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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

A Nutritional Study of Ranch Raised

Mink

presented by

Roland E. Howell; -

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

__L_Sg__ degree in ME—

  
   
   
   
   
   
 
   
   
   

 

  

Date M33 199 1952.

 

       

 
    

 

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F_i“‘E-“- ‘r 'l'fi‘“ 1-7 - u'—— —

A NUTRITIONAL STUDY OF RANCH RAISED RINK

By
noun mm HOWELL

W

A THESIS
himitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Being“
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial mlfllllent of the requirements
for the degree of

W33 0? SCIEI’OE

Department of Zoology

1962

ACKNOWIEIBEHENTS

or the Ian: people. without whoee advice and friendly
cooperation thie work would have been ilpoeeible, the
writer ie perticnlerly indebted to:

Dre ‘e Ce on.”
Dr. H. E. Hunt
Prof. c. G. cerd
he Dd. Hedemn
Dr. L. B. Bchcll
Ir. Earl Moon

the indivichhl end collective cooperation of the
nee‘bere of the lichigen hr Breedere Aeeocietien
provided e formation for the problem. end the writer

ie einoerely appreciative, eepecielly to Ieeere.
Ion i'iley. Peal Sendell. end John Ieeniek.

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ABSTRACT

The. prilnry pu'poee of the problem was the development of a
practical link feed, devoid of freeh neat, which would rapport an
adeqnate nutritional plane through all etagee of the life cycle of
the enilal.

.i cowative group feeding trial method. in which link were
kept under conditions cloeely einlating comercial practice. wee
need to allow dietary evaluation. Body weight. determined at weekly
intervale. wee the naJor criterion of reeponee to dietary mdii'ication.
collateral oheervatione were node on nortidity. nortality. reprodnction,
and far quality.

in average of 45 link were contimonely entJected to three
encceeeive dry-naeh ratione during a period of 18 nonthe. Supple-onto
were intrednced into the baeal retiene and reopeneee evalnated.

‘i'he final and neat encceeeml experinental ration allowed ent-
noreal growth and reproduction, and fairly adequate shit naintenence.
complete clininetien of deficienciee inherent in the banal ration wee
achieved only with the addition of a high level of freeh neat. Thin
level, however. wae considerably lower than that normally included in
a conerciel ration.

hperinental reenlte indicated that the critical deficienciee in
the final experinental ration were not protein or viteIin in nature.
but were nore directly concerned with palatability and digeetibility.

H.R.M.

TABLE 0? CW5

CHAPTER PAGE
I. IHROIIIO‘HOH .......................
lxpansionendinportance of slink ranching. . . . . . . . .
current problens in nink production. . . . . . . . . . . .
Validation and Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . .
1!. LITERATURE”!!! .....................

Thofoodofthowildlink................

OQQQNF‘H

rheco-ercialninkration................
'i'herele of fresh neat in the ration . . . . . . . . .11
‘i'heroleofliverintheration............12

The role of cereals in the ration. . . . . . . . . . .12

Other ingredients of the ration. . . . . . . . . . . .13

he digestive potential of the link. . . . . . . . . . . .14
Icndnnentaldietaryreqnirenents.............16
Theproteinreqnirenent................16
fhefatreqairenent..................17
Thecarbchydratereqiirenent .............l7
Ihedneralreqnirenent................17
Thevitaninreqairenent................18
Mstitctesforfreehneet.. ...... .. ......19

Ill. cmmaonsmrnomns...............zz
it run um mntuommmmrr QUEs'nmnnr . . . . . . .29

WEB

V.

VII.

VIII.
II.

mom} rnun I. . . . . .
Iothods and procedure .
Results and discussion .

FEEDINGERIALII . . . . .
Methods aid procedure .
Results and discussion .

moms EBIAL III . . . .
lethods and procedure .
Phase I . . . . . . . .

m'°IIOeeoeeee
PhaseIII

O O O O O 0 O

OBSERVATIONS OTHER THAI BODY

mum AND GOIOIDSIGS

Lxmmm CIT“ O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O

O

O

O

Coeeeeoe

EIGHT RESPONSES

C O O O O 0 O O O O 0

PAGE

39
49
G9

69
69

3'2

101
103
105

LIST 0? TABLES

{BABE

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

16.
17.
18.
19.

GontrelBatien.............
Experimental link Basal Ration i . . . .
Experimental link Basal fiction 11. . . .
lxperinentnl link Basal Ration III . . .
A Comparison of Rations l'ed on Comercial
liichiganliinkhanches . . . . . . . .

A comparison of Average nations red on link

Ranches Grouped According to Reproduction Levels

Results tron Mink Ianagenent Questionnaire

Ieehly Heights of link in Group One. . .
'eehly leights of link in Group IEwe . .
Ieekly Ieights of link in Group Three .
leehly Ieights of link in Group reur . .

Effect of Amino Acid Supplementation on Body Height

Ieekly leights of link in Basal Group .
Ieehly [sights of Iflnk in Group One . .
Weekly Heights of Ink in Group Two . .
'eekly Ieights of Mink in Group Three .
Ieekly Ioights of tidal: in Group four . .
Ieekly Ioights of link in Control Group

0

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

i Gonparieon of the Average Percent Initial Ieight

Iaintained by Groups on Varied Ration Greatnents

’10!

27
28

Cal
0'

tfitfi‘dfl

28533

56
57

58

EDI-I

Weekly Weighte of link in Basal Group. . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group One . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group two . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of hunk in Group Three . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Pour . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Control Group . . . . . .
A Comparison of the Average Percent Initial Weight
kintained by Groups on Varied Ration i'reatnents
Weekly Weights of link in Group One . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Two . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Three . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Four . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group rive . . . . . . . .
Weekly Ioights of link in Group Six . . . . . . . .
Ioekly Weights of hank in Control Group . . . . . .
A Comparison of the Average Percent Initial Weight
laintained by Groups on Varied Ration Treatments
Weekly Ieights of link in Group One . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group In . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Three . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of ink in Group Pour . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of Idnk in Group rive . . . . . . . .
Weekly Weights of link in Group Six . . . . . . . .

PAGE

62
63
64
65

67

ee
75
76
77

79

81

82
86

88
89
90
91

 

 

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e n e I u > e
. e . -
a e . . e
n u o . , u
A C - V . a
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a a . . A a
O - a , . .
a a I I . . .
r e e e . .
u o a i . . .

 

TABLE

41.
42.

43.

45.

Weekly Weights of link in Control Group. . . . . . .

A Cogarison of the Average Percent initial Weight

laintained by Groups on Varied Ration Treatments

A Weight Comparison of Animals on Varied Ration

Treatments

0 O 0 0 O O O O O O O O C O O . O O O

A Weight Conparison of Female link on Varied Ration

Ire atnent s

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeOee

Weekly Weights of Male link on Experimental Ration

Treatments

0 O O O O O O I O O O O O D O O O O 9

PAGE

92

98

100

1160!!

I.
II.

III.
17.

LIST 0? FIGURES

link Feeding and Management Questionnaire. . . . . .

Average Group Response of link to Ration Variation

in lens of Per Cent Starting Body Weight . . . .

Influence of Ration Modification on Body Weight . .

A Comparison of Aninal Weight Variance in Ration

Groupings

eeeeeeeeeeeeonOOOOe

PAGE

83

94

I. INTRODUCTION

Expansion and Importance of link Reaching

The ranch mink industry has probably surpassed all other forms of
animal husbandry in recent rate of expansion. Its unshrooming growth,
virtually replacing the comparable for industry of a decade ago, is
attributable to the intrinsic value of its popular pelt and the success-
ful adaption of the animal to confinement.

Consercial mink farming was conceived in the United States in 1866
(Kellogg, Bassett, and Radars. 1948) , when trapped wild mink were caged
and allowed to breed. he nascent industry spread but little, as the
volume of better quality wild mink pelts furnished by trappers was adequate
for the fur trade. It was not until 1920 (Coombes, et al., 1950), that the
ranch raised mink assumed any economic importance, and then it was over-
shadowed by the more popular and established silver for. The popularity of
the long furred fox began to wane in favor of the superior durability and
short furred beauty of the mink, and in the last decade, the latter has been
the most sought after fur in the industry.

Poday, according to Sheldon, (1951), the United States raises 65.14 per
cent of the total ranch mink in the world, and uses 90 per cent of the world's
production. Statistics compiled by the National Board of For Farm Organis-
ations (Sheldon, 1950), reported that 1l0,426 pelts, valued at $1,241,000,
were produced in the United States in 1939. Production was reported from
2,836 ranches located in thirty-two states. In 1948, there were 1,490,860
pelts produced and marketed for $34,364,000; lichigan had moved from its

1940 rank of tenth in number of pelts produced, to third place with a

production of approximately 7 per cent of the domestic total. It was en-
ceeud only by Wisconsin and finneeeta, which contributed 87 and 12 per
cent respectively. Despite increased production at home. imports have
Jumped from 170,906 pelts in 1939 to 1,200.2» in 1949. Recent and pond-
ing legislation. however. will curtail future imports.

Current Problems in link Production

he rapid growth of mink farming has not been without attendant
diffialties. An adequate store of practical knowledge has not accumu-
ated and for-.1 rosoarch in the field has been practically non-existent.
Currently there is an increasing awareness and appreciation of the nny
problems of the industry and research work at institutional and govern-
mental levels has been initiated. Reed and pharmaceutical firms have also
strengthened and intensified work in this field. re. several Journals of
the industry have done mch to inform. advise. and distribute available
information.

Progress in the field in the past is primarily attrihtablo to efforts
within the industry. Mr success is attested by the relatively satis—
factory solutien of critical problems in marketing, disease. reproduction.
and feeding. i'he latter factor has been of naJor inortanee since the
beginning of the industry when captive mink, fed solely on meat, failed to
thrive as they did in the wild. Ives today, any of the problems of
disease. fur pality and reproduction on be traced to dietary diffieulties.
despite the variety of nutritionally excellent foods achieved by the long
years of trial and error. ‘Ihe variety in todays foods is restricted to
mpplementary componnte. 5st feeds at the present ti. are-similar in

that they contain high levels of fresh meat, usually from the horse. on.
fur farming industry 1. unique in the field .2 nil-.1 hsbandry in ms it
has so long been penalised and restricted by lack of a stable, low cost
food which is readily available in uniform quality. The arront problem in
mink feeding is not one of fornlation: it is one of preparation, ingredient
availability, and cost.

It is significant that the narrow margin of profit on which the fur
rancher currently operates is duo. in the main, to excessive food, labor,
all equipment costs. fheee stem directly from the large quantities of
expensive fresh meat which not be incorporated into the successful ration.
llaberate refrigeration, hoists. grinders. loggers, sane. and mixers, along
with the necosoaq buildings, combine to form an exceedingly heavy invest-
ment. the many diomlvantagoe and inefficiencies inherent in small-batch
for—lotion and mixing can be illustrated in the field of poultry production.
Only after a eo-oreially fer-lated and mixed poultry feed of satisfactory
quality bocue widely available. did the poultry industry flourish.

A factor more critical than the complexity, variability and high cost
of todays ration is the rapidly diminishing supply of the basic ingredient
of mink food - horse meat. The reason is readily seen when the statistics
of horse population are examined. In use, the Crop Reporting Board of the
United States Department of Agriculture reported the decline in the umber
of horses to be, relatively and actually. the greatest for any year on
record. so. national horse population for that year totalled only 7,251,000.
ten per cent less thu in 1945 and the .allest since 1060. he

accelerated downward trend. which had been in evidence for many years. was
attributed to experts. thor. and a sail colt crop. An indication of
a further decrease in horses is the relatively small “or of colts under
one year of age. Only three per cent of the national horse population fall
into this category.

demo estimate of ti. increased demand for slaughter horses i. «and
by leaning (1941) do reports only three horse slaghterimg establishments
afier Pederal inspection in 1939. Their cofiined volume was less than
20.000 for the year. In 1947, there were twenty-three such establishments
and they accounted for 156,812 animals in the first eight months of the year.

Inerte have Jumped from an same). average of three million pounds
during the period 193 to 1940, to 41.5 million in it“. according to
loaning (1947).

It might be interesting to spoalate on the number of horses required
in a year by the mink industry. figures are not available for the total
breeding mink stocked, but if a umber equal to one-half the production is
accepted as a fair estimate. one million mink ionld have been retained in
1943. Daily oonsmmption of three ounces of meat per animal would estimate
the canal consumption to be ninety million pounds for the breeding stock
and a like amount for those animals pelted. Assuming an average horse to
yield 700 pounds of meat, the umber of horses slaughtered in the United
States for mink food would approxinte 257,142. At six cents per pound.
this ice million pounds of horse moat would represent an expenditure .1
eleven million dollars.

A realisation of the demands placed w the for industry ad other

animal feed ouppliers on tho depleted horse oupply has roeulted in an
increased use of substitute products. inong these. rough fish and by-
products from processing plants have been most iqertant. Iosulto

obtained fren their incorporation into the ration have been variable ad
man times disastorous. In general. no maJor oubstitution in the horse
meat ooqonont of the ration has been completely successful. It has

become apparent that fresh animal w-prodnct utilisation can only partially
alleviate existing food shortcomings. for problems of supply. uniformity.
contamination. ad spoilage are intensified.

Validation and Statement of the Problem

It would seem certain that the fast dwindling horse penlatien will
be unable to support a rapidly expanding fur industry and wapply the ever
increasing demands for export and pet foot “factors". The time is
rapidly approaching when the mink rntion. as fed todq. will be non-
enistomt or economically impossible. his stresses the critical need for
the early dovolopmemt of a mini: food consisting of readily available
ingredients adequate to allow proper motrition of the animal through all
phases of the life cycle. If nch a ration could be formulated from
doosdcated moat and vegetable constituents. it could be fed mistemed or
right from the bag. Problems of apply. storage. for-lation. and mixing
would be eliminated and the fur industry would be on a plane similar to
older. am runs:- ferns of animal hsbandry. ‘

rho feasibility of such a ration is strongly corroborated. no
facility with which dogs and fonts have adapted to a non-afresh meat ration

indicates the men-essentiality of fresh meat if a substitute ration.

balanced to the needs of the animal. is available. he ability of the
mink. itself. to use nch 'foreign' foods is demonstrated in some of the
successful. commercial rations of today. levels of non-fresh meat
ingredients are higher than heretofore Wt advisable. lvon more
significantly. recent work has been reported by Iisconsin workers in which
the ability of the mink to aboist entirely on a synthetic experimental
feed was demonstrated. he dole field of nutrition is progressing at
such a rate that the unknowns. incesibilitioe. and miracles of today are
tuerrows ' wattsr-of-fact «when. It would be blindness and ill-
informed eleaeoncy to ignore the possibility of radical ration rofou
for any species.

Accordingly. this work was directed toward the fornlation of a
successful mash-type mink ration. It was hoped that the collateral and
incidental intonation obtained would eontribute to tho inadequate fun!
of general knowledge concerning the practical feeding of this animal.

I I. MW MEI

In reviewing the literature pertinent to fink nutrition and feeding.
it is apparent that little factual information of a fundamental nature is
in existence. fho several excellent Journals of the fur trade contain
voluminous material on practical fink feeding. but non of it is con-
tradictory. opinionated. unsubstantiated. and sontrovorsial in nature.
his is as would be onected in so now an inastw. Despite these short-
comings. this material contains most of the information available on the
mink tow and therefore cannot be ignored. lhen evaluated in terms of
established principles of ntrition ad feeding. these popular articles
are valid snrceo of invaluable information.

In view of the relatively meager nitritienal information specific for
m mink. it was doomed advisable toilettemd a. literature reviewed to
include related fields. The untural food of the mink. co-orodal mink
feeding practices. both current and past. matritional and feeding work with
dogs. cats and foxes. as well as sources in the general field of animal
nutrition. have been carefully reviewed. It is felt that this should give
an appreciation of the overall basic concepts. so necessary in a problem
of this nature. as well as information which could be integrated to allow

a satisfactory solution of the problem.

The food of the Wild fink
he first ration offered captive wild fink was predicated on the
general observation that fink and the closely related weasel were strictly
carnivorous. eating nothing but freshly killed prey. dork since that tine

has modified this early concept but little.

“slander (ices) studied the winter food habits of wild fink is
lichigen. He found the diet to vary with availability. but with mn-sls.
ranging in sise from null insectivora to the snow shoe hare. invariably
esqrising ever one-half tho volumetric dietary intake. he remainder
consisted of birds. frogs. fish. snakes and crustaceans. legligible
amounts of vegetable matter were found in stomach contents and were att-
ributed to accidental bolting along with snail prey. i'he particle sins
of stomach contents never exceeded owhalf inch in diameter afi was
normally fioh snller. He noted that the sailor ma-als. together with
fish and crustaceans. were more thorcualy chewed than larger prey. Dixon
(1925) also reports the mink to be a thorough chower. surpassed .ong tho
carnivores. only by the otter. he states that the largest single meal he
had observed taken by a fink consisted of forty-seven grams of fish.

Dearbcrn (Ha) also studied the food habits of lichigan wild fink and
his findings during the winter are similar to doalander’s. However. his
studies on fecal residues carried through the ”or showed a marked de-
crease in the man-alias dietary oonponent with a compensatory increase in
crayfish. He found no evidence that vegetable matter was ever consumed.

Ioager (1943) . in a rather oonpreheneive study of the habits of wild
fink. stressed the relative large also of the prey ind the extensive storing
in the nest. as found in sushi-sis is a winter den is Illinois. In the
spring he found five ooet. four ducks. and nine fiskrats in a lerth Dakota
den.

All work on this eubJeet emphasises moat consumtion to the s-plete

exclusion of vegetable matter. It should be pointed out. however. that
the smaller animals are consunod in their entirety - bones. viscera. and
stomach contents. Inn with larger animals. tasty portions of the viscera
are selected and confined along with the node and fat. this would do
Itch to correct an dietary inhalance. for the liver alone is a veritable
storehouse of nutritional essentials.

fhe ce-crcial link Ration

n digest of the practical foods fed on cansrcial mink ranches should
give much valid information on the dietary requirement of the animal. for
tom's rations are a distillate of the feeding practices of the past twenty-
five years. Specific conclusions cannot be drawn from a study of those
rations. honever. for tho rancher. in an effort to fer-late the ultifite
in a feed. has incorporated many axillary components in the absence of real
evidence of need. If observable harn does not result. or circumstantial
evidence indicates a favorable effect. the additive is incorporated into
the basic ration. dubsegent modifications are introduced in a like manner.
A satisfactory but overly complex ration is the result. fhis practice is
not to the rancher's discredit. for the complete lack of factual information
has made trial and error experimentation. a necessity. lurthormore. the value
of the animals. coupled with the production of only one animal crop. would
certainly indicate use of the best food possible. regardless of cost.

rho variety of reoo-ended fink rations recorded in the literature
iqlies that a standard oo-ercial fink ration does not exist. doombes st al..
(1950) in an excellent summary of fur animal feeding. notes that fish rations

are becofing loos ocular. n coqeratively small number of basic
fcrfilao are being used. with ranchers introducing siqle adifieatiens
to fit their partisular conditions. ihese changes are most co-omly
introduced. in practice. to allow for the aseunfi changes in dietary re-
quire-onto during periods of growth. maintenance and reproduction. It is
also suggested that with an increasing full of information. noncomers are
less teqted to experiment. preferring to profit from the experience of
others.

no apparent extreme variety of ration is many times due to the type
of fresh meat used. Kellogg. Baesett. and Indore (1940) list a few of the
forms in much fresh meat enters the ration. bong then are lungs. tripe.
spleen. adders. liver. fillets. kidney. chicken heads. feet. viscera.
rabbits. fish and fish bybprodncts. and pelted carcasses of their own
species. hose are. of course. but substitutions for a part of the horse
Insole. made in the interests of scene" and availability.

Kellogg. Bassett. and Enders (it-id) and doofios ot al.. (1960) sung
many others. report representative rations which are probably as typical as
aw. rho latter reports the results of a study of various rations fibfitted
by ranchers in diverse parts of the nation.

as results are eunarised as follows:

Horse meat 82 to 77 per cent
Visceral meats 10 to 35 per cent
fish 15 to 45 per cent
ldver 3 to 15 per cent
Groundgreon bone ate dper cent

or stoned bone meal 3 per cent
Vegetables .. 3 to 7 per cent
Ge-ercial cereal 15 to 35 per cent
Dried brewers yeast 1.6 to 2 per cent
Cod Liver Oil 0.5 to l per cent

fho level of meat components tends to rennin constant. in that lower
levels of misclo moat are balanced by higher levels of viscera or fish.

WWW Iithout exception. fresh meat
is found to be palitativoly and pantitatively the most important in-
gredient. lermally it is in the fern of horse muscle which. according to
dfith ad Bassett. (194?) . has an average composition of 76.0 per cent
moisture. 10.1 per cent crude protein. 4.1 per cent fat. and 0.9 per cent
ash.

Roberts (1949) believes the apparent mood for high levels of animal
prohets is related ncrs closely to accessory factors than to an annual
protein requirement. Still (1939) attributes their importance to palatab-
ility. high biological value. and digestibility. Sfith and Loosli (1940)
emphasise the inortance of fresh meat as an iqortant palatability factor
as well as a source of proteins of a dooirablo afino acid pattern.

he to its high cost. considerable work has been done to establish
finimal levels. linden. Erickson. and Hart (ices) state that meat should
apply a minifim of 280 calories per pound of food. filth and Ioosli (1940)
allow each adult fink 0.9 ounces of raw meat per day to maintain nitrogen
osuilibram. bassett (1943) has reported that proper supplementation will
allow the fresh neat level to be reduced to co per cent dnring the summer.
fall. and early winter. with a level of only 36 per cent during the remainder
of the year.1 run. and rsssstt (lose) raise lat. rsqsirsi at least so psi-
cent horse meat to yield growth equivalent to that obtained with horse meat
at the 85 per cent level.

1111 percentages are converted to the equivalent of the ration as for-.latod.
i.e.. before water is added. his practice will be continued throughout
this work to allow equivalent levels for ceqarioon.

21W. liver is as universally used in the
practical fink ration as is horse neat. and is regarded as a near panacea
for ntritional ills. i'horo is basis for this. for liver is a recognised
source of most “or vitamins as well as unidentified dietary' essentials.

It is fed at levels varying fron 3 to 15 per cent of the ration
(doonbos ot al.. 150). the eo-only recs-ended level is ten per sent.
it this level of feeding. it will prevent and correct h-errhngic gastro-
enteritis. yellcw fat. (a non-suppurative inflemntion of the pannieulns
adipose) and ancfia (lhitehair. Schaefer and llvehJen. 1m).

tonnedy (1947) reports a sifilar level of approximately one-half ounce
per animal per day. to be effective in preventing nutritional anemia and
the accompanying acidosis.

.. Schaefer. Ihitohair. and llvehJ- (19“) and others have reported on
at least two unidentified factors present in fresh liver that are required
by fink.

Wm... Efforts to establish . finimal
level of meat are uni-«c is the case .: cereals. ‘fhemaximal i...i at.
which they can be successfully incorporated into the fink ratios is of,
eeonofic incrtancs. they represent a relatively cheap source of energy
and dietary essentials. linden. brickscn and tart (1949) reeofiendcd a
cereal level furnishing 1.200 to 1.100 calories per pound of feed for .
maxim scone". i'hey found levels in excess of no to 25 per cent of the
ration resulted in an undesirable laxative effect. ‘fhis was most notable
when raw cereals were used. Their fifiings supported the use of cooked
cereals only. as digestibility was increased so per cent over the raw grains.

!he increase in digestibility resulting from cooking cereals is widely
eqhaeisod. but significantly. there is no mention of any great variation
in dietary value of the several cereals after they have been properly
cooked.

he most comnon source of the cooked cereals is the breakfast food
maufuturers who supply products nib-standard for human conaqtion. but
mama 1..- animal r..c and at a reasonable price. rs. uaal sin:
cereal feed is a mixture of flaked corn. float. and rice. his food has
the advantage of an enrichment or fortification added during msnfacture.
as well as a history of careful preparation from top quality grain.

WW. Vegetables are usually present in
the co-srcial fink ration at levels from 2 to 5 per cent. (Kellogg.
Dassett. and hders. 1940). Although green leafy vegetables are often
used. tomatoes. either fresh or canned. are neat popular (hith 1940).
Any real need for their presence in a mink ration is auuhat obscure. but
the Justification most often advanced is their role in the prevention and
correction of acidosis. which is revealed by a dribbling of urine usually ‘
synptonatie of atritional anofia. leanedy (1947) found that tomatoes did
indeed alleviate the qmptoms. but only teqorarily.

bone meal or ground green bone is aflod at levels of l to 5 per cent
to supplement fineral deficiencies inherent in uncle meat (Kellogg. Bennett.
and Indore. 1948) .

Dried brewers yeast and cod liver oil are normally added at low levels
to insure an adequate apply of vitamins of the D series and vitafins n
and D. (lodgson. 1945).

~13-

fhe Digestive fotential of the link

‘fhe eiqlo digestive system of the fink may well be a lifiting factor
in applating the natural food of the animal. According to loosli. flth
and Ingest-i (ion). the ratio but... body length and length .t the digest-
ive tract is 1:4. or sixty inches for the average fink. This ratio is
sifilarto that found in the cat. Intho dog- endpreaably thofox-
the ratio is 180. In the fink. there is conpleto olifination of food
fiftoa hours after ingestion (1133.). Dernsrd. hith ad lunar-d (199)
report that feed appears in the feces six hours after ingestion. one half
the tin given for the fox. .

were are a limited number of reports on fink digestion trials. leosli.
Smith and W (loco) found the dry mattor digestibility of a good quality
minkration rengodfrem‘IO temper cont. laments were found tohavetho
highest per cent total digestibility. l'resh neat protein digestibility was
found “be high. (raw liver - 93 per cent; horse ascle - 86 per cent. and
spleen - 84 per cent) ad was not significatly depressed by the addition of
cereals. fhey found the protein of beef scraps. fisheal. and cereals to be
about 73 per cent digestible. as was that of cooked or dried horse neat and
canned fish.

acts ad loosli (1940) did considerable work on the digestibility of
protein. fat. nitrogen free extract. and fiber in various combinations of
eomnon fink ration ingredients. ihey found the various fate to be well
utilised and little influenced by treatment. although there ss. some evid-
ence of increased digestibility after cooking. fho nitrogen free extract
was poorly used from every source other than cooked starch. which was 93

...1 A-

per cent digestible. Protein digestibility. high in run horse neat and
liver. was significantly reduced by canning or cooking. Beef tripe was
fond to be poorly utilized all fiber utilisation was found to be ex-
tremsly low.

Previously. lodgsen .d Isynard (1938) had reported the protein
digestibility of pare fresh horse fiscle to be redaced fron 91 to 01 per
cent when neatscrqs replaced a part of the fresh neat. Utilization of
nitrogen free extract and fiber by the fink was found to be low and
variable - 36 to 73 per cent and 8 to do per cent. respectively. Pat was
found to be well utilized. being fron 91 to 97 per cent digestible.

Digestion trials reported by Bernard. Sfith and laynard (1242) re-
vealed that in a good quality mink ration with high levels of horse neat.
the fat and crude protein were. respectively. I? and 93 per cent digested
by sin. no found cooking increased a. digestibility .2 starch from a
highly variable 54 to 75 per cent to a nifern so per eent. the starch
was colbined with raw horse fisclo at levels up to 50 per cent. fiber.
when incorporated within limits of palatability. did not inflnonce the over-
all digestibility of the ration. with the exception of heat bran. its
depressing effect was attributed to a laxative action. Beet pulp was found
to be extremely mutable. oven at very low levels.

Bernard and Smith (1941) had previously reported cooked starch to be
90 to 95 per cent digested by fink when fed at levels up to 45 per cent of
the dry diet. new wheat and eats were 85 to 87 per cont digested when fed
at exporcent level. cernwaeflte‘nperoontntilisedwhenfedat a
similar level. They noted a rednced overall digestibility in the presence

of indigestiblo materials.

hula-ental Dietary Require-onto

W&. he energy requirement of the fink appar-
ently apprexinates that of sifilar animals when evaluated in tons of body
surface area. Still (19$) Ifio a theoretical estinato of 240 calories
per dc for an adult fink. Hodgscn and Bfith (1942) deterfined that the
daily calorie dietary intake should be no (G digestible) calories per
pound of body weight which we be equivalent to 2.370 (1.830 digestible)
calories per square noter of body surface. bull and Smith (1940) report
a caloric eonsuqtion of 120 to no calories per day per poufi of body
weight by adult fink.

W. hith and Leosli (1940) ostinatod the crude
protein requirement of the adult fink to be twenty-five grus per day.
which is equivalent to twenty-two graws of digestible protein. his is
derived fren their requirement of 0.9 ounces of raw neat for nitrogen
ocpilibrnn.

ran graas of digestible protein per day. in the presence of adequate
carbohydrate and fat. will maintain nitrogen equilibrnn in adult fink.
according to the findings of Loosli d hith (1940).

can (use) estimated the daily digeetible dry protein require-at
of the adult fink to be ninety-two calories or twenty-two grails.

Bassett (1950) has established the optima protein level for kit growth
to be 38 to 34 per cent dry. or 9.5 to 11 per cent wet. his is consider-
ably higher than the no per cent fininal protein level. dry basis. race-ended
for best growth in puppies (Hod-an. 19").

W. There is no record of a deficiency syndrons
attributable to an uncoqlicated fat deficiency. Sail amounts of the

se-called eesential fatty acids are the only lipid substances considered
essential in the presence of an adequate supply of the fat soluble
vitafins. It is not probable that a practical fink ration could be fern-
alated without an adequate supply of these acids and enfficiont fat to
allow vita-in absorption. However. according to larl (193) . fats are
inertant in a ration narginal in oalcinn and containing cereal. l'era-
ation of the unavailable calciun-phytin coupler is prevented in the
presence of 11 per cent fat.

W. is in the case of fats. aeido from
associated vitafine. consideration of carbohydrates in the ration of a
fink is lifited to manual use for economic reasons.

W31. calcinn and ficsphorus are the only finerale
for inch dietary estimates have been made for the fink. They are appar-
ently the only ones needing consideration in a practical diet. A calciun
phosphorus ratio of 1:1 is optimal. according to Snith and Loosli (1’40).
Galoiun is normally added to the practical ration at a level of 0.40 per
cent and phosphorus at a 0.24 per cent level (coombes et al.. 150).

The optimal calciu- and phosphorus levels for growing fippios is given
at 0.27 per cent and 0.22 per cent. respectively, by Arnold and
livehJen (”57). in adequate level for adult dogs is approxinated by
leCey (1940) at 0.5 per cent for each of the two finerals. larris et al..
(1945) found that 0.51 per cent calciu- was the fininal level allowing

normal bone development in growing foxes.

W. Bassett (1950). reporting on work at the
United States fur Anifil hperimsnt Station. atates that symtoms of a
deficiency due to vitnins A. 0. and D are difficult or impossible to
produce in fink. hith and Loosli (1940) found a serious vitfiin D def-
iciency sould not be induced from weaning to pelting. although the
calciun and phosphorus content of the bones was reduced. lo discernible
deficiency symtome were observed in fink maintained for eight and one-
half months on an ascorbic acid free diet. according to loosli and
mon (1940).

Bennett. Locsli. and Villa (1940) failed to produce aynptoms of a
vit-in A deficiency in foxes and fink but noted that blood and liver
levels of the wit-in varied with dietary intake. They found ascorbic
acid exerted a sparing action. or aided retention. of fit.“ A. hyor
and Irehl (1949) found that both fox and fink require vitamin d at a
level of twenty-five international units per nlcgram of body weight.
Still (1939) recs-efied that 20 to 300 international units per pound
of feed be provided in practical rations.

Schaefer. lhitehair. and llvohjem (1945) employed a prifiod ration.
fortified with all known crystalline vitanins, to produce a serious
deficiency syndrone in fink which temporarily responded to folic acid.
Recurrence of the syndro- respoaded to fresh liver or raw whole filk.

continuing this ark. Schaefor. i'ove. Ihitehair. and llvehJom (1949)
found freoh liver contained at least two factors. one methanol soluble and

all the other confined to the residue. essential to the fink. Later
rave. Schaefer. and may- (1949) found the nethanol soluble liver
fraction exerted a aparing action on folic acid reouireaents. his
factor was found not to be related to vituin 312. Additional work by
reve. Ialer ad IlvehJom (1960) confirmed the requirement of the fink
for the methanol insoluble factor and it was deterfinod further that fish
sohbles contained the nethanol soluble factor.

hbstitutes for hash heat

the wide use of a variety of unprocesned. perishable aninl byt-
prodncto ae substitutes for the fresh uncle-neat nor-ally included in
the fink ration hon been previously pointed out. They are not considered
here. as attention will be confined to information and ingredients app—
licable to a dw ration suitable for the mink. ‘

hoplacement of the freeh meat component of the ration involves.
essentially. the substitution of ingredients of the desired type which will
supply similar protein. fat. ad vitafin values in a fern acceptable to the
fink.

lichfid. Rapport. and Hart (1947) discount the importance of palatab-
ility. which they define as 'specific tastes essential to ontite stifil-
ation.‘ i‘hq believe that an enclueive Qpetito for a specific taste is
entirely an acquired characteristic. i'hey state 'that under conditions of
donestication. an animal will accept and be satisfied with an substitute
that will furnish the mtrients it requires.‘

bbinson (1946) found the biological value of feeds to be reduced

markedly by high temperatures. He noted an improvement fien processing
togeratures were lowered from 240 to 1!) degrees 1'. Iany of the comnr-
cially available aninl feed ingredients have been subjected to toner-
atures as high as 350 dogreoe fahronheit.

1n the same work. Robinson (1946) reported that. although dogs did
well on canned food. subfixinal reproduction fid fininal growth of pups
resulted from a meal type ration composed of processed ingredients. he
was unable to fermlate a nutritionally optimal product fron ingredients
processed at high teqeratures. he further reported failure to compound
a ration from ingredients of thin type tich would allow the development
of kittene. fhis deficiency cald be corrected by the addition of beef
or liver and filk. He found that any large gantity of cereal would
adversely effect the reproductive ability of the fenalo eat. but not the
male.

lorgan (1940) demnstrated that the heating of proteine cased a
decrease in biological value with . accompanying loss of heat labile
thi-ine.

teehn (1942) reported excellent reproduction in doge on a dry-type
deg ration. lccq (1949) accepts the dry-typo dog ration ae nutritionally
adegate. and hasnett (1943) statee that nature fexed are satisfactorily
maintained on rations in meal or cube. form. He found that. except for a
few weeks after weaning. raw meat was non-essential but preferable.

laseott (1942) reports beef neal to be a well tolerated ingredient in
the saner ration of weaned nink kits. 1n affecting a partial substitution
in the fresh meat of the fink ration. soybean oil neal, bleed -al, and

liver meal were found to be effective (Daesett. 1943). l‘ish noel was
aloe found valuable as an extender for fresh fish and horse neat (lassott,
19in).

lohaefer. lhitehair and llvehJem (1946) reported no diffiailty in
obtaining norfil feed consuqtion by fink fed a synthetic ration consist-
ing of caeein. sucrose. oil. finerals. and wit-ins. lurtherwore. response
was nor-a1 until body stores of folacin and liver factors were depleted.
hen these deficiencies were corrected by the fidition of fresh liver.
normal maintfianco and growth were allowed.

lravis et a1 (1969) reported on ark - of inch this is a continu-
ation - with a dry-mash ration made up of oo-ercdally proceesed ingred-
ients. this ration allowed marginal maintenance but not growth. A
response was obtained from addition of a fixture of three nine acids.
nothioaine. lysine. and tiyptophane. it was concluded that the principal
dietary defect was protein in nature md involved at least one of the
three added nine acids. Palatability and digestibility were mentioned
as inortant lifiting factors.

.21.

11!. 0mm NHODS AND P30311333

i'hree successive banal rations (fables 3. 3. fid 4) were employed.
is work progreesed. a new ration was evolved through the incorporation
of certain indicated ntritional changes of major coneoquence. All were
of the dry mash type and consisted of com-ercially available foodstuffs.
they were deeigned as a ‘cemplote' ration. theoretically adequate for an
of the dietary requirnents of the fink. Ionally. the dry ration was
ferfilated in too pound lots. liner ration eonponsnts were blended into
the fix by hand and the dq -911 wan then fixed in a power finer. Unlese
otherwise stated. suppl-ents introduced into the basal ration at the
time of for-ilation were at the expense of the cereal. Additions male
at the tins of feeding were at the enenee of the total ration.

hroe accessive feeding trials were initiated to allow a «marina
and stow of the responses of the fink to the basal rations and their
several fidifications. Supplementation was nude in an attoqt to detorfine
specific deficiencies inherent in the basal ration. mration of the feed:-
ing trials was not fixed in advance. but rather the terminating date was
contingent on the gathering of deei sivo data.

!he aninals awailable were dissifilar in age. sex. heredity. and
history. Thu were grouped into sifilar groups ad their individual and
collective responsee were correlated with dietary variation. in each
experiment. one group was maintained on a good quality fresh meat ration
typical of those fed on comnercial ranches. his group will be referred
to as the control Group afi the ration will be tornod the control nation
(fable 1). Another group was kept on the banal ration and will be

identified as the Basal Group.

All rations. ae fed. were of similar moisture content. Inter was
added to each ration at the tine of firing in an alount required to
produce the hanhrgor-like consist-q reportedly most qpealing to the
fink. hationa were fixed by hand each dc prior to feeding. at which time
water lid suppl-ents were added to the dry ration. i prefix of the dry
ingredients of the control lation was ocabined with the wet ingredi-ts
and water was added.

on. animals were individually fed each evening except during
lactation. ten an additiaial nrning feeding was offered the mothers
and their kite. reed was offered in excess of consumption and water was
countantly available.

!he animale were confined separately in adjacent. consrcialntypo
cegea of heavy gauge. one inch mesh netting. Bach cage was proved with
a watering cup. food beard. and nest box. i'hq were kept in an open
enclonare on the hichig- State college c-pus. lveq effort was made
to duplicate nonal ranch conditions.

Reopense to the dietary variation was evaluated. primarily. in
terme of body weight. his is reported in grans and converted to per
cent initial weight to facilitate coqarison of animals unlike in also.
Differences in body weifit variation due to sine were found to be in-
significant when evaluated in this manner. fhis nethod was especially
useful in cenparing animals of opposite sex, for a narked sex difference
in size exists in fink. beighings were made at weekly intervale at the ‘
sane hour in order to finifiee variation are to ingested food and water:

then appropriate. mortality and reproduction were considered in evaluat-
ing the dietaq treatments. Pelt gality was generally ignored the to the
complex of extra-dietary factors influencing thin trait.

All casualty animals were necropsied and the case of death deten-
ined by members of the Animal Patholog Department of lichigon State college.

Inch basal ration wan fed to growing albino rats for a period of four
weeke. he terminal weight and condition of the basal fed rats were
compared with that of a similar group fed a laboratory stock ration.

The scope of this problem. involving an infinite umber of possible
conbinations ad levels of ration ingredients. necessitated an early
delineation of the more productive trends. It was felt that long-tern
treatments involving large groups of fink would be wasteful of time.
facilities. and the lifited minber of available animals. in general. the
marina unber of treatments of brief niration were adainistered to
groups of null sise.

Ihen appropriate. mortality and reproduction were considered in evaluat-
ing the dietary treatments. Pelt quality wae generally ignored due to the
complex of extra-dietary factors influencing this trait.

All casualty animals were necropeied and the once of death determ-
ined by members of the Animal Pathology Department of lichigcn State college.

Inch banal ration was fed to growing albino rats for a period of four
weeks. he terfinal weight and condition of the basal fed rats were
compared with that of a sinilar group fed a laboratory stock ration.

The scope of this problem. involving an infinite “or of possible
combinations ad levels of ration ingredients. necessitated an early
delineation of the more productive trends. It was felt that long-term
treatments involving large groups of fink would be wasteful of time.
facilities. and the lifited minber of available animals. In general. the
maxim umber of treatments of brief duration were ministered to
groups of nall sine.

_QA..

TAB“!

com); MICK

2.1.1229:
Horse uncle. gronnd 65.0
and an (mo) 10.0
cereal (Kellogg's lento) 9.9
l'resh liver 10.6
Oenbsy‘s 1-0 1.0
kin milk powder 2.0
fonato puree. canned 2.5
fish oil (mammal) ___Q,§

100.0

- WW
crude Protein 45.34 m»- htract 25.191
m 22.07 Ash 4.“
Grade fiber 1.96
W
Ornde 2mm mo 5 lther Intraot e.o $
In 7.3 Ash 1.“
Grade um $.65 Iator 67.0
A d t

Crude Protein 12.o i lthor Extract 6.9 i
ll]! 5.! Ash 1.16

Grade riber 0.52 Inter 73.62

TABLE 3

nnmmn IINI M811- MIOI I

22.9291
Corn flakes 24.0
Shredded wheat NJ
Iheat ger- meal 8.3
that flenr middlings 10.9
Soybean oil neal no.0
nah noal 10.0
Dried skin nilk 4.0
Dehydrated alfalfa leaf Ital 2.0
Brewer's dried yeast 1.0
Distiller's dried sehbles 3.2
Salt (iodised) 0.5
fish oil (400D. moon) __9_,_§

100.0

mm

Protein 24.5% fiber 2.5”
In 51.“ lat 8.4
calcinn .75 Phosfiieras .75

T1313 3

WEBIIIHAL Ill! BASH- MION I!

m
Shreued wheat 24.0
corn flakes no.0
Soybean oil neal 30.0
Dried skin nilb: 10.0
fish noal ' 10.0
lent scraps 5.0
Idver neal 4.0
Dehydrated alfalfa loaf meal 2.0
Brewer‘s yeast 5.0
lheat gore: eil 1.0
Fish oil (400D, moon) o.o
Salt (iodised) ' 0.5
langaaese sulfate 5 grans _______,

100.0

mm:

Ioistnro 5.2 f lther extract 449$
Ash 5.45 )‘ibor 2.55
Protein 9.5 m 45.3
calcin- 1.43 Phosphorus , .997

-37.

mu 4

mmn HIM BASH- RATIOB 111

Rice Crispies

Soybean oil noel

Dried skin milk

lish .al

Heat scrap

nver meal

Alfalfa loaf meal

Droner's yeast

heat germ oil

fish oil (001). N00”
Methionine

rortafoed. Iaoderle's 3-490
Ianganese sulfate 10 grams

Lederlo 's Parvo ‘ 5 grass
Agni!

Protein 27.9 1 Int

m 50.75 110.:-

2529.;
«.1
15.0
15.0
10.0

5.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.2

100.0

2.56%
3.56

U. m In: mm m mam 01135010111112:

tractical inforution concerning the care of the animals need in this
sort was an initial necessity. At the sane tine. validated facts would
provide a basis fron iich to begin. as sell as indications of pronising
areas toward much the sort: should progress. It was felt that the pooled
experience of the commercial mink ranchers would furnish nch of what was
required. heir observations could be expected to be practical. detailed.
and reliable. for they represent a distillate of the long-term findings of
man workers. all flarnoterised by complete f-iliarity sith the nails].
concerned and a real need to accurately discern its needs.

the gestionnaire (fig. 1) was an effort to assenble infornation free
as nalnv ranches as possible. It was general in nature and designed to
encourage oo-ent as well as secure eonsshat detailed inforutien on feed-
ing practices. consideration was given factors other than ntritional.
not only becniee of the need for general information per se. but becniso
ntrition is so fundamental it cannot be waccossfully isolated fron the
overall picture. Doproduction was necessarily need as the neaeurenent
criterion becnse of its uniformity and the availability of accurate records.
It is also the basic scans by inch the rancher nonsuros the saccess of his
feeding and .naguent progran. It was recognised that nany other imaging
factors would cloud and distort the effect of food. but it was hoped a
general trend could be detected when the results of several ranches were
integrated.

Iron the 514 mailed questionnaires. 75 rotnrns were received. It was

necessary to discard 50 of these becase of lack of coupletenees. limited

experience or ti. in the hsineos by the rancher. or too few animals.
the 25 remaining returns were gratifying in their completeness. sincerity
and grasp of the purpose of tho gestionnairo.

the results are tabulated in fables 5. 5 ad 7. fable 5 gives the
percentage of each ration iurediont fed by each of the 26 ranches report-
ing. he sins of the breeding herd is given to allow sons weighting of the
results. the efficiency of the herd is expressed as kit average. is.. the
average mnber of young for the total umber of breeding females stocked.
the overall average is shown to be 3.6 hits per female. his is in good
agreement with the average of 4.0 which is normally associated with satis-
factory production. rhis agreement would tend to ixnicato that despite
the small unbor of returns used. a relatively representative salpls was
obtained.

fable 5 shows horse neat and cereal to be come to all rations. the
cereal oonponoat is relatively constant in all rations. averaging about
11 per cent. The level of horse neat is not so uniforn. varying fron :0
to 00 per cent. this variation is accoqanied by conponsatory changes in
the anonnts of the other fresh foodstuffs of aninl origin. men the
total fresh aninol products are considered. the percentages are less van-
iablo with extremes of 72 and 55 per cent of the total ration.

Vegetables. fish and liver appear in nearly all of the rations.
Vegetables vary in counts fun 1 to 10 per cent. with an average of 4
per cent. fhis variation is attributed to the type of vegetables used and
7 difference of opdnon as to their value. he liver variation is due to cost
and availability. ten per cent being iniicated as the desired level. in

experience or ti. in the heinoos by the rancher. or too few animals.
rho 25 remaining returns were gratifying in their completeness. sincerity
all grasp of the purpose of the gesticnnairo.

the results are tabulated in fables 5. 5 .d 7. fable 5 gives the
percentage of each ration ingredient fed to each of the as ranches repert-
ing. rs. sins of the breeding herd is given to allow some weighting of the
results. he efficiency of the hard is expressed as hit average. io.. the
average umber of young for the total umber of breeding females stocked.
the overall average is shown to be 3.6 hits per female. m. is in good
agreement with the average of 4.0 which is normally associated with satis-
factory reaction. rhis agreement would tend to indicate that despite
the small umber of returns used. a relatively representative sanple was
obtained.

fable 5 shows horse meat and cereal to be no.» to all rations. rho
cereal component is relatively constant in all rations. averaging about
11 per cent. rho level of horse meat is not so unifcrn. varying from :0
to 50 per cent. i'his variation is accoqanied by compensatory changes in
the counts of the other fresh foodstuffs of animal origin. hen the
total fresh animal products are considered. the percentages are less var-
iablo with extremes of 72 and 55 per cent of the total ration.

Vegetables. fish and liver appear in nearly all of the rations.
Vegetables vary in manta f1on l to! 10 per cent. with an average of 4
per cont. fhio variation is attributed to the type of vegetables used and
difference of opinion as to their value. he liver variation is due to cost
and availability. ten per cent being iniicatod as the desired level. in

average of 7 per cent was reported. i'he use of fish is cannon and levels
again are dependent on the levels of other meats.

Oo-ercial vitanin supplemnts and natural vitamin concentrates are
generally added. Brewer‘s yeast ad wheat gern meal were used most com-only.
Dene meal was the only reported mineral source added to the ration.

lafouation on fable 5 has been divided as shown on Table 5 in an
effort to disclose ration differences moganying reproduction variation.
Ranches with a hit average of four and over are unbinod into one group as
are these with a kit average of three to four and those with a hit average
of under three. It should be noted that only four ranches fall into the
latter group.

he nrkod ration differences are evident anong the three levels of
reproduction. dinilarity of averages is striking. levels of horse meat.
cereal. and total fresh foodstuffs of aninel origin are nearly identical.
Some significance might be attributed the reduced level of liver. and
wit—in uppl-ents noted in the low production group. However. the limited
number of reaches in this group prevent the establishment of a trend.

fable 7 mines the expressed opinions of ranchers as to the merit
of cc-cnly fed ingredients. lor the most part. they were in agreement.
Some items. such as tomatoes. reflect disagreement as thq are reported to
be essential by some and of doubtful value by others who have obtained
equally good roults without thu. It is interesting to note that while
fresh meat is listed as of prime iqertanco. rancid neat is a first priority
offender.

light diseases. in order of frequency reported. are also listed on

fable 7. Significantly, four of these diseases are of nutritional origin.
two are related to feed cont-ination. and of the remainiu two. pneumonia
is well known as a secondary invader not prevalent ancng aninals on a
nrginnl nitritional plane. the other disease. boils and abscesses. is
many times attributable to bone slivers in the ration. The importance of
feeding ad mtriticn in link norbidity is clearly indicated.

no objections given to the resent ration are listed on table 7 in
the order of frequency of appearance. Those objections are identical with
those which has been previously discussed and serve to point up the
importance of work on the devolepont of a nodified mink ration.

the questionnaire was unsuccessful in denoting an ingredient or
ingredient complex which would elicit a typical response in terms of re-
production. as sidlarity'botwoen rations yielding poor and superior
reproduction is surprising. The existence of factors sufficiently strong
to eoqletely overshadow the nutritional aspects are indicated.

the importance of fresh meat and the complexity of the arrent
practical ratius are sqhaoised. fhe level of horse meat is Qparently
not as inortant as the level of fresh animal products. a. role of fresh
liver in the ration was not clarified. for although most rations contained
it at variable levels. rations without it were apparently fully no success-
:01.

Significantly. no mention was made of the use of dossicatod animal
protein feeds other than the two instances in inch liver meal was used to
upplonnt the fresh liver.

FIGURE I
MINK FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT QUEQTIONNAIRE

Name Average No. of kits per litter

 

Address Age at weaning Variety of mink

 

Average No. of mink stocked

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mat ing a“:
Maintenance Gestation Growth Pelting
From From From From
Ration Ingredient To To To To
(date) (date; A—Tdate) (date)
1. Horsemeat % % % %
2.
3. fi_
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. fi_
Total 100 % lOO % lOO % 100 7%

No. feedings per day

 

 

Oz fed each per feeding (before adding water)
Male.......

 

 

Female. . . . . .

 

 

Remarks on ingredients you feel particularly essential for a well

balanced mink ration:

 

 

Remarks on ingredients you feel are harmful or of doubtful value in a

mink ration:

 

 

-55-

FIGURE I continued

Remarks on disease incidence and methods of prevention:

 

 

 

 

 

 

What are your objections to your present ration, i.e., labor in

preparation, expense, scarcity of feedstuffs, etc.?

 

 

 

 

Give a brief resume of any outstanding management and feeding prac-
tices you feel may have contributed to past successes and failures

in mink ranching:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Any further comments:

-54-

TABIE 5

A. COPARISOI OF RA'I‘IONS m 0H COIHEBCIAL IICHIGAI HI!!! “HOBBS
(Mate in Percent of total Ration)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ration Components
H
‘3 g " a s
3 ’5 z 3 '3 .. 9 9‘ § :1
a 3 o d § 0 l .3 H «n
9". flfi" ’.u 3 E a? 8 "'
. t . 31 1;: ~ m e as: . 3 §
3 :3 a E 13 “e8 .9 3 E :3 33:: 3 ”-3 '6
8H 80-. H 0": a O ‘
assefiszngwaanéa g.
3 s s a a 3‘s 8 é é a a a a»: E . a
10 )1: o 1
L55 s minim 2.4.1 70 2.15...
1 3:19 _2g 19 7 3 i :150 3.7
g fin g 1;; 1 g 1.9 1 l... 3 zeofisn
L..§..§__.Z§..__..@__19.._:3 1 j J. 1121.121...
W
a 59 as 12 1 a g z a 4.9
W 1" .3; 8 3% w 3.0
W n 34_&__1_,_§___
W 1-3. M 1._._z.m..2.z_..
W W
HAW—1W
W i 3.80.5512...
W 39w3_.3..3_ L _l5Q 42.9....
15.59.15 u.»..1....1...2. 3 71.1.9...
W 1—51.13...
W L. A .aLm...
12 55;; L J; 2 5 L..fl__§.Q_—.
3 10 1 1 4.1
M72 49.....2 L 4.459.111...
32 £9 E a 15 1g 3 L4 2 LQQ 4.5
W am._§.:z__..
31 g g g 25 11 _1_ 1 129.112....
w B5 .9. 1 L3 L....z..199_.1;1...
25 3 25 z 2 5 4
Total link 5667
Kitiverege 3.6

Note: The percentage composition of the ration. given is en storage approx-
intion, u rations ere changed with the acetone and with ingredient anil-
ebility and coat. Generally, the ration: given are those in effect during
noting end. gestation no particular em in given feed oonpoeition at this

tine. Not all percentages will total exactly 100 per cent due to the in-
corporation of ingredients fed periodically, i.e.. neatly or on alternate den.

IABLIG

A COIPARISON OF AN! RATIONS m OF MINE RANGERS GRGJPED
ACCORDING TO EPRODUCI‘ION IEYELS

 

 

 

 

Kit Aver“;
. Oversll 4 and over 3 to 4 under 3

m: We
Horse meet 45 42.5 45.3 47.5
Liver 7 0.9 7.5 3.7
run. 12 10.8 13.9 13.0
Chicken Dru-products 3 4.2 2.0 0.0
Other uni-s1 by-prethcts 14 15.2 7.2 33.0
col-ercisl oeresl Ii: 11 11.1 11.7 11.3
Vit-is In linersl supplant 1 3.7 1.0 0.5
[nest cer- Iesl 1 0.92 0.88 0.0
Dressr's yeast ' 0.5 0.33 0.50 0.sz
Dried skin silk 1.0 0.85 0.55 0.0
Bone nesl 0.5 0.93 0.33 0.50
Tomato er leafy vegetable 4 4.3 4.0 2.5
Fish oil
Totel fresh feedstuffs of

sninel origin 81 79.5 76.0 83.2

 

23137

1111301113 man In: mama qvnsuoxmn (1950)
(listed in Order of frequency Reported)

in lvslnstien of Conan nation Ingredients

W r of nbt 7
fresh neele nest hnoid nest
Eelstoes lresh ninsl byproducts
Brewer’s 1...: Chicken tic-protests
Inn: (fresh or dry) Uncooked rough tun
rish ei1 Ground green bone
Green vegetables Rev egg white
Bone nee]. Potstoes
Cereal Green vegetsb lee
rresh sailsl lu-prednets reutoes

Oo-ereisl vita-in mixtures

W

60st

Boeroi ty (inereesisc)
nailing. stories. pneessisc
Mien“:

W

Boils end sbeoesses
Bell-ensue
Botnlisl

Yellev fat

Acidosis

Rene]. eslenli
mus
Gestreanteritis

V. mom TRIAL I

lethods and Procedures

no liehigan State college experimental link ration reported by
iravis et a1. (1949) was nodified to fen Basal Ration I. carbohydrate
availability was increased by the nee of cooked cereals. trotoin
parity was inproved by increasing the soybean oil noel and fishneal and
adding powdered shin nilk. Increased vitamin content was achieved by the
addition of powdered shin milk. nheat gern neal, dried brewer's yeast,
and distillers solnhlos. The calcinn-phosphoras ratio was altered.

rho seventeen nink available for experinent were those reported on
by Iravis et a1. (1949) and were currently on the dietary treatments
reported by hil.

One group consisting of three aninals. and another group of fear
aninnls, were changed fron the Control Ration (table I) to Basal Ration I
(fable 8) . with one week allowed for transition. it the end of the eighth
week of the feeding trial. the first group received a apple-eat of
honogenised fish at a 37 per cent level. i'he addition wns node at the
onense of the ration. his group was acquired with the second group
which renained on the unsupplenented basal ration.

rear aninals currently on Travis's ration were changed shrnptly to
Basal nation 1. his allowed a direct eelparison of the two rations.

A group of five link. previously need as a control group in the afore-
nentiened work. were oontined on the Control nation as a control group.

It was thought necessary to tor-inate the weeth weighings at the end
of the tenth week of the feeding trial issues of noting end snhsopent

gestation and lactation. Dietary treatments sore continnbd unchanged.
uppluentatien with the homogenised fish was discontimed on the 138th
day of feeding Irial I beense of the nortality anong the animals of the
two groups on this treatment. Duration of the honogenised fish supplement-
ation had been eighty-two days.

Is allow some observations airing the period when weighing was
restricted, four male min]: were selected at random from the basal groups
and separated from the herd. two of the males received the basal ration
supplemented oith 0.3 per cent dl-methionine. i'ho remaining two animals
received the basal ration supplemented with a mixture supplying 0.2 per
cent dl-mothionine: 0.85 per cent dl-lysino. and 0.3 per cent dl-tryptophane.
Duration of this treatment nae six weeks, during which time the animals
were weighed weekly as nonal.

Resmlts and Discussion

no responses of two dissimilar groups of adnlt mink to a change from
the control ration to the nasal Ration I are given in the first period of
fables 0 ad 9 and on Figure 11. The similarity of response among nnlihe
animals to identical treatment is found to be apparent when evalaated in
terms of per cent of the initial weight. figure :1 and fables 0 and 9
reflect the nniferaity of response between and within grenpe.

fhe inadem of Basel Ration I is indicated by an average weight
loss of 31 and as per cent for Group 1 and 0m 2. respectively. the
major portion of the weight loss scoured during the first three weeks
following the ration change. (19 per cent in the case of both groups),
after ohich boa weight tefled to platen.

he changes in body weight incident to a change from the experimental
mink ration reported by Iravis ot a1. (1949) to Basal Ration I are
reflected in fable 10 and figure II. The first mentioned ration had been
in effect for 145 days when Basal Ration I was initiated. he significant
response was noted in the four females comprising the group. Initial
weight was maintained with little variation throughout the eight weeks of
the first period.

i'he response to supplementation of the basal ration with hangeaised
fish is indicated during period 2 of fables d and 10. and in figure 11.
The two weekly weighings reflect a depressing effect in both groups, but
more severe in Group 3. This depression is not noted in the
unapplemonted Group 2. table 9.

he weoth weighings were discontined at the end of the tenth week
of the feeding trial due to the inadvisability of disturbing the animals
during mating. gestation. and lactation. The treatments were continued.
The homogenised fish supplement was discontinued after eight weeks. due to
the moribund condition of the animals receiving it.

A high and constant body weight was nintainod by the animals in
Group 4. the control Group (fable II). A slight but uniform weight gain
was demonstrated. {this would indicate that the variations noted in the
other groups were primarily attributable to dietary factors.

the results of amino acid supplementation are shown in Table 12. i
ndeutely favorable response was exhibited by three of the aninls.
Response from the fourth was mildly depressed. lens of the animals
indicated an ability to regain the weight lest on the basal ration.

Reproduction Cong anilmls on the experimental rations was nxtedly
depressed. hting was difficult or impossible. The males lacked the
weight and virility necessau to subdue the females from the control Group.
the females on the basal ration generally refused the males. exhibiting
no signs of estrus. Only one basal fed female whelped. She had been on a
ration devoid of fresh meat for a total of mo days at the time of shelping.
htings from a male fed the basal ration for 120 days at the time of mating.
resulted in two litters from females of the control Group.

link umbers 5 end 6 in Group one. and umber is in Group three. died
during the course of feeding trial I. All were on the basal ration
supplemented with homogenised fim. he disproportionate mortality in
these groups resulted in discontinuance of the homogenised fit supplant.
Necropsy revealed a similar pathological syndrome in each of the animals.
Death was he to severe, chronic gastne-enteritis with accompanying hepatic
and renal degenerative changes. fhese sympto- were attributed to general
inanitien. Lesions pointing to a specific dietary deficiency were absent.

laanitien. often to a moribund degree, was evident acng the animals
subJected to the basal ration. Abnormal stools, excessive water consump-
tion, and a oonstant nervous running were generally observed. in obvious
distaste for the basal ration was displayed by all animals. feed consump-
tion was nb-normal and many times amounted to complete refusal of food for
extemied periods.

the performance of rats fed the basal ration was fully equivalent to
that obtained on the stock ration. lie deficiency signs were seen and
growth was normal.

.41 ..

In general. sub-normal body weight was maintained and mortality was
moderate on Basal htien I. Ovulation. spermatcgenesis. and gestation
were possible in at least one instance. Basal Ration I. however. was
clearly shown to be inadequate for maintenance and reproduction in mint.
There was no indication of improvement on the experimental mink ration
reported by fravis et al. (1949).

Gapplementation with a high level of homogenised fish failed to
correct an deficiencies. exerting a depressing effect instead.

limited work with crystalline amino acids indicated the principal
dietary deficiency of the basal diet not to be concerned with protein.

~43-

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me? 01' muo ACID SJPPIEIENTATI 0H 0H BODY WEIGHT
OF AND]? HALE MINI OH BASH RATIO! 1
(Gun in Gran and Percent Initial Weight)
(5/2/49 to 5/20/49)

 

L 3 § 1 5 5 Average fl
Initial tuna It.
Iedght fer Ported
W e
um: #10 660 700 750 170 705 760 010
i 1. I. 105 114 117 115 115 92 110
um #11 525 700 795 770 100 750 725
at I. I. 95 95 93 92 92 as 93
543 £11 111:"
um: #12 540 905 910 580 090 070 030
$ 1. v. 105 100 105 105 104 99 105
link #14 700 025 850 050 040 533 500
i I. I. 109 113 109 no 109 105 109

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"An and» ec1d fixture use added t0 the dry Dual Bette: I

applying the following mete of three ulna eeide:
dlonetMendne 0.2%

31-bit“ 0.35%
dlptaptaphene 0. 33%

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-43-

 

71. mum ERIN: II

lethode end Procedure

leeel Retioe II (i‘eble 3) wee fermleted in en effort to ieprove en
the inedeqeete heel Betien I. Uncooked cereal prodncte were completely
elieineted in fever of cern flehee end ehredded wheat. leetecrepe. liver
eeel. end powdered ekie 11h were edded to increeee end iqreve the
preteie content. Forty-nine per cent ef the protein of the renltirc
retien wee er enilel erigie.

flirty-mix dieeieiler link with e nutritional plane etenierdieed en
the Oentrel Retien were cerefnllr divided eccording to ego. eex, heredity.
end eiee into eix elliler green. Eheee were pieced en differing
experimtel retien treatmente elter one week of (rebel treneition ee
tellewe:

i'he beeel group received Beeel Betiee II.

Group one received the beeel retien enppluented with 0.2 per cent
din-ethieeine.

Group twe received the been]. reticn end nethieniee with 3.5 per cent
eelned teeete puree.

Grenp three received the Group tee treeteent, with 0.5 per cent beef
extrut edded.

Greep tenr received the beeel retien uppinented with 0.5 per cent ’
beef extract.

After ten weeke en the eheve treeteeete. ehee¢ee were introduced. re.

beef ertrect enppleeentetien (Oren) leer) wee diecontineed. end Ilerct'e

49-

Ali-e1 Protein rector hpplenent wee added et 3 level to provide 125 lion-
grne of vitelin 313 per pound of the dry feed of ell grcnpe except the
heeel end control.

fheee treateente were continued for e period of five weeke. et which
tine ell exieting yuppie-entetion wee diecontimed. leeving only the teeel
end. control gronpe onohuged. Group four wee ebnptly changed to the
Control notion. the remaining three groupe received the heeel retion
enppleeented with ceeein et e 10 per cent level. he weehe were ellewed
for e reepoeee to theee changee. et which tine l'eeding Iriel II wee
ternineted to ellow chengee in the heeel retion.

Throughout thie feeding triel, independent exploratory efferte end
ebeervetione were node on the effect of feed coneietency end the velne ef
freeh liver. fhe coneietency of the heeel retion wee veried fru noiet
grmlerity to eoepineee by inoreeeing er decreeeing the enout of weter
edded. Goletin edded to the beeel retion renlted in e coegeeled fern.
eililer in coneietency to set, which could be fed in 01mm.

short tern enppleeentetion with verione levele of freeh ninced liver
wee tried with enilele exhibiting eigne of depletion on Beeel notice 11.
It wee enticipeted thet, 1: mm inefficiency wee one to feotore preeent
in liver, the depleted body etoree would he repleniehed end e feverehle
growth reeponee ehonld follow.

Beenlte end Diemeeion
The individual end collective reeponeee of the enienle to the veried
dietery treeteente of period 1 ere given in reblee 13 through 10. Ieekly
weighte ere reported in use end in per cent of the initiel weight. !he

neene for the weeke end for the period are reported in per cent initial
weight only. The everege per cent of initial weight laintained during the
period. ehown in the leet colon, ellowe comparison of eninele end groupe
en the heeie of perfenence airing the entire period, without conplete
upheeie on the ternieel weight.

in enelyeie of the verience eeong terminal weighte of the five
gronpe being fed the heel ration. with end without eupplenentetioe. ie

no followe:
Degreee of Ieen
MW
Totel 36
Irentnute 4 89.25
m 2.2 113:,__L_.o7

 

r : 09.25/115.72 - 0.54.04 1.95 (4,22) 3 2.02

 

he 1' ratio pointe out the conplete eheence of variation am the
grape. It ie quite apparent that the eupplenuteticn did not influence
the velee of heel Ration 11. Any. er all, of the groupe can therefore
he coepered with the centnl Group. fable 19 facilitatee the ooqerieon
ef the weeh1y none of the eix groupe. The inadeqeecy of the haeel
retion. ee 00an with the control. ie apparent. i'he control group
ehowe e gein dnrim the period of l? per cent of the initial weight with
en everege of 115 per cent of the initial weight ninteined during the
period. i'heee greupe receiving the experinentel treetneete ehow weight
loeee‘e of free 12 to 22 per cent et the end of the period.

2 8:2 1.8

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-58.

Period 2 is concerned with the effect of vitain 312 enpplenentetien.
The reeponu of the eninale ere given in the cane leaner need for period 1
in Teblee so through 25. The per cent of initiel weight given ie beeed en
the night at the etert of the feeding trial, rather then the my» et the
”beginning of the period.

in enelyeie ei' verience enng grenpe of the terminal per cent initiel
weight ie given below. Agun. only the grape receiving Beenl htien I!

end ite chificetione ere included.

~ Degreee of Noel
e f v ti n

Tetel 25 -
Treetnente 4 33‘
male 31 184.95

 

’ 8 334,134.95 3 1.8 1.95 (‘.21) D 2.“

 

The veight verience elong grenpe on different Duel Reticn II nod-
iticetiene ie ineignificent et the 5 per cent level, elthengh lore
verietion exiete then in period 1. The odditicn ct Vite-in 312 hee net
eignificentl: influenced the reticn. nor have the other contined
enpplementeticne.

reble at ellowe coneriecn cf the everege per cent initiel veighte
e: the groupe on emerinentel end control ratione. the centre]. Grenp
egein denenetreted ite enpericrity by chewing e veight increeee while the
experieentel grenpe toiled to regain on: of the veight previonely leet.

‘rvc eder couperieene ere eede during the tee veeke ef period 3.
file reepenee to the edditicn of protein. in the fore e! ceeein et the

10 per cent level. ie coupered with thet ohteined when the Control Retien
repleeed the heeel retien.

'fehlee 21. 22, end 23 under period 3, ehcw the ebeence of e fevcrehle
reeponee in body weight within greupe given e cuein supplement in lieu of
the exieting ineffectuel eupplemente. Thin oen he cm with the
i-ediete end etrong reepenee to the enhetitution of the control hetien for
the experinentel ration. Group everegee ere eonpered in rehle 86.

Oheervetione on feed ccneuuption ee influenced by the coneietenco' ef
the retion. were oonclueive. When the heeel retien wee offered in e
reletivel: dry form, weetege wee greet end the eninele concietently refueed
to eet. Ihen offered ee e ecnw coneietency. there wee little weetege
hut feed connnption wee reduced, Qperently hecnee the feed could not
he cerried into the neethox. Addition of geletin ellowed the feed to be
fed in ohunke end the texture wee thought to he eililer to net. thie
did not eppeer to inflnence feed ooneueption. Neither wee en: epperent
benefit derived fren thie edded eeeily digeetihle protein eonrce.

airplue nilele, fed Beeel letien 11 until eigne of inenitien
eppeered. received ninced liver nixed in the teen). retien, et hub of
10. m, end a) per cent of the dry lixture. i'heee treetnente were con-
tinued fer eoven due end then the liver wee diecontimed. The eninele
receiving liver et the 30 per cent level. exhibited merited weight geine
dering the week the liver wee fed. Animals receiving liver et the so per
cent level. gained in weight hut the weight geine were leee. Ali-1e
receiving freeh liver et the 10 per cent level denonetreted no eignificeet

weight increeee. Ioighte increeeed during the liver wnpplenentetion were

-60-

non-penieting. Ieight leee had occurred by the end of the following
week end by the end of the eecond week. weighte hed returned to e point
elightly below ths ehown before liver eupplementetion.

Apperently the weight inoreeeee were not the reeult of eupplyieg e
depleted trece eubetence. If etch had been the once. cone reeponee
could have been expected fro- the 10 per cent level of liver. the
reepcnee could be attributed to increeeed food coneuqtion due to in-
creeeed peletebility. Unfortunetely, feed cennlption wee not neeeured.

Six enimle fied during the couree of the feeding triel as noted
in the tebuletione. All deethe occurred within groupe on the dry retion
treetnente: however. oorreletien with eapplenentetione ie iqoeeible.
The deethe ere coneidered only to be ey-ptolatic of the inedeqnecy of
the beeel retion. Without exception, the tor-incl once of deeth wee
e geetre—enteritie of verying eeverity. In neet inetencee. geetrie end
inteetinel helorrhege wee preeent. The chronic neture of the condition

wee indiceted by the extent of coco-ponyieg reeel end hepatic degeneretien.

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mafia.“

VII. FEEDING TRIAL III

Iethode and Procezhiree

In en effort to correct deficienciee contributing to the feilure of
Duel Ration II to support optimn maintenance of mink link, Beenl
notion III wee for-flexed (fable 4). The eutetanding chucee were in the
direction of ilpreved protein quality and increeeed vitamin content.
tendered ekim milk wee inoreeeed 5 per cent (from 10 to 15 per cent) nt
the expeuee of the carbon oil noel. Lederle'e 'l'ortefeed 2-490“ ud
'Perve' eupylied increeeed levele of riboflavin, pentothenio ecid, niacin.
choline. end folic acid. 1'0 counteract e vegeteble protein deficiency.
cryetelline methionine wee added to the heed retien, deepite ite poet
feilure to induce a detecteble reepenee. lice criepiee replaced the
ehredded wheat end corn flekee of Been]. notion II. he addition of eediu
chloride to the ration wee diecontinued.

he dietary treetnute of feeding i'riel II were ternineted end new
trentlelte initinted without a {rebel transition. he uni-31 mine
were continued unchanged. ..

The initiel three weeke of feeding Iriel III were deeigned to die-
cloee en: inurevenent effected in Beeel htion III ever Decal notion II
end to contine te teet the value ef oeeein and fit.“ 312 no u
supplement. he Gentrel Group end one group on Decal Ration II were
«mined without change. hree grape were changed to heel Retien III
from Beeel Ration II phe 10 per cent ceeein. heel Ration III was

eubetituted in the Dual notion II - m nodificetion received by Group

Tour and Pair 3 of Group Six. Pair A of Group Six wae continued on the
hotel ration - oneein nodification with Dual Ration III replacing the
previeue banal ration.

it the end of the third week, it wae felt eone neaure of the ability
of the end-ole to reepond to a favorable dietary eituation ehould be
deternined in view of prolonged previoue eevere and differing ntritiennl
etreeeee. Thin would allow a eonarieon ef reepenee potential inherent
in groupe on differnt dietary treatmente. It wae elee hoped thie would
tend to etendardiee the nutritional plane anong the groupe. Accordingly.
at the beginning of the fourth w'eek. all groups excepting the control
Group were given a ration coneieting of equal parte horee neat and Dual
Ration III.

After ene week of the above nentioned recovery and etendnrdientien
period, the eecond phone of the feeding triel wee introduced. Ite
purpeee woe to determine the effect of adding horee neat, two levele ef
freeh liver, vit-in 312. nd caeein en the value of Dual Ration III on
a ninh feed. {the eninel groupinge were centimed unchanged. the Control
Group centimed to receive the control ration. Each of the nninl groupe
received one of the following additione to the banal ration: 60 per cent
hcree neat: 20 per cent fresh liver: 10 per cent freeh liver: 20 per cent
freeh liver plue l per cent leroh'e AP? uppluentg 40 per cent horse
neat plue 10 per cent freeh liver: 20 per cent freeh liver pine 10 per
cent crude caeein; and no per cent freeh liver plue 10 per cent crude cuein
pine l per cent Ierch'e A?! nipplencnt. i'heee treatnente were centimed for
eeven weehe at which tine whelping rendered it inadvisable to contime the

weighing of the, femalee.

rho whelping femalee were eliminated from further dietary nodificatione
but the groupings were naintained and new treatments initialed with the
available link. Some of the exieting eupplementatione were diecontimod
to allow a coaparieon of the effectrof addition and deletion. Other
supplementation were replaced in an effort to determine the effective
principle inherent in the original eupplencnt. A ehort tern trial wae
node with eoybean oil nal replacing to per cent of the ration in the
hope such an extreme level would give clearcut renlta on ite palatatility
and digoetibility.

mring the laet two weeke of thie final eeven week period. all groupe
except the control were placed on a recovery ration conaieting of equal

parte Baeal Ration III and hem neat.

Phaee I

Table 27 ehowe the four animale of Group One. continued on Banal
Ration II. to exhibit a uniforn weight loee noet more in the firet week
but contiming eteadily through the third week. During the fourth week.
the recovery ration effected a return to the etarting weight.

fablee 28, 29 and 31 tabulate the wedghte of the aninale in Groupe
in, fhree. and live, changed fron Baeal Ration II plot 10 per cent crude
caeein to heal Ration III. A moderate weight lcee eindlar mung individnnle
and groupe. ie ehewn to occur during the firet three weeke. The recovery
ration. fed during the fourth week, reeulted in a recovery of leet body
weight.

The weighte of the aninale coaprieing Group Four in inch Banal Ration III

plue A?!I replaced Banal Ration II plne APP. are given on Table 30. The
nean weight lose here ie very eliat, but a variation from 79 to 106 per
cent of the etarting weight ie displayed among the individuale of the
group at the end of the third week. The recovery ration reeulted in a
gain by all aninle, but again coneiderable variation ie noted in
individual reeponee. I

Table 32 given the weighte of aninale conprieing Pair A and R of
Group Six, following the eubctituhion of laeal Ration III for Baeal II.
Both anilale of Pair A on the 10 per cent caeein eupplenent. are ehou
to exhibit a. alight weight increaee during the firet three woeke followed
by a noderate increaee during the week of the recovery ration. The two
aninale of Pair 3. receiving 1 per cent Ianck'e AP!I Supleaent in addition
to the caeein, are unlike in their reeponee. fink #114 dieplayed a Iild,
eteady weight loee during the firet three weeke and a alight weight in-
creeee after the recovery ration - a reeponee typical of the pattern not
by the other groupe. link #1 gained eliptly the firet week, laintained
weight during the eecond. and lost elightly the third. The recovery ration
did not yield a weight increaee: inetead. a further noderate weight lcee
reeulted.

Table 33 givee the weekly average weighte for aninle of the control
Group. The coneietent weight decline reeulted from a purpeeely reetricted
food intake to reduce bow weight to the level believed to be beat for
reproduction.

A tabulated conparieon of group average weight ehangee in tern of per

cent of the etarting weight ie given on Table 34 and a graphic repreeentation

in node on Pigure III.

It in readily apparent that the introduction of the new banal ration
did not remlt in a narked body weight increaee except in the once of
Pair A. levele were. however. narkedly above the group continued on Banal
Ration II, in tich a more lurked and coneietent weight decline in noted.

An indication of the effect of caeein nupplementation ehould be
enpplied by a coIparinon of the reeponee of Groupn Two. Three, and five
in which caeein euppluentatien wae diecontinned, and Pair A and B of
Group Six in inch caeein applenentation wan continued.

The firet nentioned three groupe de-onetrated a einilar reeponee
to the diet change. The initial weight lone following the ell-ination
of the caeein ie felt to be indicative of ite paet beneficial effect.
Although the acconpawing change in banal ratione nahe the reeponee leee
epecific. it wuld neon likely the deprennion below the level of
conparative groupe could be attributed to n additive effect renulting
free the deletion of the caeein. The weight gain exhibited by Pair A -
the neat clearcut evidence of ration ilprovenent - would tend to attribute
a etilulating effect to the caeein ceabined with an improved banal ration.
Thin in not borne out by the typical reeponee nhown by Pair 3 to a diet
identical except for the addition of l per cent Ierck'e AP]| Supple-ant.
Thin pair departed fron the pattern eetablinhed by the other groupe by
naintaining body weight airing the firet two weeke but failing to reepond
to the recovery ration. In fact. a mild weight depreeeion followed the
addition of neat to the banal ration. Thin could not be attributed to the

prenence in the euppl-ented banal ration of the weight etinlating factor

prenent in the neat for both animals were loning weight at the tine of
initiation of the recovery ration. furthermore. it would noon in-
conceivable that the AP! nupplonent could eupprnee an exinting favorable
reeponee to the caeein. Table 32 nhown that meat of the aberrant reeponee
in attributable to one link of the pair, and in view of the linited umber
of aninale. no concluaionn can be node. It would eeea that thie die-
crepancy could be well attributable to individual variation.

Group Pour. contined a an AP!I eupplenented ration, diepleyed a
weight pattern differing fro- thoee receiving the unenppleeentod Renal
Ration III only in a reduced weight loan in the firet week and in the
variability of reeponee of the all-ale oomrining the group.

Reeulte fron the firet phone of feeding Trial III would noon to
indicate a Banal Ration III to be an iaprovenent on the proceeding banal
ration. Ganein would noon to be the neat effective non-freeh neat
eupplenent attenpted an evinced by weight lone when removed end inprovod
perfornnnce when added. The effect of the addition of vita-in 312 and
antibiotice in the fern of Ierck'e APP nipplenent wan not clearly denou-
etratod. It would neon that any oxieting effect tended to deprenn body
weight. Banal Ration III, then eupplenonted with a high level of frenh
neat. wan more effective in producing weight gain than when fed alone or

with the eupplenentation introduced.

TABII 27

um: IEIGH‘I‘S 01' MIKE IN GROUP ONE’
(Given in Greene and Percent Initial Weight)
(2/13/50 to 3/18/50)

 

 

W L a L...______.4 Average Percent
1.1.1.1 Initial leight
Ioight for Period
Inn: #27 780 720 700 580 m
35 I. v. 92 90 e7 99 92
not #12 510 570 580 560 see
5 1. v. 93 so 92 95 94
um n 530 500 580 550 640
t 1. w. on as 81 94 07
am: #103 1000 930 980 one 1050
t 1. v. no ea 94 105 99
am: #103 1210 m0 1140 1120 1270
t 1. v. 99 on 92 105 97
Group Average ‘
7L mun It. 94 92 es 100 99

 

'Diet: «- Gontixnied on Banal Ration II
4th week - Banal III plan 60% horeo neat

mm HIGHS OF HIRE II 630]? TWO‘

TABLE 28

(Given in Grane and Percent Initial Ioight)

(2/18/50 to 3/18/50)

 

 

I e 4 Average Percent
Initial 1.1.1.1 Weight
Ioight for Period
11m: #26 too 520 «o no 580
t 1. w. 79 97 oz 88 on
link .24 670 600 840 620 700
t 1. v. 89 95 92 194' as
link #7 590 one 580 540 «o
t 1. v. 88 98 91 1o8 98
link #105 1050 960 920 900 940
t 1. l. 91 88 ee 90 no
link #11: 910 840 900 870 930
t 1. w. 92 99 so 102 97
Group Average
% Initial "e

*Diet: - Changed fron Renal Ration II plue 10$ caeein to
banal Ration III at ntart of period.
4th week - Banal Ration III plus 60% horne neat

TABLE 29

mm! WIGHTS 0? MIN! IN GROU? THREE"
(Given in Grant and Percent Initial Ioight)
(2/18/50 to 3/18/50)

 

W I g g 4 Average Percent
1.1.1.1 Initial man
Ioight , for Period
than: no 700 920 700 030 790
t 1. v. 98 100 90 108 98
no. 918 660 070‘ 720 600 000
t 1. v. 101 109 91 100 100
am 401 530 580 580 540 600
t 1. w. 92 99 , 88 95 91
am: It 000 520 520 580 820
at 1. w. e? e? 93 105 92
link 9105 770 730 no 800 920
t 1. v. 90 101 104 119 105
Rink #115 1270 1200 1150 1180 1200
5 1. v. 94 90 91 99 93

 

Group Average
t Initial It. 93 96 92 104 90

 

tDiet: «- Changed fron Banal Ration II plue 10$ crude caeein to
Banal Ration III at ntart of period.
4th week - Banal Ration III plan 50% horne neat.

‘IABLESO

IEEKLI HEIGHTS or IIHK II GROUP 1003!
(Given in Grann and Percent Initial Weight)
(2/18/50 to 3/18/50)

 

 

 

W 1 a 3 4 Average Percent
Initial Initial Inight
Peight for Period
link #15 740 740 740 700 760
at 1. v. 100 100 94. 103 99
link #90 540 680 740 680 780
t 1. v. 105 118 105 122 112
link :00 740 6a) 700 700 720
t 1. v. 92 94 94 97 94
link #5 740 720 780 740 800
f I. I. 97 105 100 108 102
Rink #116 880 750 800 700 800
f I. I. 85 91 79 91 88
Group Average A
$ Initial It. 96 101 95 104 99

 

‘Diet: - changed fron Banal II plan 1% llerok'e APP Ripple-em
to Banal III plue 1% Iorck'e APP apple-ant at ntart
Of ”nfie
4th week - Banal Ration III plan 50% horne neat.

TABLE 31

mm RIGHTS 0? [INK IN 03cm FIVE‘
(Given in Green and Percent Initial Weight)
(2/18/50 to 5/18/50)

 

 

2 4 horage Percent
1.11191 1.11111 v.15»
Peight for Period
11m: #25 850 550 500 540 620
t 1. v. 87 95 88 98 91
link #17 540 480 480 460 550
t 1. v. 89 89 85 104 92
111-1: #101 950 900 900 940 940
t 1. v. 95 95 99 99 91
11110: #109 970 880 910 9410 10m
95 1. I. 91 97 91 110 99
Group herage A
5 13111.1 It. 90 94 92 105 95

‘Diet:- changed fron Renal II plue 10% crude caeein to
Banal III at ntart of period.
4th week - Raeal III plue 50$ horeo neat.

TABLE 32

ML! IEIGHTS 01' III! I] am SIX“
(Given in (Iran and rercent Initial leight)
(2/19/50 to 3/19/50)

 

 

1 Z i g Average Percent

1111191 11.19111 «1311
flight fer Period

m1.

um: #11? 1240 1220 1290 1390 1390

f 1 . v. 99 103 105 111 104

Inn: {-110 940 900 940 950 920

$ 1. v. 95 100 102 109 101

Pair A Average

$ 11111.1 v1. 91 102 104 110 102

.1933}.

ml: #114 1900 1240 1250 1150 1220

i 1. v. 95 96 99 94 93

link #1 750 790 790 740 590

$ 1. v. 104 104 99 91 99

Pair 1 heme

$19111“ v1. 100 100 94 93 95

 

“10$: - Pair 'A’
Changed tron Baeal Ration II plue 10$ crude caeein to
haul Ratiea III plue 10$ crude caeein at atart of period.

Pair '3'

Identical vith Pair 'A' with an added 1% Ierek'e AP!
fipplmlt.

an

TABLE 33

1mm 'IIGHTS or [INK IN CONTROL Gm
(Given.in Oral. and Percent Initial Height)
(9/19/50 to 9/19/50)

 

 

1 Z a 4 Average Percent
19111111 1911191 veuht
Ieight for Period.
11191: #10 970 900 750 750 790
71 1. v. 92 97 99 90 99
111-1: #19 910 900 750 790 700
1 1. v. 99 94 99 99 92
11191: 1114 900 900 790 790 720
as 1. v. 100 95 91 90 94
11191: #0 990 970 990 940 940
at 1. v. 99 90 99 99 99
11191: #102 1550 1900 1940 1490 1490
i 1. v. 97 99 94 94 99
111-1: {111 1440 1400 1490 1990 1350
5 1. v. 97 101 94 94 99
Greup Average
1 11111191 It. . 99 94 90 90 93

 

*Diet: - control Ration

TABLE 34
WING IRIAI. III

A COIIPARISON 01' THE AVERAGE PERCEHT INITIAL WEIGHT
11111111111110 BY GRCUPS ON VARIID RATION TREATEN’I‘S’

(2/19/50 to 9/19/50)

 

 

:12 13 Weeks :1? 3L 3 4 Average Percent
Initial Ieight
for Period

control Group 96 94 90 90 93

Group One 94 92 89 100 94

Group Two 88 96 89 98 93

Gronp Phree 93 96 92 194 96

Gronp Four 96 101 95 104 99

Gronp r19. 90 94 92 103 95

Group 81:

Poir A 97 102 104 110 102
Peir P 100 100 94 93 96
*Diete: - Control Group - Control notion continued from previone period.

Group One . laenl Ration II oontimed tron previone period.

Group 'lwo - Changed tron Baeal Ration II plne 10% credo
main to Baeol nation III et etart of period.

Gronp 'i'hree - Identiaal vith Group Two.

Group Pour - Changed from 39.991 Ration II plan 1‘ Iarck'e
APP fipplement to 3899.1 Ration III plue lfi
Ierck‘e AP! Supplement et etert of period.

Group rive - Identical with Group two.

Gronp Six:

Pair '.4' - Changed tron Banal Ration II phe 10$ crude
caeein to haul Ration III plue 10% crude caeein
at ntart of period.

Pair '3' - 19.1mm 91911 r91:- '1' with an added 1% lerck'e
APP supple-ent.

All gronpe changed to 31999.1 Ration III plne 50$ horee neat at
end of 3rd week, except the control Group.

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Phase II

Responses to the indicated dietary changes introduced during the
eeoond phase of the feeding trial are tabulated on Iables 35 through 42
inclueive, and graphically depicted on l‘igure IV. The reeponees are, in
acne instances at least. confined by variations attributable to re-
production. lspecially is this noted in gravid females in the latter
stages of gestation. Animals whelping shortly after the final weighing
are indicated.

11.. equality of weight response in the Control Group and Group One
would indicate the basal ration to be equal to the control ration when
supplemented with an equal amount of horse neat.

The weight reeponee of Group rive shows no ration inprovenent when
10 per cent of the 60 per cent neat supplement is replaced with fresh
liver. leight patterns observed in this group are sinilar and slightly
lower than those of Group One.

Groups Two. Three, and Four are similar in their reeponee. This
would indicate little or no difference between a 10 or 20 per cent level
of liver. leithor level resulted in a normal weight increase. The
addition of l per cent Merck's APP supplement again seemed to reeult in
a nild depreesion of body weight.

The response to casein and liver as evaluated by Pair .4 of Group
Six would’certainly again indicate failure of the liver to replace the
horse neat .1 the proceeding ration. However, even after the weight loss
subsequent to the replacement of the horse neat with 10 per cent liver.
the weights are within the limits of nor-ale}.

in: effect of AP! on the casein and liver supplementation is not

dmonstrated by Pair 3. The two animals gave differing responses. the
male in a manner siailar to Pair A. The weight increase exhibited by
the fenale would well be attributed to gestation for she whelped within
seven days after the final weight.

Again Basal htion III was shown to be £911: equal to the Control
Ration when supplemented with 60 per cent horse neat. Liver gave no
indication of being superior to horse neat as a supplenent. 911. Ioderate
response resulting from liver supplementation would appear directly
related to its ability to furnish the nutrient factors and palatability
of fresh neat. Animal Protein rector supplementation again tended to
demonstrate a slight weight depressing action. Casein again gave eons
evidence of value as a supplement. although it was ineffective to
prevent loss when 20 per cent liver was substituted for 50 per cent horse

meat supplement.

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Phase III

it the end of the eleventh week of Feeding Trial III, dietary treat-
nente were egnin reedJnsted. Groopings were no longer intact, dne to the
elimination of whelping and lactating femalee. The aninele contiued on
uperinent were left in the previone groopinge to prevent the confusing
influence of differing dietary history. The male: and females are treated
pseparately becmee of possible variation in reeponee during reproduction.

The first three weeks nhown on Table 43 indicate the weight response
following an abrupt withdrawal of the supplementation of the previous
period. The eninnls of Group Mr. receiving Basal Ration III supplemented
with 20 per cent liver end 1 per cent herch's 01 Supplement at the start
of the period, are shown to :11st a weight lone. The three holes of
Group Sin, receiving the 20 per cent liver and 10 per cent casein. denun-
strate a similar weight decline.

The effect of the addition of an equal anonnt of soybean oil neal to
the basal ration ie shown in the second period of Table 43. Surprisingly.
e narkedly favorehle response reeulted in ell eninals. The reeponee did
not persist through the second week in the fennlee of Group roar: however.
the effect was generelly nore persisting in the ncles. link {6 died the
day following the terninatien of the eoyhean oil neal enpplenent. the
once of death was determined to he pneumonia so could not be directly
attributed to a dietary inadequacy. lo degenerative changes in the organ
vae noted and adequate body fat wns present.

increeeed feed oennnption observed during the tine the soybean oil
noel enpplenentation was in effect. in believed to be responsible for a
part of the favorable respenee. This wonld indicate eeybeen oil neal to

A-

be relatively acceptable to the link.

the soybean oil nsal supplementation was discontinued after two weeke
and replaced with horse neat. i‘he uniformly favorable reeponee is in-
dicated in the laet two week period on ll'able 43. Again, increased food
conemnption wae noted.

table 44 comparee the responses of non-whelping folalee to the
indicated dietary treatments. Only initial and terminal weights are given
for it won felt to be inadvisable to contime weekly weighings during the
tine when pregnancy wae in doubt. table 4.5 givee the same information for
the nales and weekly weighte are reported. Gorreeponding grcupe of the
two tables received identical dietary treatments. Separation was nade only
to segregate any sex variation.

The control Group denoustratee the general weight decline. noet
evident in the females. nor-ally observed during the first warn nonthe.
his is also apparent in Group to which wae continued on the 50 per cent
horse neat mpplenentation. Sinilarity of responses in the two groupe
would indicate a similar nutritional plane.

i'he weight loee incurred by both cones in Group fwo follewing the
nibetitntien of l per cent amino acid nixture for the 10 per cent liver,
would indicate the failure of theee nine acids to replace the liver. i'he
male and feule constituting Group rive ehow even greater weight loes
following the eubstitution of the amino acid nixture for 40 per cent horee
neat and 10 per cent liver.

'.Ihe weight reeponee of the nalee of Group three (i'able 45) indicate
a 10 per cent caeein supplement to be ae effective on a 10 per cent liver

eupplenent. A sinilar reeponee is noted in one of the fuelee (Table 44)

-95-

but the other is shown to lose narhedly. This nink, however. is shown to
be in a refractory ,state as evinced by her failure to respond favorably to
the subsequent recovery ration.

i'hs response to the recovery ration. Basal Ration III plus 50 per
cent horse neat. is sheen on tables 44 and 45. the Control Group and
Group One were continued unchanged, and little weight change is indicated.
All other averages show a favorable response. there is little indication
that any of the supplementation had either altered the ability of the
aninal to respond or seriously nodified the ntritional plane.

Ihe final phase of the feeding trial was handicapped by the mall site
and dissinilarity of groups. Interpretation of results was node difficult
by the nashing effect of weight variation normal in nick at this season.

It was intended only to lake the best possible use of the ties and anilala
available to disclose the nore obvious teMencies. for these reasons. no
fine distinctions are attempted.

Liver at the no per cent level again denonetrated an ability to exert
a favorable influence on the basal ration. lot, however. in the drenatic
nanner of a critical deficiency correction. Its role seened'to be that of
an fresh neat ration ingredient. casein at the 19 per cent level appeared
to have an effect sinilar to liver at a line level.

a high-level supplenentation with soybean oil noel resulted in the only
narbedly favorable response in the brief tine allotted. It was noted that r
the noel seened relatively palatable to the nink, increasing feed eonnqtion.

Other supple-entations failed to demonstrate a discernible effect.
this does not negate their ability to influence the ration. hit an influence
less than critical is indicated.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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T1318 44

A WIGHT 00913130}? 01 mm “INK ON VARIED RATIOH
TREATEN‘I‘S
(Given in Grant and Percent Initial Ieight)
(5/6/50 to 5/24/50)

 

Initial End of 5-Ieoh End of a-Ieeh
Mt £5251, ngod Begoveg Egggd
gggtrol Gm
link 13 740 620 600
t I. v. 84 81
link #14 020 740 800
75 I. I. 90 98
Average f
Initial It. 8? 89
2mm
um: #27 «0 700 660
S I. I. 83 79
hat #2 880 660 740
i I. I. 75 84
Average 5
Initial It. 79 81
Emir:
link #26 760 580 660
t I. I. 76 a?
link #34 820 660 640
i I. I. so I!
link #7 760 540 600
f I. I. 71 79
Average f
Initial It. 76 BI
Thre
link I128 700 720 000
i I. I. 103 114
fink in 700 540 540
t I. v. 77 77
Average fi
Initial It. 90 95
11
Mini: #1? 640 500 460
t I. v. 78 72

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VIII. OBSERVATIONS OI RESPONSES OTER THAI BOD! HIGH!

lention of norbidity and mortality he been intentionally omitted
heretofore. leither eetebliehed e trend which could be attributed to
any dietary treatment, with the exception of the inoreoeed mortality
apparently resulting from the halogeni zed fieh suppleunt in reeling
i'rial I. furthermore, it wee believed ilpoeeible to attribute death
to e particular dietary treatnent when the eane onilale were subjected
to a continuous «ties of varied. ehort ter- retion Iodificatione. i'heee
factere were thought to he illnetrative of the overall experilentel
period.

‘The total ceneltiee during the three feeding triale ushered 16.
Four ailele died during Feeding i'riel I: eight during the eeoond feeding
triel and four in the leet. i'he pathology exhibited a. einiler pattern
throughout. a. terldnel cause of death woe typically innitien
accompanied by, and probably remiting from. e eevere mtre-enterltie.
usually hemorrhagic. Typical perenolvnel ohancee found at poet nerten
included eevere fetty degeneretion of the liver end renal dnage. In
none inetancee. aim of iaanition were completely ebeent. Dieeaeee and
infectione eon-only occurring in link were cenorelly ebeent.

Reproduction no not reported in the foregoing. it eooure tut once
each year and. ee previously pointed out, ie dependent on nany non-
nntritienal factore ee well no poet dietary treatment of meter-deed
duration.

‘lwo noting eeeeone were encompassed in the period covered by thie

work. In both. reproduction was cub-normal in both the control and ex-
perimental groupings - markedly co in the latter. Animals on the
experinental treatnente were found loath to note and often harren and
sterile. lornal reproductive ability, however. wae denonetrated by both
sexes on the much type rations. Lactation was succeaeful. although
depressed.

All experinentally fed aninals displayed a nervous restlessness
and irritability. reed consumption was erratic and suhnorml when
coapared with the control group. the general lack of pelatahility ef
the haeal rations was apparent.

A. persistent diarrhea and exceseive water consumption were the
principal ohaervable physiologic reepeasee to the ash type rations.

Il'nr quality, although iqortant, was not considered due to
difficulties inherent in classification and the dependence of thie
characteristic on heredity.

~102-

IX. sum: AND CONCIUSIONS

considerable progress was nads in approximating a fresh neat mink
ration with a dry food comprised of cereals, dossicatod animal products.
vegetable proteins, vitamin concentrates. and minerals. Successive
improvements in protein quality. digestibility, and vitamin content
resulted in a steadily improved aninal response. ll'he last and neat
euccessful basal ration was found to support nbnornal growth and re—
production when fed alone. The rapid recovery and reproduction perfora-
ance obtained from the addition of 50 per cent horse neat in feeding
trial 111 would indicate nornal growth and reproduction to be posoiblo
when the basal ration was supplemented with a level of neat considerably
lower than in the control ration.

Efforts. through supplementation, to identify the critical fresh neat
factors lacking in the dry naeh rations, were generally ineffective. Results
would indicate the shortcomings not to be vitanin in nature. for high levels
of all known naJor vitnins, fron natural and concentrated sources. failed
to effect correction. Iartherloro. liver. a rich source of wit-in all
essential micro-nutrients. failed to yield a markedly favorable effect when
fed at levels intended to lininise the fresh aninal protein values. l'resh
neat not be incorporated at levels for above those col-only associated with
trace factor sourcee before corrective action is noted. Additional evidence
against a vitanin deficiency is offered by the abeence of any syndrons
typical of an avitaninosis.

The favorable response to the excellent protein quality of casein would

..‘I an.

indicate a minor part of the deficiency to be protein in nature. Amino
acid supplementation disclosed the deficiency not to be in the three nost
likely amino acids, nethionine, lysine, and tryptophane. hiluro to
effect complete correction indicated the critical deficiency to be else-
where.

Absence of evidence for a specific nutrient deficiency. conbined with
the apparent adequacy of the experimental rations. would strongly indicate
the principal fault to lie in the direction of palatability and digest-
ibility. we is borne out by observations on feed consunption and focal
volume.

A succeeoful continence of wort: in this field would appear to be
predicated on an improvement in the palatability of the dry ration. non
satisfactory food consu-ption is achieved, the problen of iqreved

digestibility will beccae of cardinal inportance.

~104-

I. LITMRI‘. CITED

Arnold. A. and c. L. ElvehJen. 1939. Nutritional requirements of
dogs. in. Vet. lied. Assoc. J.. 95: 187-194.

Bassett. c. 1.. 1942. Beefneal - a partial raw neat substitute.
l'ur Ernie J. of canada. 19:10. 6-7.

Bassett. c. 1.. 1943, Substitution in the fox and ninh ration.
her. rur Breeder. 16:0. 38.

Baseett. c. 1.. 1945. Fishnoal as a partial substitute for neat in
the year-round nink ration. Fur trade J. of 0am. 23:1,
1*16’ 64.68.

Bassett. 0. 3.. J. I. Ioosli. and r. Iilke. 194B. Vito-in A
requirements for growth of force ad links as influenced
by ascorbic acid and potatoes. J. of ht" 35: 629.

Bassett. c. 1.. 1950. Practical economies in feeding link kits.
her. lat. Fur and larket J.. 28:10. 15.

Bernard. B. and 3. E. Smith. 1941. Digestion and absorption in
taxes and minke. deer. l‘ur Breeder. 14:2. 22.

Bernard. 3.. s. E. Smith. and L. l. laynard. 194.2, The digestibility
of cereals by links and foxes with special reference to
starch and crude fiber. Corn. Vet.. 3381. 29-36.

Ooonbes. A. 1.. c. I. Lindow. I. L. Erickson. and E. 3. Hart. 1950.
Principles of reading For and Rink. ed. 1. Kellogg Sales

Dearborn. 1.. 1932. reeds of cone predatory fun-bearing aninals in
lichigan. fich. U. School Ioroetry and Conservation
Dale 1. 52 "e

Dixon. J.. 1925. read predilections of predatory and fun-bearing
“81.. Jo We. ‘31. “36o

Earls. I. 2.. 1939. lutritional requirements of dogs. food and Idfe
UeSeDe‘o reabOCk of “nmlhn, 847-.“8o

Harris. 1.. 3.. O. I. Bassett. 3. 1. Smith. and E. 1). team. 1946. The

Calcium requirement of growing foxes. Corn. Yet..
35:1. 9-22.

..1nx.

Holman. V.. 1947. The protein requirements of growing puppies.
Jo “to '.‘e we ‘ICOCe. 1118 $9158.

, Kenning. E. 0.. 1947. Statistics on U. 8. horse population.
“or. Par Breeder. 20:2. 14.

Hodgson. n. 0., 1945. The link Book. ed. 2. hr rm. J. of Can.

Ecdson. A. z. and L. A. laynard. 1939. Digestion and metabolisn
studies with links. Amer. hr Breeder. 14:2. 22.

Hudson. 1. Z. and S. I. Snith. 1942. Estinated Iaintenance energy
requirements of foxes and links. l'nr Trade J. of
CM”. 1936, 12o

Kellogg. 0. 1.. c. l‘. Bassett. and B. I. Indore. 1948. Ink role--
1“, U. So no ‘e 01er 801a

Kennedy. A. H.. 1947. lutritional anuia in link. Called. J. Conp.
“Odo. 11: 272.275.

Ioehn. c. J.. 1942. Practical dog feeding. Alabama Agr. lap. Sta.
Bull. 251.

mm'. Ge 'e. 'o Le BdChon. Ea 3o M. 1949. cmomr“. u
the feeding program of the fur ranchers. her. hr
Breeder. 22.

Loosli. J. L. 8. l. Snith. and L. A. W, 19¢). U.8.D.I.
Vildlife leaflet 168.

Loosli. J. I. and 8. I. Snith. 1940. Nutritional erperinonts with
foxes and links. Amer. rur Breoder. 12:7. 6. 8. 12.

llcCay. O. 11.. 1949. lutrition of the Dog. ed. 2. tie-stock Press.
Ithaca. 336 pp.

layer. J. and I. A. Xrehl. 1949. Vitamin 1 requirements of for all
link. We BlOe Mo. 16‘ 313.314!

lichaud. L. I.. c. A. Hoppert. all! I. 3. Hart. 1947. Dry food or
canned food for dogs. J. in. Vet. lied. Assoc" 111:8“.
290-391.

lorgan. A. 1.. 1940. Deficiencies and fallacies in the canine diet.
Io ‘e VC‘e. 213 ‘75-‘83e

Roberts. I. L.. 1949. lutrition and economy in mint and for feed.
her. hr Breeder. 21:10. 18.

Robinson. 11. 1‘... 1947, In appraisal of animal dietaries by aninal
eaperinont. lid. by R. R. Williams. Billion-Waterman
Research Corp.. low York. pp 44.

Schaefer, A. B.. O. I. 'hitehair. and G. 1. Elvehjem. 1946.
Purified rations and the inportance of folic acid in
link nutrition. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. led.. 62: 169.

smr‘r. Lo 3.. C. re 'hitehnll'. “a. Go ‘e Elvahdm. 1946.
Yituins nay reduce far farn losses. Amer. Bur Breeder.
19,5. “0

Schaefer. A. B.. S. B. Tove. O. I. lhitehair. and S. A. BlvehJen.
1949. The requirenents of unidentified factors for nink.
J. of Iutr. 35: 157-166.

Sealander. J. L.. 1943. Iinter food habits of link. J. of Iildlife
kit. 7: 411-417.

Sheldon. I. B.. 1950. Proceedings Seventh Annual looting. lational
Board of for Tara Organisations. Iorgan. Utah.

Sheldon. I. B.. 1951. roots and figures on the U. S. hr rarning
Industry. lotional Board of for Para Organisations.
Iergan. Utah.

Smith. S. B.. 1940. The use of tonatoes and tonato products in the
feeding of fur aninals. her. hr Breeder. 1322. 26-27.

Smith. S. B.. and J. I. Loosli. 1940. Sons mtritional studies on
.1“, “‘0 m I... 12". H.

Sldth, S. B. and J. I. Loosii. 1940. Some mtritioual studies on
link. hr Trade J. of Canada. 1789. 14-15.

Snith. S. B. and S. I. Bassett. 1947. Horse neat for fur fares: its
chemical conposition. U. S. D. A. LED. El. 88.

Still. I. U.. 1939. in attenpt to define the dietary require-onto
of link. her. For Breeder. 20:9. 14.

Tove. s. B.. i. I. Schaefer. and c. A. Elvehjen. 1949. Julio acid
studies in the link and for. J. of ht" 36:4. 469-476.

Tove. 8. B.. B. J. Lalor. and O. .i. ElvehJen. 1950. Properties of
the nethanol soluble factor required by ndnk. Prec. See.
me 31°10 “d Me. ’53 719".

Travis. H. 1., n. n. tsunami. c. Grcschke. and c. a. Card. 1949,
fink Feeding lxperinents: Report I. Mich. Agr. Sta.
mart. Bul.. 22:1. 64-69.

Ihitehair. c. 1.. A. n. Schaefer. and c. I. IlvehJon. 1949, Butria
tional deficiencies in sunk with special reference to
honorrhegic gastro-enteritis. 'yellow fat'I and anemia.
Jo mre 'Ote me “800.. 115: 54—50.

Yeager. L. I... 1943. Storing of mskrats and other foods by ninks.
J. Ila-o1. 24:1. 100-101.

 

 

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