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I v, - g 1 q n o o t {A ' _’ .' . m - = --..-m2:1#~‘mw" n, ' ” J V L "Ll/”UL"! A: A A A {:33 :24 * University I m— ABSTRACT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE WRIST SHOT OR SLAP SHOT IS MORE ACCURATE AND TO WHICH SCORING AREA OF THE NET THIS SHOT SHOULD BE DIRECTED BY FORWARDS SKATING AT NORMAL SKATING SPEED IN ICE HOCKEY By Richard P. DeStefano Statement of the Problem The purpose of the study was to determine whether the wrist shot or the slap shot was more accurate and to which scoring area of the net this shot should be directed by forwards skating at normal speed in ice hockey. Methodology Twenty-three male Varsity ice hockey players from the forty players available at Michigan State University were randomly chosen as the sample. The players used the skating wrist and slap shots and directed ten shots at each of the four out out corners of the target for each type of shot from a specific shooting zone. The shots (wrist and slap), the corners (near high, near low, far high, far low), and the days were drawn randomly. Richard P. DeStefano One month previous to Christmas, the wrist and slap shots were taught and practised by shooting from the specific shooting zone to the target in the net. In January, the accuracy test was administered. The player skated from center ice at a reasonable skating speed, carrying the puck on his stick, and shot his specific shot for the day at the four corners of the target. Therefore, each player took a total of forty shots, ten at each of the four corners during the time allotted on that day. A Bastat routine for correlational analyses, means, standard deviations, and significance of the means was performed on the Michigan State Computer. A two—way analysis of variance was applied to the data to deter— mine if there was any significance between the shots at the .01 level of significance. A Tukey's test was applied to the means of the shots by corners to deter- mine if the difference between means was significant at the .01 and .05 level of significance. Conclusions l. The wrist shot was more accurate than the slap shot at the .01 level of significance when carried out under the conditions of this study. 2. The far low corner was the most accurate corner at which to shoot in ice hockey at the .01 level of Richard P. DeStefano significance when carried out under the conditions of this study. 3. The near low corner was more accurate to shoot at than the near high corner at the .05 level of signif- icance when carried out under the conditions of this study. Approved: <,;_Wé";32([04., TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE WRIST SHOT OR SLAP SHOT IS MORE ACCURATE AND TO WHICH SCORING AREA OF THE NET THIS SHOT SHOULD BE DIRECTED BY FORWARDS SKATING AT NORMAL SKATING SPEED IN ICE HOCKEY By Richard P. DeStefano A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements ' for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1970 A "2 L 5 - ‘70 ~70 DEDICATION To my wife, Maureen, whose encouragement and under- standing provided a happy environment for the writing of this thesis. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the following people whose invaluable guidance and assistance made this research possible: Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Dr. Amo Bessone Alex Terpay Joe Polano Roy Thiessen Paul Salfi Dave Anderson Wayne D. Van Huss G. Mikles A grateful note is also sent forth to the entire Michigan State University Hockey team for their complete cooperation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . LIST OF APPENDICES Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem . . . Hypothesis . . . . Significance of the Study . . Delimitations . . . . . . . Limitations . Definition of Terms . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE III. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem Selection of Subjects Experimental Design . Procedure . . Method of Data Analysis IV. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA Data Analysis . . . . . . Analysis of Variance . . . . Discussion . . . . . . . iv Page ii iii vi vii viii |._J CD oxiz-oommmm ll 11 ll ll 12 1A 15 15 17 2O Chapter V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary . . Conclusions Recommendations APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 22 22 23 2A 25 32 Chapter V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary . . Conclusions Recommendations APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 22 22 23 2A 25 32 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Two-Way Analysis of Variance . . . . . . 18 2. Means of the Shots by Corners . . . . . 19 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Shooting Zone . . . . . . . . . . . 5 vii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A. Raw Data-—Wrist Shot B. Raw Data—-Slap Shot . C. Sums of the Raw Observations . . . . Minimum Values, Means, Raw Scores . . . . 'Simple Correlations . viii Standard Deviations Page 26 27 28 29 3O 31 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Presently, there are many arguments as to whether the wrist shot or slap shot accurate. Many discussions also occur as of each of these shots in a specific area Most coaches agree that the wrist shot is but the level of hockey being played will which of the two shots is more popular. in ice hockey is more to the accuracy of the net. more accurate determine In the areas of professional and college hockey, the slap shot is used most often, while minor hockey coaches encourage players to use a wrist shot. Disagreement also arises ‘ when coaches are questioned about the areas of the net most vulnerable to a particular shot. However, it is accepted knowledge that most coaches will agree that the two upper and two lower corners of the net are the areas to which a shot should be directed in order to achieve accuracy. No studies have been made to deter- mine which particular shot is more accurate in a specific area of the net. Statement of the Problem In order to arrive at some satisfactory conclusions, a test was administered to determine which forehand shot was more accurate in each of the described corners of the net. Hypothesis The skating wrist shot will be more accurate when directed to the near side low corner of the net. Significance of the Study This study may enable coaches to state that one particular forehand shot is most accurate in a specific corner of the net. Hypothetically, a coach could instruct a left winger shooting from his wing, to use a wrist shot, directing it to the near low corner of the net. Conversely, the coach could instruct a right winger to avoid using the slap shot when directing it to the near high corner of the net. The results of this study would be more beneficial than recommending only one specific shot. Delimitations The study included twenty-three Michigan State University Varsity hockey players, thus encompassing only a total sample of twenty-three college ice hockey players. Limitations This study had many limitations and it was obvious that these limitations could greatly affect the results. The limitations were as follows: I. The relative skill level of each subject in the execution of each shot varied slightly. There was no control over the total years of experience of each subject. The term "reasonable skating speed" varied for each subject when he executed the shots. The relative speed of each shot was determined subjectively; thus, human error was involved in determining which shots were applicable to the study. The exact position of each subject within the general shooting zone could not be controlled. The motivational level of each subject on any one day could not be controlled. The use of curved sticks, not exceeding one half inch from heel to toe, could have influenced the results. Human error was involved in judging the moment a player passed out of the limited shooting zone. Ice conditions were not consistent during the time allowed for the study. Definition of Terms Varsity The Interscholastic team whose members were between the ages of 18 and 2A as of September 1, 1969. Skating Wrist Shot The player was permitted to skate toward the net in the prescribed shooting zone at a reasonable speed while maintaining control of the puck on the blade of his hockey stick. During the wind—up, the puck was brought backward along the ice and was kept in contact with the blade of the hockey stick throughout the shooting action. The stick was then brought forward rapidly in a sweeping action and was terminated by additional wrist snap and followed through to obtain maximum velocity in the shot. The length of backswing on the windup and the amount of sweep and wrist action varied a great deal among hockey players and was not limited in this study. Skating,SlaprShot The player was permitted to skate toward the net in the prescribed shooting zone at a reasonable speed while maintaining control of the puck on the blade of his hockey stick. The shot was executed by bringing the blade of the hockey stick back some distance behind the puck, above the height of the knee, and then forcefully swinging it forward to contact the puck with a slapping action in order to propel it forward. The length of the backswing and the amount of wrist action and follow through varied with the player. Reasonable Skating Speed The speed of skating which was neither too slow nor too fast in which a player shoots the puck under game conditions. Shooting Zone The shooting zone was 33 feet from the side boards to the marker. It was 20 feet from marker to marker and A5 feet from the boards to the farthest marker and 25 feet from the boards to the closest marker. / / / I ’ Net k 25! [45! //’ 10' 20' 20' n— 33' —————vi l¢———~—‘ 33'-—-v ' Shooting Zone Target Areas Near Side Low: That area which was closest to the ice on the side closer to an individual shooter. Near Side High: That area which was highest from the ice on the side closer to an individual shooter. Far Side Low: That area which was closest to the ice on the farther side from an individual shooter. Far Side High: That area which was highest from the ice on the farthest side from an individual shooter. Successful Shot Any puck that enterd directly into the scoring area in each of the specified four corners. Equipment Target The target was a portable net measuring A' x 6' constructed of 3/4 inch plywood covered with 1/8" rubberized carpet. Scoring areas, measuring 12" x 12", were cut in each of the four corners. The cut out areas were brushed with black paint to accentuate them, and the target was tied inside the net, flush with the four points of contact. The only possible areas for the puck to enter the net were the four corners. Pucks Official National Hockey League pucks, made of vulcanized rubber. They measured 1" x 3" and weighed 5 1/2 oz. to 6 oz. Hockey Sticks Slightly curved sticks in which the curve did not exceed one half inch were used by the players. Recording75heets Individual sheets were tabulated for each player. Name, age, type of shooter, years of varsity experience and a recorded mark for each type of shot and the' specific area aimed for were indicated on the sheet. Markers Bright red markers were used to mark off the scoring zone. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE It was rather difficult to find a great amount of related scientific literature applicable to this study since very little has been done in this area. There was a limited number of books available although the authorities expressed their opinions and findings in generalities. In the one scientific study, J. F. Alexander, J. B. Haddow, and G. A. Schultz (1) proved that for all levels of teams studied, the standing slap shot was the least accurate and the skating wrist shot was the most accurate. In this particular study, the skating slap shot was most accurate when used by professional hockey players. Jim Hunt (2) stated that after watching Bob Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks shoot, that most of his goals were scored with the wrist shot. Eddie Jeremiah (3) stated that the four most vulnerable spots to aim for in ice hockey were the two lower corners and two upper corners. Lynn Patrick and Les Monahan (A) dis- covered that the best shot was one that moves along the ice, preferably a wrist shot as slap shots proved to be most erratic. They further generalized by stating that there were six scoring areas: both corners high, both corners low, and six inches inside the post on each side. Lloyd Percival (5) made a number of gener- alizations concerning shooting and accuracy. He pointed out that low shots are the best nine times out of ten and that the second best shot was a shot aimed at shoulder height. He further stated that the slap shot was forty per cent less accurate than the wrist shot. Jack Riley (6) wrote that possibly more goals were scored on the ice than in any other manner and that very few slap shots ended up in the net. George Sullivan (7) remarked that the wrist shot was the most accurate shot while the slap shot was most difficult to control. He went further in stating that the four best areas to aim for are the right and left, high and low corners. He continued to generalize by pointing out that most goals were scored along the ice. Richard Vaughn (8) does not believe in specific shots or areas. Most of the current thought contradicts his opinion that scoring depends on the goalie's weaknesses. The only specific statement Vaughn made suggested that a left hand shooter aim his shot to the goaltender's left side. A booklet published by the CAHLI (9) pointed out that at thirty feet from the net, an error of ten degrees in the slap shot throws the puck off the midline of the goal by six feet. 10 It was generally agreed by the above—mentioned authorities that the four most vulnerable areas to aim for were the low corners and the high corners while the most accurate shot was the skating wrist shot. No one has attempted to name the best scoring area for a particular type of shot. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem This study was undertaken to determine whether the wrist shot or slap shot was more accurate and to which scoring areas of the net this shot should be directed by forwards skating at normal speed in ice hockey. Selection of Subjects Twenty-three male Varsity ice hockey players from the Michigan State University Varsity team, between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty—four (24), were randomly chosen as the sample. There was a population of forty hockey players available and the twenty-three chosen were randomly selected. Experimental Design In order to remove bias from the two types of shots (skating wrist shot and skating slap shot) and the four target areas, each area was randomly selected. Thus, the Choice of a particular player for a particular shot at a particular target area on a particular day was done 11 randomly. There was no definite sequence for any one player on any one of the target areas on any one day. (Appendices A and B) The shooting zone was located above the circle on each side of the net in order to create a standard- ized shooting area that was relevant to the game of hockey. Most defencemen are told to force forwards to the outside of the center zone and after much discussion with coaches and players, it was decided that the area designated as the shooting zone was a realistic area to shoot from by forwards in ice hockey. Procedure LearningiPeriod The targets were placed in the nets once a week for one and one half hours from October fifteenth to November thirtieth and the shooting zone was marked off distinctly. During this time, the entire Varsity team (forty players) were given the opportunity to pretest the problem, and each of the shots was taught and reviewed. Everyone attempted some shots at the target during the time interval mentioned above. In late November 1969, a chart was placed in the dressing room of the Varsity hockey players showing the two types of shots and diagram with the four specific target areas left blank. Coach Amo Bessone stated that 13 he would ask the experimenter to list the scores of the individual players in order to determine who had the most accurate shot on the team. This was to be of motivational value in the study. Testing Period Beginning in January 1970, every Monday and Wednesday afternoon the chosen players were given the test using two targets, one at each net, with two recorders present. The players were notified ahead of time as to what day they would be shooting, what shot they would shoot, and what sequence they would follow in shooting at the four targets. Each player was given instruction again as to what the limits of the shooting zone were, what shot they were to shoot, and what sequence of target areas they were to follow. Each player were full hockey equipment and was allowed a few trials of his particular shot for that day. Ten shots at each corner of the target area were then recorded. The player started skating from center ice at a reasonable skating speed, carrying the puck on his stick. He shot from the specified shooting zone toward the specified corner in question. Each time the puck entered the specific area, it was recorded as one point. This procedure was followed for all shots, involving all the chosen players. 1“ Shooting Ten designated shots (wrist or slap) were taken at each of the four corners (forty wrist or slap) by a selected subject on a designated day. Method of Data Analysis A two-way analysis of variance was applied to the data to determine if there was any significance between the wrist and slap shots and the interaction of shots and corners at the .01 level of significance. A Bastat routine for the correlational analyses was performed on the Michigan State University Control Data: 3600 Computer. The Tukey's test was applied to the means of the shots by corners to determine if the difference between means was significant at the .01 level and .05 level of significance using the randomized block design. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The purpose of this study was to determine whether the wrist shot or slap shot was more accurate and to which scoring area of the net this shot should be directed by forwards skating at normal speed in ice hockey. The twenty-three Varsity hockey players who were chosen took forty wrist shots and forty slap shots at a portable target in a regulation net from a specified shooting zone on the ice. Each subject took ten shots at each of the four specified corners of each type of shot. Data Analysis Bastat Routine The means, (M), standard deviation, and signif- icance level of the means were calculated from a Bastat routine on the Michigan State Computer and the means of the total wrist shots attempted was 6.95 while the mean of the total slap shots attempted was H.78 (Appendix B). The significance of the means was calculated and all of them were significant at the 15 16 .0005 level of significance except the far high slap shot which was significant at the .001 level (Appendix E). It was seen that the mean of the wrist shot to the far low corner (2.73) and the mean of the slap shot to the far low corner (2.21) were the highest mean values. A total of nine hundred and twenty (920) wrist shots were attempted and of that total one hundred and sixty (160) entered the scoring areas. This would indicate that seventeen (17) per cent of the wrist shots attempted entered the scoring areas. The highest total for the wrist shot was seen in the far low corner (63) accounting for thirty-nine (39) per cent of the total. (Appendix C) Of the nine hundred and twenty (920) slap shots attempted, one hundred and ten (110) entered the scoring areas. This would indicate that twelve (12) per cent of the slap shots attempted entered the scoring areas. The highest total for the slap shot was seen in the far low corner (51), accounting for forty-six (A6) per cent of the total. (Appendix C) Simple correlations were also produced by the computer (Appendix F). There was a high positive correlation r = .80 between the slap shot and the far low corner, and a moderate positive correlation r = .67 in the near low corner indicating that the slap shot was more accurate shooting at the low corners of the net. 17 There was also a high positive correlation between the total wrist shot and the near low corner r = .76, and a moderate correlation between the wrist shot and the far low corner r = .58, and the wrist and the near high corner r = .68 indicating that the wrist shot was more accurate shooting at the low corners and the near high corner (Appendix F). An interesting correlation was the relationship between the wrist and the slap shots which was r = .039 indicating that there was no relationship at all between the two types of shots in regard to accuracy. Analysis of Variance A two—way analysis of variance was calculated in order to determine if there was any significance at the .01 level between the wrist and slap shots, between the four corners of the net and the interaction between the shots and the corners. The results of the analysis are seen in Table 1. It was seen from the analysis of variance con- ducted that the wrist shot was more accurate than the slap shot at the .01 level of significance within the confines of this accuracy test. It is also apparent from Table 1 that there was a significant difference in the shots taken in the corners at a .01 level of significance. mocmoHMchHm mo Hm>mH Ho. v n m l8 m mm.H mwa 0.05m mommm .Q.m.z on. so.H m m.m mmecnoo use mpozm mo coapommmch mm.m mam.mfi o.mm m o.mw mamasoo mw.© mmo.m m.mH H w.ma macaw mwa o.mom Hence meadofigacwfim mm mzv co m we Hm>mfi .m .m.E.m .m.m mm 85% mo Mowmww Ho. no m .mocmfipm> mo mfimzamcm zmslozell.a mqm¢9 19 ‘ There was no significant difference between the means of the interactions of the shots and the corners. In order to determine if there was any signif- icance between the means of the shots by corners a Tukey's test was used. The randomized block design was used and two levels of significance were applied. Table 2 illustrates the results of the test. TABLE 2.—-Means of the shots by corners. Corners Near High Near Low Far High Far Low Means .8u7 1.5ub 1.00 2.148a (M) Tukey's Test: (a) Any difference between means larger than .82 is significant at the .01 level of significance. (b) Any difference between means larger than .68 is considered significant at the .05 level of significance. From Table 2, it was noted that the accuracy of the shots taken was highest in the far low corner at a .01 level of significance. It was also shown that the accuracy of the shots taken in the near low corner was higher than the shots taken in the near high corner at the .05 level of significance. 20 Discussion The experimenter's hypothesis was only half correct when he stated that the wrist shot would be more accurate when directed to the near side low corner of the net. The data supported the premise that the wrist shot is more accurate but fails to substantiate the near low corner as the best one. The far low corner was statisti- cally the best corner to aim a shot in ice hockey. The common observation among hockey coaches was that low shots were more accurate than high shots seems to be well supported in this study. It was assumed throughout this study that shooting zone and target are relevant to hockey shooting accuracy and after much discussion and deliberation, the assumption seemed to be a reasonable one. There was no goaltender present in the test but all of the goaltenders questioned during and after this experiment agreed that if a goaltender played a normal approach to this specific shooting zone, a shot to the far low corner would be the hardest to stop. The second hardest shot to stop was one directed to the near low corner if the goaltender moved backwards into his net from a normal approach. An interesting aspect of the study was that all of the players in the study stated that they practised the slap shot more often than the wrist shot; yet, when the accuracy test was being administered, they found 21 the wrist shot the easier to control and easier to score in the target areas. Yet, most of the players returned to the slap shot after the test because they would rather sacrifice accuracy for speed. The experimenter feels that the wrist shot is definitely more accurate than the slap shot and should be stressed in all levels of hockey in order to promote more goal scoring in game situations. There is a definite need to substantiate this study by applying the same test to all levels of hockey in order to convince coaches that the slap shot is not as effective a shot for accuracy as the wrist shot. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The purpose of this study was to determine whether the wrist shot or the slap shot was more accurate and to which scoring area of the net this shot should be directed by forwards skating at normal speed in ice hockey. Twenty-three male Varsity ice hockey players from the forty players available at Michigan State University were randomly chosen as the sample. From a specific shooting zone, the players used the skating wrist shot and skating slap shot and directed ten shots at each of the four out out corners of a target inserted in the net for each type of shot. The shots (wrist or slap), the corners (near high and low, far high and low), and the days were drawn randomly. The targets were placed in the nets for one month previous to Christmas 1969, and the wrist and slap shots were taught and practised from the specific shooting zone. Beginning in January 1970, the accuracy test was administered with 22 23 two recorders present. The subject started skating from center ice at a reasonable skating speed, carrying the puck on his stick and shot his specific shot for the day at the four target areas. Each player took forty shots, ten at each corner during the time allotted. A two-way analysis of variance was applied to the data to determine if there was any significance between the shots and the corners at the .01 level of signif— icance. A Bastat routine for the correlational analyses was performed on the Michigan State Computer. A Tukey's test was applied to the means of the shots by corners to determine if the difference between/means was significant at the .01 level of significance. Conclusions The following conclusions were drawn from the data received within the limitations of the experimental design: 1. The wrist shot was more accurate than the slap shot at the .01 level of significance when carried out under the conditions of this study. 2. The far low corner was the most accurate corner at which to shoot at the .01 level of significance when carried out under the conditions of this study. 3. The near low corner was more accurate to shoot at than the near high corner at the .05 level of signif- icance when carried out under the conditions of this study. 2“ Recommendations 1. The following accuracy test should be admin- istered to minor hockey players, high school players, Junior A players, and professional teams in order to substantiate its results. 2. The shooting zone should be moved into other areas on the ice surface to verify the results of this experiment. 3. The snap shot and the backhand shot should be used by players at all levels with this test in order to determine what accuracy they have in shooting. A. Hockey sticks with a greater curve and sticks with no curves should be evaluated within this experimental design to determine their affect on shooting accuracy. APPENDICES 25 26 APPENDIX A.--Raw data-—wrist shot. Name Near Low Near High Far High Far Low Total Dennis Hogan (2) o (b) o (c) l (a) 2 (d) 3 Frank DeMarco (l) 2 (a) 2 (C) 2 (d) A (b) 10 Mike DeMarco (1) 1 (b) 1 (e) 2 (d) 2 (c) 6 Uve Drews (1) o (b) o (a) 3 (d) A (c) 7 Bill Sipola (2) l (a) O (c) 2 (b) 3 (d) 6 Al Swanson (l) O (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) A (a) 5 Paul Mooney (l) 0 (c) O (b) l (d) 3 (a) A Gordon Sokoll (2) A (d) 2 (c) 3 (a) 1 (b) 10 Herb Price (2) 2 (d) 2 (a) l (c) 2 (b) 7 Gerald DeMarco (l) A (c) l (b) l (a) l (d) 7 Robert Michelutti (l) 2 (c) 2 (a) O (b) 3 (d) 7 Bob Campbell (1) 2 (d) O (c) l (a) 2 (b) 5 Rick Houtteman (1) 3 (b) 1 (a) 1 (c) 3 (d) 8 Stu Goetz (2) 3 (a) 1 (c) o (d) 1 (b) 5 Dan Finnegan (2) A (a) O (c) 2 (d) 7 (b) 13 Dave Bosman (l) 2 (b) 2 (a) 3 (C) 0 (d) 7 Richard Olson (2) l (c) 0 (d) l (b) l (a) 3 Don Thompson (2) 0 (d) 0 (c) 2 (a) 2 (b) A Don St. Jean (1) l (a) 0 (d) 1 (b) 2 (c) A Dave Roberts (1) 2 (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) A (d) 8 Larry Curran (2) 6 (c) A (d) l (a) 5 (b) 16 Mike Olsen (2) O (b) 1 (a) 2 (c) A (d) Larry Jakinovich (2) l (b) 2 (a) 2 (d) 3 (c) 8 (1) Wrist Shot Taken First Sequence of Corners: (a) first (2) Wrist Shot Taken Second (2) :EISSd fourth APPENDIX B.--Raw data--slap shot. 27 Name Near Low Near High Far High Far Low Total Dennis Hogan (1) 2 (a) l (d) 0 (b) O (c) 3 Frank DeMarco (2) 3 (d) 0 (b) l (a) 5 (c) 9 Mike DeMarco (2) 3 (a) 0 (c) 0 (d) 7 (b) 10 Uve Drews (2) 3 (d) 1 (a) O (c) O (b) A Bill Slpola (l) O (a) l (b) l (d) 0 (C) 2 A1 Swanson (2) 0 (a) 1 (c) l (b) 3 (d) 5 Paul Mooney (2) O (b) 0 (c) 0 (a) l (d) 1 Gordon Sokoll (l) O (C) O (a) 0 (d) l (b) 1 Herb Price (1) 2 (d) 2 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 9 Gerald DeMarco (2) 1 (b) 1 (a) l (c) 2 (c) 5 Robert Michelutti (2) 2 (b) 1 (d) o (c) 2 (a) 5 Bob Campbell (2) l (b) l (a) 2 (c) 2 (d) 6 Rick Houtteman (2) 2 (a) O (b) O (c) 3 (d) 5 Stu Goetz (l) 2 (b) l (d) 0 (a) 2 (c) 5 Dan Finnegan (l) 3 (C) l (a) 0 (d) 1 (b) 5 Dave Bosman (2) 0 (a) 0 (d) O (b) 3 (c) 3 Richard Olsen (1) l (b) 0 (c) l (d) l (a) 3 Don Thompson (1) l (c) 2 (d) 0 (a) 2 (b) 5 Don St. Jean (2) 0 (d) 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 Dave Roberts (2) 2 (d) l (a) l (c) 5 (b) 9 Larry Curran (l) O (a) l (b) l (d) 0 (c) 2 Mike Olson (1) 1 (c) o (b) o (a) u (d) 5 Larry Jakinovich (l) l (c) 2 (b) 0 (a) 2 (d) 5 (1) Slap Shot Taken First Sequence of Corners: (a) first (2) Slap Shot Taken Second (2) iiiggd fourth l ‘*d 28 mm mm panes zoo use me am seam son has Hm em when: swam was HH NH seam swam hem mm H: seeps son sssz em om seam seq sssz ea mm phase swam sssz ma ea seam swam sssz ea owe sees; NH sea emfim peso sea Hesse poem peso use Hesse poem .mCOHpm>bmmno 3mg ecu mo mEsmII.o xHszmm< 29 HH.m 20.0 00.0 :0.m 00.: 00.H NH mocwfihmaxm mummy 0m.m 00.0 em.H se.m 00.e 00.0 HH sees: :04 use 00.m 0m.0 m0.0 00.H 00.m 00.0 00 amass swam was mH.m m0.0 m0.H 0e.a 00.0 00.0 0 ewes: son ssmz ee.m H0.H e0.H 00.0 00.0 00.0 ,0 pnasz swam smsz mm.m 00.0 00.H mm.m 00.e 00.0 e 00am 304 use 00.m 00.0 00.0 mm.0 00.m 00.0 0 00am ewes hem me.H 0m.0 HH.H 0m.H 00.m 00.0 0 00am seq sesz 0H.m em.0 00.0 20.0 00.m 00.0 0 00am swam sssz m0.e sm.H 0H.m 00.0 00.0H 00.m m ewes: 00.m 00.0 mm.m 0a.: 00.0H 00.H N 00am mHmOBLsx mmmCmem cwwwmwmmm coo: EMHWMWZ Emwwmwz bonesz mEmz .mCOHUmH>®U ULQUCNUW nmcmmE nmwfiflm> EZEHCHZII.Q NHflzmmmd. 30 CD (7 V V r—«, 071' 000000.03 ma oocmfinooxm whom» r—1 1-‘1 r-l F") (I) r4 C‘) (‘1 C J UV ‘7 UN ON \ C) H (I) (‘3 CW 0 (7 O (V‘. 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L-u C\ >1- :mmE mxh shew Eons Q «is we gonna mcowuefl>o0 meswsrm we E30 E30 meE32 wEmz E vswncmom oosezem 00 Son .mmhoom 30mll.m NHozmmm< 31 3 m hmwz ommzo.OI moomo.o mazmo.o wmmmm.o ooooo.H m A 9mm omoo=.o o~m:o.ou mmmHo.o mmzmH.OI m00:a.0 ooooo.H Iii ‘mfih m m ham m0:0m.0l 000m0.0| Homom.OI mmHmH.o namm0.0 mmmm0.0 00000.H me my» ooooo.H NH 0 0 0002 HmzmH.OI mmmom.o Hmeo.OI NHNHO.0I w:mwo.ou mawmm.o mmmma.0| ooooo.H 3 a #03 :mmmo.OI ooooo.a HH W m hmwz awoma.ol NH::H.0 00000.0: mmmao.0l omm:0.o 000:m.0| mmafim.0 00000.0 00000.H 3 m 903 :mfimo.o Hummo.o ooooo.H OH 00002 HmeH.ol n:m0m.0 Hmmmm.o m0000.0 0m000.0 mHHmo.ol mmoao.OI mmmma.o 000m0.0 00000.H 3 Q kmmz mmmma.ot mmmHH.0 mmmHH.0| ooooo.H axm mum 3 A ham 3 m ham 3 A hmmz omHm NHNOH.O ma moama.o HH mmmHH.01 0H Hm0m0.01 m 00000.0 0 m0000.0 0 mmwmm.0 0 omwm©.o m Hzaom.o : mammo.o m 00000.H m .02 hm> .m200pmamph00 mHQEHmII.m me mg» 3 A ham 3 m ham 3 a pmmz 3 m pwmz m A yam m m Lam m A nmmz m : pmmz pmfin3 amam NHszmm< BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 D.) 6. IO. BIBLIOGRAPHY Articles Alexander, J. F.; Haddow, J. B.; and Schultz, G.A. "A Comparison of Ice Hockey Wrist and Slap Shots for Speed and Accuracy." Research Quarterly, 34:259- 266, 1963. Books Hunt, Jim. Bob Hull. Chicago: Follett Publishing Company, 1966. Jeremiah, Eddie. Ice Hockey. New York: Ronald Press Company, 19581 Patrick, Lynn, and Monahan, Les. Let's Play Hockey. Toronto: MacMillan Press Company, 1957. Percival, Lloyd. The Hockey Handbook. (revised edition) Toronto: Copp Clark Publishing Company, 1957. Riley, Jack. The Young Sportsman's Guide to Ice Hockey. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962. Sullivan, George. Face Off. Toronto: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1968. Vaughn, Richard. Hockey. New York: Whittlesey House, 1939- Canadian Amateur Hockey Leadership Institute. National Clinic: Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montreal, Canada. August 1966. Statistical Reference Guenther, William. Analysis of Variance. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1964. 33 MICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES 31293101230104