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H4. 1 .l I rnvill .. 1f _ u a, a l L -- . n I . G lrf If? 'I» "F _ . I c .. I u o . l ‘ "I run a - lab I1 50.. I05 .1 [WI] 1;- A WINTER SURVEY OF INSECTS INFESTING POLYPORACEOUS FUNGI IN FOUR SOUTHERN MICHIGAN WOODLOTS BY GALE R. EEEASON, JR. A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1951 THE-SIS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to members of the Michigan State College Botany Department for their assistance in the final classification of the polypores, and also to R. H. Arnett, A. Stone, W. W. Wirth, and C. W. Sabrosky of the National Museum for their assistance in iden- tification of some insects. Grateful acknowledgment is also made to Dr. Herman King and Associate Professor Walter Morofsky for their coun- sel and guidance in respect to the entomological aspects of this thesis. Sincere appreciation is extended to my wife for her as- sistance in the preliminary typing of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . 5 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . 8 PRESENTATION OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ganoderma applanatum (Fig. 1) . . . . . . . 13 Polyporus velutinus (Fig. 2) . . . . . . . . l7 Polyporus cuticularis (Fig. 3) . . . . . . . . 22 Polyporus squamosus (Fig. 6) . . . . . . . . 28 Polyporus adustus (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . 30 Polyporus veriscolor (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . 32 Daedalea quercina (Fig. 9) . . . . . . . . . 34 Daedalea unicolor (Fig. 10) . . . . . . . . . 36 Lenzites betulinus (Fig. 11) . . . . . . . . . 37 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . 4O LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 4. Mycetophilid larvae . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 5. Mycetophilid pupa . . . . . . . . . 44 INTRODUCTION Insects are known to infest nearly all forms of organic matter, living or dead. The wide diversity of their range al- lows the investigator a never-ending supply of material with which to conduct surveys. The association of insects and fungi with decaying or- ganic matter has been realized since the Dark Ages. It was at this time that fungi and insects emerging from decay were considered to be products of spontaneous generation. Although the theory of spontaneous generation has been long disproved, the presence of fungi and insects are still grouped together in the presence of decay. Many investigators have worked on selected groups of insects that are known to infest fungi, but the specific relation- ship of insects to fungi has been a much-neglected field. The relationship when reported has been only in an incidental form. The selection of the polyporaceous fungi was made be- cause of the direct relationship with the destruction of standing and sawed lumber. It was hoped that the insects that inhabit 2 these fungi would also be the type that wounded or in some way caused infection of noninfected wood. The phylogeny of the polyporaceous fungi, according to L. C. Krieger (1935), may be considered as follows: Class Eumycetes Subclass Basidiomycetes Order Agaricales Family Polyporaceae Genera Fistulina, Strobilomyces, Boletinus, Boletus, Cryptoporus, Cyclomyces, Favolus, Daedales, Fomes, Polyporus, Polystictus, Trametes, Hexagona, Merulius. The family Polyporaceae for the most part includes fungi which are saprophytic, although some are parasitic on live wood. Consequently they are among the chief causal agents in the de- cay of living and dead wood. Some members of the family are selective as to the substrate, particularly in the distinction between deciduous and coniferous woods. The collection of the fungi was limited to four southern Michigan woodlots, three of which were located in lngham County, the fourth in Calhoun County. Two of the three in Ingham County were located on the campus of Michigan State College. Both of these woodlots have been operated on an experimental basis. This means that their management has kept them as close to natural conditions as possible. The only intervention has been to remove the maturing lumber and diseased specimens. Baker woodlot is located on the south side of the cam- pus and is predominantly beech, maple, and oak. The dead wood and stumps have been left to decay, making it ideal for collect- ing fungi. Sanford woodlot is located on the east side of the campus and is bordered on the north by the Red Cedar River. Much of the woodlot is located on the flood plain of the river. During the spring floods many logs are carried into the woodlot, thus providing ideal conditions for polypore infestations. The wood- lot is managed the same as Baker woodlot and is predominantly beech, elm and ash. The third lot in Ingham County was located four miles east of Williamston on U. S. Highway 16. The woodlot had been cut over recently, and the slashings had not been removed. This was the most fruitful of the four lots. One trip was made to the Augusta Creek experimental woodlot in Calhoun County. This woodlot is also operated by the college and is open to the public as a park. The selection ‘4 of this woodlot was made because of the variety of exotic trees that have been planted. One new species of polypore was added to the collected specimens. All specimens were collected during December of 1950 and January of 1951. Two trips were made to each woodlot in Ingham County, one during each month. One trip was made to Augusta Creek during the month of January. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature concerned with the relationship of insects to polypores has been found only in regard to insect families in the general group of polyporaceous fungi. As examples several selected quotations appear below. John Henry Comstock in his book, _A_n_ Introduction t_o_ Entomolog , states concerning the family Melandryidae, "these are found under bark and in fungi." In reference to the dip- terous family Lonchaeidae, he states, ”Lonchea polita has been reared from decaying fungus (Polyporus) and from human excre- ment." The treatment of the family Cisidae is as follows, "found under bark of trees and woody species of fungi." W. S. Blatchley in his treatise on Coleoptera 2f Indiana, mentions for the species Orchesia castanea, "occurs beneath chunks and in woody fungi." In reference to the genus Platy- derma, he states, "They occur especially on fleshy fungi about the base of stumps, or trees, or beneath bark." For the spe- cies Diaperis maculata he refers to them as being "common and gregarious beneath bark, especially that of elm, and in fungi. " On the other hand there are some families which are taxonomically associated with fungi. Some of these include such families as Mycetophilidae, Cryptophagidae, Mycetaeidae, Mycetophagidae, and Mycetobiidae. Although many of these are reported in fungi only one family was found in polyporus fungi. These insects are often reported in mushrooms or "toadstools," but no reference is made to the type or species. As examples a few quotations from E. O. Essig's text College Entomology appear below. For the family Cryptophag- idae it reads, ”Minute to small elongate species living on fungi, decaying organic matter, and in the next of ants and wasps . . ." for the family Mycetophilidae, he refers to the larvae as fol- lows, "The larvae inhabit damp places and feed upon decaying vegetation and fungi. Some species are serious pests of mush- rooms . . ." O. A. Johannsen's paper on "The Mycetophilidae of North America" (Part 1) explains in the unit on "Habits and economic relations,” ”As far as known most of the members of this fam- ily live upon and destroy mushrooms, not only the wild plants but on occasion the cultivated varieties as well." 7 Samuel W. Williston's Manual on North American Diptera mentions no specific relationship for the family Mycetophilidae, but for the family Cecidomyiidae it was the only reference found that mentioned this group as being phytophagous. It reads, ”The larvae of some species have been bred from decaying wood and bulbs, others from under the bark of trees or from fungi.” In reference to the family Phoridae it states, "They are most fre- n quently to be found about decaying vegetable matter . . . North American Diptera by Curran made reference only to gene ral relationships . ME THODS AND TECHNIQUES Most polyporaceous fungi fruit in the late summer or early fall. It was for this reason that a winter survey was most advisable. The removal of polypores from their host was somewhat difficult, especially in forms which were leathery and offered little leverage for breaking loose. For these species a hand ax and a sheath knife aided in separation. Careful separation was necessary because many of the insects collected were found in the stem of the fungus. After removal of the specimen the exterior surfaces were cleaned. This was accomplished with the aid of a small brush. The brushing removed the snow and possible insect adults, larvae, and eggs. After the polypores were cleaned they were placed in individual two-pound sacks. The tops of the sacks were then folded over several times and stapled shut. The collections were made in all cases when the tem- perature was at or below 32° Fahrenheit. This was necessary because separation of species of polypores in the field was in 9 many cases impossible. It was for this reason that the speci- mens had to be isolated and kept cool to prevent migration of insects from one polypore to another. Upon returning to the laboratory the specimens were placed under refrigeration until positive identification could be made. The temperature of the cooling unit was slightly above freezing, ranging between 400 and 430 Fahrenheit. After iden- tification the polypores were moved into a room with the tem- perature kept at 50°, where they remained for twenty-four hours after which time they were moved to the rearing room which was kept at 800 Fahrenheit. The gradual change in temperature was made to prevent mortality due to sudden temperature vari— ation. When the adjustment period had elapsed the polypores were removed from the sack and placed in one—gallon battery jars. The sacks were torn apart at the seams to make sure that no insects had escaped during the adjustment period. Each battery jar contained about a pound of washed sand which was kept moist. The polypores were placed on top of the sand and the jar covered with a double layer of fine mesh cheesecloth. The cloth was secured in place by a rubber band. 10 The temperature and humidity in the rearing room were kept as near as possible to 820 Fahrenheit and 72% relative humidity respectively. Light was supplied from a coexisting experiment eight hours every other day. It was found that hu— midity was a controlling factor in rearing insects from poly- pores. This was especially true when dipterous insects were included. The slightest desiccation of the fungi killed the lar- vae. Some of the fleshy polypores soon decomposed. The decomposition seemed to have little effect on existing insect forms unless the mass approached a liquid in form. Sapro- phytic fungi soon appeared on the polypore. This also seemed to have little or no effect on the insects. During the latter part of the experiment two forms of one Myxomycetes sporulated‘, on the exterior surface of the gauze, one of them a new species for the State of Michigan. The new species was identified by Dr. C. J. Alexopoulos, mycologist for the Botany Department of Michigan State College, as Hemitrichia leiocarpa (Cooke) lister. The specimen was added to the depart- ment herbarium. As the insects emerged in the adult form they were removed by means of a special aspirator, and placed in the colle ction for identification. ll PRESENTATION OF DATA The data are presented in outline form. The discussion of the polypore and the data concerned with its collection pre- cede the discussion of the infesting insects, which are listed in phylogenetic order, as given by Comstock. '13 Polypore Ganoderma applanatum (Pres.) Pat. syn. Fomes ap- planatus (Pres.) Gill. Host Common on living or dead deciduous trees. Woodlot This species was found in all four woodlots. Collected October 31, December 9 and 27 of 1950, and January 6 of 1951. Fomes applanatus is one of the most common of the polypores. It causes a white butt-rot of beech, birch, maple, oak, and poplar. The upper surface of the fruit body is gray- ish brown to black, the lower surface is creamy white to white in fresh specimens. It is found on dead or dying trees. l4 Insects infesting Fomes applanatus Order Collembola Family Poduridae Species Achorutes armatus (Nicolet) These insects did not appear until about three weeks af— ter collection. At this time they became very abundant and remained so until the polypore was disposed of. Order Coleoptera Family Elateridae Four specimens were found, but because no larvae were found the infestation was considered to be ac- cidental. Family Tenebrionidae Species Boletotherus bifurcus (Fab.) This insect is commonly known as the forked fungus beetle. The larvae of this insect were abundant in the polypore which was over a year old. They fed on the context of the previous year's growth and left it but a series of catacombs. Under artificial condi- tions this insect emerged early in the month of Feb- ruary. All stages of development were observed. 15 Family Anobiidae Species Dorcatoma setulosum Lec., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, 242 This minute insect emerged about the same time as Boletotherus bifurcus. It also feigned death much the same as the forked fungus beetle. The larvae were white and cribiform in shape. Order Diptera Family Cecidomyiidae Subfamily Itonidini The larvae were not as abundant in Fomes appla- natus as they were in Polyporus cuticularis. Five adults were reared. The adults measured less than 2 mm. They emerged January 19, 1951. Family Calliphoridae One specimen of Calliphoridae was found early in the isolation. This insect was an overwintering adult and considered to be an accidental infestation. Order Hymenoptera Family Braconidae Two parasitic braconids were collected. 16 Their emergence coincided with that of the Boleto- the rus bifurcus . l7 Polypore Polyporus velutinus (Fries) syn. Polyporus pubescens (Schumacher) Fries. Host Common on deciduous trees. Woodlots Found only in the Williamston woodlot. Collected December 27, 1950 and January 13, 1951. Polyporus pubescens is separated from E. velutinus by some authors, but the author of this paper was not able to compare for the difference, since Ii. pubescens was not in the identified specimens of the college herbarium. Neuman, in his book, The Polyporaceae 2f Wisconsin, stated that he was unable to find any difference in substance or habit. They are common on logs of birch and alder and are nonparasitic in nature. The fruiting body may be found in the summer and fall. 18 Insects infesting Polyporus velutinus Order Thysanopte ra Family Phoeothrip idae Genus Leptothrips This predacious thrips was found on most of the fungi. It was very gregarious in its habits. The larvae were a bright red while the adults were black and Wingless. They reproduced in the fungi to the point that infested specimens had to be dis- carded. Order Lepidoptera Family Tortricidae One small golden Tortricid 'was collected from the fungus the day it was placed in the rearing room. This infestation was considered to be accidental. Order Coleoptera Family Cisidae (Family Cioidae according to Blatchley) These insects are known as the minute tree fungus beetles. They were found in great numbers and fed on the tube layer of the fungus, boring close to the l9 subiculum. The emergence was spasmodic, the larvae found with the adults. Family Coccinellidae This infestation was considered as secondary and accidental. Family Staphylinidae Genus Aleocharinae One specimen found, considered to be accidental. Family Tenebrionidae Species Platydema excavatum (Say.) These small beetles were perhaps the most inter- esting of all those found, measuring only 5 mm. in length. They were metallic blue in color, the males displaying two small horns arising from between the eyes. They were gregarious and fed on the tubes of polypore. Order Diptera Family Cecidomyiidae Subfamily Itonidini The cecidomyiid larvae were abundant, but only a few adults emerged. Because of their size many 20 of them were lost when they accidentally alighted on the small drops of condensation within the rear- ing jars. Family Mycetophilidae (Fungivoridae) Species Bradysia coprophila (Lint.) Three specimens of this species were collected. They were rare compared with other members of the family in the survey. Species Leia oblectabilis (Lw.) Only two specimens were collected from E. velutinus. Family Chloropidae Species Tricimba trisulcata (Ad.) The presence of this family was of interest in as much as the literature studied made no .mention of this type of habitat for the group. The larvae were not observed, but the adults did not appear for three weeks and it was therefore assumed that they were in the larval or pupal stage at the time of collec- tion. Zl Species Gaurax atripalus1 (Sabr.) The association of this species with fungi had been mentioned previously by C. W. Sabrosky. Two of the specimens were positively identified as E. atri- palus, but two others were indefinite and were kept by the identifier for further investigation. Family Lonchaeidae Species Lonchea polita (Say.) Of the two specimens found in the survey, one was reared from this fungus. Comstock refers to this species as having been found in decaying fungus and human excrement. 1 The possibility of this being a new species was ex- pressed by C. W. Sabrosky, but the teneral condition of the insect made positive identification difficult. 22 Polypore Polyporus cuticularis (Fries.) Host On the wood of deciduous trees. Woodlots Specimens of this species were found in Baker, San- ford, and Williamston woodlots. Collected December 9 and 13 of 1950. This species of polypore was very hard to separate from E. hispiditus. The separation was made according to the sub- strate and the size and color of the tubes and spores. This species was not as common as some others, but was one of the most fruitful as far as dipterous insects were concerned. This polypore decomposed rather rapidly under humid condi- tions, but the odor remained mild and cedar-like. Z3 Insects infesting Polyporus cuticularis Order Coleoptera Family Tenebrionidae Species Boletotherus bifurcus (Fab.) Only one specimen was found in the polypore. Order Diptera Family Tipulidae Species Limonia cinctipes (Say) Early in (the investigation five larvae were found and isolated on a fragment of the polypore. This insect was very hard to rear. Only two adults were obtained. The other three larvae succumbed to par- asitic fungi. The pupation of this insect was of particular interest. The larva was about an inch in length and a dull gray in color as it went into pupation. As the time of pupation neared the larva became less active and finally ceased to move. At this time the transformation took place under the larval skin. When the puparium was completed the larval skin was worked to the caudal end by the snap-like movements of the pupa. Pupation took 24 about five days under artificial conditions. As the time of emergence neared the pupal case turned a light green. Emergence was characteristic of the tipulids. The light green color remained with the adult for about one day. Family Mycetophilidae (Fungivoridae) Species Leia bivittata, 1:0blectab1is Leia bivittata (Say) Two successive generations of this insect were reared from _P-. cuticularis and all stages of devel- _opment were observed. Many of the larvae were parasitized by chalcids, one parasite to a larva. The parasite developed and pupated with the my- cetophilid, emerging from the thoracic region of the parasitized pupa. Pupation of Leia bivittata (Lw.) Pupation of the Mycetophilidae has been ob- served by Johannsen (1906) and others, but usually for the genus Mycetophilia. The pupation of members of this species were different from pupations 25 previously described for this family. A description of it has been incorporated here. The larvae emerged from the context of the polypore when they were about 1.4 cm. in length. Upon emergence the larva was a translucent white, which was interrupted by two black elliptical marks appearing in the thoracic region and by the black conical head sapsule. The larva traveled in a mucilaginous secre- tion which originated in the head region. The se- cretion was in the form of a tube within which the larva traveled. As the larva passed, the tube col- lapsed leaving a strand, the inside of which remained separable. It was commonly observed that the larva would retrace its path in the collapsed strand. The larva soon sought a confined area which was no more than half the length of its body. With the head extended out of the "tube," the larva started to make contacts with the walls of the container. This continued in all directions, until the insect was surrounded by a web of supports (Fig. 4). As the 26 pupation time neared, the last waste particles were excreted from the body and the larva began its trans- formation. As the transformation neared its end the larval skin was cast off and worked to the caudal end. The suspended pupa (Fig. 5) remained active, changing to a light brown in color as emergence neared. All transformations were observed through the transparent puparium. Leia oblectablis (Say) Only three specimens of this species were obtained. Genus Sciophila spp. Three specimens of this genus were found. Species Bradysia coprophila (Lint.) Several specimens emerged shortly after being placed in the rearing room. Family Phoridae Species Diploneura cornuta (Bigot) This insect was very prolific. It reproduced so fast that special care had to be taken to prevent contamination. It was decided that it should be 27 tried on other fungi. It reproduced on all collected polypores and was able to reproduce on fungi grow- ing on agar media. Family Drosophilidae Species Drosophila robusta (Sturt) One specimen was collected. This may have been accidental or due to contamination. Family Dolichopodidae Genus Chrysotus sp. One specimen was found and considered to be acci- dental. 28 L Polypore Polyporus squamosus (Hud) Fries. Host Found on beech. Woodlot Baker woodlot was the only place where a specimen was found. It was the previous spring's growth. Collected December 13, 1950. Polyporus squamosus was very rare at the time of year that the collection was made. This species fruits in the spring. It was only by accident that this specimen was found. The in- sect that was found was feeding on the dried context of the fungi. 29 Insects infesting Polyporus squamosus Order Coleoptera Family tenebrionidae Species Diaperis maculata (Oliv.) This insect works much the same as the forked fungus beetle. The context is destroyed, leaving only the shell. 30 Polypore Polyporus adustus (Willd.) fries Host Wood of deciduous trees. Specimen found on Popu- lus tremuloide s (Michx.) . Woodlot Augusta Creek experimental woodlot. Collected January 23, 1951. The one specimen that was collected was found in a pile of corded oak wood. Neuman (1914) stated that this poly- pore was very common in certain parts of Wisconsin. The collected specimen had been infested by insects other than those isolated. 31 Insects infesting Polyporus adustus Order Homoptera Family Cicadellidae Species Xestocephalus palicarius (Van Duzee) Two specimens were found. Although they were considered accidental the overwintering place for certain members of this family has been sought for a considerable time in Michigan. Order Diptera Family Mycetophilidae (Fungivoridae) Species Leia bivatta (Say) Two specimens were found. 32 L Polypore Polyporus versicolor (L.) Fries Host Wood of deciduous and coniferous trees. Woodlots Very common in all four woodlots. Collected December 9 and 13 of 1950 and January 13, 1951. There is no polypore that is more common in Michigan than this species. When found its growth may be very extensive covering a whole stump or log. It is found on most all types of dead or living trees. Its name denotes that it is multi- colored. The colors appear as growth bands and may range from a blue to red. 33 Insects infesting Polyporus versicolor Order Diptera Family Mycetophilidae (Fungivoridae) Species Leia oblectablis (Lw.) Two specimens were found. Family Itonidiae Tribe Itoninini Although many larvae were found the number of adults that emerged was only two. Family Phoridae Species Diploneura cornuta (Bigot) Five specimens were found. Polypore Daedalea quercina (L.) Fries Host Found in dead wood of oak and chestnut. Woodlot One specimen was found at the Williamston woodlot. Collected December 13, 1950. Daedalea quercina is hoof-like in shape and beige in color. It is very hard and was difficult to remove from the host. The texture of this polypore may have been one of the inhibiting factors as far as insect infestation was concerned. 35 Insects infesting Daedalea quercina Order Diptera Family Mycetophilidae (Fungivoridae) Genus Sciophilia Three specimens of this genus were collected Jan- uary 29, 1951. Family Drosophilidae Species Drosophilia robusta (Sturt) One specimen was collected January 16, 1951. 36 Polypore Deadalea micolor (Bull.) Fries. Host Wood of deciduous trees. Woodlot Found only at Williamston woodlot. Collected December 13, 1950. This species is both saprophytic and parasitic, found on wounds of maple and willow and growing on logs of popular. and willow. It is usually yellowish .to white in color and grows in a series of small shelves one above the other. No insects were found. L __ __ Polypore Lenzites betulinus . Host Wood of deciduous trees. Woodlot Found only at Sanford woodlot. Collected January 16, 1951. No insects were found. 37 L» to DIS C USS ION Some forms of the polypores were common in all four woodlots. These were Fomes applanatus, Polyporus versicolor, and Polyporus cuticularis. Although other species were abun- dant they were usually specific to the woodlot and some to the location within the woodlot. Polyporus adustus was found only at Augusta Creek, Daedalea quercina and Daedalea unicolor only at the Williamston woodlot. There was no significant relation of insects to specific areas. Insects that were found in one polypore in one area usually were found on the same species in a different area. Some of the insects were found to be specific to a spe- cies of polypore. There were many which were general feed- ers and were found in several of the collected species. With the exception of the Chloropidae, all insects col- lected as adults were found also as the immature forms, except those that were treated as accidentals in the thesis. Although no wood-boring insects were found it is pos- sible that the insects present could be important as dissemina- tion agents of the polyporaceous spores. The dipterous species 39 which are very active would appear most likely to be ef- fective. The economic importance of this group can not be measured until further investigation proves or disproves their ability to disseminate pathogenic fungi. The presence of the homopterous insects in Polyporus adustus may have some im- portant bearing on the overwintering habits of the closely-re- lated species Empoasca fabae (Harris), the potato leafhopper, which causes considerable damage on several economic plants. L/O S UMMARY AND CONCLUSION In four southern Michigan woodlots a winter survey was made of the species of insects infesting polyporaceous fungi. The fungi were placed in artificial rearing conditions after the species identifications of the polypores were concluded. The polypores were placed in covered containers which contained sterile sand, moistened enough to prevent desiccation of the polypore. All insects emerged within a month after collection of the fungi. As the insects emerged from the polypore they were removed for identification. Most of the insects found were uncommon and many could not be identified to species by the author. Those that could not be identified were sent to the National Museum. Even after this it was found that several of the insects could be iden- tified to genus only. From the four woodlots nine species of polypores were collected and identified. Seven of the species contained in- sects. Infesting insects represented seven orders, nineteen families, and twenty-six species. 41 All of the insects were identified to species when pos- sible. Revisions in progress prevented immediate identification of members of the families Cecidomiidae and Elateridae. It was concluded that certain insects overwinter in poly- poraceous fungi and may be capable of disseminating spores of these fungi to other areas. There is a possibility that the in- sect can act as a carrier and cause the polyporaceous parasite or saprophyte to inoculate susceptible species of wood. Poly- poraceous fungi, because of the porous context, afford a good insulatory material for overwintering insects. 10. 9/2 LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H., C. W. Sabrosky, A. Stone, and W. W. Wirth. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 1951. Per- sonal correspondence. Bessey, E. A., Morphology and Taxonomy 9_f_ Fungi. Bla- kiston Co., Philadelphia. 1950. Blatchley, W. 8., Coleoptera 2f; Indiana, Nature Pub. Co., Indianapolis, 1910. Parts 1 and 2 used as a general reference. Brues, C. T., and A. L. Melander, Classification gf_ Insects, Harvard Museum Bulletin Vol. 73, Cambridge, Mass., 1932. Comstock, J. H. An Introduction t_9_ Entomology, Comstock Pub. Co., Inc., Ithaca, New York, 1949. Curran, C. H., The Families and Genera 9_f North American Diptera. Ballou Press, New York, —l934. DeLong, D. M., "The Leafhoppers or Cicadellidae of Illi- nois." Bul. Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey. Vol. 24 (2) pp. 179-180. Urbana, Illinois, 1948. Essig, E. 0., College Entomology. MacMillan Co.: New York, 1942. Johannsen, O. A., "The Mycetophilidae of North America." Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Bul. No. 172. Part 1, pp. 214-215. Orono, Maine, 1906. Krieger, L. C., The Mushroom Handbook. MacMillan Co., New York, 1935. ll. 12. l3. 14. 43 Lowe, J. L., "The Polyporaceae of New York State (Except Poria)." Tech. Pub. No. 60, Syracuse University, New York, 1942. Neuman, J. J., The Polyporaceae of Wisconsin. Wisc. Geo. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bul. 33, Ser. No. 10. Madison, 1914. Sabrosky, C. W., "American Midland Naturalist." pp. 427- 428, 1951. Williston, S. W., Manual 2f North American Diptera. Ed. 2, Hathaway, New Haven. pp. 117, 236. 1908. 44 "'b w Figure 4. Mycet0philid Larvae Figure 5. Mycet0philid Pupa m .. ROOM 632 0:»va Mr l4 '53 . 111111111111 filly) 1411131“ 312931014