two weighted scores were investigated: (a) Murray Need Sex (1943) was rated using scores of (l) for any reference to sex, (2) for refer- ence to secondary sexual activity and (3) for reference to primary sex. (b) "Appealingness of sex object" was rated on a continuum from -3 to +3. 11 A 43 was assigned to a story in which the female character was unappeal- ing to the hero despite the expression of need sex. A +3 was assigned when the sex partner was unusually appealing. Rate and deprivation were divided into six categories: one orgasm per week/less than four days ago: more than four days ago; two orgasms per week/less than three days ago: more than three days ago; three or more orgasms per week/less than two days ago: more than two days ago. The investigators found that n_sex, appealingness of sex object and rating women in pictures were all positively related to rate of orgasm. These results are contrary to the studies done by Clark (1952) and Ralin (1964) where an inverse relation was found between drives and their expression. The Rorschach findings proved ambiguous and will not be considered in the present discussion. No relationship was found .when deprivation.was used as a measure of drive. The authors are "cautious" in their interpretation of the results. They suggest that they have simply "...demonstrated a relationship be- tween projective responses and an external criterion." The issue of criterion variables is an important one. According to the authors, the "most obvious difference" between their study and that by Clark (1952) is "the manner in.which drive was determined". One was determined using nude slides and the other was determined using measure of sexual expres- sion, i.e., orgasms per week. In further exploring the areas of sexual expression and conflict, Leiman and Epstein (1961) replicated the findings in the above study with the addition of a guilt questionnaire. Their research questions 12 grew out of a number of problems in the earlier studies. In the Epstein and Smith study (1957), MSC was related to rate of orgasm but not to de- privation. An additional problem concerned the relation of drive to stimulus relevance. The experimenters wished to test an extension of ‘Miller's model of displacement (1948, 1951) with respect to projective techniques. According to this model high drive-relevant cues favor inhibition, while low drive relevant cues favor expression. The investigators used a sample of unmarried male psychology stu- dents. These §s were given a specially constructed thematic test; eight pictures were utilized; three of them from the Murray series (1943). Following the TAT a questionnaire was administered, designed to elicit information concerning sex drive and guilt over sex. A checklist was used to determine rate and deprivation. Rate was measured on a continuum from one orgasm.or less per week to eight or more per week. Deprivation was measured by the time which had elapsed since the last occurrence of orgasm: one day ago or less; more than two days ago. The investigators obtained two thematic scores: Need sex and Sex guilt. The former was derived from.stories by assigning weights of (l) to a "slight" reference to sex, (3) to a reference to sex contac t and (5) to actual or implied intercourse. The scoring for sex guilt was simdlar: a score of (l) was assigned to a direct admission of guilt by the hero; a score of (3) to the occurrence of external punishment and a score of (5) to accidental misfortune occurring after sexual activity. Two analyses of variance were performed to investigate the influence of (1) Drive (2) stimulus relevance (3) guilt independently and in inter- action with cach other. 13 Their results lent support to those found by Epstein and Smith (1957). An inverse relation was demonstrated between guilt and thematic sex, (MSC). When guilt was high, thematic sex was low. An inverse rela- tion between guilt and rate was also shown which might be seen as in- directly supporting the earlier study by Clark where (inferred) guilt was related to the expression of MSC. MSC and rate were positively re- lated, replicating the findings of the Epstein and Smith study. Deprivation proved to be a more complex issue. Only when findings concerning guilt were taken into account was MSC related to Deprivation. When the amount of reported guilt was low, there was a direct relation between deprivation and MSC. When the amount of guilt was increased, an inverse relation was demonstrated. In the context of guilt, MSC will be high when there is lesser amount of deprivation. Likewise, in this same context, MSC will be low when deprivation is greater. Some of the major issues in the above studies can now be summarized. It has been suggested that there is a discrepancy between the findings of the Epstein and Smith (1957) and Leiman and Epstein (1961) studies and those of Clark (1952), Clark and Sensibar (1955) and Kalin (1964). In the former, a direct relationship was demonstrated between reported . drive and its expression on the TAT. In the latter, an inverse relation was demonstrated in the same general area. However, there may be some questions as to whether these findings are in fact contradictory. The manner in.which drive was determined (defined) was indeed different in the two types of studies and the point is raised whether comparable results should thus be expected. It may be, in light of Lazarus' (1961, 1966) "substitutive-defensive" l4 principle that the discrepant findings are complementary. It appears that when drive is experimentally induced there is an inverse relation between drive and its expression on the TAT. Inhibition of fantasy might be seen as reflecting the reaction to a more or less "acute" stress. The defenses might be maximized when the §_is presented with a "moral choice" situation. The "defensive" principle would be appropriate in this case. Here, an inverse relationship could be pre- dicted, particularly when the situation is inappropriate to drive ex- pression. ‘- In studies which measure drive by some external and not-presently- salient criterion (number of orgasms over time) and in which the TAT is administered under neutral conditions, the relationship is direct. Such a stress situation as mentioned above is not implied and the §.is report- ing what has already happened. If he experiences guilt over the behavior in question he might rationalize a sudden resolution to perform the be- havior again; "that is water under the bridge..." The direct-expression hypothesis seems appropriate here. In the present study the TAT is administered under as neutral conditions as possible. If it could be assumed that, under these conditions, the sub- ‘jects were daydreaming or fulfilling wishes, then Lazarus' "substitutive" principle would apply. A more adequate hypothesis would suggest that the teenagers are likely to project actual concerns over real-life issues and attempts at resolving them. This would reflect the direct-expression principle. The purpose of the present study is to explore these issues further. The problem remains to determine the relationship of specific classes of fantasy to one specific class of behavior. In order to test some of these 15 issues, the following hypotheses will be offered: 1 (A). As an individual difference effect, a positive relationship exists between overt sexual behavior and the occurrence of "physical sex imagery” in TAT stories. This is based on the conclusion of Leiman and Epstein (1961) that a positive relation exists between reported sexual activity and M80. 1 (B). A negative relation exists between overt sexual behavior (OSB) and "non-physical sex imagery" as expressed in TAT stories. The assumption underlying this is that a higher level of overt sexual behavior is reflective of more direct fantasy expression. 2. A negative relation exists between OSB and sex-inhibition fantasy occurring in TAT stories. This is an extension of the above. If supported this would lend support to the general conclusion that a lower anxiety level over sexual matters is associated with a higher amount of overt behavior. 3 (A). A positive relation exists between OSB and the expression of aggressive fantasy. This is based on the findings of Clark (1952), Clark and Sensibar (1955) and Barclay and Harber (1965) where a ”strong linkage" was observed between the expression of sexual and aggressive fantasy. 3 (B). A negative relation exists between aggression inhibition fantasy (Kalin, 1964) and OSB. This is an extension of the above. In addition to the above hypotheses, the following relations will be explored: 4. A positive relation exists between level of flirting skill as determined in the interview setting and OSB. 5. A negative relation exists between OSB and the degree of be- lief that sexuality should be restricted to intimate relations, i.e., those involving love and marriage. The above studies have left a gap in their failure to explore the possible effects of the experimental variables with females. The pre- sent study will attempt to deal with this in an exploratory way. The following findings are given in the Kinsey et a1. (1953) work in relation to fantasy over the opposite sex. A smaller percentage of females "ever had" erotic stimulation through thinking or fantasizing 16 about the opposite sex. Females receive less vicarious stimulation than males (through peer interaction, etc.) and tend to find a more narrow range of stimuli in fact, "stimulating." As opposed to 891 of males who fantasized during masturbation, only 72% of females did so. Of those who fantasized "almost always" during masturbation, males did so in 722 of the sample while 502 of the females did so. However, a smaller percentage of females than males "never fantasized" during masturbation. There is indication that females are less exhibitionistic than males as a smaller number of females marked or wrote ”graffiti" in any situation. Females proved less inclined than males to discuss sex or to find such discussion stimulating. Females were less aroused by the prospect of promiscuity than were males and most resistent to purely "psychologic" stimulation. For females vis a vis males, the social sig- nificance of coitus played a greater role than the physiologic signifi- cance. In terms of guilt, of those unmarried girls having intercourse, a large percentage did not regret the experience. There was a tendency ltoward less regret (guilt) in females who had had more coital experience than among those who had "stopped short" after limited experience. Among ‘females, however, moral factors serve as a greater restraint on overt sexual behavior (than for example, concern over the prospect of pregnancy). Regret connected with the extent of pre-marital activity was (statisti- cally) independent of the generation to which the female belonged. Sexual activity for the female was often "discontinuous" and thus it was more difficult for females than males to give an index of "rate" of activity. _17 'Hith respect to the relationship between sex and aggression, studies by Sanford (1943) and Symonds (1949) indicate an increase in aggressive fantasy for both males and females in adolescence. With respect to sex the relation is not as clear.‘ In analyzing projective protocols, Sanford found an increase in sexual fantasy for adolescent males but a decrease in sexual fantasy for adolescent females. In addition, among adolescent males, themes of sexuality in projective protocols were inversely related to themes of "abasement" (punishment). With girls, however, while themes of sex showed a decline, themes of abasement were increased. Symonds noted a general decline in erotic fantasy though his study does not dis- tinguish between males and females (Douvan, 1966). In light of these findings, the hypotheses can be further elaborated in terms of sex differences. Hypothesis (1) indicating a positive rela- tion between OSB and physical sex in the TAT protocol will be expected to hold for both males and females. The relationship should be some- what lower among females since according to the Kinsey data, females show less fantasy than males irrespective of sexual activity. Hypothesis (13) will likewise be expected to hold for both males and females though a lower order relationship will exist among females. This is based on (1A). Hypothesis (2), predicting a negative relation between OSB and sex inhibition fantasy in TAT protocols, will be expected to hold for both males and females though the relationship will be lower for females. Presumably, if females show less fantasy to begin with, there will be less inhibition. Hypothesis (3) predicts a positive relationship between sexual and aggressive fantasy and will be expected to hold for males and females, in accordance with findings of Sanford (1943) and Symonds (1949). 18 Based on the above, hypothesis (3B) will be expected to hold for both males and females. I In accordance with Kagan and Moss (1962), heterosexual activity among females depends a great deal on opportunity and the ability to attract a male and that this skill may be cultivated by adult sex-role models without the expectation that attraction will lead to overt sex behavior. Therefore, hypothesis (4A) will be expected to hold only for males with a zero order relationship existing for females. Because hypothesis (5) deals presumably with "moral training," it may be ex- pected to hold for both males and females with a somewhat lower relation- ship for males than females. ZHETHOD AND PROCEDURES SELECTION OF SUBJECTS Subjects for the present study are a sample of adolescent juniors and seniors in high school originally involved in a study of adolescent leisure-time activities (Zucker, 1968). These adolescents were from a community of slightly under fifteen-thousand people in one of the mid-Atlantic states. This community was selected because of its relative stability in terms of population and economic distribution and its wide range of ethnic and religious groupings. Under the general description of a study of teen-age life, a short questionnaire, including material on gs' demographic characteris- tics and their alcohol consumption habits, was administered to the entire population of the town high school (Ni1509). From this group, and work- ing within a sub-population of Juniors and Seniors living within the towns limits, §s were catagorized within sex in terms of their drinking behavior, age, social class, high school course of study and anticipated future education. From this pool, three groups (Heavy, moderate and Non-drinking gs) were selected that were matched on the remaining background variables. These individuals were then contacted at home and asked to take part in other work, also related to teenagers' leisure time activities, out- side the school setting. This later work involved (a) participation in questionnaire sessions during which the TAT data was collected, (b) the keeping of personal diaries over a four-week period and finally (c) 19 20 participation in a 3-4 hour, tape-recorded, semi-structured interview at the end of the diary-keeping period. Refusals were made up with replacement subjects drawn from the original subject pool. The accept- ance rate was 841. 71 boys and 75 girls constitute the present sample. Given the association between drinking and sexual behavior (Zucker and Filmore, 1968), there is good reason to believe that a larger number of gs with some heterosexual experience of intercourse are contained in, the present sample than would have been had the g; been chosen completely at random. However, as may be seen from Table l, in terms of demo- graphic characteristics, the total sample approximates very well the population from which it was drawn. figgggres and Coding Procedures FANTASY DATA The self-administered TAT was administered during the group questionnaire session. All g; received four pictures administered in counter-balanced order. Since approximately 72 gs were involved in both boys and girls data collection (i.e., 3 replications of the possible combinations), order effects should be virtually eliminated. Similar sets of pictures, with sex-appropriate characters were presented to both boys and girls. A brief description of the pictures follow: (1) Same-sexed swimmer emerging from swimming pool (Boys & Girls) (2) Mad scientist looking at test tube (Boys) (3) Hoodlum in leather jacket leaning against lamp post; young college couple walking by; young man turned toward the hood (BOYS) (4) Boatman rowing on a lake on a moonlit night (Girls) TABLE 1 Demographic Characteristics of Study Sample and Subject Pool Sample Pool M. SD M SD Hales (N-7l) (N-l77) Age 16.94 0.80 16.86 0.85 31:3a 3.55 1.12 3.45 1.19 I in College Prep 65 .__ 50 .__ Curriculum Females . (N'74) (N=217) Age 16.59 0.66 16.58 0.72 SE8“ 3.42 1.26 3.54 1,14 2 in College Prep 49 ___ 58 ‘__ Curriculum aHollingshead's (1957) two-factor index of social position: l=highest status; Salowest status. bCurriculum choices were college preparatory, commercial and general programs. ' 21 (5) TAT Card 9GP: HA young woman with a magazine and a purse in her hand looks from behind a tree at another young woman in a party dress running along a beach" (Girls) (6) Young couple walking along the sidewalk (Boys & Girls) Pictures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were used in the Kalin study (1964) from which the present fantasy coding has been adopted. All pictures were given in groups following the usual experimental TAT instructions. Sub- jects were given four minutes to write each story. (A copy of the actual pictures and instructions used may be found in Appendix A.) The following are descriptions of the variables relevant to the present study. Heavy reliance is made on Kalin's original presentation of the coding scheme. (Kalin, 1966, pp 48 ff) The complete coding scheme is given in Appendix B. The coding scheme contains two major classes of coding catagories, one containing sentient thoughts and the other containing restraining thoughts. §§§. This is defined as any reference to sex, love or romance, and was further broken down into two sub-classes: "Physical Sex" and "Non- Physical Sex." The first class contains physical or body images, e.g., " or "...he wants to sleep with her..." The ”...beautiful knees..., second class includes all references not classed as physical; e.g., "...he asks her for a date...," or "...they are in love..." Thematic sex (of either physical or non-physical types) was also subdivided into Deprivation and Consumation imagery. Deprivation was defined as the state of wanting something sexual or romantic, also as mention of deprivation or frustration, e.g., "...he desires her body." Consumation 22 statements are those not clearly involving Deprivation. AGGRESSION This variable was defined as “...any reference to human aggressive thought, emotion or action." (Kalin, 1966, p. 50) The category was also divided into the sub-classes of physical and non- physical aggression. An example of the former would be: "He slapped him..." Examples of non-physical aggression would include: "...he is angry.," or "Be insulted him..." SEX RESTRAINTS This class was composed of seven categories. (1) Personal Blocks are defined as intra-personal inhibition or anxiety "relevant to sex or romance." (2) Interpersonal Blocks are references to forces outside the individual acting in such a way so as to impede or prevent sexual or romantic behavior. Personal Negative Aftermath refers to guilt, regret, etc., following sexual or romantic activity. Impersonal Negative Aftermath includes references to mishaps or punish- ments subsequent to sexual behavior. Avoidance refers to refusal or escape relevant to a romantic encounter. Negative Associations to Sex refers to statements of "discontent, dissolusionment or cynicism rela- tive to sex." RESTRAINING THOUGHTS Two sub-categories of more general restrain- ing thought are used in the present study. Fear, as a category, in- cludes all references to anxiety of any sort, where references are not subsumed under the above categories; eg., "...she screamed..." Time Concern was defined as references to waiting, having enough time, time running out, etc. AGGRESSION RESTRAINTS This is defined as anything that involves 23 an avoidance reaction to aggression, such as "leaving the field," con- sciously restraining an aggressive impulse, etc. CODING PROCEDURES: Two coders, working independently and without knowledge of the subject's personal characteristics, were involved in coding the four TAT stories elicited from each S, In establishing coding reliability, stories were taken from the beginning, middle and end periods of coding. A measure of intra-rater reliability was also performed by doing a first and second coding on a sample of stories done by one of the coders. Reliability was computed in the following manner: 2x " NUMBER OF AGREEMENTS TOTAL NUMBER SCORED BY BOTH CODERS Reliabilities were calculated for both presence of a category and presence and absence. The results are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4. These figures show appropriate levels of reliability for the purposes needed here. On this basis, in the final coding of TAT data, scores were summed across both coders to produce a total score which was then used in subsequent analyses. LE‘ASURLLS OF OVERT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR These measures were obtained during the.interview, at the end of the data collection process. The interview was semi-structured and took from 2% to 4 hours to administer. It contained a standard series of questions and a standard series of directive and non-directive probes (See Zucker & Fillmore, 1968). Approximately half the interview schedule ‘was derived from the Bandura and Walters Parent and Child Study of Adoles- cent Aggression (Bandura and Walters, 1959). TABLE 2 Intra-rater Reliability: Percent Agreement on Presence and Presence Plus Absence of Categories Based on First and Second Coding of Twenty Stories Percent agreement Percent agreement on Category8 on presence presence plus absence Physical Sex Consummation 94 98 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 81 85 IPhysical Sex Deprivation 89 98 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 100 100 Personal Block . O 86 98 Interpersonal Block 89 98 Avoidance 100 100 ‘ Personal Negative Aftermath 100 100 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 100 ~ 100 Negative Association to Sex . 40 92 Physical Aggression 100 100 Non-Physical Aggression 89 98 Aggression_Restraint 100 100 Time Concern A 100 100 Fear _ 100 . 100 Ingestion Solid ___f’ 100 Ingestion Liquid 100 - 100 Oral Need ___f 100 Oral Negative Aftermath 100 100 8Blank space indicates no observations on which to base reliability TABLE 3 Intra-rater Reliability: Percent Agreement on Presence and Presence plus Absence of Categories Based on Story Samples from Beginning (B), Middle (MD and End (E) of Coding Percent Agreement- Percent Agreement Presence Presence plus Absence Category B M. E B 11 E Physical Sex Consummation 92 91 86 98 99 97w an-Physical Sex Consummation 88 86 83 95 90 90 Physical Sex Deprivation 100 100 100 100 100 100 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 50 89 89 95 99 98 Personal Block 0 86 O 96 99 98 Interpersonal Block 80 78 90 99 98 99 Avoidance 80 89 90 99 99 97 Personal Negative Aftermath O -- -- 99 100 100 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 4- -- 0 100 100 98 Negative Associations to Sex -- 57 50 100 96 98 Physical Aggression 96 8O 99 96 100 an-Physical Aggression 95 90 90 97 98 97 Aggression Restraint 82 86 O 92 99 99 Time Concern 57 78 50 95 95 85 Fear 100 100 80 100 100 99 Ingestion Solid 67 0 -- 99 99 100 Ingestion Liquid 100 ‘ -- -1 100 100 100 Oral Need 100 100 100 100 100 Oral Negative Aftermath 0 -- l -- 99 -- -- Note.--Blank space indicates no observations on which to base reliability. TABLE 4 Inter-rater Reliability: Percent Agreement on Presence and Presence Plus Absence of Categories Based on 108 Stories Percent Agreement- Percent Agreement- Category Presence Presence Plus Absence Physical Sex Consummation 89 98 an-Physical Sex Consummation 87 91 Physical Sex Deprivation 100 100 (Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 80 97 Personal Block . . .50 98 Interpersonal Block 83 A ' 99 Avoidance 88 98 Personal Negative Aftermath 0 100 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 0 99 Negative Associations to Sex 55 l 98 Physical Aggression 9O 98 an-Physical Aggression 92 97 Aggression Restraint 80 96 Time Concern 61 92 Fear 95 100 Ingestion Solid 50 99 Ingestion Liquid 100 100 Oral Need 100 100 Oral Negative Aftermath Note.--Blank space indicates no observations on which to base reliability. 24 Prior to the actual subject contact, interviewers were given a twenty-hour period of training. In addition, continual quality control checks were taken throughout the time interviewing was being done to pro- tect against interviewer drift and deviations from standard technique. At approximately mid-point in the interview, when rapport had been es- tablished, a self-administered checklist was completed. This list was designed to tap subject involvment in impulsive or anti-social activities. The variables that concern us here are the items "necking," "petting" and intercourse ("going all the way"). For each of these items, subjects indicated the number of times they had done each of the activities "when drinking" and "when not drinking" during the past year. These item frequencies were combined across drinking and non-drinking situations to yield a score reflecting the total number of times the subject had en- ’gaged in the activity in the previous year. Following the completion of the questionnaire, the interview was resumed. Questions concerned with the subjects sexual behavior were intro- duced. The complete list of questions asked in this section of the interview may be found in Appendix C. From the information obtained in this section of the interview, the following variables were coded: (1) Dating Frequency (l-never dates; 6-dates very frequently), (2) Steady vs. Non-Steady Dating (l-never dated; 6-presently going steady for a period of more than 6 months), (3) Flirting Skill (l-none, never flirts; 6-strong flirting), (4) Degree Belief (1-no linkage necessary; 6-very strong relationship needed), (5) Peak Heterosexual Experience (l-none; 7-considerable heterosexual experience). The complete scales for these 25 variables may be found in Appendix D. INTERVIEW CODING PROCEDURES A male and female coder listened independ- ently to each of the interviews and rated them utilizing the coding manual. Following on this, the intercoder reliabilities were computed. These are given in Table 5. TABLE 5 Inter-rater Reliability: Interview Codes-~Correlation Hale and Female Coders Male Female Scale Scale DATA Data Numbera (N=71 ) (N= 74 ) Dating Frequency for Previous Year 114 .93 .91 Steady-Non-Steady Dating 115 .86 .89 Degree of Flirting Skill 116 .76 .79 Verbal Sexual Exhibitonism 117 .70 .76 Degree of Belief in Social Intimacy 119 .83 .57 Peak Heterosexual Behavior 120 .95 .86 Typical Heterosexual Behavior 121 .84 .69 aFrom original interview coding manual (Zucker, 1967) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Intercorrelations Amongzyeasures of TAT Fantasy_§9r uglgg In the following section, results and discussion for males and females are presented separately. This is done in order to facili- tate clarity and comparison. A general section.will be included to integrate findings for males and females in light of the general problems of the relationship between fantasy and behavior. Table 6 presents the interrelationships among measures of fantasy sex, aggression and inhibition for males. The number of correlations significant at the 5 per cent level or better exceeds what would be expected by chance. 0f the total 325 correlations, 80 (252) are significant; 24 (7%) are significant at the 5 percent level and 56 (17%) are significant at the 1 percent level. Table 7 lists all the significant interrelationships among variables and allows for a clearer view of what is going on in the matrix. On a general level, the following relationship hold: Sex and sexual inhibition themes relate positively. Orality themes (injestion of solids and liquids, oral need) are positively related to themes of sexual inhibition. Aggression (i.e., "expressive" themes) and sexual inhibition relate positively. The totals for Sex and Aggression reflect the above; both relate positively, with measures of inhibition, at the 1 percent level. The finding that inhibition (indicating defense against impulse expression) appears in conjunction with both sexual and 26 TABLE 6 Inter-relationships Among Measures of TAT Fantasy with Means and Standard Deviations for Males Item.No. Item Mean SD 1 2 3 1 Physical Sex Consummation 2.66 4.35 2 Physical Sex Deprivation .97 1,64 49** 3 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 6.61 4.66 33** 19 4 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 1.24 1.58 10 03 32** 5 Personal Negative Aftermath .17 1.00 28* 32** 05 6 Impersonal Negative Aftermath .32 1.10 48** 30** 25* 7 Avoidance .85 1.13 ~11 ~05 27* ‘8 Negative Associations to Sex .44 1.19 29* 18 O4 9 Physical Aggression 2.56 3.37 15 20 27* 10 Non-Physical Aggression 5.41 3.58 ~19 ~20 ~01 11 Personal Block .55 1.22 20 17 25* 12 Interpersonal Block .17 .65 ~09 ~05 01 13 Time Concern .65 1.07 ~02 ~06 05 14 Fear .69 1.12 ~10 ~08 20 15 Ingestion Solid .13 .58 ~06 ‘ ~07 ~09 16 Ingestion Liquid .15 .60 14 O8 11 17 Total Ingestion .28 .88 O6 01 02 18 Total Food .23 .78 13 05 ~03 19 Total Sex 11.35 8.78 79** 55** 78** TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item Mean SD 1 2 3 20 Total Physical Sex 3.63 5.35 96** 71** 33** 21 Total Sex Restraints 2.94 2.93 41** 30* 34** 22 Total Aggression 7.97 .8.78 ~03 ~01 16 .23 Total Aggression Restraints 3.30 2.69 ~10 ~15 13 24 Total Inhibition 10.75 6.50 04 ~07 24* 25 Oral Need .11 .43 ~07 01 ~12 26 Oral Negative Aftermath .06 .23 06 04 ~03 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 4 5 6 7 8 5 Personal Negative Aftermath 23* 6 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 05 ~05 7 Avoidance O9 18 ~13 8 Negative Associations to Sex 04 13 23 ~13 9 Physical Aggression 28* 43** 25* 20 18 10 Non-Physical Aggression 01 ~05 00 ll 04 11 Personal Block . 01 11 14 ~09 ~08 .12 Interpersonal Block 04 ~04 ~08 ~04 ~10 13 Time Concern 14 11 ~11 OO 08 14 Fear ~06 -03 -05 25*“ 03 15 Ingestion Solid . -11 ~04 407 01 49a 16 Ingestion Liquid 17 ~04 30** 12 28* 17 Total Ingestion ' 04 ~06 16 09 52H: 18 Total Food ~11 ~05 00 ~09 31** 19 Total Sex 41** 26* 44** 08 21 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 4 5 6 7 8 20 Total Physical Sex 09 32** 49** ~11 29* 21 Total Sex Restraints 13 49** 48** 37** 41** 22 Total Aggression 18 24* 16 20 14 23 Total Aggression Restraints 05 ~10 ~10 13 18 24 Total Inhibition O4 16 07 37** 20 25 Oral Need ~02 ~05 04 ~02 15 26 Oral Negative Aftermath ~04 ~04 10 14 ~04 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 9 10 11 12 13 10 Non-Physical Aggression 19 11 Personal Block ~06 ll 12 Interpersonal Block ~03 19 ~12 13 Time Concern 1'3 16 17 ~16 14 Fear 15 35** 18 ~01 21 15 Ingestion Solid 17 02 ~10 ~06 12 16 Ingestion Liquid 10 04 29* ~07 11 17 Total Ingestion 18 04 13 ~08 15 18 Total Food ~07 ~05 ~01 ~08 08 19 Total Sex 32** ~12 27* ~04 O4 20 Total Physical Sex 18 ~21 22 ~09 ~03 21 Total Sex Restraints 34** 20 32** 07 O7 22 Total Aggression 76** 79** 03 ll 22 23 Total Aggression Restraints 13 06 21 00 25* 24 Total Inhibition 28* 45* 35** ~08 46** 25 Oral Need 06 18 ~01 ~07 ~01 26 Oral Negative Aftermath ~06 06 19 ~06 02 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 14 15 16 17 1s 15 Ingestipn Solid 04 . 16 Ingestion Liquid O9 11 17 Total Ingestion O9 74** 75** 18 Total Food 02 22 ~05 11 19 Total Sex - 04 ~10 18 05 O4 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 14 15 16 17 18 20 Total Physical Sex ~11 ~07 14 05 12 21 Total Sex Restraints 21 08 43** 34 01 22 Total Aggression 33** 12 O9 14 ~08 23 Total Aggression Restraints 40** O6 31** 48** 10 24 Total Inhibition 57** 09 36** 30** 12 25 Oral Need ~02 ~06 04 ~01 ~08 26 Oral Negative Aftermath 23* ~05 45** 27* ~07 TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 19 20 21 22 23 20 Total Physical Sex 81** 21 Total Sex Restraints 45** 42** 22 Total Aggression 12 ~03 35** 23 Total Aggression Restraints 02 ~13 15 51** 24 Total Inhibition 15 01 50** 48** 69** 25 Oral Need ~10 ~10 08 16 O6 26 Oral Negative Aftermath 01 05 15 oo . 25* TABLE 6~~Continued Item No. Item 24 25 26 20 Total Physical Sex ’21 Total Sex Restraints 22 Total Aggression 23 Total Aggression Restraints 24 Total Inhibition 25 Oral Need 07 '26 Oral Negative Aftermath 38** ~06 Note.~~Correlations are based on an‘N of 71 for all variables. Decimals are omitted for correlations. *p4.05 **p< .01 TABLE 7 List of Significant Relationships for each TAT Variable ~ Data Related Items r p8 Physical Sex Consummation Positively related to: Physical Sex Deprivation 49 ' .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 48 .01 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 33 ' .01 Negative Associations to Sex 29 .05 Personal Negative Aftermath 28 .05 Physical Sex Deprivation Positively related to: Physical Sex Consummation 49 .01 Personal Negative Aftermath 32 .Ol Impersonal Negative Aftermath 30 .Ol Non-Physical Sex Consummation Positively related to: Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 32 _.01 Physical Aggression 27 .05 Avoidance I 27 ' .05 Personal Block 25 .05 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 25 .05 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation Positively related to: Non-Physical Sex Consummation 32 .01 Physical Aggression 28 .05 Personal Negative Aftermath 23 .05 TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r pa Personal Negative Aftermath Positively related to: Physical Aggression 43 .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath Positively related to: Physical Aggression 25 .05 Avoidance Positively related to: Non-Physical Sex Consummation 27 .05 Total Sex Restraints 37 .01 Total Inhibition 37 .01 Personal Negative Aftermath Positively related to: Total Sex Restraints 49 .01 Total Physical Aggression 43 .01 Total Physical Sex 32 101 Physical Sex Deprivation 32 .01 Physical Sex Consummation 28 .05. Impersonal Negative Aftermath Positively related to: Physical Sex Consummation 48 .01 Physical Sex Deprivation 30 .01 Physical Aggression .25 .05 TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r pa Avoidance Positively related to: Total Sex Restraint 37 .01 Total Inhibition 37 .01 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 27 .05 Negative Associations to Sex Positively related to Total Ingestion 52 .01 Ingestion Solid 49 .01 Total Sex Restraints 41 .01 Total Food 31 .01 Physical Sex Consummation 29 .05 Physical Aggression Positively related to: Total Aggression 76 .01 Personal Negative Aftermath 43 .01 Total Sex Restraints 34 .01 Total Sex 32 .01 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 28 .05 Total Inhibition 28 .05 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 27 ~05 .Impersonal Negative Aftermath 26 "05 TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r pa Non-Physical Aggression Positively related to: Total Aggression 79 .01 Total Inhibition 35 .01 Fear 35 .01 Personal Block Positively related to: Total Sex Restraints 43 .01 Total Inhibition 35 .01 Ingestion Liquid 29 .05 Total Sex 27 .05 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 25 .05 Time Concern Positively related to: Total Inhibition 46 .01 Total Aggression Restraints 25 . .05 Fear Positively related to: Total Inhibition 57 .01 Total Aggression Restraints 4O .01 Non-Physical Aggression 35 -01 Total Aggression 33 -01 Avoidance 25 .05 Oral Negative Aftermath 23 .05 ‘ TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r p.8 Ingestion Solid Positively related to: Total Ingestion 74 .01 Negative Associations to Sex 49 .Ol Ingestion of Liquid Positively related to: Total Ingestion a 75 .01 Oral Negative Aftermath 45 .01 Total Sex Restraints 43 .01 Total Inhibition 31 .01 Total Aggression Restraint 31 .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 30 .05 Personal Block 29 .05 Negative Associations to Sex 28 .05 Total Ingestion Positively related to: Ingestion Liquid 75 .01 Ingestion Solid '74 .01 Negative Associations to Sex 52 . -01 Total Sex Restraints 34 -01 Total Inhibition 30 ~05 Oral Negative Aftermath 27 -05 Total Aggression Restraints 25 '05 TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r pfl Total Food Positively related to: Total Ingestion 38 .01 Negative Associations to Sex 31 .01 Ingestion Solid 26 .05 Total Sex Positively related to: Total Physical Sex 81 .01 Physical Sex Consummation 79 .01 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 78 .01 Physical Sex Deprivation 54 .01 Total Sex Restraints 45 .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 44 .01 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation 41 .01 Physical Aggression 32 ~01 Personal Block j 27 .05 Personal Negative Aftermath 26 ~05 Total Physical Sex Positively related to: Total Sex , 81 .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 49 .01 Personal Block 43 ~01 Total Sex Restraints 42 .Ol TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r p8 Physical Sex Consummation 41 ' .Ol Non-Physical Sex Consummation 34 .01 Personal Negative Aftermath 32 .01 Physical Sex Deprivation 3O .05 Negative Associations to Sex 29 .05 Total Sex Restraints Positively related to: Total Inhibition ‘ 50 .01 4 Personal Negative Aftermath 49 .01 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 38 .01 Total Sex 45 .01 Ingestion Liquid I 43 .01 Personal Block A 42 f - .01 Physical Sex Consummation 41 .01 Negative Associations to Sex 41 .01 Avoidance ' 37 .01 Total Aggression 35 .01 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 34 .01 Physical Aggression 34 .01 Total Ingestion 34 .01 ,Physical Sex Deprivation 30 .05 TABLE 7~~Continued' Related Items r p8 Total Aggression Positively related to: Non-Physical Aggression 79 .01 Physical Aggression 76 .01 Total Aggression Restraints 51 .01 Total Inhibition 48 .01 Total Sex Restraints 35 .01 Fear 35 .01 Personal Negative Aftermath 24 .05 Total Aggression Restraints Positively related to: Total Inhibition 69 .01 Total Aggression 51 .01 Fear 4O .01 Ingestion Liquid 31 .01 Time Concern 25 .05 Total Ingestion 25 .05 Oral Negative Aftermath 25 .05 Total Inhibition Positively related to: Total Aggression Restraints 69 .01 Fear 57 .01 Total Sex Restraints 50 .01 Total Aggression 48 .01 Time Concern 47 .Ol TABLE 7~~Continued Related Items r p‘3 NOn-Physical Aggression 45 .01 Oral Negative Aftermath 38 .01 Avoidance 37 .01 Ingestion Liquid 36 .01' Personal Block 35 .01 Total Ingestion 30 .05 Physical Aggression 28 .05 an-Physical Sex Consummation 24 .05 Oral Negative Aftermath Positively related to: Ingestion Liquid 45 .01 Total Inhibition 38 .01 Total Ingestion 27 .05 Total Aggression Restraints 25 .05 Fear 23 .05 Note.~-Decimals omitted. 27 aggressive impulses lends some support to the finding of Barclay and Haber (1965) where defenses ”...accompanied an increase in (impulse) imagery, rather than a decrease." In addition, Physical Aggression (involving hostile contact between persons) relates positively at the 5 percent level to non-physical sex imagery, again, lending indirect support to the above study. Physical Sex Deprivation relates also to Physical Aggression but shows a negative relation to Non-Physical Aggression. In brief, this general overview suggests that within the same sub- ject, there is a strong tendency for impulsive expressive imagery to appear in conjunction.with inhibitory themes. This applies across the various classes of impulse (i.e., orality, sex and aggression). Certain classes of impulse (orality and aggression) are also correlated with inhibitions concerning sex where the reversed relationships do not necessarily hold. One way to look at this is that "punishment" may accompany expression of sexual impulse and punishment is often in the form of some physical mishap. Examination of the clusters of variables indicates that other factors complicate these interrelationships among fantasy classes. There are two major clusters and these have both commonality and differences. In the first cluster, Physical Sex Consumation relates equally strongly with drive (Physical Sex Deprivation) and inhibition imagery (Impersonal Negative Aftermath). Here, the most direct expression of drive relates with a measure of guilt involving punishment or mishap from external sources. 28 Two other variables, related in this cluster, deserve comment: Non-Physical Sex Consummation and Negative Association to Sex. The former variable may be seen as a measure of affiliative need or need for interpersonal mutuality (e.g., "...he wants to share experiences with her...") rather than need for sex contact per se. The inclusion of such affiliative imagery in a cluster involving specific sexual imagery seems reasonable; affiliative behavior normally precedes and interrelates with sexual encounters. As can be seen from the second cluster (see below) as well as general observations, affiliative needs in fantasy do not necessarily lead to or involve sexual imagery. The second variable of interest is Negative Association to Sex. According to the author of the coding scheme (Kalin, 1964) it was difficult to categorize this variable into either sex or aggression (imagery since it involves both a sexual referent and negative or hurt~ ful affect. The second cluster is similar to the first insofar as impulse and inhibition are associated. Non-Physical Sex Consummation relates equally strongly to both Non-Physical Sex Drprivation and to measures of inhibition (Avoidance and Personal Block). Here again, the relation- ship between sexual and aggressive motivation is manifest. Physical Aggression is also associated with this cluster, corresponding in part to the appearance of negative association to sex in the first. The important difference between these two clusters (beyond the difference between Physical and Non-Physical Sex Imagery) is suggested by an examination of the two types of inhibition imagery which appear differentially. The first cluster involved Personal and Impersonal 29 Negative Aftermath as well as Negative Association to Sex (i.e., "his wife has syphilis..."). These inhibitory themes might be seen as ex- post facto or retaliatory themes ~ something happens following impulse expression. The second cluster involves Avoidance and Personal Block, i.e., "true inhibition" in the sense that prevention of occurrence is implied; for example "...she won't be able to let herself go to bed with him." Thus the cluster involving the most direct form of sexual imagery (Physical Sex) is associated with impersonal, externalized re- taliatory imagery and self-punishment (i.e., "...he will leave her room and get hit by a bus"). The other cluster involves the less intense and more socially influenced non-physical sex imagery. This is associated with true inhibitory themes (blocks). This suggests that the classes of fantasy may be related not only by involving both impulse and inhibition but by a dimension of the intensity of experience within given subjects. All subjects experience imagery of impulsive and inhibitory nature; the subjects whose experience with impulse is most intense are those who experience the more intense forms of guilt and vice versa. The simultaneous appearance of impulse and inhibition in TAT fantasy points to a well-documented consideration. TAT fantasy in a normal subject population is largely dominated by secondary thought processes in turn influenced by adaptive considerations, logical think- ing and the consideration of the social acceptibility of responses (stories). This secondary thinking reflects the realities of the :interpersonal world from which the secondary processes were derived. {This would suggest that while it is feasible to study the primary drives 30 utilizing thematic stories, it would not be wise to expect pronounced, clear-cut relationships which might occur in the case of the raw naked expression of drives in fantasy (e.g. as in dreams, nightmares, drug studies, etc.). In light of the above, it may be that the best dimension along which to evaluate fantasy production would be a "primary-process- secondary-process" dimension. Sex and aggressive themes both relate similarly, and positively to inhibition. These relationships may be seen as reflecting both the primary and secondary process types of think- ing (derivatives) which are influenced, in theory, by the consideration of (l) immediate gratification of impulses and (2) adaptive restraint. The specific type of impulse, representing basic needs, is immaterial and impulses may be interchangeable (Freud, 8., 1915). Onothe other hand, secondary process thinking, representing the "reality principle" determines "adaptive, goal-directed responses" (Kalin, 1964). The re~ lationship of impulses to inhibition reflects the interaction and mutual influence of these two kinds of thought processes. The co-occurrence of the two may reflect a relatively "normal" subject population while a lack of relationship or a negative one may reflect a more pathologic adaptation. Interrelationships Among Meaggres of Overt SexgglfiBehavior for Malgg. Table 8 presents the interrelationships between measures of overt sexual behavior for males. The number of correlations among these ‘variables, significant at the 5 percent level or better exceeds what would be expected by chance. Of the 45 possible correlations, 4 (112) are significant at the 5 percent level of confidence, and 36 (801) are TABLE 8 Inter-relationships Among Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior With Means and Standard Deviations for Male Data Item No. Item Mean SD 1 2 3 1 Frequency Necking 44.16 55.53 2 Frequency Petting 27.50 34.63 55** 3 Frequency Intercourse 8.36 25.52 34** 63** 4 Dating Frequency 8.16 2.27 48** 51** 27* 5 Steady-Non-Steady Dating 7.33 2.87 41** 29*. 12 6 Flirting Skill 5.83 1.89 34** 41** 20 7 Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism 5.75 1.86 34** 23 32** 8 Degree Belief in Social Intimacy 5.69 2.43 38** ~27* ~22 9 Peak Heterosexual Experience 8.80 3.71 45** 45** 32** 10 Typical Heterosexual Experience 5.94 2.19 59** 54** 49** TABLE 8~~Continued Item No. Item, 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Frequency Necking 2 Frequency Petting 3 Frequency Intercourse 4 Dating Frequency 5 Steady-Non-Steady Dating 74** 6 Flirting Skill 69** 50** 7 Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism 38** 30* 53** 8 Degree Belief in Social Intimacy ~36** ~22 ~60** ~51** 9 Peak Heterosexual Experience ' 59** 37** 69** 56** ~69** 10 Typical Heterosexual Experience 60** 36** 69** 60** ~62** 85** Note.~~Correlations are based on N-69 for all variables. Decimals are omitted. Variables 1~3 are from questionnaire data. 4~lO are interview rating scales. *p(.05 **p<.01 Variables TABLE 9 List of Significant Relationships for each Overt Sexual Behavior Variable ~ Male Data Total Frequency Necking (Quest.) Positively related to: §,report of typical sex behavior 598 .01 Total frequency petting 55 .Ol §.report Dating frequency last year 48 .01 .§ report Hetero (Peak) Experience 45 .01 §.report Steady-Non-Steady Dating 41 .01 Extent Flirting Skill 34 .01 Total Frequency Intercourse 34 .01 Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy . ~38 .01 Total Frequency Petting (Quest.) Positively related to: Total Frequency Intercourse 63 .01 §_report of Typical Sex Behavior 54 .01 §_report Dating Frequency last year 51 .01 §,report Hetero (Peak) Experience 45 .01 Extent of Flirting Skill 41 .Ol §,Report Steady-Non-Steady Dating 29 .05 Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex Social Intimacy ~27 .05 Total Frequency Intercourse (Quest.) Positively related to: §,Report of Typical Sex Behavior 49 .01 Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism 32 .Ol §_Report Hetero (Peak) Experience 32 .01 §.Report Frequency Dating last year 27 .05 Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy ~22 .10 TABLE 9~~Continued §DReport Dating Frequency in Previous Year (Int.) Positively related to: §,Report Steady-Non-Steady Dating Extent of Flirting Skill §_Report Typical Sex Behavior S Report Hetero (Peak) Experience Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy It» Report Steady-Non-Steady Dating (Int.) Positively related to: Extent of Flirting Skill §_Report Hetero (Peak) Experience §_Report Typical Sex Behavior Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy Extent of Flirting Skill (Int.) Positively related to: §_Report Hetero (Peak) Experience §_Report Typical Sex Behavior Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism Negatively related to: Degree of Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy Verbal Sexual Exhibitionism (Int.) Positively related to: §.Report Typical Sex Behavior §_Report Hetero (Peak) Experience Negatively related to: Degree Belief in Sex-Social Intimacy 74 69 6O 59 38 50 37 36 30 ~22 69 69 53 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .Ol .01 .01 .01 .01 TABLE 9~~Continued Degree Belief in Sexual-Social Intimacy Connection (Int.) Negatively related to: SIReport Hetero (Peak) Experience ~69 .Ol §,Report of Typical Sex Behavior ~62 .01 §,Report of (Peak) Heterosexual Experience (Int.) Positively related to: §,Report of Typical Sex Behavior 85 .01 aNote.~~Decimals are omitted for correlations. 31 significant at the .01 level. Considering the relationships between interview and questionnaire data, there are 24 possible correlations. Of these 3 (13%) are significant at the 5 percent level of confidence and 17 (712) are significant at the .01 level. There are 3 possible correlations involving only questionnaire variables and all are signi- ficant at the .01 level. There are 21 possible correlations involving interview codes alone; one is significant at the .05 level and 20 are significant at the .01 level. One immediate question for consideration is the relative validity of the two forms of measurement used here. To what extent do self~ report questionnaire responses coincide with ratings of overt sexual behavior by raters-based on interview material? The two variables which seem best for answering this are the frequency of intercourse -data obtained from the questionnaire and the raters' scores of "Peak" heterosexual experience (the'lnost" an individual has done) derived from the interview. When these are both treated as continuous variables, for males, r-.32 (p<.01). When gs are classified as having had some vs. no experience with intercourse on the questionnaire measure a point biserial correlation can be performed. This index offers some measure of the degree to which (1) the reports of §.are "honest" from one situa~ tion to the next and (2) the extent to which raters are being too "liberal" or too "conservative" in their interpretations of‘gs' verbal reports. For male data, rpb-.69 (p<(.01) suggesting that those who ad- mitted intercourse on the questionnaire did tend to get higher pooled scores by raters in terms of their "Peak" behavior. Of the sample of 32 males, 38% admitted some experience with heterosexual intercourse in the previous year. The median number of intercourse experiences is 3. Between Peak heterosexual behavior and petting, r-.45, p<(.01 and rpb-.73. Between Peak and Necking r-.45 and rpb-.47 (p‘(.01). Table 9 lists all of the significant intercorrelations and allows for a clearer view of what is going on in the matrix. The following relationships are obtained from an inspection of the intercorrelations involving questionnaire measures of overt sexual behavior (during the previous year). The three variables of greatest concern are necking (considered to be the mildest form of physical sexual behavior), petting and intercourse. These are derived from the questionnaire. Necking is positively related to intercourse (r=.34, p(.01) as is petting (r=.63, p.<301). The difference between the relationships of these two variables with intercourse is significant (t-2.7l, p<.01 using a non-directional test). '. This not too surprising finding shows that petting is more related to experience with intercourse and may suggest that necking behavior is much more common and may carry a different social connotation than intercourse. This is in accord with common sense. The interview variable "Dating Frequency in the last year" relates equally strongly with frequency of necking and frequency of petting (r-.48, p<.01 for the former and r-.51, p(.01 for the latter) and less strongly with intercourse (r=.27, pa(.05). This seems logical given the generally high frequency and acceptability in adolescent popula~ tions of the two less intense forms of overt sexual behavior. Contrary 33 to what might seem a common assumption the degree to which subjects showed steady dating experience (either past or present) related inversely with the intensity of the sexual experience. Steady-Non-steady dating was positively related to necking (r-.4l, p4(.01) and less strongly related to petting (r-.29, p< .05). The relationship between steady-non-steady dating and intercourse was non-significant. One explanation is in the following form: it is the less stable subjects, i.e., those who are less able to maintain a long-term relationship, who have the more intense but less socially meaningful sexual experiences. This is entirely con~ sistent with the relationship found between intercourse and antisocial behavior in other studies. (e.g., Zucker & Fillmore, 1968; Kulick, Stein & Sarbin, 1968). It may be that for many adolescents, both males and females, intense sexual involvement puts more of a strain on the relation- ships than they can stand. Thus, if a "steady date" is to remain "steady," certain commitments are going to have to be avoided. Those subjects who had a steady would tend to avoid behaviors which would potentially weaken a relationship. Another hypothesis concerns the function of certain social patterns: steady dating may serve status or security functions rather than sexual ones in a given social setting. The variable "Flirting Skill" related to necking (r-.34, p<1.01) and petting (r-.4l). As will be pointed out below, the Degree of Belief in the sex-social intimacy connection variable related negatively to. all forms of overt sexual behavior. Among interview variables, the following relationships hold true. Subjects' reports of Dating Frequency in the last year were positively related to the report of steady-non-steady 34 dating (r-.74, p.(.01). Dating Frequency was related strongly to Flirting Skill (r-.69, p‘<.Ol) as was "Peak" behavior (r-.59). \ VWhen steady dating is considered, the pattern of relationships is similar to that for dating frequency. Heterosexual peak experience and §_ report of typical behavior relate equally strongly (p< .01) with the degree of steady dating experience. In brief there is a high degree of interrelationship among the variables of overt sexual behavior. These relationships hold for questionnaire and interview variables, considered separately and to~ gether. The significant point biserial correlations between question~ naire variables and "Peak heterosexual behavior" as determined in the interview suggests that subject reports of sexual experience were con~ sistent from one situation to the next and that raters were not being too "liberal" or "conservative" in judgments of reports. It seems logical to expect that these behavioral measures would relate to a high degree. Except for intercourse, all of the behavioral classes can be seen as being part of the adolescent sub-culture. Not only are some of the behaviors so common as to include nearly all sub~ jects (e.g., necking) but they may also be seen as providing the oppor~ tunity for the next more intense form~~i.e., necking may, under some conditions, "turn into" petting. It is difficult to draw distinct lines between some of these behaviors (e.g., to specify where "dating" staps and "steady dating" begins). An additional conclusion, suggested by the infrequency of intercourse, is that these behaviors reflect, in addition to sexual factors, social considerations such as need for affiliation and the well known conformity among adolescents. 35 Interrelationships Among TAT Variables and Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior_§or Mglgg, Table 10 presents the interrelationships among the fantasy measures and Overt Sexual Behavior for males. The number of significant correla- tions among these variables did not exceed what would be expected by chance. Of a total of 260 possible correlations only 7 (3%) were sig- nificant at the 5 percent level. Of 78 correlations between TAT and Questionnaire variables, 2 were significant. Of 182 correlations be- tween TAT and Interview variables, 5 were significant. In short, there was no relationship between the fantasy and be- havioral classes measured.. There are two considerations and both are operative. The population is too young to have participated in frequent sexual intercourse. In this way, there was little in the way of "purely" sexual behavior to correlate with fantasy. The high correlation, in fantasy, between impulse and inhibition (expression and restraint) suggests that it is this co-occurrence that should be considered when discussing the relationship between fantasy and behavior. When both the frequency of intercourse and the complex relationships among fantasy classes are considered, it appears that only in the case of imbalance (e.g., a predominance of either expressive or restraining imagery) should a relationship between sexual fantasy and sexual be- havior occur. In the present sample of normal youngsters, no such imbalance occurred and as might be expected, the frequency of inter~ course was low. Two attempts were made to explore this explanation more fully. The possibility exists that in order to study the rela- tionships between fantasy measures and overt behavior, only those §s TABLE 10 Inter-relationships Among TAT Variables and Measures of Overt Sexual Behavior for Males !! Item Necking Petting Intercourse Physical Sex Consummation ~08 O3 10 Physical Sex Deprivation ~ll 01 O4 Non-Physical Sex Consummation 00 O3 26* Non-Physical Sex Deprivation ~09 ~09 05 Personal Negative Aftermath ~09 ~08 ~04 Impersonal Negative Aftermath Ol 09 O9 Avoidance 21 18 00 . Negative Associations to Sex 01 ~07 ~05 Physical Aggression ~09 ~02 ~04 Non-Physical Aggression -14 -03 -10 Personal Block -17 -03 14 Interpersonal Block -07 02 -07 Time Concern -15 -03 02 Fear 13 ~01 ~06 Ingestion Solid -05 -04 -05 Ingestion Liquid 01 22 32** Total Ingestion ~03 13 19 Total Food 01 02 21 Total Sex -16 00 18 Total Physical Sex -10 '02 09 TABLE 10~~Continued Item Necking Petting Intercourse Total Sex Restraints 05 O4 06 Total Aggression 14 O3 09 Total Aggression Restraints 17 01 11 Total Inhibition 07 O6 10 Oral Need 20 04 ~02 Oral Negative Aftermath 03 23 19 TABLE 10~~Continued Item Dating Steady- Flirt- Exhibi- Frequency Non-Steady ing tionism Physical Sex Consummation ~13 21 ~11 07 Physical Sex Deprivation ~12 ~24* 20 ~03 Hen-Physical Sex Consummation ~04 02 ~10 ~02 an-Physical Sex Deprivation ~04 ~07 ~03 11 Personal Negative Aftermath ~01 ~04 ~05 ~04 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 04 ~09 ~01 20 Avoidance O3. O9 14 01 Negative Associations to Sex 06 02 O8 .09 Physical Aggression 04 ~05 01 ~04 Non-Physical Aggression O3 01 11 06 Personal Block ~05 02 ~31** ~10 Interpersonal Block ~01 ~14 ~01 ~15 Time Concern 03 06 ~13 24 Fear ~02 ~04 ~17 ~17 Ingestion Solid 04 ~09 I 06 ~04 Ingestion Liquid 13 Ol 00 09 Total Ingestion 12 ~05 O4 04 Total Food 05 01 ~03 03 Total Sex ~14 ~18 ~18 01 Total Physical Sex ~15 ~24* ~15 05 Total Sex Restraints 07 O7 01 06 TABLE lO~~Continued Item Dating Steady- Flirt~ Exhibi- Frequency Non-Steady ing tionism Total Aggression 05 ~02 09 02 Total Aggression Restraints 00 ~04 02 11 Total Inhibition 08 05 04 ~04 'Oral Need 14 18 20 20 Oral Negative Aftermath 04 ~18 02 O3 TABLE lO~~Continued Degree Peak Hetero- Typical Hetero~ Item of sexual sexual Belief Experience Experience Physical Sex Consummation 00 ~01 09 Physical Sex Deprivation 06 ~05 02 an-Physical Sex Consummation 03 ~11 05 Non-Physical Sex Deprivation ~17 18 27* Personal Negative Aftermath ~01 O9 02 Impersonal Negative Aftermath 00 ~01 09 Avoidance ~03 O7 13 Negative Associations to Sex ~19 08 08 Physical Aggression ~24 _22 20 NOn~Physica1 Aggression ~07 01 ~05 Personal Block 20 ~18 ~14 Interpersonal Block ~01 ~08 ~05 Time Concern 13 ~14 ~07 Fear 02 ~13 ~16 Ingestion Solid ~12 09 ~02 Ingestion Liquid ~03 09 23 Total Ingestion ~09 12 14 Total Food ~14 07 14 Total Sex 02 ~06 08 Total Physical Sex 02 ~02 08 Total Sex Restraints ~05 O3 14 TABLE lO~~Continued Degree Peak Hetero- Typical Hetero- Item of sexual sexual Belief Experience Experience Total Aggression ~20 14 08 Total Aggression Restraints ~10 ~05 ~Ol Total Inhibition ‘ 01 ~08 - 01 Oral Need ~23 21 24* Oral Negative Aftermath O6 00 O9 Note.~~Correlations are based on E?69 for all variables. Decimals are omitted.. *p‘ ,. _- ~ - ‘ . . . - V . ' ‘ ._“- ’~'3’txu??5’.-M>}2.t-z ' ., , - , ' . ' , .- .- ~ '~t ' . -.‘ '.:'-‘ t-'-.-'.~:-_“-‘ -.'.'.-,.~- - .. - -. 2 ... ‘. . . ,‘ _' ‘- ~ .43).? «In: ’. ,.". . . _ - . . . - :, I... - . .' . . , - ‘ - . ~ . \ ~ ~ - \ mhiur. - ~ _ * 4¥-' l sw.u4 , , ‘.~ ,' ._ .‘ . . - -“ . ., . . ', ,. m:x;.’;rlrv.n;,yfiy . u I ' ' ' _ , ' . i . .'. . ‘ I‘I.‘ ' . . . . v I l “’ 3. '-I ‘ ':(f A . ' \§Z\'fvt' .45 1' , .0. Just look at the picture briefly (lO-lS seconds), turn the ’ page and write out the story it suggests. Spend about 5 minutes on this story. 1. What is happening? Who are the people? 2. What has led.up to this situation? That is, what has happened in the past? 3. What is being thought? What is wanted? By whom? a. What will happen? What will be done? O. 1. APPENDIX B TAT Scoring Scheme (R. Kalin)1 SEX Each phrase or sentence referring to sex, love, or romance is scored. This includes not only references to a relationship .. between a man and a woman but also to physical attributes with {P clear sexual or romantic connotations, e.g., "what a gorgeous blonde," l "a handsome man." In order for a phrase or sentence to be scored for sex at all there has to be more than mere presence of boy and girl, or boy and girl doing something together. That is, it has to be clear that a romantic or sexual relationship is involved. Thus do pg; score, "she speaks to him," "they go away together," "they study together." Such phrases Egg scored when they are modified by words that clearly have sexual or romantic connotations, e.g., "they are on a study-date," "they eloped together." Each such reference is clasSified as physical or nonphysical. a. Physical: Any sexual image that has a body reference in it. A "body reference" is indicated by (i) mention of physical characteristic, as in mentioning a part of the body, or some aspect of the person that can be seen e.g., "gorgeous blonde" "beautiful knees" "nice body" (ii) sensatioqg, perceptual activities, as when a character in the story is engaged in perceiving, or sensing the other and this is explicitly stated. e.g., "she couldn't take her eyes off him" "he smelled her perfume" (iii) physical relationship, as in body contact between two lovers. A person may be thinking about a physical relationship. e.g., "kissing" "mentally takes her £g_bed" "intercourse" ‘Intercourse is inferred from mention of pregnancy. (iv) physical emotional state, explicitly described 74 75 e.g., "he is tingling with anticipation--over meeting her" Do not include emotional words that are used routinely. Do not score: "he loves her" "he is in love" "her love" unless these words are modified. 22 score: "he is sick with love" "he loves madly" (v) emotional state in author, e.g., "Suzie you look good" or as "editorial comment" "nice looking girl" . Notes: W -a~._M<. h_MA.-—.._r -- i 1. General (as opposed to specific references) do not get scored physical. Score as nonphysical: "They are having an affair." "He wants to seduce her." In order for a statement to be scored physical, there has to be a concrete physical reference, not just an implication to something physical. 2. Rape is scored physical sex only when it clearly involves pleasure. When no pleasure is involved score physical aggression. b. Nonphysical: All references to romance which are not classified as physical e.g., "he asks her for a date" "they are interested in each other" Also, score here all expressions suggesting physical sex that are routinely used e.g., "love" "a girlie show" or a strip show" "a whore" However, when there is interest in "strip show" or "strip show" is modified, eg., a "wild strip show" it is scored physical. 76 Not scored altogether are mere identity characteristics Do not score "§_couple" The fact that people are married, as when people are identified as being married is not scored. 23 score if two people want to get married. Score also if marriage is modified, e.g., "happily married." In addition to classifying each reference as physical or nonphysical each such reference is also classified as consummation imagery or deprivation imagery. Doing this, the physical nonphysical distinc- tion is also maintained. as. Consummation Imggery: References that are not clearly depri- vation imagery. Actions, thoughts referring to sex or romance. Most of the examples given above would be classified as consummatory imagery. bb. Dgpzivatipn Lmaggzy: Explicit statements of wanting or wish- ing something sexual or romantic. Mention of deprivation and frus- tration. This category is a "stricter" one than consummatory imagery. It has to be clearly stated that something sexual is wanted. Anything that involves action (even if it is mental action) or sensory consummation is scored consummatory imagery. e.g., Physical Deprivation Imagery "He is horny.” "John.wants to have intercourse." "Oh boy, does he ever want it." "He wants her ass." "He wants sex." "He desires her body." "Man wants to get in the strip show." "He wants to go to bed with the pretty secretary." "This guy is hot for her body." "While an oversexed dog walks by" Nonphysical Deprivggion Imagery "They were overcome with desire." "Desires female companionship." "They want to get married." ' "Both desire someone to love." "He is hoping to get his thrills in the office." "He is a little horny." "He wants a woman." "She is wanted by him." "Hans needs a woman." "The girl in reality wants to go with the hoodlum for a thrill." ...- w ..._—141.; H"‘/\i<.‘-‘_‘I‘.' I . d 1’7 77 "The secretary would like to date him." "He wishes he had a wife with similar charac- teristics as the girl in the show." "A party is going on and Lloyd hasn't got a date." c. §g§_Restraint: A sex restraint is any phrase or sentence that involves an "avoidance" reaction to sex or romance. Avoid- -ance reactions are statements with negative connotations with re- gard to sex or romance. Anything that interferes with the success- ful pursuit of a sexual or romantic relationship. Restraints are divided into the following categories: (1) personal blocks: fears, doubts, worries, hesitation, em- barrassment about impending sex or romance. It does not matter whether these competing thoughts are attributed to the male or the female in the relationship. However, in order to differentiate this category from the following one (impersonal blocks, ii), these competing thoughts have to be attributed to one of the main characters in the story. e.g., "He is wondering whether to run up the tunnel after her." "She is not willing to take the first step towards him." "He is a bashful man." "Their blushing glances" "John finally has the nerve to ask her." "What do you mean you won't go to bed with me?" "She is afraid that when he returns things will be different." "She has pushed the idea and now she is worrying." "Her fears are well founded." "They are discussing the morality of pre- marital sex." "Gertrude is fighting against a background of prudishness." "She convinces him that marriage should come first." ' "She is faced with g.decision (of making a play for him)." (ii) impersonal blocks: things outside the main characters interfering with impending sex or romance. Blocking by environment, nonhuman agents, restraint by human agents outside the main charac- ters, (police, the boss, the system) physical mishaps, accidents. It should be noted that whenever one of the main characters explicitly thinks, or worries about an impersonal block it gets scored as I‘ml‘.)j “a. .- ~‘n‘v * n :. i.‘ 78 personal. Thus if it says, "He is worried about the boss' reaction if he should take her to bed," it should be scored a personal block. However, the statement, "Just as he is about to make advances toward the girl, his boss calls him on the phone," should be scored im- personal block. e.g., (He is pursuing her) "The tunnel will be closed," (preventing him from finding her). (He makes his secretary) "with his wife's and son's picture watching him." "He trips, falls into the water and drowns." (iii) gypidance, egression, refusal: statements indicating avoidance and refusal by one of the main characters. Wanting to get away, getting away. Avoidance is frequently characterized by an abrupt termination or cessation of a sexual or romantic relationship. This abruptness can be indicated by the action of a character (e.g., "He suddenly leaves," or by the way the story is written by the author). e.g., "Nothing will happen." "His secretary would like to date him,‘pg£ gannot." e.g., "He dismisses Gloria for the day, right in the middle of a letter and rushes home." "She will jump up and the sudden movement will overturn his precariously balanced chair.' "She will leave." "Nothing will happen." (This indicates avoidance by the author.) "She refuses." "The girl finally tells her date that she does not want him to accompany her any longer." "He drops her." (iv) personal negative aftermath: guilt, regret, fears, worries negative reactions following sex. As in (i), statements in this category are attributed to one of the main characters. e.g., "She now wishes she hadn't (put out)." "The girl is shocked." "He wants to get back and apologize." "He feels remorseful." (v) impersonal negative aftermath: external interference after sex. Accidents, mishaps, punishment by impersonal sources. e.g., (After watching the girlie show) "He will be thrown out by the clown." WTZTfiT‘T’ ’— ‘-"‘ -.—‘—!'.' ‘w 79 "A speeding bus will slide and knock each into the post in the foreground." "They will be crippled." ' (They will indulge themselves.) "His wife will be killed in an accident." "She will be run over by an engine." "He will be knifed by a sex fiend." (vi) negatively evaluative associations about sex: general statements not related to any specific sexual action but associated with sex or romance in general. Discontent, nagging, negative affect connected with sex, disillusionment, cynicism, pessimistic statements, macabre things connected with sex. "But she is screwed up." "Her parents are divorced." "The problem is that she needs security and she will never have it." "(She loves) some lousy proletarian." "The executive is unhappily married." "His wife is ugly." "Wife is sexually.frigid." "He has made unsuccessful advances before." "The bearded lady." "He has had trouble with his wife." "He wasted a night." "He wants to get rid of the troublesome marriage situation." "(Then he grabs her) only to discover that she is his sister." "But he hasn't got a chance in the long run. II "They think they are in love but they are not." “Fl—arm :m‘u .. It 1.: 1.u\‘.-:- ‘4... -___. ..._.— . . . t - : 1 ' I ‘ 1 2. AGGRESSION Each phrase or sentence referring to human (or animal) aggressive thought, emotion, or action is scored. The key indicator is not the effect of such action, e.g., injury to an organism, but the character of the action itself. Thus simple references to injuries or the effects of aggressive action are not scored, (however see (3) below). The criteria fpg'scoring aggressive imagery £52: 1). There has to be hostility, i.e., the aggressive act or thought has to be an end in itself. "A punch in the nose," when this is part of a boxing match and nobody is angry is not scored as aggression. Violent personal action which could be nonaggressive in intent is also not scored. E.G., "he is trying to cut the other driver off," is pp; scored unless aggressive intent is clea.r In the boxer and racing story an explicit statement about hostile emotions is normally required to score aggression. However, hostile intent can be inferred when interpersonal actions are "rougher" than necessary, e.g., (in boxing story) "he gives out punishment." 2) The aggressive image has to involve §£_1east one animate or anism, either as instigator or as recipient of aggression. Inanimate violence is not scored. E.g., "the limb is torn off the tree" is pg; scored. Do score_however "he kicked a beer can" "he was smashed up" "the lion devoured him" 3) The aggressive image has to refer £2.2p,§p£.not merely the result of an act. E.g., "a cripple," "a broken ankle," "his father died in an accident" is not scored. However, if the injury results from specified violent action it i§_scored. Score: "the drive is smashed up" "there will be a fight and he will draw blood" In this latter example it i§.clear that there was violent physical action although the action is not specifically described. Score: physical aggression. Other conventions: 1) When two sentences are needed to score one image, score one, not two. That is, when one phrase or sentence contains vio- lent action and another reveals hostility, one image is scored and not two. e.g., "he cut the other driver off"... "this aggressive behavior"= l aggressive image. A‘« V“ ’fiitm .Gj « I: i‘ Frat-m arm-.1; :1.T.'.va . 1‘, 81 2) Aggressive words must be stated, not inferred. 3) Denial is scored, because the idea is mentioned even though the act may not occur, e.g., "not any blows." Each aggressive image is classified as physical or non-physical. a. Physical: Any aggressive image that has a physical (as opposed to a verbal or psychic) reference in it. "Physicality" is scored for the following: (i) physical emotional state. Emotion words are only scored physical when they are modified. Do pgg score as physical: "he is mad," "angry," "furious," "swears,” “hates," (these are scored nonphysical aggression). But score physical: "he burns with hate." "his face is red of anger" Do‘pgp score aggression at all for routine or casual use of such words that signify hostile emotion, e.g., "0h, Lewis, I hate walking here," or emotional words that do not clearly signify anger, e.g., "he is upset." (ii) physical gype pf action. Score physical for an.gp£, between a subject and an object. A physical word or metaphor is not enough. Do pg; score "make a wisecrack," "criticize bitterly," (score these nonphysical). ‘But do score: hit bite slap kick take apart murder maim strike shove around smash up In general where there is physical contact score physical. (iii) author (not character in story) shows hostile, emotional state. This is inferred by a certain use of slang words. Words like "punk", "hood," etc. are scored physical when they are used (1) in direct speech, e.g., "you punk" 82 (2) when they are modified, e.g., "a dirty punk" "that punk" Note: The modification has to "intensify" these words. Do not score: "the lounging hood" (3) when they are clearly derogatory, e.g., "nigger" or have clearly emotional overtones, 8.80 ’ "that BaStard" 3’" Such slang words are not scored as aggression at all when they are used merely as identity characteristics. E.g., "a bum," "a punk," "a hood" is not scored. _Lugr..&;i .- v’: :‘n.lfm Erma ‘ “than Note: As in sex, general (as opposed to specific references) do not get scored physical. Score as non-physical: "They are having a fight." In order for a statement to be scored physical, there has to be a concrete physical reference not just an implication to something physical. b. Nonphysical aggression: Any aggressive image not containing a clearly physical image, as specified above, is score nonphysical. Guilt is not scored here (though it might be considered self- aggression) because it is scored under "restraints." Certain nouns and noun-modifiers that indicate potential aggression are scored nonphysical. " ferocious lion" dangerous man" tough environment brute" race riot" €03. , u II II II General examples of nonphysical aggression: insult, taunt, dominate, trouble, punish, have an argument, quarrel. "There will be a fight and he will get hurt" _ "He might have killed the driver" "He is a fighter," (but not as identity in Boxing story) 83 "There will be violence" "Small fights will break out" Note: The following table summarizes for sex and aggression how certain identifying characteristics get scored. not scored nonphysical physical (identity char- love wild strip show acteristics) girlie show ‘ §g§, a couple strip show . a whore 5.“ i a hood a tough you punk { ‘ Aggres- a bum environment that punk 2 sion a punk a brute dirty punk g dangerous man a g 2 c. Rggtggipgg: Score any interference (as defined in sex) with L,v the aggressive impulse.' Restraints may represent objective frus- trations, subjective fears, conscious decisions not to pursue an aggressive impulse; score also: regret, guilt, or punishment for aggressive activities, or thoughts. e.g., (he wants to hit him "but is chicken." "He should be defending the girl's honor, but decides to leave." ‘ "The police break up the fight." 5. ZINE CONCERN 1) General description of category: Score all references to waiting, having enough time, keeping ahead of time, etc. Examples: "He is almost late now." "He arrived ahead of usual working hours." "Wanted to make sure he was working when the inspectors arrived." "It seems an interminable time to the tournament." "He will not have the time to count more than one." "He got permission before me." (which is bad for me) "They chat for a few moments, she hints until he leaves." (inference is clear that he is wasting her time) "He is working late to finish the job." In general, a number of words related to time should alert the scorer about time concern. Although time is not always scored when these words occur, such words are usually present when "time" is scored. These words are: before, now, just now, late, last, until, early, at the moment, promptly, quickly, fast, slow, momentary 2) In addition to the general description above, the following categories define time concern: a. References to speed, going faster, hurrying, etc. Examples: "He will depart from the area under some speed." "Secretary is unable to take dictation as rapidly as he can organize his thoughts." "He has been.buried in his work the last few days." "gets around curve faster than the other guy" "It's funny how quickly one can be involved in the drama of the movie and how quickly it passes." "going nowhere fast on a virtual treadmill" "interested only in finishing what for him has been..." "to take a quick look at what is happening inside" _n,_m "-7105. i.‘ as '22“. “a \ 1 85 "occupied in the frantic hustle" "speeds his way home after..." "I better get back inside before they catch me." "Old age will come far too quickly." "Got to get home to get Miriam out." be Waiting Explicit: explicit mention of such words as "wait" Implicit: "When she arrives she find he hasn't come back." (Implication is that she tea to wait for him) c. "Eager or anxious anticipation" of a future point in time. Examples: -"hoping for the day when..." - "hoping for the next fight" "He expects to go home soon." "He would like to take her out after they finish." "now nearly completed" "concerned whether the project would be completed on schedule" "She wants to finish dictating so she can start typing." d. Wanting to shorten or expand time spans. "wants to prolong his vacation" e. Delays Explicit: "They are delayed." "I always get delayed." Implicit: as when external obstacle interrupts and delays an acitivity "As they are about to cross the street, a truck will come along..." "If they stop to pick up the drunk, there's trouble." f. General uneasiness about time: When a person is "uneasy," "itchy," and this uneasiness is related to time. "Uneasiness" about passing of time; "uneasiness" in character which could be eliminated by passage of time. Examples: "both want to get home and forget about their work and work relations" "watchman getting tired of sitting around" (implication: he is uneasy about wasting time) _u-u‘ ..._‘—- ~.. I: "t. _—- 86 "endlessly seek truth" "if this thing will ever end" 3. Time concern in the author: Setting time limits for a given activity. The character in the story may not be concerned with time or time management, but the setting of time limits indicates that the author is. "She will have a good healthy five- minute daydream." Score only for short time spans: "five minutes" "a few minutes" "a minute" Score for long time spans onlyif they involve some "uneasiness" or concern: ‘ "He still has a long way to go with his research." But 92 not score long time spans, e.g., "a few months,‘ when no such uneasiness is involved. 3) Do pp£_score: Long time span references are not scored, e.g., references to the past or future as such. There must be a concern with time management, use of time, being on time, getting finished on time, etc. Also do not score time references which are $2 the past and don't involve a time in the future even though theremay be concern about time management. ‘ e.g., "The girl is dragged off too late." or, when the person has resigned to the fact that time has elapsed, e.g., "He figured he could get some perspective, it's too late." In these cases the time concern is not in the present,not §.concern §£_the moment but simply a way of describing what happened in the past. Also do not score time references that have primarily a competitive, spatial connotation as in the "ski" and "racer" pictures where there are references to getting in ahead of someone else. 87 6. FEAR Score all references to fear, anxiety, worry, feelings of threat and danger. Such references have to be explicit, i.e., words like fear, afraid, etc. have to be mentioned. Score also if a general emotional state is indicated which clearly is fear. Examples: "He is afraid." "worried" "fearful" "anxious" "He fears." "The thought of what might follow upsets him." "He is nervous about meeting her father.’ "inwardly realizing his yellow streak" '-L'.‘ __&:. ”j '_ . Do pg; score: "unsure and unwilling" "He doesn't really want to get involved but he must save face." '"I don't want a fight." "trying to decide what the effect of running would be" IV‘r-‘M ‘5'! If"? ‘¥L——. -. If fear is denied, score anyway Score as fear: "He is not afraid." "She is not worried at all." Note: References to fear may be double scored in the Restraint category. e.g., "He wants to go to bed with her. She is afraid." (Score both as restraint and fear.) 1Reproduced by permission from Kalin, R. Alcohol, sentience, and inhibition; an experimental study. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, 1964. APPENDIX C Interview Schedule (R. A. Zucker & K. M. Fillmore)1 Everyone reads in the magazines and newspapers, and hears on T.V. that teenagers are wilder and looser than they used to be. Sometimes the explanation is that this is the sign of the times, sometimes it is that kids just don't care as much about these things as older people did when they were this age. The fact of the matter is that nobody has very much information on what does happen... We would like to explore these topics with you, to find out what it is like in Somerville, to see if we can't get some real information for a change. 28. a. In terms of your own experience and what you have heard and read about, what things (activities) would be the kind that adults get excited or worried or upset about? (Free associa- tion) ...Anything else? b.. What kind of behavior do you, as a teenager, consider in- appropriate? (Free association) ...Anything else? 29. You mentioned sexual activity (use their term) as one of the things that adults are sometimes concerned about, and that some teenagers consider to be "out of bounds" activity. I'd like to talk a little about this, and the more general area of dating. a. About how much dating do you do? How often? Do you have a steady? b. How do you feel about flirting with girls (boys)? 1Reproduced from Zucker, R. A. & Fillmore, K. M. "Interview Schedule" in R. A. Zucker, Assessment Instruments of the Adolescent Drinking Study (Part C). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1966. (Mimeo). 88 Co d. 3.1 e.2 e.3 304 f. 89 When you do flirt, what kind of things are you likely to do? (for boys) What are the sorts of things you do to get boys to notice you? (for girls) About how frequently would you say you do this? (regularly? occasionally? rarely? never?) .-h- ~e...‘ I; . J When you're with guys (girls) that you know, how much do you talk about girls (boys)? d-V‘. 5% ..~ *n’ ' . talk, L maul-S .»'. i-_' \ What are you likely to talk about? Do you ever talk about more (or less) than you've actually done? What? Do you ever talk to your friends about kidding around or flirting with girls (boys) you've seen recently? What are you likely to say? Do you ever mention conquests you've made of a particular girl? (for boys) Do you ever tell any of your girl friends how far you've gone with boys (for girls)? Would you say you enjoy boasting (talking) about the times you've had, or that you really don't care about it one way :or the other? 90 30. a. How far do most of the guys you know go with a girl? 31. b. C. d. How about what you've done? How far have you gone with girls? (kissing; making out; going all the way?) b. Do you think it's important to know a girl (boy) well before you kiss her? How about making out? ."'AI'.- ‘3 H . I' . How about going all the way (intercourse)? ‘ .-. A r--_n._.’nm m4 ‘ '5 a . _ How often would you say you do this? Is this fairly usual when you go out with a girl (boy), or is it more likely that you don't go quite so far? What do you usually do? (question #32 is omited) 33. I'd like to turn back now, to the more general question of the different kinds of thing that teenagers do when drinking and when 'tntdrinking. Could youfill out this list now, indicating whether you've ever done any of the following things. Also, for the last ear, we'd like you to indicate how many times you've done these 91 things when you haven't been drinking, and also, when you have been drinking. (Interviewer: If not included in diary, go through the list again and establish, among items checked in last year, which were done during the last month when.ppp drinking. Then establish which were done the month prior to this. Proceed backward on a month to month basis until the S has reported involvement in 3 activities when not drinking, or until you go back the full year. These situations are to be used in intensive follow-up. In establishing 3 activities, omit items 1-5 from tally. Activities When Not Drinking Date Activity 1. 2. - 3. TURN ON TAPE RECORDER 33 a. During the past year indicate how many times you have done any of the following when drinking and when not drinking: 1. Played practical jokes on others 2. Sneaked into drive-in without paying WHEN NOT DRINKING WHEN DRINKING 3. Crashed parties 4. Cut class - - 5. Smoked without parents' permission 6. Had auto accidents 7. Gotten into trouble with school authorities 8. Bought alcoholic beverages in N.Y. 9. Used false proof of age in buying alcohol 1? _ , .lr ‘—'—- v. mar n.» -r.~=.-.- .- d A- ‘4 4’—h—-, l 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. l8. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 92 Had other people buy alcohol for you Drinking with no adults present Cursed at parent Cursed at teacher Had arguments Been in fights involving physical attack Necking Making out (petting) Went "all the way" Been questioned by police Specify Refused to talk to someone you usually talk to because of some- thing they said or did Speeding Staying out overnight without parents' permission Took dope Destroyed preperty Told people off Slashed tires Betting or gambling Been arrested. Specify Broke off car radio antennas Let air out of someone's tires Stealing Marked up buildings or cars ‘zvm yawn-mgr- N rasu'rwrj I ‘, " - t 33. 34. .35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 93 Shoplifting Took pep pills Took bennies Beat up someone just for fun Smoked marijuana Breaking up someone's house during a party Glue sniffing ' 7‘ 'li '. APPENDIX. 1) Interview Rating Scales S's report of dating frequency. (in last year) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Never dates in past or present. Has had only one or two dates, usually for formal occasions (e.g., Jr.-Senior Prom, etc.). Dates infrequently, once a month or less. Usually formal dates. Dates occasionally. Two or three times a month. Most of the time formal dates. Dates frequently. Usual dating pattern is twice a week or more. Formal and informal dates. (Informal dates would be defined as a coke date, boyfriend spending an evening studying at home of girl friend, etc.) Dates very frequently. Dating in which 8 and boyfriend or girl- friend are together almost every evening for formal or informal dates. Questions to be used for above code: . 29a. About how much dating do you do? How often? Do you have a steady? Coding Notes: '(0) will not be.used in this code. 94 "BL-j ' . _a_l-.._ _A “‘2’“ -‘ lace-fin: ."_‘ All I‘.-_ ‘1. l x... . t. 95 S's report of non-steady - steady dating. (Permanency-non-permanency of dating relationships.) 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. Note: 8 has never dated. 8 has dated infrequently or frequently but has never established a "steady" relationship with theopposite sex...."plays the field." S has concentrated on dating one or two members of the opposite sex, but does not consider the relationship as "steady"; or, may have had one or two steadies in the past. Duration of each steady less than two months. S has had one or more "steady" relationships in the past, and/or has gone steady for less than two months at present. a“! \ roan.- , .1 "J' S has had a few "steady" relationships in the past - of fairly a long duration, and/or is presently going steady for a period of 2-6 months. t I- {mun ~. .4 i. S is presently going steady for a period of more than 6 months. Fr!“ ’1' For alternatives 4 and 5, if there is some contradiction in the alternatives given, rate according to the duration of the presept steady relationship. ' Questions to be used for above code: 29a. Do you have a steady? Coding'Notes: (0) will not be used in this code. 96 Extent of flirting skill. 1. None. Never flirts. Insofar as there is interaction with opposite sex, it tends to be formal with no sexual-affectionate .implication. 2. Only indirect attempts. May make a point of talking with opposite sex, but usually about non-sexual-affiliative topics... e.g., schoolwork, team activities, etc. Usually veryawkward in attempts at striking up conversation. For girls, this may take the form of occasional smiling at boys they like; indirect attempts to get friends to make introductions and the like. However, relative lack of ease in initiating flirting relationship without considerable help from the other person. 3. Mild direct flirting. More open, casual, in conversation than (2)...talk about dates, friends, joking, occasional teasing. Occasional awkwardness, but S usually is pretty much at ease in these kinds of interactions. Fry-In as “film-‘5‘- u..:I-_ nuns—‘1 . 4. Moderate flirting. Open, casual, considerable kidding around. Easily initiates conversation with members of the opposite sex. More forward, teasing, than (3) - occasional kidding around about directly sexual content. On infrequent occasions, girls may attempt to be openly sexually provocative in dress, manner. For boys this may take the form of being physically familiar (e.g., arms around girl even though he barely knows her). 5. Strong flirting. Same as (4) except sexual element in relation- ship is obvious and occurs frequently. For boys this may involve aggressive sexuality, telling off-color stories, "roaming hands"; for girls this may involve being openly seductive in dress and manner, communicating the desire to "follow through" (even though in fact they may not). ' Questions to be used for above code: 29b. How do you feel about flirting with girls (boys)? 29c. When you do flirt, what kind of things are you likely to do? (for boys) What are the sort of things you do to get boys to notice you? (for girls) 29d. About how frequently would you say you do this (regularly? occasion- ally? rarely? never?) Coding Notes: A. Generally give less weight to passive signs of flirting (e.g., provacative or "in" appearance) and more weight to behavior. b. Code down for interview signs of awkwardness in relating the details of flirting and/or lack of explicitness in description. 97 c. (0) should not be used in this code. d. Generally given level. code up for signs of indiscriminate flirting at any «Oum. h '1 I N: Am;- . . N 98 Extent to which S believes sexual intimacy should be linked to social intimacy (length of acquaintance). 1. No linkage necessary. If the girl (boy) is willing that is all that matters. This philoSOphy applies to intercourse as well as to making out, kissing. 2. Mild relationship felt to be necessary (i.e., a few dates) at least for intercourse and/or making out. It is more a question of "what the traffic will bear", although S wouldn't do these things the first date or two. Kissing usually on the first date. 3. Moderate relationship. S feels that one should know the partner fairly well - ie, be friends before heavy petting or intercourse. However, kissing is as likely not to occur just as a way of saying one enjoyed the relationship - even if it is only a first meeting. 4. Considerable relationship. Feels that intercourse should probably . . only occur after marriage - making out is OK if one person is p F i serious about another - e.g. steady and/or thinking of marriage. ; Kissing OK if people just like each other and know each other i a little. 5. Strong relationship. 8 believes intercourse definitely only belongs after marriage - and that making out really belongs after marriage also, although it is probably appropriate if people are engaged. People should know each other fairly well before kissing. 6. Very strong relationship. Intercourse and petting should only occur after marriage. People should know each other well before kissing. Questions to be used for above code: 30b. Do you think it's important to know a girl (boy) well before you kiss her? 30c. How about making out? 30d. How about going all the way (intercourse)? Coding Notes: a. Although some attempt has been made to delimit multiple criteria for each code, based on different standards for intercourse, making out, and kissing, insofar as there is inconsistency between standards for kissing and the other two behaviors, give greater weight to the latter two in assigning the rating. b. (0) will not be used in this code. 99 8'8 report of heterosexual experience. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. None. Some mild kissing, nothing more. Prolonged "making out" (deep kissing). Occasional mild petting (for girls, petting above the waist). Nothing more. Occasional heavy petting (for girls, petting above and below the waist) no intercourse. Frequent heavy petting, no intercourse. Frequent heavy petting, intercourse on one or two occasions. Considerable heterosexual experience (including intercourse on more than two occasions). Questions to be used for above code: 308.. b. C s d. 31. 31.80 31h. How far do most of the guys you know go with a girl? Do you think it's important to know a girl (boy) well before you kiss her? How about making out? How about going all the way (intercourse)? How about what you've done? How far have you gone with girls? (kissing; making out; going all the way.) How often would you say you do this? Is this fairly usual when you go out with a girl (boy) or is it more likely that you don't go quite so far? What do you usually do? Vma Coding Notes: APPENDIX E Correlations between ratios of thematic sex, thematic fantasy and overt Total Sex Total Sex + Total Restraint Total Sex Total Sex + Personal Negative Aftermath + Impersonal Negative Aftermath Physical Aggression Physical Aggression + Aggression Restraint Total Ingestion Total Ingestion + Total Inhibition lOO sexual behavior Peak Petting -013 -005 '.08 .01 .05 .10 .15 .06 Intercourse -.Ol .05 .Ol .07 F1 .3" APPENDIX F It has been concluded in the present study that the lack of relation- ship between fantasy and behavioral variables used was due, in part, to differing levels of conceptualization. In brief, the behavioral variables reflected largely social influences i.e., secondary (learned) drives refer- ring to conformity and approval, rather than "primary" or unlearned drives as originally assumed. In addition, fantasy itself appears to reflect, in part, social learning experiences in terms of the modulating effects of inhibition. Where then does this leave the concept of primary drives? Is such h' a construct necessary given the above conclusion that when one factors out of human sexual behavior all social influences not much remains to serve as a source of variance. This would indicate, in short, that the concept of "primary drives" as a working construct not account for much. This question of course, refers to the old innate vs. learned controversy that pervades psychological writing and research. As such it falls out of the sphere of the present thesis: defining what or where drive is not 3 central to the empirical task of relating thematic fantasy to behavior. The term "primary drive" has been used in the present study as a convenient term to discuss what seems obvious, namely that some motivated state pre- cedes sexual behavior. The assumption of the term "primary" is that this motivator is a biological (unlearned) given. The phenomenal experience of increased sexual feelings and release would lend intuitive support to this. The data, indicating that social influences are very important in determining the frequency and quality of sexual behavior would not. It 101 102 is very hard to resolve this issue, since indeed, even the term "sexuality" is a broad one with many referents, some obvious in their relationship, others not . The general point of view here is that the expression of sexuality is some function of the total personality which is, in turn a function of the past history of the individual. .That past history is a biological no less than a social one and it is erroneous to conclude, as our present, socially oriented methodology would lead us, that biological factors are unimportant in determining human behavior. What has been called sexual behavior in this research has turned out, for reasons obvious enough to be social behavior largely socially motivated. In fact, if one wishes to assume that the ultimate aim of sexual behavior is intercourse, then all the behavior studied here is appetitive--there is no index of consummatory behavior such as masturbatory orgasms or nocturnal emissions and few people had experienced intercourse. One cannot draw from the present findings the conclusion that sexual behavior is the result of secondary drives (and thus that the concept of primary drives is irrelevant)--on1y that the behaviors used as criterion . variables here are largely influenced by secondary drive factors and corre- late with what is known about adolescents in general. No theorist at present claims seriously to understand all the influences of the secondary drives, let alone how they relate to their biologic underpinnings. And other theorists in the behavioral sciences might maintain that the various courting and mating patterns in human societies are elaborations of similar patterns found to be part of the evolutionary equipment of species lower on the phylogenetic scale. Remove as much learned behavior as possible 103 and one would still find the individual's experience of sexual feeling or arousal--i.e., an impulsion to seek sexual stimulation or release. This, it would seem, would be fundamental to the concept of a truly "primary" drive. It is maintained here that it is a fundamental fact of life and that no adequate theory or program of sex research can avoid it. "‘WWWi“