I! w llll nwmugmlmmmm1m 2607 3 1293 THE HALFWAY HOUSE PROGRAM AND ITS AFFECT ON THE INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONING OF 24 FORMER RESIDENTS By Richard L. Putney A THES IS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Criminal Justice 1973 7f ‘ / / - u . Approved: Lif/‘é'f/ C, - /’Z(*1:I 1434151.; 1, (Chairman (I (:3— $‘h‘W , (Member) $3,, fl 6.44M\ (Member) ABS TRACT THE HALFWAY HOUSE PROGRAM AND ITS AFFECT ON THE INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONING OF 2# FORMER RESIDENTS By Richard L. Putney The child who has been the product of a broken family, and who grew up in child-care institutions must, in young adulthood, build bridges between dependency upon the insti— tution and his juvenile subculture to the independence of responsible individual living. The "halfway house" refers to any relatively small facility either residential or nonresidential, that stands- literally-halfway between the community and the institution. The "study group" was investigated to indicate the quality of adjustment achieved by a sampling of the former population. The study question thus formulated deals with the significance of placement at Reynold's Hall for Youth to the current level of effectiveness of social functioning of a group of young men in residence at least one month and who were discharged upon their completion of dependency upon the halfway house. The men were aged twenty to twenty- four years. Richard L. Putney The methods used in conduction the study center a- roung "significance of placement“ and the current social functioning of the study group. A personal interview was conducted of former residents to determine their current social functioning. The records of\Catholic Charities Bureau were checked in order to determine a description of the participants family. .Although a wide variety of problems within the homes were recorded, some problems were common to most families. Severe marital conflicts aggravated by marked immaturity and instability of parents were common in all but four families. The need for placement at Reynold's Hall arose primarily on the basis of dissolution of the family as the result of a crisis situation. Social functioning is the sum of the individual's act- ivities as he fulfills the roles and tasks expected of him in his interaction with others in social situations. Eleven categories were used to Study the individual's attitudes and activities in both social situations and social relationships. In each category there was a possibility of earning from one (malfunctioning) to seven (effective func- tioning) points. The participants scores for the categories were added and the total score divided by the number of cat- egories in which he had earned credit. After the individual ratings were compiled, the total group was subdivided into two classifications, namely, adequate social function and Richard L. Putney inadequate social functioning. When twelve or more scores cluster in the range of ade- quate functioning, inference is made that placement at Rey- nold's Hall has not interfered with the ability of the part- icipant to achieve adequate social functioning of twelve. If more scores fall into the range of inadequate functioning, these components will be considered in detail in order to bring to the foreground the significance of placement. Based on the scores of the study group for each of the eleven categories of functioning, it would appear that placement was most contributory to functioning relationships with friends, on the job, in the home, with peers, relatives, and in the marital relationship. THE HALFNAY HOUSE PROGRAM AND ITS AFFECT ON THE INDEIENDENT FUNCTIONING OF 24 FORMER RESIDENTS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University In iartial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Police Administration by. Richard L. Putney August, 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND........................ 1 Introduction............................... 1 Historical Backgroung...................... 1 Background of the Selection of the Study Question.......................... 11 Presentation of the Study Question......... 16 Purpose.................................... 16 Sub-Question............................... 16 Summary....................................: 17 II. CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE STUDY................ 18 Introduction............................... 18 The New Role of Halfway Houses............. 18 Principles of Program Formulation.......... 21 Role of the Social Service................. 30 Functions of the Cleveland Catholic Families and Children's Bureau.......... 33 Origin of Reynold's Hall................... 34 Philosophy of Reynold's Hall............... 35 Physical FaCilieSooooooooooooooooooooeooooo 37 SPeCial serViceSooooooooo0.0000000000000000 38 Summary...coo000000.ooooooooooooooooooooooo 40 ii CHAPTER III. METHODS USED IN CONDUCTING THE STUDY AND PRESENTATION OF DATAOOOOOOOOOOICOOOOOO... Introduction............................... Definition of Terms........................ Sources of Data............................ Selection of Data.......................... Procedures for Eliciting Participation..... Presentation of Data Characteristics of the Study Group Families at the time of Placement Planning.............................. Nationality................................ Age of Siblings............................ Age of Parents............................. Religion and Religious Participation....... Religious Aspects of the Marriage Ceremony. Marital Status............................. Economic Adequacy.......................... Environmental Adequacy..................... Health..................................... Family Problems............................ Request for Placement...................... Referring AgenCieSoooooooooooooo00000000000 Attitudes of Participants Towards Placementooooooooooo0.000000000000000oooo iii PAGE 1+2 uz A2 “3 45 47 49 50 5o 53 53 5a 54 59 59 59 60 63 63 6L» CHAPTER Previous Placement and Associated Problems. Educational Achievement.................... Functioning of the Participants While in Placement............................. Adjustment to Institutional LiVingooooooooo Positive USE Group LiVingoooooooocooooooooo General Program............................ EducatiOnalooooo0000000000.000000000000000o- Employment...000000000000.0000000000000000. Religious Participation........o.......o... Halfway House LiVingoooooooooooo00000000000 Specialized serViCeSooooooo00000000000000.o- Medical.............o................. Psychological StatUSoooooooooooooooooo Social Casework with the Participants. Summary.................................... IV. ANALYSIS OF TIIIE STIIDY DATAOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOO Introduction............................... The Meaning of Social Functioning.......... Social Roles............................... Role and Functioning....................... Economic Expectations...................... Environmental Expectations................. iv PAGE 65 65 66 67 69 7o 70 7o 71 72 73 73 74 7b 75 76 76 76 77 79 80 80 CHAPTER PhySical ExpeCtationSoooo00.000000000000000 PsyChOlogical EXPGCtationSoooo000000000000o Religious Expectations...........o......... Cultural EXPGCtatiOnSooo00.000000000000000. Method of Judging Social Functioning....... Procedures for Data AnalySiSooooooooooooooo ”’Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning in in in in in in as in Work........................ the Home.................... Church...................... Recreation.................. Civic Groups................ the Marital Relationship.... Parents..................... Relationship with Relatives. Relationships With Peers................... Relationships with Friends................. Functioning in Relationship with Authority FigureSooooooooo000000.000.coo A\Suggestions for Further Program Development.......o........o............ Summary........o..........................o V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.o....oo.oooo. IntrOdUCtiOnooo000000000000.000000000000000 PAGE 81 81 81 82 82 86 88 89 9o 91 92 93 9a 95 96 97 98 101 102 104 104 CHAPTER PAGE Response to the Purpose.................... 104 Relationship of Findings to Theory......... 108 Evaluation of the Study Methodology........ 109 Implications for Further Research.......... 111 COHClUSionooooo00000000000.0000000000000000 113 BIBLIOGRAPHYOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO APPENDIXOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000.00.000...0.00.00.00.00. vi CHARTS CHART PAGE I. Background of Parents of Participants at time Of Placementooooooooooooo0000oncooo 52 II. Family Situation Prior to Placement.......... 56-58 III. Placement Planning-00000000000000000000000o.o 62-63 IV. Previous Placement-—Educational Achievement.. 6h-65 TABLES I. II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. LIST OF TABLES Age of Admission and Dismissal, Length Of Placement...000000000000.000000000000000o Adjustment of Halfway House Living Use Of Group Experienceooooooo00.000000000000000 Method of Judging Social Functioning......... Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning Functioning in in in in in in as in in in in Work.......................... the Home...................... Church........................ Recreation.................... Civic Groups.................. the Marital Relationship...... Parents....................... Relationship with Relatives... Relationship with Peers....... Relationship with Friends..... Relationship to Authority Figureoooooooooooo00000000000000.0000... PAGE 67 68 85 88 89 9o 91 92 9h 95 96 97 98 99 CHATTER I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Introduction This chapter presents a brief description of the his- torical development of halfway houses as a necessary con- cept of modern corrections, the chain of events that led to the selection of the study question finally chosen, the pur- pose of the study, subquestions, and statistics regarding the extent of halfway house care. Historical Background For a young child, his own parents are the source of all the deep emotional reserves essential to his survival--af— fection, the reliability of life and of people, self esteem , and protection from danger. Recognition of the importance of the parent-child relationship has become the very heart of child welfare practice. It has directed child welfare activities in keeping a child and his natural family together whenever possible and in strengthening or rebuilding a home into a reasonable solid emotional and economic unit.1 If the child does not receive this solid emotional and economic unit as a child, then as a young adult he will be unable to step from this solid foundation into adulthood. 1Dorethy Hutchinson, "Basic Principles in Child Welfare," Child Welfare, XXXI (December, 1952), p.3. As a young adult he will substitute the solid family unit for the subculture of his peers, and a way must be found to break the hold of the subculture and free the individual, through self awareness, through understanding and through self-motivated redirection, to enter upon a way of life which is basically more acceptable both to himself and to society.2 In any consideration of the welfare of a child, one must realize that when assistance from persons other than the child's parents becomes necessary to provide a substi— tute living arrangement for him, something has happened in his life which unless skillfully handled may leave lasting scars. Social agencies become of prime importance when a child is deprived of his own home due to the death, disabi- lity, incompetence, or illness of one or both of his par— ents or when the family is broken due to marital or family discord. They are a necessity for the child who is without normal guardianship of parents because he has been abandon- ed, neglected or deserted.3 The child who has been the product of such misfortune, and who grew-up in child-care institutions or lingered in 2Oliver J. Keller, Jr. and Benedict S. Alper, Halfway Houses (Lexington, Massachusetts:D.C. Heath and Company, 1970 . p.XIII. 3Hazel Frederickson, The Child and His Welfare, (San Francisco:W.H. Freeman and Co.,1957). p.17. a crippled house must, in young adulthood, build bridges between dependency upon the institution and his juvenile subculture to the independence of responsible individual living. Today when a young man requires supportive living arrangement, from a corrections institution, child-care institution or a unstable family situation, there are a number of resources available for considerations. The half- way house is a relatively recent resource. But this was not always the case since halfway houses in their devlop- ment have gone through many stages of growth. It is difficult to reconstruct, after the fact, the motivations that led past cultures to inagurate various policies toward those persons who deviated from their norms. But it is important to realize that many of those policies have tended to survive long after the reason they were formulated is proven erroneous or unacceptable. Sociol- ogist are fond of pointing to handshaking, toasting, and similiar practices, instituted for diverse out-of—date reasons, which persist today, often because social lethargy and inertia keep them alive. uHerbert A. Block and Gilbert Geis, Man Crime and Society (New York: Random House., 1970), p. 435 In Essay on Crimes and Punishment 1764 Cesare Beccaria, an Italian noble, stated that the philosophical justification for punishment was the protection of society by the preven- tion of crime. Jeremy Bentham, a penal philos0pher from England, viewed punishment as a necessary evil which decreased the greater evil criminals caused society, thus decreasing the peace and public welfare of the total society by their crimes. In 1940, Donald Clemmer published a study of a 2,300- inmate prison, which he describes as "just another place where men do time." He attempted to gather information on the "culture" of the prison, for it is this culture, Clemmer believes, that provides the key to the influence of the prison program and that is much more significant than the super- Limposed standards of the prison administrators.5 Clemmer's study and observations are taken a step further by Gresham Sykes in a study of the Maximum Security Prison at Trenton, New Jersey. Sykes suggests that the entire idea of "attempting to reform criminals by placing them in a prison is based on a fallacy." He notes that custody demands within the institution take priority over treatment considerations. 5Ibid.,p. A53. 6Gresham Sykes, The Society of Captives (Princeton University) Princeton University Tress, q 58 pp. 17—18. Sykes also points out that it is excessively optimistic to expect 100 percent rehabilitation and that public edu- cation is the realistic function and price to be paid for correctional ends is an imperative need. In addition, new programs, stressing community participation by convicted offenders, if proven valuable, may ultimately undercut the present rationale for imprisonment.7 In 1932 a mission-type home known as "The Parting of the Ways" came into existence in Pittsburgh to provide shelter for ex—offenders.8 The Salvation Army and the Volunteers of America have over the years provided for 1 prisoners in the dormitories they maintain for homeless men, and other "mission" agencies make temporary lodging available to ex-offenders. Not until the 1950's when Dismas House, St. Leonard's House, and 308 West Residence appeared, however, do we see the beginnings of what is today a national halfway house movement for the care of offenders, child or adult.9 Information on halfway houses, as an alternative form of corrections, is largely the product of non-establishment thinkers in the past 25 years. 7Herbert A. Block, Gilbert Geis, ap cit pp. 457-458. 8Negley K. Tuters, John Otto Reinemann, The Challenge of Delinquency. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice—Hall, nc.1q 50) p. 78. 9Nat Suerback et al. "A Concept Erplication: The Halfway House in Corrections" (unpublished Master's Dessertation, School of Social Work, Syracuse University, 1966), p.25. One form of care which was found to be superior to the closed institutions and independent living of dependent .children was the halfway house established by religious or charitable groups. The contributions of the Catholic laymen in this field are of importance to this study. All of the Church's organized efforts on behalf of the temporal welfare of her children and young adults grew largely out of the problems of the immigrant population when serious epidemics struck the population during the midnineteenth century. The parish had always been considered the basic unit for the care of such extensive needs. However, the parishes were so hard pressed to meet the needs of the immigrant children who had been rendered homeless that the( bishops appealed to the religious communities in the ) United States. These communities had as their chief work the education of children.' They expended this to include the care and education of some dependent children in a boarding school type institution. Crphanages were estab— lished by the religious communities in the large Eastern seaboard cities. Soon the Civil War created a whole gamut of new and urgent needs for the care of destitute children. These needs were again met largely through the proVision of group loMonsignor John O'Grady, "Catholic Charities in the United States--Background and Present Outlook“, in Religion .—__—h—J—— and Social Work (New York: Council on Social Work Education, 1959)1p0310 care in institutional settings. Most of the institutions set up to care for children orphaned by the war were private facilities subsidized by public funds. Although there were some public institutions on both the local and state levels, the vast majority of children lived in privately sponsored and financed facilities.11 But it was soon apparent that there were difficulties inherent in institutional living too. Discontent with group care led Charles Loring Brace of the New York Children's Aid Society to develop what might be termed foster home placement. Brace gathered together large numbers of child- ren who were deserted, homeless or in great poverty and sent them under the care of one of the Society's agents to other parts of the state or to other Midwestern cities whence from a public gathering place they were distributed to farmers or tradespeople who might select them. It was reported that 51,000 children were placed by the New York Children's Aid Society during the first twenty—five years of its placement activities.12 Although Brace began his placement work in 1853, not until 1883 was there any super- vision of the children who were placed in foster homes by the Children's Aid Society.13 11Emma Lundberg, Unto the Least of These (New York: Appleton-Century Co., Inc., 1947), p.31. 12Ibid p. 77. A3Hazel Frederickson, The Child and His Welfare (San Fran01sco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1957), p.22. Both the institutions and large child placing agencies such as the Children's Aid Societies were criticized because they lacked supervision and follow-up services for the children they had placed in foster homes. In the face of mounting criticism, they were expecially well disposed to accept the methods advocated by the Charity Organization Societies. These groups injected private philanthropy into the system of investigation and social services 14 according to the needs of the individual families. Child placement agencies sought ways to apply this principle to the needs of children because they were experiencing a growing awareness of--whether the child actually needed any form of placement at all. In its early years the twentieth century was heralded as the century of the child. There was an ever increasing awareness of the meaning of family ties for children, of child and family welfare programs, and acceptance of the concept of maintenance of the child in his own home as a public responsibility.15 The early state administered programs of Mother's Aid had their origin in a time of reaction against old methods of public relief and institutional care. Various attempts at Mother's Aid culminated in the passing II 1“'Emma Lundberg, op cit, p.75. 15Martin Gula, Child Caring Institutions (Washington: Children's Bureau, 1958),p.3. of the Social Security Act of 1935 which marked the advent of a new era of public aid to dependent children in their own 16 homes, Finally, the White House Conference have been a means of keeping the needs of children before the public and of illustrating the interrelationship of health, welfare, and education services to children. When social, economic, and medical advances had reduced greatly the numbers of families needing substitute care for their children, long smoldering controversy about the merits of foster home care as opposed to institutional care flared up anew. Certainly the events of the last century, when coupled with the impressive research into the detrimental effects of institutionalization, would bring an end to group care for children. Foster home programs expanded rapidly in the wake of growing dissatisfaction with institutions. But even as they grew the deficiencies of even the best foster home program were gradually discovered. Foster homes, no matter how numerous and adequate, could not supply for some children the correct type of care and training. A study of the problems of children who failed to adjust to foster homes, regardless of the suitability of these homes, indi- cated a similarity of behavior which was more easily treated in the group program of the institution. Emma Lundberg, op. cit p. 124. A“— 10 In addition, foster home workers had to admit that they were experiencing considerable difficulty in finding suff- icient homes which met requirements.17 Reluctantly it was conceded that the institution has a demonstrable place after all; just as it 8160 can be conceded that foster homes have a demonstrable place. The halfway house program combines the staff structure of the institution with the open family living of the foster home. The "halfway house" refers to any relatively small facility either residential or nonresidential, usually located in or close by a city or town. Iersons involved in the programs of such places participate in the daily life of the open community, either working, or going to school "outside." Devoid of the customary security provisions, a halfway house may be publicly or privately supported, be psychotherapeutically oriented or reality-based, derive from religious or secular auspices. Persons“who live under its comparatively free conditions are expected to undergo a group experience of limited duration. The halfway house stands-literally—halfway between the community and the institution, and may serve persons who are released from an institution, as well as those received directly from a court. 17Cecilia AcGovern, Services to Children in Institutions (Washington: National Conference of Catholic Charities, 1968), p. 2. 18Oliver J. Keller, Jr. and Benedict S.Alper:cpcit p..10. 11 The need for halfway houses existence is evidenced by the fact that it is estimated that about 1 million persons pass through jails and workhouses each year, with the daily population probably somewhere between 120,000 and 150,000 persons.19 The Catholic Church, a pioneer in institutional care, reported that on January 1, 1970, it was serving 31,800 dependent children in 647 group homes and institutions throughout the United States.20 One of these institutions, Reynold's Hall, located on Cleveland, Ohio's near westside, is the halfway house included in this study. Reynold's Hall serving the Cleveland Catholic Diocese of Ashland, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Summit and Wayne Counties Ohio. Background of the Selection of the Study Question Reynold's Hall named after Father John Reynolds a former Director of St. Anthony's Home for Boys Cleveland, in the face of the realistic of changing conditions and new ideals of service to young men, has constructed its activities to include supportive living program of services to young men, has constructed its activities to include supportive living program of services to young men who cannot function independently in the community. But even though it is generally 19herbert A. Block and Gilbert Geis. op cit p. 462 20Official Catholic Directory (New York: P.J. Kennedy and sons, 1970) General Summary, p. 4. ‘ 12 recognized within the field of child-welfare that halfway houses do have a place in the wide gamut of services for young men, its function are not yet entirely clear. There is a fairly general agreement that the halfway house, or for that matter institution, serves as a valuable diagnostic tool, but the therapeutic contribution it may make is highly disputed. The problem can be further stated by who should take credit for a young man "growing-up" the halfway house or biology? Certain characteristics of group living, apparently arising from the fact of 'groupness,' are useful for work with certain kinds of dependent young men but experts have not learned what these characteristics are and how they can be combined to make the maximum impact on the residence.21 It remains the task of the halfway houses themselves to review their programs in an attempt to determine which elements are really therapeutic. How can an evaluation be carried out? A method sug- gests itself as being in keeping with the American tradition of love of the functional. In our land of ever increasing specialization, the preferred way of judging the merits of any tool, technique, or program is the test of results. Much of the research in the field of social service has been devoted to evaluating the effectiveness or resutls of direct service to clients. 21Mrs. Elliot Studt, "Therapeutic Factors in Group Living," Child Welfare, XXXV (January, 1956),p.1. 13 In keeping with this tradition of social science research, the director of Reynold's Hall (Albert M.J. Putney) sug- gested to the writer a follow-up study of former resi- dents of the institution to evaluate in retrospect the meaning of placement to these individuals with particular reference to its influence on their current social functioning. For the writer, such a study would serve as a vehicle to discover those characteristics that have influenced the social functioning of ex-residence, and also, those character- istics that have little affect upon their current social functioning. Although Reynold's Hall is a relatively new program in the Cleveland area, it is not an easy matter to intelligently evaluate the program of a halfway house without some knowledge of the principles of child care as they apply to institutions. The study would provide the opportunity for obtaining greater understanding of the halfway house that has been the object of long standing interest and curiosity. Hopefully the study would also yield knowledge useful to the 'Hall' in its endeavor to meet the needs of the young- men under its care. It would give some indication of the quality of the adjustment achieved by a small sampling of the former population. Initial discussions with the director late in 1971 indicated the possibility of a study of ex—residents of the 14 'Hall' from 1968 to March of 1972 who had been in the Hall for one month or longer. Study participation would have been limited to those individuals who achieved a "successful adjustment" in their present lives. This limitation would have served to reduce the study group to a workable number while at the same time insuring the participation of individuals who have ”profited" from the 'Hall.‘ The above criterion had been proposed with the fol- lowing reality factors in mind. The "successful adjustment" category does not include three former residents who are AWOL from military service. A record check with the Cleveland Police Department record room (Pavia 693) confirmed that the three are AWOL. Two of the three AWOL's cannot be judged as not successfully adjusting to military service for they had gone AWOL upon receiving orders for Vietnam. Upon interviewing the two, with the aide of former residence, the two admitted that for ideological reasons they left the Army and went to Canada. The two have sinced returned to this country and are living under assumed names. Neither of the two know the other. The third individual had gone AWOL from the Marine Corps upon re- turning from 9 months in Vietnam. It is not the pur- pose of this study to place these three individuals in a non—successful adjustment category, but just to exclude them from the study thus creating a third category. History may prove them to be the 'Hall's' most successful residents. 15 The year 1968 was selected for it was early in this year that the first former resident moved out of the Hall in February of that year. March 31, 1972 was the end of the study period for it was at this time that this study was begun. Assuming that older residents would best be able to evaluate their experience within the 'Hall' this was seen as a desirable qualification. Another factor influ- encing the selection of these former residents was the assumption that most of these individuals would have had sufficient time to establish responsible independent living. The maturity which should have been achieved by the group was viewed as a factor favorable to elicting an objective evaluation of placement. Several problems presented themselves immediately. To ascertain the quality of the participant's present adjustment required some effective screening procedure that would not be too time consuming to construct or administer. When the plan for the study was presented to the director of this research study program at Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice, (Dr. Robert C. Trojanowicz), his encouragement provided the stimulus needed to undertake the project despite its difficulties. Before the writer returned to Cleveland for the spring term, all permissions necessary to conduct the study had been 16 obtained. One further meeting with the director of this project was used to clarify the study question. Presentation 9§_the Stugpruestion What is the significances of placement at Reynold's Hall for Young—Men to the current level of effectiveness of social functioning of a group of young—men (twenty to twenty-four years) who had been in residence at least one month and who were discharged upon their completion of dependency upon the halfway house. Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate in retrospect placement at Reynold's Hall as it is described by a group of former residents to determine those aspects of placement of significance to the individual's present functioning and to learn why he considered them to be significant. Of importance would be comments about those aSpects of placement that were not contributory to present adjustment and why they were not. Finally the individual would be asked which aspects of placement he considered beneficial and which detrimental to his present level of social functioning. Sub-Question Necessarily included in the study considerations is an objective evaluation of the individual's level of social functioning to determine its effectiveness. These evaluations 17 will make possible some limited conclusions regarding the quality of the present adjustment of the participants as eva- luated by civilized standards. Of particular interest to Reynold's Hall at this time is a clarification of the significance of the role of the case worker in the partici- pant's placement. Since the policies, procedures, and programs of the country’s institutions vary widely, this study will not be the basis for any far reaching conclusions for the field of halfway house programs, but hopefully it will serve to clarify the meaning of placement in one halfway house at a given time to those who underwent the experience. Summary For two decades now halfway houses of various types have helped provide homes for young-men who needed warm and nonjudgmental persons as parent substitutes. Every generation brings its toll of dependent, neglected and delinquents to the halfway house doors. Some surprising changes have occurred in halfway houses in the past twenty years which have greatly altered the pattern of social service. These changes have led to many questions regarding halfway houses. The most important of these are what is the true functions of the halfway house and what kind of young-men need this type of care. Some tentative conclusions can be drawn from the following considerations of the elements of a good halfway house program. CHAPTER II CCNCEITUAL BASIS OF THE STUDY Introduction Exploration of the evolving functions of modern halfway houses, of principles of adequate program form- ulation, and a description of the philosophy, program, and procedures of Reynold's Hall will be the major content presented in this chapter. The New Role pf Halfway Houses The Social Welfare field has been witnessing contin- uous transformations in institutions for young—men resulting from the growing knowledge about the total needs of these men. Increasingly during the past few years in an attempt to prevent young offenders from the brutalizing affects of incarceration unless is appeared "political" or absolutely necessary, probation and parole were alternatives to incar- ceration; more recently, a host of community—based programs have emerged and are now in the process of being evaluated and refined. The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice,strongly endorsing the idea of community—based corrections, called for the establishment of facilities such as group homes for delinquents, halfway houses for adult offenders, and intensive community-super- vision programs for persons who, without such supervision, 19 would likely be incarcerated.22 With parole basically a state-level responsibility in Ohio, the two major correctional alternatives at the local level are confinement and probation, the average cost of keeping a person confined ($4,578), was more than 20 ‘ times the average probation cost ($223.).23 No longer is the correctional institution believed to be desirable place in which to rehabilitate a young offender. In the institutional structure of the prison, most officials are relatively indifferent when it comes to punishing their wards for past sins and are equally indifferent when it comes to saving them from the sins of the future. "Allegiance to the goal of rehabilitation tends to remain at the verbal level, as an expression of hope for public consumption."24 Unless a correctional institutiOn is able to provide a constructive program of living arrangement for the purpose of diagnosis, retrain- ing and treatment of offenders to prepare them for return to responsible independent living in the community, 22Lloyd W. NeCorkle, Albert Elias, and F. Lovell Bixby. "The Highfields Story: An Experimental Treatment Project for Youthful Offenders." (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1958) 23Administration of Justice Committee "A Profile of the Criminal Justice System in Cuyahoga County, Ohio" (Dec— ember, 1971) p. 91. 2“Herbert A. Block and Gilbert Geis, on.cit., p.456. 20 either through its own facilities or in conjunction with other public and private agencies in the community, it cannot fulfill its rehabilitation function and should not accept the responsibility to do so. Though there is no one who advocates the care of de- pendent young—men in large groups, there is general agreement regarding the value of small groups to meet the needs of particular young—men. Probably the most wide- spread agreement is found when specialized treatment facilities offer programs designed to treat specific physical, mental, or emotional problems of the following individuals. (1) Adolescents and young—men with serious behavior problems whose behavior is dangerous to themselves and to others. This group includes those who have been appre— hended for violent criminal behavior. (2) Seriously disturbed young-men who are unable until helped to form effective relationships with anyone. (3) Individuals with serious physical handicaps. Nany of these individuals are also found to have superimposed behavior problems. (4) Unadjusted mentally retarded individuals. Due to the formalized need of diagnostic care for these individuals a more structured living arrangement is necessary than can be provided in most halfway house programs. 21 There is further agreement that halfway house care, the kind of house to which reference is made in this study, probably provide the most suitable atmosphere for the following groups of individuals. (1) Unadjusted adolescents from a problem family who need a period of readjustment before independent living will succeed. (2) Adolescents who are the products of child care institutions during childhood and lack the self confidence and skills necessary to function adequately on their own. (3) Individuals who are unable to find employment either because of age or juvenile record, and who do not have a family willing to support them. (4) Individuals who have come from a problem family and have failed for various reasons to function independently, and they can no longer return to the unstable family. (5) Individuals who have committed a criminal offense are on parole or probation and need a stabilizing adult. (6) Individuals with no families who have made an effort to function in the military, but were discharged for various reasons. Eggncgples 2; Program Formulgtigp Almost all experts agree that halfway house settings should be small to permit greater flexibility in the use of 22 community resources and to avoid the regimentation which is inseparable from large mass institutions. It is difficult to judge the ideal size of the group which is structured for halfway house living purpose, but the leisurely of group size cannot be afforded by Reynold's Hall due to the physically plant size which is twelve, but John Bowlby indicates that fifteen individuals are about all a leader can handle. 25 If halfway house living is to have maximum value for the individual, there must not be too great a range of develop- mental stages, variations in the extremes of cultural values, or types of personalities among the individuals in the house. At the same time, the group should provide for variety among the individuals. The physical facilities and their arrangements are only important as means of reinforce- ment of the capacities of the individuals as means of rein- forcement provides the necessary structure in implementary such a goal. An important element in the halfway house complex is the staff. The size, composition, duties, and qualifi- cations of the staff depend on the purposes, size, and function of the halfway house. The professional staff should ideally consist of a director, a residential social worker, a chaplain, a registered nurse, a recreational 25John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1952), p.129. 23 leader, a home economics individual, phsician dentist, psychiatrist, and psychologist. It is possible to have only the part time services of some of these specialists when this alternative arrangement can be successfully coor- dinated with the whole program.ZS ShOU1d a tutoring program be conducted within the halfway house, teachers would become important staff members. A word needs to be said about the role of the chaplain in a Catholic institution such as Reynold's Hall. In any institution, the chaplain's primary responsibility is for the spiritual care and improvement of his charges. The basis discharge of this responsibility will be through the administration of the Sacraments and the imparting of religious instruction. When dealing with the young-men of Reynold's Hall, who have turned cynical towards religion, it is necessary that the chaplain remain consistent and opened minded. A virtual contriduction in terms. This is not necessarily so for the chaplain must make himself available for extra opportunities for personal guidance or counseling. It is in his counseling function that the chaplain will do the spade work which will enable the graces 26Hazel Frederickson, The Child and His Welfare (San Francisco: W.H.Freeman and Co., Inc. 1957) p.222. 24 of the Sacraments to be effective in the souls of poor, disadvantaged individuals.27 In selecting staff members, condiseration must be given to their preparation, their attitude toward young- men, and to their physical, mental, and moral health. Those who seek employment in the halfway house should possess a fundamental interest in the individual problems of the young-men plus and understanding of the problems faced by the young-men outside the halfway house. They should be people who have lived an emotionally satisfying life of their own and will not be therefore seeking a disproport- ionate amount of satisfaction in serving others. Because they will have to work closely with other staff members and with the community, they should possess the skills which will enable them to contribute to collective efforts. It is important that they should also have developed an orderli- ness and a strength of personality that will enable the to gain the respect of the young-men.2 Demands on staff members are high. The young-men who , enter a halfway house today have had difficulties which Reverend Leo J. Trese, "The Chaplain as a Counselor," Wen. XXXIV (April 1959). 13-10- 28Harold F. Strong, Institutional Work For Children Washington: National Conference of Catholic Charities 1945) Po?- 25 leave them unable to provide satisfactory in their rela- ships with oters. In a halfway house there are many possi- ble relationships with both adults and young-men.29 The staff must accept the responsibility of helping the young-men in accordance with their understanding of the dynamics of the behavior of adolescents, and the social- economic dynamics of young-men living independently. Participation in staff meetings and conferences can enrich the individual staff member's knowledge of not only an individual young-man but of the behavior of young-men in general. From these meetings can emerge a more meaningful program based on a sharing of the philosophies, exper- iences, problems, and skills of all the staff members. The program formulated by the staff must be flexible to the point of being individual. Perhaps the worst feature of the old institutions were their regimented life. It blunted the individuality, initiative, and independence of the young men who spent most of their lives within its confines. To be sure, there must be more structure in halfway houses then in a family setting, but appreciation of the desirability of individuality and flexibility in adapting to the structure can lead to a sense of direction conducive to adult development rather than to retardation 29Abraham Kostick, The Role of Staff in Children's Institutiong, Child WelfareL XXXICApril, 1953), p.7. 26 of continued growth and development.30 In strengthening the poorly developed or damaged sense of worth, or indep- endence of emotionally deprived youngsters such as some placed in child care institutions, it is important that the halfway house program offers opportunity for acquisition of new skills, for new experiences that will broaden their horizon and give them courage to try again to find sat- isfaction in relationships with others.31 Unless staff members implement the program with flexibility and individuality, recognized disadvantages are inherent which undermine any contribution to the young man's development that might otherwise have been real- ized. From an overly routinized life lived exclusively within the confines of the institution can result/Q lack of personal freedom and initiative, unfortunate restric- tion of friendship and social opportunities, insufficient emotional outlets, and in some cases, insufficient with the value and use of money.32 With social reality and thoughtful planning, all of these disadvantages can be altered if the program offers a wide range of opportunity 30Hazel Frederickson, op.cit,, p.224. 31Helen R. Hagan, "Child Caring Institution as a Casework Agency," Child Welfare XXXIII (June, 1954), p.7. 32Hazel Frederickson, op. cit., p.2. 27 for self expression and achievement in dafly living, in work and in social activity. In order to make the program effectively meet these ends, the staff's concern shoUlH be directed toward the quality and diversity of the activities and their impact on the total individual as well as the individual's immediate problem. For individuals who have had too little (constructive regluations) in their lives prior to the halfway house, the framework of an semi-independent routine with external structure supports his new life style and adds security to his life. Whether or not he chooses to conform to the individual rules, he knows what is expected. It is easier for the young-men to conform in the halfway house setting where there tends to be depersonalization of rules and procedures that apply to his adolescence and a personali- zation of the procedures that apply to his adult conduct. Rules properly designed can appeal to and mobilize support from the subculture codes which appear among the young-men to achieve necessary conformity to a total structure. A routine must not be restrictive, however. If one accepts that people learn by successfully managing a var- iety of real life situations, one realizes that when a 33Mrs. Elliot Studt, "Therapeutic Factors in Group Living," Child Welfare, XXXV (January, 1956), p.2. 28 individual's life is so regimented that he has no choices left, no opportunity to develop his own individuality, he lives in an artificial way of life which completely removes him from realities and hampers development of necessary independence. While he is in the halfway house, the individual must be taught how to use and enjoy free- dom, how to develop self control, and how to accept rights and responsibility. He needs to know how to get along with and understand people, to accept the goodness and kindness as well as the badness and thoughtlessness he finds in people. Finally, he needs to learn to accept his personal responsibilities in his job, church and community.3u Regardless of the purpose of the halfway house, a common basic characteristic they all share is that the young-men live in a setting with adults as leaders. Hopefully, through interaction of the individuals with each other and with the staff members, progress in interpersonal relation- ships will be realized. The well designed group living situation offers a flexible base for each individual's movement in and out of the group experience more easily than in a family setting, the individual in the group may move into a position of relative privacy until he is 3”Helen R.Hagan, WThe Administrator's Responsibility: Developing Program to Meet Varying Needs of Children," Child Welfare XXXVIII (March, 1959), p.9. 29 again ready to make his return to group activities and relationships.35 The interaction between the young man, his peers, and the adult leader affords the means of developing the individual's awareness of himself, his sense of secur- ity with others, and new patterns of behavior towards them.36 Because of the more flexible and viable relationships of the individual with thr group members, there tends to be a greater tolerance of behavior than can be permitted in a family setting. Acceptance of hostile or negative feelings by the adults in his environment may be essential for the young man's assurance that he is unconditionally accepted. The diffusion of hostilities among many adults should make it easier for each staff member to accept such feelings and less productive of anxiety for the young man since he does not have his investment totally in one person. Perhaps the primary contribution of the well de- signed group living process is the way it provides many expressions of individuality in this regard.37 351bid.,p.4. 36Abraham Kostick, "The Role of Staff in Children's Institutions," Child Welfare, XXXI (April, 1953),p.9. 37Susanne Schulze, Creative Grou Livin in a Children's Institution (New York: Association Press 1951),p.8. 30 All this is a comprhensive way of saying that the institution has a responsibility for meeting as far as possible the total needs of the young man in relation to his present and future development in the areas of personal adjustment, social interaction with others, his respon- sibility as head of a family and as a citizen of the community. Rplg pf the Social Service There are still relatively few institutions employing professional social caseworkers and perhaps this is one explanation why the wide variety of services required in the group setting have not been integrated to produce an, effective milieu, but not only reason. The role of the caseworker in the halfway house setting is complex and crucial. He must be conscious of the strengths and weak- nesses of the halfway house staff, program, and facilities, the resources of the community, and the problems and needs of the young-men and social milieu. This is a function of exploration, planning, and interpretation whibh begins with the application for placement and ends with the successful adjustment of the young-men to responsible independent living in the community. When an individual comes to an agency requesting place- ment for a young man, it is important to assess the problem to determine if placement is necessary. If the young man 31 must live in a group setting, hopefully this decision has been made not on the basis of convenience but rather as the result of a carefully conducted evaluation of several elements. (1) An interdisciplinary evaluation of the young man's physical, mental, and emotional health, his capaci- ties and limitations, his desires and needs. (2) An evaluation of the family problems, socioecon- omic conditions, attitudes and feelings toward the young man, and their potential for helping the young man as well as for participation in using help for themselves. (3) Familiarity with the community's resources, both for educational opportunities and employment. (4) Appraisal of the halfway house and agency's adequacy or inadequacy in helping to meet the needs of the young man. Once a particular halfway house has been selected, the worker must interpret the meaning and placement to the young man. Each person involved in the plan must know what to expect and what is expected of him. Because of the great importance of the young man's attitudes and feelings, the more actively the young man can be helped to understand what to expect the more likely is the placement to be successful and satisfying for him. Helping the young man to separate from his past envir- onment and to adjust to placement is an important function 32 of the caseworker. He must be available for frequent visits following the admission of the young man until he had found employment or a place in an educational institution. Prior to placement some tentative goals in terms of what might be accomplished for the young man towards the ultimate goal of "making it on his own." As the placement progresses the worker attempts to understand the needs of the young man as evidenced in his functioning. With this knowledge the worker helps the residential staff gain greater understanding of the young man. The tentative goals establi- shed prior to placement can be reevaluated and revised in view of the experiences that various staff members have had with the young man.38 The final aspect of the caseworker's role is the discharge of the young man from the halfway house. When the young man has reached the maximum of his ability to part- icipate in the managing of his independence, he should return to the community on his own. If responsible inde- pendent living is successful the young man should have relatively few adjustment difficulties. Since it is the purpose of Reynold's Hall for young men, the halfway house considered in this study, to return 38 David Hallowitz and Theodore Rosen, "Casework With Children on the Problems of Group Living," Child Welfare XXXI (March, 1953), p.6. 33 young-men to society as independent responsible individuals let us now consider the agency sponsoring the program. Functions pi the Cleveland Catholic Families and Chilgpgp's Bureau During the present century the Catholic Church has inaugurated and administered a broad program of social services on a diocesan-wide level in an attempt to meet the changing needs of society. Under the authority of the local bishop, a priest prepared in social work holds the appointment of Director of Catholic Charities. He is charged with the responsibility of promoting and developing programs of services as well as coordinating the activities of existing agencies and institutions. The director heads a staff performing basic services to these institutions and to individuals.39 One of the important functions of the Cleveland Catholic Charities Bureau with its Deanery offices has been the care of dependent or deliquent young-men either in their homes or through halfway house programs. All referrals for care are made directly to the Bureau and are carefully studied to determine the most suitable kind of care for each 39Staff Writer, "Catholic Charities Appeal" The Cleve- land Plain Dealer May 1, 1972 p. 4A. 34 young man. Should placement in a halfway house seem advis- able, the caseworker or casework supervisor arranges admis- sion of the young man with the director of Reynold's Hall. The majority of the young-men placed at Reynold's Hall are Roman Catholics who have been admitted because of their inability to function completely independent after spending up to 4 years at St. Anthony's Home for Boys, a child care institution operated by Catholic Charities. Catho- lic Charities assumes responsibility for casework services for these young-men before and during placement. The Bureau also accept referrals for placement from its Deanery offices as well as from public and private agencies in the Cleveland area. In these cases, the agency requesting placement is responsible for casework service to the young man. Origin pi Reynoldig Hall The roots of today's Reynold's Hall lay in the fore- sight of the former director of St. Anthony's Home and present Director of Catholic Charities Msgr. Casmir S. Ciolek. Msgr. Ciolek recognized the need for a halfway house for former residents of St. Anthony's who had completed the program in that child care institution, but were still unable to function independently. In some cases simply be- cause they were unable to sign a lease on an apartment, but this was the exception. Many of the young-men have become 35 institutionalized having spent 4 years at St. Anthony's and their childhood at Parmadale, another Catholic Charities child care institution for younger children. The capital expenditures and the current expenditures are the obligation of Catholic Charities. Reynold's Hall is owned, operated and maintained by the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland. Philosophy of Reynold's Hall The philosophy of the staff of Reynold's Hall mirrors the basic concern of the Catholic Church for the spiritual and temporal welfare of her "children." The Church always has viewed its charitable or social endeavors as a implementation of the basic Catholic creed which exorts its adherents to love their neighbor as they love themselves. As the needs of the neighbor increases, correspondingly the obligation of the Catholic to help his neighbor increases. When specific needs of neighbor becomes too numerous or demanding for the individual members to fulfill, the Church itself must take charge of providing for them. The natural outcome of this philosophy was the growth of extensive child care work in the early years when the religious beliefs of Catholics were jeopardized through the existing pat- tern of child care services. While the principle reason for the establishment of institutions under Catholic auspices 36 was to insure the religious rights of children, the insti- tutions have been sensitive to prevailing child care standards, attempting whenever possible to incorporate them in their program. The laymen directors of Reynold's Hall have attempted in their work with the young-men of the Hall to incorporate both the ideals of the Catholic Church and those of the field of child welfare. Their aim always has been to develop in the young-men the principles and virtues of a Chirstian lifr and to give them the kind of care that will enable them to become adequate adults ready to take their places in a complex society.40 It is very difficult for anyone who has not worked within a child care institution or halfway house to know what a adult male is like let alone an adult Catholic male. We are, the media keep reminding us, a polarized society. And judging from two American films, "The Cowboys" 1972 and “To Find a Man," 1972 we are as divided in our concept of what makes for manhood as in countless other beliefs. Both films agree that maturity uOSister Mary Moriarity, "An Evaluation of Child Care in an Institution," (unpublished M.S.W. Thesis, Boston College, 1953), p. 4. 37 involves self-direction and autonomy, but where one stresses emotional development and sees compassion as a crucial adult resonpse, the other emphasizes physical prowess and enactment of vengeance. It is clearly a cultural phenomenon that the mode of maturity a nation encourages will determine its character as a whole. It is equally clear that the mode of maturity that Reynold's Hall encourages will have an immediate opportunity to prove itself. Physical Facilities Reynold's Hall is a halfway house located on the cor- ner of West 84th Street and Detroit Ave. on Cleveland's near westside. The Hall is really two seperate residential houses over 100 years old. The houses were acquired from private owners in 1967 by Catholic Charities Corporation. At the time of purchase it was operated as a rooming house for retired men. Extensive renovation was necessary to convert the buildings from subdivided kitchenette apart- ments to a family setting with common kitchen, dining room and living rooms. The necessary renovation was accom- plished by a full-time volunteer, an unemployed army veteran, Albert Putney, the present director. Due to a limited budget it was necessary for Mr. Putney to straighten nails and make use of every piece of available lumber to permit the buildings to be used as a halfway house. 38 During the early summer of 1967 the renovation of Raynold's Hall became a work project for the boys at St. Anthony's Home which is located next door. It was under the dir- ection of the then Assistant Director of St. Anthony's Home for Boys, Mr. David Andrews, the first Director of Reynold's Hall that the efforts of the Boys from the Home was coordinated. Over the years many of the residents of Reynold's Hall came from St. Anthony's, and were the same Boys who had helped renovate the buildings. It is impor- tant to point out that the two Directors of the Hall had contact with many future residents at the time of renovation. The before renovation and after renovation picture many of these young-men had was evident in their attitude towards the phsical plant while they were residents. As residents they were willing to accept the "secondhand look" of the Hall, and they understood that when they went out on their own they would have to make due with the "secondhand look" in their own independent living arrangements. Special Services The Director of Reynold's Hall is more than just a position. For he is responsible for every aspect of the individual and the group process. He is on duty twenty- four hours a day. He must coordinate treatment approaches, 39 dynamics of group interaction and guided group interac- tion. He must provide leadership and staff, rules and sanctions and administer the budget. For all practical purposes he must become the stablizing adult figure in the 10 young-men. His most important function is to prepare young-men to make it on their own. The most important staff position next to the Direc- tor is that of "cook." The cook adds the element of female life style to the Hall that many of the young- men have never had. The cook fulfills the role of House- 'mother in the halfway house. The fact of the halfway house is that it has an open kitchen which becomes a center for refreshment and conversation. The cook's position must then be filled not only by a person who can prepare foods adequately, but also by a person who has a basic understanding of the residents. Another important staff position at Reynold's Hall is that of Administrative Assistant. Through provisions of adequate services and a well rounded flexible program the halfway house hopes to effect a more adequate personal adjustment, greater facility in social relationships, and increased ability to deal with the realities of living within the community. The administrator assist- ant is responsible for guidance, tutoring, maintenance of 40 House programs and advice on sprcific problems. They also assume the responsibilities of the director in his absence. Summary 7Although the social service experts have not yet learned how to best use the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities believed to be inherent in group living, the halfway house setting offers a suitable method of short term stability for young-men in need of treatment and retraining before they can accept independent living. The key factor in the process appears to be the ability of the individual to function independently and in this society that independence is related to money or employmentIl This situation is empha- sized in that there were 60 percent more youths dependent on their parents among poor Negroes than among poor Whites living in central cities in 1966, this situation was a consequence of the age distribution and birthrate of the Negro population and would not be affected by the end of prejudice and discrimination.41 Age distribution and hair styles are some of the reality principles that prevent the young-men at Reynold's Hall from finding employment. Much has been said concerning ulEdward C. Banfield, The Unheavenly City (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1970), p.75. 41 a program based upon reality principles and an explanation is in order. The danger of operating a halfway house on anything other than a reality principle is that it pre- vents individuals from being aware of the things that are wrong. In the absence of awareness, there is small chance for changeZ‘ Examples of people not functioning in reality are everywhere. A television newscaster recently meticulously referred to Attica Prison, during the height of the battle during which more than 40 men died as a "correctional facility." Of course, the ultimate lack of reality in word usage and soul-pollution was Lt. William Calley's account of "wasting (killing) civilians." It makes murder seem painless, like wasting unwanted food. One such halfway house, Reynold's Hall, operates on a reality principle. Examining the impact of its program in the lives of a selected group of young-men is the focus of the subsequent activities of this study. CHAPTER III METHODS USED IN CONDUCTING THE STUDY AND PRESENTATION OF DATA Introduction This chapter contains a definition of certain terms used in the study question, a brief statement concerning the sources of data, the criteria for selecting the data, the method of collecting the data, and finally, a presenta- tion of a portion of the data. Definition pi Tgppg An expanded definition of terms as they are used in the context of this study is necessary as a framework for a correct understanding of the material which follows. (1) Significance: The importance or momentousness of the phenomenon of placement to the participant because of the special meaning it holds for him. This implies that the participant is able to recognize some explicit assoc- iation between placement and its intent. (2) Placement: The process of removing an individual from a familiar environment and establishing him in a halfway house environment. This study includes in the con- cept of placement casework activities in preparation for admission to Reynold's Hall, the actual period spent in the halfway house, and preparation for dismissal. 43 (3) Current: This concept refers to the time span including one month prior to and one month following the interview with the participant. Thus, all activities occurring during this time are considered current activities. (4) Level of Effectiveness: An objective evaluation of the participant's functioning in relation to a scale of expected norms of functioning as measured by social work standards. (5) Social Functioning: The sum of the individual's activities as he fulfills the roles and tasks expected of him in his interaction with other individuals and in social situations. Sources f Data A personal interview averaging ninety minutes in length with each participant was the major source of data. To fulfill the purpose of the study it was necessary to elicit objectively measurable information regarding the participant's current social functioning. Each participant was asked to consider in detail the importance of all aspects of placement in relation to his present life. To complete the sketch, each was asked to describe events of significance that had occurred since termination of his placement at Reynold's Hall. 44 Without some knowledge of the personality and functiong of the participant and his family prior to and during placement, the material collected in the personal interview would be difficult to evaluate. Two sources of data suggested themselves: the social service records of Reynold's Hall and those of the Catholic Charities Bureau.- The Bureau's records contained a detailed social history for the period prior to placement and this information was supplemented by Reynold's Hall records which provided a factual account of the participant's achievements in' the institution. In the summer of 1967, the first participants became the first residents of the halfway house. It was of considerable value to have close contact during the initial stages of the project with the first residential director at Reynold's Hall. This director and the second director had relationships with the participants at Reynold's Hall and they were able to supplement material from the records to provide a fuller description of the participants during placement. Since these directors had personal contact with the participants' daily lives, their contri- butions created a more comprehensive basis to understand the personalities of the participants as members of the grOup o 45 Selection pi Qa_t_g With the assurance of the availability of adequate re- cords and staff cooperation the selection of the study group was undertaken. Because the study question provided clear objective criteria whereby this process could be accomplished, selection of the potential participants was a simple matter. The names and ages of all former resi- dents of Reynold's Hall who had been in placement more than one month from May 1967 to March 1972 from the records at the Hall. All 46 men in the group met the only other cri- teria, that of age, and could thus be considered potential participants. As a starting point the most recent addresses and phone numbers of the participants were obtained from the § records of Reynold's Hall or from present residents of the Hall who know the where-a-bouts of the former residents. Discussion with case workers from Catholic Charities and the cook from Reynold's Hall yielded additional information. The City Directory and the Telephone Cross Index proved to be valuable in the process of locating several men. The record room of the Cleveland Police Department proved valuable in locating 4 men. By far, the best source used to locate participants proved to be the participants themselves. Each of the 46 participants reached could give the present address or phone number of another man in the group. When the canvass of the group was completed, 25 had been reached and had consented to participate, 3 were excluded from the 46 for they were AWOL from military service, 5 were excluded for the had not been in placement at Reynold's Hall for more than a month. Eight of the 46 were excluded because they were in another city and could not be located as to address and phone or they were overseas in military service, and 5 could not be located at all. Of the 25 men who consented to participate in the study, 3 were in military service in the United States and only 1 stated as of March 5, 1972 that he would be going to the waters off Vietnam and therefore could not participate in the study. Three other men were in colleges outside of the Cleveland area, but agreed to participate in the study; 2 are at Kent State University and the other is at Bowling Green State University. Two other men were located in New York City and agreed to participate. It is interesting to consider the group of 13 young- men who could not be reached even though 5 of them were known to be residing in the Cleveland area. Although many of the participants had recently seen one or more of these young-men, none could help in locating their present addresses. 47 Several participants stated that these young—men had not made satisfactory adjustments and therefore probably would not be willing to talk with the writer even if they could be located. A check with the Cleveland Police Department Record Room revealed that 2 of the young-men had outstand- ing warrants for them: for one a traffic offense warrant and the other an auto theft warrant. If they had parti- cipated another dimension would have been added to this study. Procedures for Eliciting Participation A simple procedure was used when eliciting the coop- eration of the participants in the study project. Each young man was contacted by telephone and briefly told about the study and the part he could contribute if he chose to participate. He was asked to come back to Reynold's Hall for dinner and an interview. Most of the men contacted welcomed the chance to enjoy Nancy's cooking again. Most of the men consented to come with just this information and the dinner date but several wanted to know more about the prupose of the study and how the material would be used before they gave their consent. Those who were out of the area, in the service, other cities, or college, a telephone interview Was scheduled or a visit to them was made. Finally, after making arrangements for the interview each participant was asked if he could help in locating other members of the group. 48 Twenty-four former residents agreed to participate in the study. .The schedule used in collecting data from the records, staff, and from the participants had been constructed to include information about the participant and his family prior to his admission to Reynold's Hall, the participant's functioning while in the Hall, his current social functioning, and his impressions of the significance of placement to his present way of life. The material prior to placement and in the institution had been collected before each partici- pant was interviewed. A copy of the schedule is included in the appendix of the study. With three exceptions, each of the participants was interviewed face to face. The three exceptions who were out of the general Cleveland area were interviewed by long—dis- tance telephone. After introductions, each man was thanked for his cooperation and asked if he had any questions relating to the study or his part in it. The process of eliciting data was begun by asking the participant to de- scribe his present life. In accord with the police method of interviewing the writer was alert to opportunities to attempt to give needed support or clarification where it seemed indicated. Several participants requested information about their religious obligations or talked about their religious 49 difficulties. Open end questions were used throughout the interview. A minimum of writing was done during the period but ample time was allowed to complete the schedule immed- iately after the interview. All of the participants were relaxed, cooperative, and eager to discuss their lives and accomplishments. Many expressed their approval of the study and encouraged the writer to include a greater number of former residents in such a survey. Presentation pi_Qpip Charactepisticp_pi the Study Gropp Families pi ipp iipp pi Placement Planpipg In attempting to understand the significance of place- ment at Reynold's Hall to the current functioning of the participants, consideration was given to choosing an appropriate point in the individual's life with which to begin the study. Fourteen of the participants had been in placement at St. Anthony's Home for Boys before coming to Reynold's Hall. The significance of this placement is seen in the detailed activities of these men before coming to Reynold's Hall. Ideally, one would hope to have a thorough assessment of the participant's family prior to placement as well as a complete and detailed evaluation of the sub- ject's functioning during his entire life to yield a com- plete view of the factors which have been influential in affecting the individual's present life. Since a detailed consideration of this kind was not practical or possible, 50 the writer elected to begin where the records of the Catho- lic Charities Bureau began, with a description of the fami- ly and its problems at the time of the request for placement at Reynold's Hall. The records, although uneven in the kind and amount of detail recorded, provided good descriptions of the families. The face sheets of the records included considerable background material from which the following data was selected. Nationality The ethnic composition of Cleveland, a true melting pot of nationality groups, was reflected in the widely diverse nationalities of the parents. Italians, Germans, Czechs, Poles, Bohemian, Syrians, and Welsh were represented in the group. igp pi Siblings There were a total of seventy-four children between the ages of four years and twenty-eight in the twenty-one families included in the study. Two families had six children each, the largest number . One family had only one young man, the participant. It is difficult to determine how many children were directly affected by the dissolu- tion of the homes since some remained with the parents and maintained their usual life patterns. 51 The following chart presents data pertaining to the backgrounds of the participants' parents. Although there are twenty-four study participants, only twenty-one fami- lies are included as three families had two children each in the participation group. CHARTI 52 BACKGRCXJND OF PARENTS OF PARTICIPANTS AT TIME OF PLACEMENT DATE OF MARITAL :REIGION CASE AGE REEIGION PARTICIPATION MARRIAGE STATUS 1 F T Cath. Died 1 962 M Y Cath. Unknown Unknown Widow 2 F 43 Cath Inactive Divorced 1958 H 41 Cath Unknown 1 918 " 34 F 48 Cath None Wid over a - H 45 Cath None_‘ 1%6 Died 1968 . FF ‘43 Cath Activ3(Foeter) Married 5 FNI 42 Cath Active(Parente)1948 ghrried 6 F 50 Prot None (Civil) Died 1959 HI 46 Cath None 1942_, ‘Widov F f 1 7 ? 7 N no Cath gone 150 pivoroed 1960 8 F 48 Cath Infrequent Divorced H’ 534 Cath Infrpguent «7:195? Divorced 1966 . F 53 Prot None 9 u 51 Cath N8ne 1948 Separated 10.11 F 51 Cath None Widower :11 49 Cath None 1950 pied .196; 12 F 45 7 7 (JP validatedI Divorced 11 55 Cath None (1953)J1951 " 13 F 63 Cath Active Married .‘ H’ 62 Cath Active 1938 Mirried ~__ 1“ F 46 Prot N one Divorced M 43 Cath None 1950 #1 5 F 1 7 1 (Civil) 7 M 40 Cath None ' 1948 Divorced \ 16 F 38 Cath None Widower 5 M 35 Prot 1 1 $3 Died 1364 17 F 56 Cath Active Semated in M an Cath tjpne 12a 1955 18 r if Cath Infrequent Died 1969 . ‘M 49 Cath pipirpguent 1940 ‘Widow F 7 ' 19 H’ 46 Cath None as.7 Divorced i962 ._fl_ _ 20.21 F 42 Cath None Eloped in " ' " M 41 Cath None 1 943 Separated 1 960 _ 22 F 36 Prot 7 Divorced 1962 M 39 Cath Infrequent 7 23 F 7 (Illegitimate Child) H 38 Cath None Unknown Divorced 24 F 56 Ctth Active Separated in M J8 Cath 7 194 5 1 9i? * Who living with foster parents. # Illegitimate child. KEY: Prot I Protestant Cath I Catholic JP I Justice of the peace F a Father 7 8 Unknown M I Mother Mother committed to mental institution . Father unknown FF a Foster Father FM 8 Foster Mother 53 igp pi Parents From the material presented the reader can readily see that the age span of the parents ranged from thirty- four to sixty—three. The widest age difference between marital partners was eighteen years, a wide gap. One would be alert to indications of marital difficulties within these families where there might be a wide differ- ence in the expectations of the partners. The age of the parents indicates that the crisis that precipitated place- ment to Reynold's Hall or an institution before Reynold's Hall did not occur early in the adult lives of the parents. As a consequence, this data suggests that the stresses affecting the maturational level of the group may be assoc- iated with placement need. Religion ppg Religious Participation The predominance of Roman Catholics in the group is not surprising since this is an institution administered by the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland, Ohio. What is unex- pected is the recorded religious participation of the parents. More than three-fourths of the parents were not practicing their religion at all, five were infrequent in fulfilling their obligations, while only four fathers were actively participating. This segment of the data suggested that the religious affiliation of the parents rather than the quality of their participation in that religion will be a significant 54 factor in choosing the particular institution in which the young man will be placed. Religious Aspects pi the Marriage Ceremony Disregard for religion is found in examining the material pertaining to the religious aspects of the mar— riage ceremony. Four of the couples were married in civil ceremonies. Because the material pertaining to the date of marriage was incomplete, it is impossible to discuss the length of the marriages." Marital Status Consideration of the marital status of the parents of the participants reflects one important reason for place- ment. Only two of the group had parents who were living together at the time of placement planning, one set of parents were the foster parents, the other was up in years 63 and 62 years of age at the time of placement. Nineteen of the twenty-one families were broken: nine by divorce,four by separation, and six by death. Of the nine sets of parents who were divorced, two mothers had remarried and neither parent was interested in providing support for the young man. In the cases of separation and death the loss of the parent to the family necessitated placement of the young man. 55 A closer investigation of the total socioeconomic and health status of the families prior to placement at Reynold's Hall will serve to illustrate the problems they were facing. Fourteen of the participants were in place- ment at St. Anthony's Home for Boys before coming to Reynold's Hall and eight of the number were in placement at St. Vincent's Children's Village. Both institutions are operated by Catholic Charities. The qualitative judgment found in the chart to follow were made by the caseworkers who knew the families at the time of place- ment planning for Reynold's Hall. CHART II 5 6 FAMILY SITUATION PRICE T0 PLACEMENT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FAMILY .________A2§QEAEI;_______ADEQEA§I .___£EQ§L§! Particulars F-Died heart attack taken up 1 Good-insur- H - None N-Hcspitalised next under anoe from father N-KN one dementia praecox respective case numbers Good - little H - Poor 2 job aptitude, N - Poor, No recorded problems " dependable very con- gested a. Poor-outer H-Poor H-Died, cardiac work n - Poor condition 3 - 4 heavy debt Standard of F - Chronioally poor " living not health very high Bibs; Good . N - Ill Good foster H - Good F - Deserted family " 5 parents N - Fair FF - No problems __ A FM - No pgoblensJ Fair - Sane H «- Poor F - Died industrial 6 deg N - Poverty accident " prea of city H - No record H - Poor F - Unknown 7 Poor N - Poverty H - Hental problems " area of city Poor-heavy H-Poor F-Unknown 8 debt N - Poverty H - Alcoholic " area of city Good-Part H-Fair F-No record 9 owner of garage N - Stable H - Cardiac condition " adequate r ‘ Fair - Sole H - Fair H - Died, heart attack 10 - 11 debt N - Good F - No problem, does " _ drink H - None F - Unkown 12 Poor 1: - None N - Mental Illiness, " jhpagaches 13 Good, retire- H- Good 1" - Poor health i sent benefits N - Stable H - Poor health 14 i - Good F - No record 7' m i;- Stable I! - Good ' ‘ I - None F - Unknown " 15 None N - None N - Died, drugp KEY: H - Hole H - Mother Sibs - 311-11ng N - Neighborhood FF - Foster Father P - Parndale F - Father FM - Foster Mother SA - St. Anthony's Hone Rh - Reynold's Hall 'I " CHART II - Continued 5? ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL FAMILY “SE ADEQUACY ADEQUACY HEALTH mom H v Fair, room- Particulars Fair, some ing house H'- Died,pneuaenia taken up 16 debt N - Poverty and pieuresy' next under area of city casp_number Unknown " 17 None None Unknwon Good, insurance H - Good F - Died, cardiac 18 of father N - Fair attack ' " _. Nio Highstrung 1 H - None F - Unknwon 9 j N - Nonp N - Chronic 111 heaiih " Poor, SEEmar- All had lice a? time 20 _ 21 ginal H - Poor of first placement. " F - Not oontri- N - Fair Home still in same butipg condition Go , no dibt ’H - Good ‘H - Epilepsy 22 N - Good 5 - Scarlet fever " at age_5 H - None F - Unknown 23 None N - None HI- Mental breakdown " hospitalised Fair, marginal H - Poor, two 24 income room apartment F - Severe ulcer " in basement N - Obese, poor N - Poverty' health area of city KEY: H - HOME N - Mother Sibs - Sibling(§) N - Neighborhood FF - Foster Father P - Parmadale F - Father Fm - Foster Mother SA - St. Anthony‘s Home HR - Reynold's Hall FIEIEY I: PROBLEM CASE 1 Health of parents and death of father caused the family to col- lapse. i No 36b.at the time of placement. Young man in placement at Parmadale and St..Anthony‘s. CASE 2 Mbrital discord, divorce, parents‘vie for affection of sibs, F-drinks, beats wife, stern. Hepoor housekeeper and disciplianrian, neglects familyu CASE 3 : 4 Neused illness to gain own needs and ends. Dependent on H, ineffectual at her death. boys. F-couldn't handle Sibs - poorly disciplined.. Both boys were in placement, one at St. Anthony's and one in placement at Parmadale. placement. One boy had a part-time job at time of CASE CASE CASE CASE CASE CASE CA8! CASE CASE CASE CASE CASE “3?: CASE CASE CASE CASE CASE CHART II - Continued . 58 5 Foster parents could not handle a passive young man. No job at time of placement. 6 Mother unable to control boy. 7 Police record at time of place- ment. No job. 7 Mother's health prevented her from maintaining a family. Boy in placement at Parmadale and St. Anthony's. No job at time of placement. 8 Mother divorced the father for inadequacy and boy in placement at St. Anthony's. No employment at time of placement. 9 Parents separated and disrupted the family. Young men was unable to function independently. Job at the time of placement. . 10 - 11 Death of mother caused final disruption of family Both boys in placement, one at St. Anthony's and one at Parmadale. One boy had employment at time of Reynold "s placement. 12 Separation and divorce caused discord and immturity. Mother caused break down of home. Young man at St. Anthony's and on his ' sin before placement at RH. . Low employment at the time of placement 13 Young man could not be handled by older parents. No employment at time of placement. ' 14 Divorced and dependent child in placement at Parmadale and St. Anthony's. No job at placement. 15 In placement as a small child in Parmdale and St. Anthony's A job at the time of placement at RH. 16 Death of mother and drinking of father caused disintegration of family. Child in placement in P and SA. No work at time of placement at RH., ‘ - 17 Young men in foster home, but placed at P and SA. Part-time Job at RH placement. Police record. 19 Correction institution state of Ohio. Parents divorced. No ‘ employment at time of placement RH. 18 Young man was placed at Reynold's Hall because of mother's health. Delinquency problem. No employment. 20 - 21 F-chronic alcoholic deserted, separated. H-rejects sibs, poor housekeeper, abandoned sibs , remarried. Both in placement at P and Sa. No employment for either at time of placement at RH. 22 Marital discord, divorce, F-drank, irresponsible. M-dependent, rejects 8. Unable to control him. Young man has used drugs. No employment. 23 Mother was placed in State Mental Hospital causing disintegration of home. Young men was unable to function independently. 24 Marital discord both parents immature, no supervision of sibs. S rejected, no discipline. Young men had part-time job at time of placement at RH. 59 EconomicAdequacy Within the group there were fifteen individuals con- tributing to the support of twenty-one families. Five of the families were economically adequate, nine had incomes that fluctuated between being sometimes adequate, sometimes inadequate, and seven families were inadequate. The remain- ing families had none or very poor economic conditions. Four of the fifteen employed individuals were frequently unemployed because of ill-health while three found it difficult to hold a job because of emotional instability. Environmental Adequacy Lack of economic security was reflected in the housing conditions of the twenty-one families. Only five homes were adequate and in good condition. Only four of the families lived in stable neighborhoods. Several lived in sub-divided one room accomodations. Thus, it would appear that economic and environmental inadequacy would contribute to the need for placement. Health In eleven instances, serious illness proved a factor which contributed to family malfunctioning, either because it created disharmony in the home or because it impaired the economic adequacy of the breadwinner. This illness 6O prevented a return of the young man to the home as a young adult after placement in a child-care institution. Dis- integration of the family after long periods of child- care placement also contributed to placement at Reynold's Hall. The participants themselves were relatively free of significant health problems. It would thus seem that the de- trimental effects of poor health are factors in the need to seek placement. Family Problems Although a wide variety of problems with in the homes were recorded, some problems were common to most families. Severe marital conflicts aggravated by marked immaturity and instability of the parents was found in all but four fam- ilies. Seven persOns were heavy drinkers.Two of the four families which did not have marital discord as a character- istic factor had been broken by the death of the mother. There were repeated instances of prolonged absence of a parent from the home because of desertion, separation, or imprisonment. These prolonged absences apparently had a deep effect on the young man concerned, as three participants began to exhibit difficult behavior within ghe home for the first time after separation from the parent. 61 In a substantial number of homes there was evidence of difficulty in discipline and rearing of children, poor standards of housekeeping, and neglect of children. The range of marital and domestic difficulties, the evidences of instability of the parents, and the emotional problems of the young men noted within the homes would seem to indicate that family malfunctioning with all its implications might be a factor contributing to the necessity of placement. Although so much pathos existed in these families, a survey of the recorded reason for institutional placement, the source of the referral, and the attitudes of the parents and the participants proved revealing. Chart III presents this data. CHART III 6 2 PLACEMENT PLANNING RECORDED REASON ATTITUDES OF CASE FOR PLACEMENT SCIJRCE OF REFERRAL 1m MAN F died, H not Children's Services Good after placement 1 able to care for 5 Bureau at request of at SA Juvenile Court Divorced parents County Welfare Fair - enjoyed the 2 no stable home secirity Illness of mother Good after placement 34$ F-unable to create Catholic Charities at SA workable home Second Boy: "Nothing better to do'L FF unable to care Family Service Cautious towards 5 m for 8 Association other boys in the cup __ H unable to con- Catholic Charities "Better than jail" 6 troljouth Police Department 14 unable to pro- Catholic Charities Good after placement 7 vide home i :91: SA _ H divorced F Catholic Charities Buying time after SA 8 no home Disrupted family Catholic Charities A place to stay: 9 with marital pro- Self Referral better than the blems street H - die—(T Good - wants money 10-11 F - unable to Catholic Charaties to get married -ke home County Welfare Good after placement at SA 12 Inture 14 Catholic Charaties Good - more freedom—— I - 14 elderly and 13 unable to handle 421th 1h 1! - unstable home Catholic Charities Catholic Charities if No home do ndent youth fith of H 16 drinking of F no home FM - FF unable %f to care gar youth a H - Mother F - Father 3 - Participant Catholic Charities County Welfare Catholic Charitéies FF - Foster Father FM - Foster Mother FP - Foster Parent _tl_1fan SA Fair - did not like other residents Good: amthing to get out ef SA Accepted as a man after SA Good: enjoyed get- ting out of insti- tution Good: did not want to return to FP's SA - St. Anthony's Home for Boys ‘9 63 CHART III-C ontinued —_'RECORDED REASON ' Rmm ATTITUD' 33' OF “SE FOR PLACEMENT SOURCE or YCIING m _ delinquency pro- Did not want to live 18 blem Juvenile Court on west side of Cleve- needed controls land way from friends Adjustment of life Happy to get out of 19 style after correc- OIC County Welfare the Jail tional institfiion Good: he could still be with his friends 20-21 No permanent home Catholic Charities from SA Good: security after not finding a job _ 1 eater SA Marital discord Children's Services Fairzlived with the 22 no home __Bureau situation Unable to function 23 independently Self Referral Good: glad to have no home Catholic Charities a rou and bed . Marital discord Catholic Charities Fair: wait and see 211» no home m. - St, Antho_ny‘s m1: uest for Placement All of the requests for placement resulted from no home for the young men. The young men were recognised by the staff placement co.- ittee as dependent upon a program that would permit them to function independently. This was stated in the conceptual base as the reason for Reynold's Hall. This dependency was cited, among other things, as reason for placement. One can conclude that from this standpoint, these parti- cipants were appropriate candidates for halfway house care. Referrin cies Catholic Charities referred sixteen participants to the Reynold ' s Hall program. Various other agencies ude use of the services. Reynold's Hall was organised to handle Catholic Charities' wards and serves that function. "9 61+ Attitudes of Pa_1;t_icipants towards Placement Thirteen of the fourteen boys at St. Anthony's before coming to Reynold's Hall were pleased to get out of St. Anthony's and into the ”adult world" of Reynold's Hall. The two institutions boing next door to each other, constant observation by each group takes place. The writer, having been on the staff of both places, can testify that the youths at St. Anthony look forward to getting out of the home and into the hall in that order. The following chart describes the previous placement of the parti- cipants as well as their educational achievement before owing to Reynold's Hall. CHART IV Film W “SE PLACEMENT PRomEMS ACHIEVEMENT 1 Parmdale Home High School St. Anthony' s fi L None Dependent _1'Oth Grade 3 St. Anthony's . None High School 5 Parmadfle Tame High School: St; Anthggy' s 5 None Refused to 10th Grade ‘ attend school 3 None Auto theft 11th Grade r miscellaneous record _ _ 7 Par-dale None High School St. Anthonfl s a '6: St. Anthony's Home High School '5 Grand parents fine 11thwt¥§rtadew h months __ _ ___ 10 St . Anthony's None Hi gh_School 11 Parmadale ( 3 months) None Highjgchool St . Anthogyts 12 St. Anthony's Needs adult control 11th Grade 5.5 CHART IV-C ontinued CASE PREVIOUS PROBLEMS EDUCATIONAL PLACEMENT ACHIEVEMENT 13’ None dependent 10th Grad3_ '- 1“ Parmadale None fiiéh School St. Anthony‘s 15 Parmadale Little self image High School St . Anthonl' s I __r 16’ Parmadale None High School St. Anthony' s Foster Home 17 Parmadale None High School St. Anthony's Delinquency'problem 18 None auto theft 1? years 11th grade old 19 Fairfield school Needs adult controls 15th Grade for boys _:: Parmadale None High School. 20 St. Anthony' s r Parmadale NOne Trade High School 21 St. Anthonyfs ___ 22 None Drugs High School 23 None None 11th Grade 2“ None None High School ngzigus Placement and Associated Problems Sixteen participants hhd been in previous placement before coming to Reynold's Hall. Fourteen of these individuals had experienced placement covering over one year. These young men manifested behavior problems during their placements but these problems were not of a serious nature unless recorded as such in the chart. In all cases, failure of the parti- cipants to maintain themselves independent functions was a factor in the decision to seek halfway house placement. Educational Achievement Thirteen of the participants that had previous placement at St.Anthony‘s completed high school. The over-all educational history of the participants 66 is described as good. Every participant had completed the tenth grade in school. Fifteen participants completed high school but only one of these graduates received trade school training. This, then, is the picture of the study group as it was prior to admission to Reynold's Hall. Let us turn now to a consideration of the group's functioning within the half— way house. Functioning gf_the Participants While in Placement Table I serves to orient the reader to the ages of the participants during their placement so that material to follow can be discussed in terms of their maturation level. 67 .Psoaoomam mo one mamas one composwpmsfl map op Poospmsmcm m.m30nm one mo macapmsao>o msampsoo HH canoe .Pmoem5m mo embosm sea uwsfle esp spas compose“ op mpomefloflphme one mo mnpwsohvm one mopmofiosa msa>wa msonm op PsoEPmswom meow omsflmpsflws use mo>oflsom macaw mcsvm esp Pump poem one muH>HH HanomwSpHpmcH mm_HCmst:He< 5 £08 m o S m mH s 0H m m HH HH 3 m mH o a S SH w 0H s m m s CH :9 use ma ma ma ma ma NN om ma ma ma ma ma wwwmfi ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma HmmmHEmfln mH wH 0H NH mH Hm mH mH sH mH 5H 5H 5H mH NH sH mH sH mH sH mH mH sH m; SOHmmHse< Hm mm mm Hm om mH mH NH 0H mH SH mH NH HH.0H a m m w m s m N H Bzmzmo<flm mo mewzmfl .H I > Hoom m each I m msflmnmpmpso I o .MMM m m m o a m a o o u e a m u w m o w u e o w o a Queue Ho mm: m u m o u o m m > > a m m > m o u m u m m m > u .He4 HHmHm>o a m m o a m m w o o o m o o o e o o m m e a a o .HSH HEHHHCH Hm mm mm Hm om mH mH s mH mH SH mH NH HH OH a m a o m s m m H mozmHmmmxm Abomw ho Mm: .62H>HH Mmbom H<3mfldm OB Bzmsembh HH MHmflpomMHM mchOHpocsm mPNSUoU< wQHQOHPocsmamE .qucOHpocsw Hwfloom Mo Ezssflpcoo Pcfiom Qm>mm m msoam QOHpHmoQ m mpcmm nHOHprm map smHmmm op vows Gone one; mmsflpmp mcHPHSmmh one H m N m m s N e m m H m s m a m s m m e m m e H ozHHHN em mm SN Nm mm Am mN o: m: H: on SN NN mm mm AN mm H: An mm mm m: an N: mmoom HHHQB m m m m m a m w m m m N m m a m s m m s m m e : HHHHOHHSH o e m m o o m e o m m s m o m m o w o m s A e w mesmHum m m H e m m N o m m m e m a m e m m m m s o o : mummH . m m m o s H a m m e s u m s m s m u s o s m m mm>prHmm - A N m m u - u - u I u u e - u n n - u A s n m Hepcmcmm . A N e m u H u u u - - u m I s - u - u o - u m HNHHHNH N m H N N N N N m m N N N m N N N N N N m m N N 0H>Ho m a m e a m N m s m e m N e m N m e a m m m m : cOHmecowwm m H N a e m N m e m m N N e N N a m H N m s m m gonsgo m o N m e m m m m m m m m m m s m e e m m u s H mace m e H e o m N m A m m N s m o A m o m m e A m o Hue; :N mN NN HN ON AH NH AH SH mH :H mH NH HH oH A N A o m H m N H mmwe HHH mgm