AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF
CHILDREN’S CLOTHING
AGES ram-INCLUSIVE '

mm FOR THE DEG-BEE OF-M, A.
  Mary M Pennington : _ '
° ” 1934' -

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CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introduction

A. Purposes of the Stui
B. Revien of Literature

Chapter II. Kethod

A. Devel pment of the Stuiy
B. The Samfle

Chapter III. Finiings

A. Content of Wardrobes
Types and Numbers of Girls' Garments
Home Seeing
Garments Handed Donn
Types and Sunbers of Boys' Garments
Home Bering
Garments Hanied Down

B. Costs of Wardrozes
Girls
Boys

C. Durability of Ga ments

Chapter IV. Conclusions

A. Coa;arison of Contsnt of Girls' and Boys'
Wardrobes
B. Home Sewing
C. Handed Down Garments
D. Average Warirobes at Different Ages
Chapter V. Summary
.-\
BibliOgraphy
Appendix

Fab

(‘3 D)

Table

II
III
IV

VI
VII

VIII

IX

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

Title

Distribution of Studies According to Ages

of Children

Occupations of Fatners of Cniliren Studied
Size of Faailies Regresented

Outdoor Garments Worn by Girls in One Yea
Dresses and Playsuits Worn by Girls in One Year
Footwear Worn by Girls in One Year

Number of Panties ger Girl Worn by Different
Age Groups

Underclothing and Sleeging Garments Worn by
Girls in One Year

Miscellaneous Articles Used by Girls in One Year

Number of Home Made ani Made Over Garments
for Girls of Different Age Groups

Comparison of the Amount of Home Sewing per
Girl With the Number of Older Brothers and
Sisters in the Family

Comparison of Number of Older Chiliren in the
Family With the Number of Handed Donn Garments
per Girl Studied

Number and Type of Handed Down Garments in
Girls' Warlrobes

Outdoor Garments Worn by Boys in One Year
Number of Boys' Suite for Different Age Groups

Suits, Trousers and Play Suits Worn by Boys
in One Year in Different Age Grougs

Footwear Worn by Boys in One Year in Different
Age Groubs

Underclotning and Slee;ing Garments Worn by Boys
in One Year in Different A56 Grougs

33

34
37
38

XIX

XX

XXIII
XXIV

XXV

XXVI
XXVII

XXVIII
XXIX

XXX

XXXIa
b
c

XXXIIa
b
0

List of Tables, cont.

Miscellane us Articles torn by Boys in One
Year in Different Age Grougs

Number of Home Made and Made Over Garments for
Boys of Different A53 Groups

Number and Tyye of Handed Donn Garments in
Boys' Wardrobes

Comparison of Number of Older Children in the
Family With the Number of Handed Down Garments
per Boy Studied

lardrobes

Median and Nean Costs of Girls'

Range of Prices of Ready Made Garments for Girls

Median and Mean Costs of Wardrobes for 47
Boys Studied

Range of Prices of Ready Nade Garments for Boys
Coiparison of Nurber of Outdoor Garments for
Boys and Girls of Different Age Grougs

Number of All Outdoor Garments per Child
According to Age Grouse

Number of Indoor Outer Garments :er Child
Aceoriing to Age Groups
Hoaemade Garments in Girls' and Boys' Wardrobes
s for
es for
es for

Averag' Warir
Averac
Averas‘

Girls, Age d-S
Girls, Age 4-5
Girls, Age 6~7

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O O C}

3-3
4-5
6-7

for
for
for

Wardrobes
Wardrobes
Wardrobe”

Avera
Averavr
Averaée

Boys, Age
Boys, Age
Boys, Ave

UV

0 0“!
(u (D

:0

Life of Everyday Garients in Medium Condition
in Relation to the Total Number of Everyday
Garments in the Wardrobe

Homemade Garments in Girls' and Boys' Wardrobes

44a

46

57
6O

66

71

Chapter I

Introduction

af—

(‘0

Chapter I

Introduction

In the light of recent scientific investigation, it
has become increasingly evident that clothes for the Child have
a definite bearing ugon his future physical, mental and psycholo-
gical development. Because the few clothing studies made have
been so outnumbered by studies on foods and the field in clothing
research is so full of possibilities, it was thought best first
to discover what were the actual practices of certain middle
class mothers in clothing their children. It was heped such a
study might form the basis for further work and suscest pOdsible

tOpics for later clothing research.

a:

A. Purposes of the Study __h““ {I‘

 

'~ 4' I ~.1. ’_-‘ f ‘1 " , I“ ‘- V' i -.
“3 were to discover by the

    

‘“‘The"'puri¢eéd Of this

inventory method the average content, _hewg9st, and_durability \>

 

1 f -
of the aardrobes of children,_ages S_to%$5years, inciuvf*6739f a
M LC km». 4;:

familie serrtn~~i~ncorr.es._no.t_under...1.’1:.?._LQO_Q.130.0z1 over..i‘r‘.‘5.,\§l;i).l CO per.

.year;Cdlso to discover to what extent mothers of moderate income
families did home sewing and to «net extent garments were handed
down eitne’ within the family or from outside_the immediate '
family.

It was hoped the information obtained night be helpful
to teachers in planning their lessons on children's clothing; to
mothers of moderate income families in planning budgets for tneir
children's clothing, and in comparing he content of their child's
wardrobe with that of others; and, to some extent, to manufacturers

\
' \
in making clothing for Children.

3- Eerie:.9§-£ii3re§yre-

As one of the three fundamental needs of a child,
clothing has received some share of research attention in the
last fifteen years. The Bireau of Home Economics in the United
States Department of Agriculture (1) has Tublished ei5ht leaflets
on the tyre and construction of children's clothing. Thirteen
studies were found relatin5 to the amount of none senin5 done,
and a study of the c0st of the child's sardrobe has been inclu-
ded in the United States Degsrtment of Lab or study of the Cost
of Living in the United States made in 1915-19 (2). The statis-
tics found in the latte r study have been analyzed to BOue de5ree
by Kay Cowles of the University of Wisconsin. Other books such
as Economics of the Household by Benjamin H. Andrews and The
Economics of Consun tion by Paul Nystrom have made estiuates on
the exyenditure of families for clothing based upon statistics
previously obtained.

In all these studies, however, very little has been
done on the actual practices of middle class families in clothing
their of .ildren durin5 tne year. A standard for certain 5arnents
of children's clot ing has been set up, tie an cunt of lone senin5
has been studied at different times and gel ces in the United
States and the amount spent by industrial families durin5 the
year of 1318-19 has been investi5ated. To the writer's Ruchled5e,
however, only one other study has been made on the actual prac-
tices of mothers of moderate incomes in the selection and cost of

8133! 1338018 LUIU

Lu

children's wardrobes (3). This st dy was he
Alford on the fractices of 45 families of moderate incohes in

(l) U.S Department of A5riculture, Leaflets Ho. 11, 24, 26, 53,
54, 63, 79, BO.

(2) U. S. Departaent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 00st of
Living in the United States, Bul 357 p.164, 174, s50, 362.

w---”—'w--—--~---O- .,

(3) Bessie Lulu Alford, "Clothoin5_ of Ch119?99_§”95 One to Six"
Th esis, i.A. de5r ee at university of hica‘5 o, Decenser T§31.

Chicago in the selection of 310thing for pre-scnool children.
These data «ere collected :resuaably during tne same period as
those of the present study. In her study not only the number and
type of garments worn by these 25 boys and 35 5ir1s were considered
but also the construction of the garment, th price range of the
garments, and the buying practices of the nothers.

In 1919 a study was made by the United States Department
of Agriculture covering representative rural homes in 33 Northern
and Western States. Of the 9,734 fanilies reporting, 86 per cent
in the eastern states, 94 her cent in the central states, and 95
per cent in the western "tates did home seeing. Tne loner proyor-
tion in the eastern states, where shopping centers are p esumably
the more accessable, is interesting (1), (3). Seventy-five per
cent of the farm women did a large fart of their own seeing.

Tee first study to emphasize home seeing for children

was made in 1930 of 1,430 families living in 10 counties of

.1"

Illinois. Tne results o these, as summarised by K. Wilkerson,

shored that 63.7 fer cent of the families having children nude
children's clothing (1).

In 1833 C. M. Brown made an investigation of 60 married
5arduates of home economics courses, 32 ger cent of whom had
.child en. One-third of these women made gractically all of their
children's clothing. Fifty per cent 5rofessed to enjoy making
clothes (3). These moths s sexed for their children more than

themselves because "children's clothes are easier to make" and

(D
a

vant

p,
m

"can be made from used materials to a

C‘”
O

recus Publication No.

(:0

(l) U.S.Department of Agriculture, Uiscell
4. Trends in HomeESeging, gage 3.

(2) U.S.Department of A5riculture, Department Circular 148,
The Farg_fp§anjsrfggblem§, p. 8, 19.

- .-
I

(3) Clara K. Brown, Are We Justified in Teaching Clothing

A- .7.. -——---- —-———-.~.—-------.——w-w—

999533593595, J. H. mil-5113237 eo-so.

 

5.

In 1916 a study of he congarative costs of reproducing

' r“ ‘ -r f’v-r‘ - "K .‘ q...— - \ >v -‘ .. . “L,- .r~ ' ; V‘r- ~v “ “ ‘ ’- ‘
ready made garments was made sit; he time of naniné considered.

The author concluded that "for the busy woman sho wants single

*5.

garments of good material there is little saving in nah n5 tnem
at hone" (1).

Three studies made on hone seting were summarized in
1937 by the Bureau of Eons Economics (2). From as Bureau of
Home Economics study, 40 per cent of the rural notaers made
cotton dresses for .heir children while only 38 per cent of city
mothers (over 5,000) made them. For wool dresses tne averages

20 per cent respectiVely for the rural and

were 33 per cent an‘
city mothers. Teenty per cent of the rural mothers nade boys'
suits as com arsd to 13.5 per cent of the city mothers. Forty-
five per cent of tne rural aotners made sleeging garments as
compared to 31 rer cent of the city nothers. Erasers and
bloomers eere made by 41 and 27 per cent of the mothers, respec-
tively and petticoats by 36 an” 26 per cent respectively. It nay
be notices in all cases that the rural mothers did more sexing
han the city mothers.

A very extensive study of cost of living of families
in the United States was made in 1919-19 covering 12,29 families
in 93 cities in 43 states. Within this study here figures showing
the expenditure for the various garments of children's clothing
for the year. Here it was found for the 3,633 families having
girls O~4 years old, the eXgenditure per year for clothing per
child averaged $33.68 for all incomes and $87.56 for all incomes
(1) Charlotte Gibbs Baker, gaudy,

J.H.Ec. 8(1916) 448-450.

(3),U.S.Deyartment of Acricdlture, Miscellaneous Publication
3 . 4. Trends in hone Seeing, pass 8.

-.-- —.-—-—.--—--.~-

 

6.

over 32,190.3‘. Similarly for tne Girls from 4 years and under
8 years rerresenting 3,538 families, the exgenditure per child

averaged 333.53 for all incomes and $43.52 for incomes over 93,1;3.
For the boys under 4 years of age (1) tne expenditure
for clothing averaged $35.99 for all incomes and $94.57 for
incomes over $2,130. Using these figures an average of 1.7 per
cent of the incene was s,ent for tne clothing of children under

rer cent for boys

A.

U
‘Jl

4 years old a 3 :er cent for girls and 1.7
for children 4 rears old and under 6 years old on the average
of all incomes.

In 1918 the hontnly Labor Review published a study of
the clothing expenditure of 100 wage earning families in the
New York Ship-building district with an annual average income
of $1,395.07. An average of $33.30 was spent during the year

39.60 for girls both of ages 4 to 7

:1;

for boys as compared to .
years. For children 3 years old and under an average of $19.10

was spent for boys as compared to $98.36 for girls (8).

(l; Representing 3,848 families, 4,347 children.

(8 Monthly Labor Review, sptemher, 939, p. 118. Egarjs
9122.1ss-§i.1;-9:..129.Eyelashes"- Tess. Eersesaipjfl
“York §ssprisa ' '

gter II

Cha

Method

Chapter II

15:3t-l0d

The actual value of any piece of research work is
de3endent upon the caref11neee of the flan worked out at use

erasle time and tnougnt «ere e ent

Lb

beginning Tierefore, consi

on de velo “:1 .2 the metnod for the study .nic. is nere described

U

in t1 e ho‘: e it nay ne p ctners glanning a sinilar study.

\‘p'

A @19395219315113921925951. .{i'

"’4‘ ~\’

In order to obtain tne necessar" data, a questionnaires
was worked out classifying tne types of children's clotning tnat\.

would prosably be worn by tnese cnildren. In formulating tnis

. -f‘ ‘~——__
A".

a modified form of tne classification from the U.S.Bureau of
Labor Study of 1818 «as used. (1).

To gain a more COnplete ficture of tne actual content

of a child's xardrobe, the present study was planned to includ I
I

I I

all of the ga rzzen nts worn by the children during tne one year, j

‘7' A.

nhen they were purchased, and tseir Chfif¢3u€r as indicated by [
° \

o w
l

their fiber. 1

5.—
H

To de teraine tn e cost of tne sarn:ents it was decided a g
to list in separate columns tne cost as gurc¢ased from tne store,

! I
as made at home, as made over and as nanded do n. Tnis groceiuref

.
L
L
s
a

would 1self to discover to «sat extent notners in~modsrata~ieceme;«

- *did acne sesin wnat ty;es of garaents here nade, azd.
to snat ente1t earnents aere outcroan an; nanded doun.z Itmase ;

noe~a—t ioxl‘LOImfluiOHWCO¢ i.be,con aredwslt_.otner~obteineéuby.

fmvttrSrBtrr ease—48 WW.)— .

'(1) Bulletin 357 U. Q.B:rean of Labor.
(3) U.S. De3a1tnent of L riculture, iiscellaneogs Publication no.
4. Trenfils in 4'. £0.16 5‘3;- -11i,

*flw—c-w—ow—w

I" K"- C; I: 3 #b
" ‘ - ' _. . . .c' ,
TO J7¥€EHI§3 tne—actual a¢0dnt Oi rOHdV

year y tne fa.1ly, it .18 tneulnt best to i;dicate aifts
Ossible and to ac 35 t estimates of tueir money value in order
to estiuate nore accurately “:1 gould nave been one cost to tne
anily if no gifts had been received.
To measure tne durability of the average :ar rrents for

(.1 l.’ "')}".

('.2“ 3L- ’2,
nch 3“t&%¢vd~+~10£zfi

boys and birls,r

.xae-rlan wed t5llfld1vdt‘

and wnet.er it see worn inte

garnent,

tne nuabe r of

C

1,". It) (4" ‘M'Wc"

U-LOEI 833

seasons tne

r.llt56

cnild

med necessary

"I. -, e
'1 - - .0
Seat u:

re— ,1

N +-n‘n
UrOU-L~31 D

ment, or constantly as an ever*d;‘ y g;m reent. Tne tontn an
tnat all garments were ;urch sad and the coalition of the Ear
were inc luded.:) Tre folloning s-need_as_a_rating. 3 1e:
' E. Excellent, oerfe t or n W.
Good, stron», good olor.

3; Fair, morn out earaole, few good ;atc;es.

5. Poor but still we :aracle, may be ”etc-ed, darned

W. Worn out.

It was taouént gaiuents handed donn from older

and sisters a int sno; very -ell tne
iiI‘Sfi ts. In tnemcaseeof~tannea—1oan

t;

1.060 deans/1'3

._-- ——’

;ee Of

—“__..__.— v—‘-

“garsenteeiezxzswylanned -

l

tqwé:teflGGmefiivrtee~aangfiwaniflt;¢emofrre:r“Uf*tre_freeentnoaner

—-

.0

.— -------——<~. ‘
I

"kill

‘ 35

b Wot—rt Err-“r. r ’evicusce-n e r

A COpy of tne questionnaire,

found in the appendix. page 84.

"i

V

The ages two to seven, in l

%3

vv

0

These children would past t;e

divided into tnree groups,

fiIBVS

r goseicle.

as forLUlated,

Alla}, be

ssive, sere decided u;on.
stage and could easil; be
e-scnool child, ages 8-3;

(3) the kindergarien cnild, ages 4-3; (3) tne cncol
ages 8-7. It :as 11 ved tnis :rouiin- rould give 9

periods of onild develoament and euon tne diiferent clotnin
needs during those reriods.
It was not t ought wise to ask tne notners inter-

vie ied directly that tieir incomes Jere. Tle question was not

La

00 s1

13

'ered eeeential to tne study since only families of
moderate incOIes here 453533. T;e"e here, :0 ever, various
means of estinatin ‘ tne average incoae of tne f-.ilic Of
these, the occu‘aticn of the fatner seened the Lost im;ortant.
In the case of 0011 ege instructors and groffi -ors t;e sala ies
aere available. In otner cases estirites of income were some—
times volunteered by friends or neignbors of tie families.

‘

~—— . ~. — ‘- ., e -' . 1’ . ‘\ . P- O ~--1')‘\-. I . - - .. - ‘N r- 1
T;.e 34.1.8 Of a “Clue and 13...: alum; v; fa ulD--l£.-.d “3!: also

J

o Q

considered.

ne data for tnis study mere collected bet.een dud?

28 and Seateaber 3, 1931 from 71 fanilies wits moderate iflCOmcd

ab

p .-

3,030 to $5, Duo) in East Lansi11g.Tne uOtSérd Jere interested

A
if}:

and very 000p3retive in givin; tee inform tion. In deny cases
entire wardrobes were brou54t out for insfection. Ease study

' ‘5 '- V . 1.. u‘ r~ "~ V A ' ‘ w- ‘ - ,- + _. ~ . 'L _ 'n‘q - ~
took ay,r0Ain-tely one LCur, 'e-endent u,on tne lnucr1%;tlons

H)

1 . 3‘ a r- J s"~ 4"? - 1-‘~ , “ . >. . ~l‘ ‘L a - " -, ' . . :-
o filldldn and u on tne erectioes or tne Moondrd in deinc all

C)

( D
d
( )
c+
SJ)
H
N)
H
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0
rr
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Fl
cf
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1.1.

5513?. Of t;

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H)
cf
o
(D
O
o

c
.» n 1~.. ~ . .. -+— .

only one iuo “a; g: t a written account of “ex er,ed itures,

and two #30 had

arments Sivan here are decerdent u‘on memory and estiaates.

0’)

An effort was made to obtain data on an egual number

‘ ‘ ‘ Q "‘ l‘ I-” ‘ ‘
of cnildren in sec“ axe .roue.

11.
T37

U

13 I

Distribgtion of Stgiies corlin: to A;:a of Chilfiren

U

.'
(J

a

—-.——'~_..--o—-——-—-—.-_-.--o -—--—-—-—.‘-—‘-‘-—-—-—----o-o—o a..—.--~_._.-~‘.-.-—.—«~-- - a -.-—'--~

Agta of oniliren Girls Boys Total

.c‘w‘.-“----“---—-“—“‘-‘--4--——-‘---‘~--‘~‘--— ——-.-—.-.----

3-3 18 15 53

(J I
H

4-5 15 16

(I)

0- 1

6-7 13 _i§__

 

Totals 45 47 93

man-c ----—--—--~~*-“‘~J-—o~~--<MU-”_---“-‘———v‘-1v-‘w-J--—~‘71—---‘“o~A--—‘—,‘.—

Table II

Occupntions of Fatners of Onildren Stuiied

M—>--~-—.‘ro ‘ -.--—-—.——-——-——.—-— ---.—-'-~ n... .--_.._-.C ‘ --~—-——--—-~——‘,—w—. -~—.«-.--“«-_—~———-—--—

Occupation Number

m--~.~.>-—.———_.‘-n_.- -~---—~-‘-——.-~o—¢--u—u—~‘-——-o~a-‘—v.-c--—--—-‘.~m—“‘-a_w“--—“

Business 11

3

{H

Employed in Ensineaa
Government Emyloyses 10
Leaiera of State Clubs 3

Instructors at 1.3.0.

W

n5 Teacher,L:nding 10
Professor, Assoc. Professor, M.S.C. 3
Extension Department, K.S.C. 9

Dentist, anyer, minister 3

 

Total 71

-- “-fi'h-ouflm“ -----»‘.~—-~*H~-- w—«-~.m-— -—- «pi-1.....- ——-‘~- — c C —.--.v- ‘.r-‘mt- --

Table III

Size of Families Represented
Number of cgiliren Numbcr f families Parocnta;e
a). family diatriLution

I
i J
-.

--- .M ~45- '_-——---. .- ‘1'. ——- - _ -..._...-._.--._-.--- - —-———..— ‘.-—¢-.—‘_- .— .- -~'- — — .. .— c ‘- -- ‘-—~-. g - ‘1‘. -..—..-—

14 3.7
33 46.5
14 19.7
7 9.9
3 4.3

71 130. O

- - U‘“*‘I.--‘
__.._¢—..---.r_.—..~~—._..._-.——.-—-—.-—-.-.-‘~--_—._.~——_-—~~~.——I ~~----

cf" 0er- 01be

o
p
H

p3

i

.(

fin.generel, the families halo
and grofessionel classesl Twenty-two a
M'enigen State College as instructors,
and extension workers. Of tne others,
men themselves or held :ositions with b
There were one dentist, one la.yer, and

I.

group. Tnirteen .ere eitner soveirqent

Club leaders. In only one case see the
part time eni that was in her hustend's
The number of cniliren ger fa

a, with an average of

two children.

1
‘-

CO

nged to the ousiness

ere connected with

o iete rofe

.30

a:
O

F

(N

(U

1‘6

'1'

()3

usiness

notLer working even
business.
Lily ranged from 1 to

Chapter III

Finlin-e
hr

13.

l4.
Chagter III

Findings

The fir dings of this study fell into three se tions3
first, the content of he wardrobes; second, the cost of the},
garments; and tnird, the durability of certain garments. J

As aas ereviously Planned, these data were tnIOun into

&

’ .3
v

ag ~rougs. The 5-3 year old children sere considered as

A
E)

threes
in the yrs—school Lrour, the 435 year old children in the kinder-
garden group, and the 6-? ear old cnildre n in the school group.

In the first section of this Chapter, tn e gnases of
the wardrobe are considered. The first is the number and types
of garments worn by the child during the year. The tord worn
here does not seen Jorn out for many children's garments las e
or more "ears. It wre ns that sozLe tine during the year these
garments were :orn althought ‘ ey may he eteen outgrown, given
away or lost after six months of use. In n0st cases, bozever,
they were in good or fair condition when the study was made.
Secondly, the number and tytes of garments homemade in the Lili-
robe are discussed and, thirdly, the number and tyges of garnents

0

handed down both from outside and within the family.
Because the character of the boys' and airls' clothing
is so different, it eeeaed hes to discuss them se'arately. Tne<\
\

1’
,/

fin . ‘ - .q-‘q ’~ A . u- . 1 a . :.. - ‘1 -' ~4 - r 4-, -9'- A. . ,
blILS' Ha ufOucc will oe cor alias) first under Eavu tc,ic.

H
()"l

H _ ..-\_...,, . - r - : . ' ,..,‘ , ,- M... :-

deny Mot-.1516 turf?) {Quill v»--.'O usall :1 t3 003.135.16 Ens; C
- .' .. .,.. _ .1 ., , .. ,_ ' ‘. ‘.i .3 -.,, '1. -, ., p ‘_ i- .. - . fl , - , A _
sirl's tardicbe “it; tne sardio-ss or otnsr siris of t.e Simd

nus W'sr 4-; - ’,“ ' . .9 1 . ‘.-~u.- “r m. .
are. blufl Uni: 1183 1n mind, tne iOllOalna deed 54V: seen

Tables IV, V, and VI may be difficult to ana yze

fresent the nuncer of garments Lorn 3y 'he child
the year and the averafle number of these
child for the three are groups. The last four columns re;re-

sen 3 first, the total number of arnsnts for the rhole group

m2

of 45 girls; second, the number of the 45 girls rho dad these

‘

4.5 , ,_ . n 1 1" D r _ fl. ,_ _,'v,- - up: “‘.‘ :4, , _ J“ _‘ . “V 2f-
earments, tnlrl, tne 3V3r236 HUwQST Of balmuuté {Oboeoccd

(

C

V

by each of the girls who actually had the garments; and fourth,
4

the average number or garments possessed of each of the a
girls whose wardrobes were studied. It was expected the last

column would inflt out which garments were the most universally
torn and mhicn nere tne most essential.

Only four sirls out of the 45 did not have winter
coats. These cases all fell in the 2 year age group when the
children aere not doing much indegendent running spout. In
these cases sweater suits, zigger suits and 833333? and lebbing
combinations filled the need for a winter coat. Over half of
the children in the school group had a second :inter coat. This

usually provided for an older one to be sorn for play and a n8n

16.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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fidefismofiqufiem was 8.. To sews A 1.13431 u {Hinmlwdwa

 

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17.

In the first group nearly all of the girls (3) had

ruin s that could be worn aitn either ceats or

‘__ i
.5! c

(U

segarate l

H)

zigger suits. In tne

sweaters. These took the place 0

rouo over half of the children L5) had zig‘er

‘

1..

suite, shile in the third age iron; there gas a marke‘

p.
(D

SOP

(D
w
CI

of hot: 2i;,er suits (.16) and le>.inas (.3). T.ese facts

C‘- V

I

: arate leerinrsand s eaters rare the dost :o:ulsr
Le b & a

O)
‘-
O
(t)
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cf
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for he first crouo about egiallv yo;ular uith sigjer suits
for the second group, and for the third 5roup, much less horn
than in the othe‘ group .

It will be noticed that raincoats gere not at all
worn during the gre-scnool oeriod out «ere morn uy 1/3 of the
kindergarde group and oy 3/4 of the school group. here the
difference in tne needs of the girls of the difJerent aces was

duite definitely sho n. These rainco:ts here usually of ruboe -

$1

ized cloth of green, red, or navy blue and had rain nats to eaten.
In tn s study the button-doun—the-front tyne of

saeater mas segarated from the slie-cn sweater. Both tyges

see ed to be very go;ular. Tne 45 airis had an avers

soeaters each. The

F.)

sweater that did not have buttons coaing off or coaing unfes-
toned. The younger airls had lore button-ug-seeaters than the
older girls, but eve: thOse had 3 slip-on s eaters to one

button-up-saeater.

[‘3‘

ntial. Only

(11

(It

Mittens were consider d very ess
girls of the 45 did not he e then and these had gloves. On the
e, the girls nad 1.8 pairs of kittens per child and .9

pairs of gloves per cnild. If we consider only the last two

classes havino a total of £3 jairs of cloves, we find each uirl

 

18.

 

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had an averare of .36 :airs of gloves cogcared to .05 fairs of
glove s for the first class. T

preferred for children 3 and

vi
‘4
I!)
{n
H
U
0
H:
p

tere often 10st rather tnan worn out.

Tie

’)

irls averaged over 5; gieces of headcear each.

By far tne noet nunerous of these were tne berets and tans anicn
avere:ed over 3 :er girl. T;ese xere nearl
gre-scnool as in tne scnool ;rcuc and ha" ar:out tne sane
aggearance. Obviously bonnets, tonnes, ani nelnets decreased

“it: the increase in tne rte f the child. Ea innate and ca

960

()

increased corres:ondinbly with tne raincoats Lentioned. T: see

were preferred to unbrel as for ecu 1001 children, as s

0
g:
9',
.1
t<

children lost the latter. Only teo umbrellas were found

.0

belonging to the girls tiiie d.

O)
‘.

Pernars the no t interestine part of a study of tnis

«L Q

01

tyre cones in the survey of the dresses. The most striking

‘

in Table V is tne total numcer of dre

H)
‘0
0
d'
(D
5
(U
<:
\l'
3“
Ir J
(1)
LA:
0

038 5‘

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3 group. he pre-school cnildren averaged

15 dresses eacn, the kindergarien children averaged 13 eecn,

DJ

While the school children ave ra Led ll dresses sac
the reason for the iifierence c0nes in the kind of wear on tne
garments or gernaps in the substitution of :lay suits for
dresses in the older ares. The la ter is net tru , no ever,
as snoun by tne addition of the play suits to the dresses. It
is found 51.5.3 tne

-'-' n -. .-H - uni .. .H. ... --,.
a extra 5;rmdut5 nulls tne otner tuo LIOuID nave, on tne

{n
<:
(u
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l\1

C
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20.
has nearly 15 garments } e-r child. The se figures sould indicate
a trend toward a saaller dress section to tne wardrobe as the
Cnild gross older. It snould be noted nere, nOHGVSI, tnat
tnese figures do not include tne skirts and indoor sweaters
worn by tne older girls. Including the skirts only, the
average fiOUld be 30, 16, and 16. A fair estimate could not be
ootained oy incl m1 ng blouses as tne skirt and blouse are worn
togL er to make only one cater ga rment. Hence, altnough tnere
is a difference of about four garments between the first tno

u,

ages, the e is not much difference cetwe

5".
is

last two. More

(D
:1-

I].

(

skirts and slip—on sue ers are worn by the scnool girls than
by the pre-school and kinder rga rde n girls. The mothers expressed
a preference for tnese in tnat tney saved ironing during tne
winter months and provided varzu dresses A c:;an:e in tne
slip-on—sweaters gave variety. Not mar y girls, however, wore
blouses vitn these shirts. There were only 3 girls in the
school group rno had EWIOJS s with an average of 2 each.

In studying the dresses tneaselves the cotton dresses
ritn panties to matcl rere mUCh preferred. In tne pre-scnool
group the average of tne cotton pantie dresses was nearly 8 to
4% of tne one piece dresses. In the kindergarden group the
average was 8 to nearly 3 one :iece dresses, and in tne scnool
group, 6 to over 3 one piece dresses. In tne first and last
groups tnere were nearly twice as many pantie dresses as dresses
without the panties to match, and in tne middle group tnere
were nearly 3 times as many.

It is interesting to notice, :0 ever, tnat of the

other dresses (classified as special, silk and xool) tne dres es

21.
without the panties exceed tnOse with them. The first group
had nearly 6 times as aany of these as of tne ones With panties
to match (1): The second group (2) had over 5 times as nany
but the third group (3) had only 1% times as many.

Thus for the best dresses the non-pantie dresses are
much preferred for the first two classes and to a lesser degree
for the third class. The wool pantie dresses were usually
of wool challis or soft wool flannel. Silk dresses became
decreasingly pogular as the age of the child increased.

Because the sunsuits, play suits, and bathing suits
«ere worn so often interchangeably, they xill be grouped
together. These mothers were apfarently convinced of the
value of sunsuits for their children for each girl had on the
average two of these suits. While tne number of sunsuits per
child decreased as the age increased, the number of bathing
suits increased almost in the same :rOportion. With ylaysuits
added in with the sun and bathing suits, the averages were
strikingly similar with 2.3 garments per child for the pre-
scnool group, 2.3 and 2.1 garments per child for the other two
groups, resyectively. Beach pajamas were also pogular, though
not as healthful, perhaps. Half of the girls had the beach
pajamas (.5). These were almost equally distributed among the
three classes.

Obviously, coveralls, overalls and rompers were the
rnost worn in the 2-3 age group, hhere there were .9 per child.
‘1

In the other age groups, the averages were .2 per child or less.

1 2.26 to .39
2 3.05 to .39
3 1 40 to .99

O

Keegin: the child in well fitting footwear seemed to

d
be one of the biggest problems of the mothers because snoes

sere so often outg retn before they were morn out. These irls

0‘ I

wore, on the average, over six gairs of footgear of all tyges
during the year with the number gradually increasing 5133 the
age of tne child (5, 7, 7.5 respectively for the different ages).
Sligpers -” ere the most {Opular, each having an average of two
pairs. Incliiing oxford s and sandals eitn sligpers, eacn girl
sore an average of three ,airs yer year, the nuneer increasing

from 2 fair in t‘.e first group to 3; in the sec oni and third

groups.
Bedroom or house slippers were considered alnost
necessary. nly th as of the 45 girls did not i-ave tnem and the

others who had two pairs brought the average u; to one gair for
all ages.

Practically all of the children of the school age
group had tennis slippers or shoes as they were required for
gymnasium work.

none of tr e school girls lacked either galoshes or
rubbers. The four girls who did not have galoL 16$ fell in the
2-3 a e group there leggings and rubaers were suostituted for

5
them. Likewise, the girls who did not have rubbers fell in the
first two classes where galoshes were substituted.

One mother thought it was harder to keep her daughter
sugglied with stockinns than anything else for she wore them out
so quickly. E33; of the girls etsiied had an average of nearly
15 cairs of hosiery duii;ig tne year. The pre- sc nool girls had
over 13 gairs and the second and third grou,s ha d 162. and 152

pairs reseectively. Of the different tg'ges of hosiery, cotton

 

 

 

 

 

 

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S4.
socks worn during fall and spring were the most numerous, each
girl having on the average nearly 5; hairs. Anklets came next
witfl an average of 4 pairs yer girl and then cotton stochinbs
for winter #153 an average of over 3 ;airs per girl.

it is surgrisin; to notice that 14 of he 45 girls
sore neither round nor long elastic garters. These depended
ugon the elasticity of the knitted socks or shall rubber bands
to keep their socks up. Only 4 of the mothers had garter belts
or straps for their children.

It is interesting to notice that half of the girls
had silk and wool union suits for ainter iith an average of over
Bé suits per girl. One-fourth had heavy cotton union suits nith
3% suite per girl, and nearly half of the girls had light weight
union suits at 3 suits pe girl. Schetimes these lighter suits
were worn all winter xith only sweater and zinger suits for
additional warmth. The Lindergarden group had the largest nunber
of these per child.

Forty of the forty-five children had coabination suits
of cotton cloth, or cotton or rayon knit materials. These also
seemed to be more numerOus with the 4-5 age éroup that had
nearly 5 her cnild while the other tNO grougs averaged 8.3 per
child. This may partly be due to the larger number of segarate
ganties and bloomers for th 8-3 and 6-7 age grougs. These had
an average of 5 pairs per girl “hile the 4-5 age group had only
3$ pairs per child. COmEining these tho, it is found that the
different groups have coafaratively the same number, as shown

in Table VII.

C\)
U]

Table VII

Number of Panties ver Girl Worn by Different Age Groups

L

 

 

 

 

 

 

__Aqes’gf girls in years
8-5 4—5 6-7
Panties and combination suite 7.6 6.4 7.1
Panties rith yantie dresses 825 -----§;§,-- 7.1
Total 15.9 14.9 14.2

 

 

Petticoats and slips seemed to be fairly h0pular, for
58 girls had an average of 3 each. The younger girls had the
most, averaging nearly 4 while the two older groups averaged
only 2.

The bathrobes were usually of heavy blanket cloth and
vere found in the wardrobes of 34 of the girls. Every girl in
the yrs-school group owned one, but the average for the other
tto grougs was only .8 rer child. Kiuonos seemed quite
obsolete. Only 4 girls had them.

Pajaaas were much more torn than night-gowns. Forty-
three girls had worn pajamas or sleepers during the year,
averaging 4 each, while only 15 girls had worn nigntdresses,
with an average of 5; each. The number of slesping garnents

worn during the year averaged 5 for the whole group.

 

 

 

 

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NH 0.239

m sceilaneous

Dress protectors such as a rons and bibs he’s found to
be much more prevalent in the first two EIOUfB than in the third.
The average “as 52 for the first two groups. The bibs here
higher in the first class (4 per child) and loder in the econd

1

class (32 per Child).

Half of the girls had bathing caps and one third of them

had bathing slippers.

Home Sewing

It is sometimes thought that rothers of moderate income
families do little home se.ino. In view of he results from
these data, that assumption is substantiated. Although 41 of the
45 mot. are made at least one article for t1 sir child's wardrobe,
four of the 41 mothers made only one garment. Half of the aothers
made nine or fewer garhents for their daughters. Nineteen of these
45 mothers regorted at least one tareent made over.

This shall hunter of mothers doing hone sewing does not

nec Marily Lean that the girls did not have hOme dads clothing

(I)

in the wardrobes. In several cases grand others, aunts, and
friends had given then hc.cmade garaents. When these are considered
the average number of home made garments per girl increases from
10.0 to 11.5.

Of these gifts, aprons were the host numerous with 14 of
the 36 holemade aprons being :re ents. Ei ight of the 17 gairs of
homemade mittens were knit by friendsa .dB of the 6 homemade coats

were gifts. Dresses were also very pOQular as gifts (19 of the

v. 4-.

be.
homemade ones) and bathrobes, petticoats, bibs and nigntQOnns
were given in varying numbers.

By far the most numerous articles of clothing nade

in the home for children were dresses. Some mothers made as
many as 12 and 13 pantie dresses for their daughters. Of all
the dresses, 33 per cent of ‘he gantie dresses were homemade
and 40 per cent of he one ;iece dresses. Although half of the

aprons (531 were honesade, nearly half of these were rifts

Cf

from outside he fenily and so do not she; the sewing done by
the mothers. One 6 year old girl had only one agron which she
ghad made herself at school. She was very proud of it, and took
it off when she sent out to play.

Only 23 per cent of the bibs were homenade, even
though they would seen to be a very easy article to make. As
a rule, however, the mothers found furchased ones inex,ensive
and easier to keep clean, esgecially nhen they were made of

Of the underclotning, slips, being straight and easy
to sew, were the host often made (43%) and then came bloomers
and ;anties :ith 21 per cent honeuade.

Of the sleeping garments, it was surprising that
nearly 65 per cent of the nigntgosns eere nade at hone. These
were usually for the very ears leather in the summer and were
often made of thin crege or plain cotton cloth. he gajauas,
hOSever, for winter were usually purchased and of tne sleeper
type with the feet knitted in. Only 11 per cent of them eere

homemade.

TABLE X

Number of Home Made and Made Over Garments
for Girls of Different Age Groups

 

 

 

__“Qar§§nt§ homemade Garments madeover Total
Age groups in years Age groups in years homemade
2-3 M-S 6-7 Total 2-3 h-S 6-7 Total and
madeover
Winter coat 2 H - 6 l 3 3 7 13
Summer coat 2 - - 2 l l - 2 14
Fall and Spring coat 6 2 - 8 2 1 3 6 1M
Slip-on sweater - - 3 3 l - - l M
Zipper suit — - - - - l - 1 l
Leggings - l l 2 - - — - 2
Mittens h 12 1 17 - - - - 17
Beret, hat, helmet 3 l - h - 9 l l 5
One piece dresses MS 25 12 85 3 5 2 10 95
Pantie dresses 8h h1 21 1M6 2 - 3 5 ' 151
Sun suits 2 - - 2 - - - - 2
Overalls 1 - - 1 - — — - l
Skirts 2 - - 2 - 2 5 7 9
Blouses l - - 1 - - - - 1
Aprons 9 2O 7 36 - - - - 36
Beach pajamas - — 2 2 - - - - 2
Combination suits 3 1 - h - l - l 5
Underwaists - 2 - 2 - - - 2
Bloomers and panties 2h 12 9 M5 - - - - MS
Petticoats and slips 28 ll 13 52 - - - - 52
Bathrobes 3 1 2 6 - - - - 6
Pajamas lO 7 5 22 - - - - 22
Night gowns 32 l 2 35 - - - - 35
Bibs 8 2h - 32 1 6 - 7 39
Garters - 1 1 2 — - - - 2
Total number of
garments of all 27;3 166 79 517 11 2o 17 us 566
kinds
Number of girls 18 15 10 M3 5 7 7 19

represented
Number garments per

girl represented 15.05 11.h2 6.58 11.h6

 

.61 1.33 1.u1 1.06 12.53

 

31.

If to tne acnenade garments are added tlose nade over,
the total of homemade garnents :er enild increases from 11.5 to
18.5. Tnese figures do not indicate a very large percentage of
garments made over. In the nain, winter, fall and spring coats
were the most often made over. Next came the dresses and then
the heavy shirts that were very often of wool for tne girls to
rear with blouses and slip-on—s eaters.

It is interesting to see no; the amount of home sewing
done decreased with the age of the child and the size of the
family. From Table XI, below, it can be noticed that as the
number of brothers and sisters increased the number of garments
made for the wardrobe decreased, but th number of garments

made over per child increased.

Table XI.

Comparison of the Amount of Eons Seeing ser Girl
Wit; tne Number of Older Brotnere and Sisters
in tne Family

 

 

 

 

gee of girls in3years
-3 "1- -

 

 

3
Number of brothers and sisters 16 19 25

fl

Number of garments made yer girl
for wardrobe 15.05 11.43 6.58

Number of garments made over
per girl .61 1.33 1.41

 

 

 

“a-.. - --.-.- -—-.-~---——-—.--- "'7 .— —-—-—.—.- ’.-

03
L1 1

Ga £13213“ 8 Hit"- ..e ‘1. 9939

"Is there any relation betneen the nuaber of older
brothers and sisters in a fanily and the nunber of garaents
handed dean?" is a question very often as had itnen speaking of

garments being worn by more than one child.

Table XII

Com;arison of Number of Older Children in the Family
With the Number of Handed Donn Ga rnents ger Girl St died

 

— — —- -”_—

 

 

gee of girls ipJ'firs___
7-5 ‘ 4-3" “6-7
Number of older children 13 ll 15
Number of older sisters 7 6 6
Number of garments handed down
per girl. 4.61 4.53 5.16

 

 

‘.‘v- ———-—-.——---.o — -—v—"-——-

To answer this question the briter has worked out the
table above snoning the number of older brothers and sisters in
each aroup con,ared bite the number of aarnents handed donn per
onild. Here it nay be noticed that in the 4-5 year age group,
then the nunber of older brothers and sisters decreased, the
number of garments handed den also decreased. This fact may
indicate that as tne number of older brothers and sisters
increases the average number of gar r:ents nznied do .n increases

(although the amount of hone sening decreases).

J

chan e n-ay be more de.:endent u on the other

(1

Hence, tn' g

‘Uembers cf tne family than u; on a Change in the type of clothing

torn (which night be acre durable in character).

35.

These data also tend to shoe that between the ages
3-? there is no garticular age at nhion cnildren outgrow their
garments faster than in another stage.

There are three sasons why a garment may be handed
down. The child may have groan so fast that she could not
00mplete wear'ng out the garment, or the garment say have been
seldom worn, or it may have been well made and of especially

a

to analyze Taole

917
p.
w

durable material. An attem;t will be m
XIII with these facts in mind.

The most striking thing to be noticed aboat the out-
of-door garments is that 2 of the 5 summer coats were handed
down. The fact that there were only 5 surmer coats for tne 45
-girls would shoe that tney were not very popular, but the fact
also that of these 5, 2 mere handed down shoes that they rere
not aucn worn or needed by the children. Sweaters seem to have
taken their-:lace.

Here it was found that only 5 of the SO slip-on-
sweaters, or 6 per cent, were handed denn, and only 1 of the 83
button-up sueaters, or 3 per cent, were handed down.

There snould be no question. that tne reason 14 per
cent of the raincoats were handed dOnn would be the snort time
they were born and the.gronth of the child from year to year.

The largest number of important garments handed doen'
was of dresses where 25 of the 619 dresses were previously aorn.
This number, however, only represented 4 per cent of all the
dresses torn.

One sixth of the heavy skirts of tne girls mere handed
down (4 of the 34). This was probably due to tne third reason
stated above, namely that they were nade of good duality wool

material.

TABLE XIII

54.

Number and Type of Handed Down Garments in Girls' Wardrobes

 

 

Number Total Percent of handed
Garments handed number down garments of
down worn tdtal_number worn
A. Outer garments
Winter coat 5 56 9
Summer coat 2 5 MO
Spring and fall coat 2 36 5
Raincoat 2 1h 1h
Slip-on-sweater 5 80 6
Button sweater l 29 3
Leggings 2 27 7
Gloves 1 2h u.5
Beret and toque 6 101 5
B. Dresses and playsuits
Dresses 10 257 5.9
Pantie dresses 15 36? .1
Sun suits h 35 11
Swimming suits 3 36 8
Shirts u 2 16.9
Aprons 5 69 7
Hai rribbons 3 136 2
Handkerchiefs 31 1475 6
Bibs 3 135 2
C. Undergarments and sleeping
garments
Undershirts 5 31 16
Underwaists h 55 7
Combinati onsuits 7 108 6
Unionsuits 6 152 3.8
Bloomers, panties 7 212 3
Slips 5 122 h
Bands 5 28 1709
Pajamas 8 185 h
Nightgowns 2 5h 3
Bathrobes 7 MO 17
Kimonos 2 5 ho
D. Footwear
Sandals 3 23 13
Oxfords 2 23 8
Houseslinners 3 50 6
Galoshes 6 MM 13
Rubbers 3 . MI 7
Stockings 9 218 h
Socks 19 hh3 h
Total 213 3 .169 6.7
Number garments per girl h.73 70.h 6.7

 

35.’

The small percentages of combination suits, union
suits and panties handed doan inlicates that few of tnese were
outgrown before they were worn out.

From the percentage standgoint, bands and undershirts
run somewhat higher (18 and 16 per cent resgecti ely). It may be
due to the fact that at a certain stage in groxth, these garments
are discarded as babyish and outgrown before hey are worn out.

Pajamas and nightdonns seem usually to be norn out
cefore they are handed down, but bathrobes and kimonos were not.
Seven of the 40 bathrobes (17%) were handed down, probably dae to
a combination of all three of the reasons aentioned. Only 8 of
the 5 kimonos were handed-down rhich indicates that they are as
ungo;ular as the summer coats discussed above.

It is inte_esting to notice that the most seasonal of
footgear, namely, san’als and galoshes, mere the most often
handed down (13 per cent in both cases). It is undodbtedly due
to tne short time a child needs to wear them. The fact that so
few shoes were handed doun shows how quickly a child wears them
out. Very few of the stockings lasted long enough to be handed

down.

. 36.
Types and Numbers of Boys' Garments.

The problem of clothing the boys is a different one
from that of the girls. It will be studied under the same
tepics as used in the {revious discussion for girls. This
section discusses the number and type of garments sorn by the
boys, the number of garments homemade and made over and the
number handed down.

In looking at Table XIV, probably the most surprising
thing to be noticed is that the number of winter coats increases
up to the 6-7 year period, and then suddenly drOps to less than
one cost per boy. In this age group, however, there is a new
article of clothing, the jacket, that substitutes for tne winter
coat, and to some extent for the fall and spring coats as well.
For tne fall and spring coats a decrease from .6 per child in th
4-5 year group to .3 per child in the 6-7 year group is sheen.

Obviously, the boys have no summer coats, although they
do have on the average over one button or heavy sneater per child.
During the 6-7 year period, hohever, even these button or heavy
smeaters decrease in number, probably due to the substitution of
the iaoket and also the heavy 3 piece tool suite that 5 of the 16
boys in this group have. Leggings, sweater suits, and_ziu;er
suits gradually decrease with he age of the boy.

Of the he'dnear f0 tne boys, helmets here the most

oer child. hen came the caps

A

H

popular nith an average of .8
with an average of .6 per child, increasingly p0pular with the
age of the boy. Tame and berets were the most numerous in the
gre-school group, helmets in the kindergarden groug and helmets

and caps egually in the school group of boys.

s7.

 

 

 

 

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macs: cHaAo nmueaano he mo new no son Mo non no
new hem umpasz hopapz Aegean hopapz umpspz nopanz Aegean Augean

 

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sHu sagas

Mittens iere aeaarently very important to the boys
for each had an average of txo fairs. These nere alaost egually
distributed among the different age grougs.

It is interesting in looking at Table XV, to notice a
further Change in the tyne of garaent rorn by boys as the age
increases. For instance, the short- -legged suits decrease in
number from 11 per boy to 9% and then to 5% her boy for the

three age groups resgectively. This decrease is baralleled by

a similar increase in the nunber of trousers and blouses.

Table XV

NuKLber of Boys' Suite for Different Age Groups

 

-w—--—-—- -— .-————--.—'v’.-—--—-..-'— ’-”"-.- ---v"’mfi--r-.0_ — w—. O.- - - —-—

Ages. of boys in years

"-m‘

 

3-3 4-5 6-?

Short legged suits 10.9 9.4 5.4
Blouses and 3 piece suits 1.73 4.06 6.9
Play suits 8-9fi-----§;9}-.,.-§;9
Total ' 20.63 18.89 15.3

- - '- ---—-—---—'—.‘-r- - .s---—L~--- --- -—---~—’ ’ .r- - -.- —n..-—.--—-. .0. -.~--.-- ----n- — 'm

Here it may be seen that as the boy gets to the 6-7 year
period the s ort legged suit did"“366re, and the trousers nith
blouses and the 3 piece tool suite take its place as the main
type of clothing worn. The clothing of the boy becomes nore
mannish in character. The other glay suits gradually decrease
from nearly 9 to 3 per child. This fact shone as well a change
in awount of laundry of the family.

In Table XVIit may be noticed that only 42 of the 47
boys are re; orte d as having everyday cotton suits. It may be a

so rce of nonder vhat the others wore. The 5 boy 'n'ithout cotton

39.
suits her e iistr icute d inoné the diffs ant age grougs. The first
child vore all rompers and play suite. The other four wore
coveralls, and trousers with blouses.

In studying the boys' suits themselves, the siuilarity
of gar rnents be tween the age s 2-3 and 4-5 can be noticed. Both
age groups have an ave rage of aggroximately 7 everyday cotton
suits per child. Next to the cotton suits, the tool ones are
hL nest in hunter 11th an average of 2 for each child of tne 5-3

1 . .
awe group and of nearly 1; for each boy of tne 4-5 age group.

D

(f)

, ecial suits (of silk, linen and velvet) were not very grevalent
as sho n in Table XYIahe re they averaged .6 ger boy with the most
in the first txo age groups.

Coveralls were far more often worn than overalls. There
xere nearly two coveralls to one pair of overalls in the first
and hird age groups and over tso for the second age grou“.

Because the sunsuits and bathing suits were worn as
substitutes for each other, they :ill be considered to( tl1er.
Nearly every boy of the 4? had either a sunsuit or a bathing suit.
The sunsuits naturally decreased ith the age of the child and
the bathing suits corresgondi n Qy increased. The boys averaged
1.5 suits each (1.5, 1.7, 1.3 for the three age grours

espectively).

It is surprising to notice that each of the boys here
wore an average of from 6 to 7 gairs of the different kinds of
foctéear daring the year. Of these, Oxfords nere sue; the most

q

r coy. Shoes were

*(‘i
( D

tnnflerséjy worn averaging over 1.5 gairs

much preferred to the Oxfords For the ages 2-3, the averaée

L*o.

 

 

 

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H>x mamas

number per boy was 1.8 for the shoes and .6 for Oxfords. This

fact is 310 sasly aue to mothers bLlievina s oe s give hore si3jort

as 4-5, oxfords are such

01:

to young angles than Oxfords. For a
preferred to shoes, the aver 5e numeer 3er child being 8.4 Oxfords
to .5 shoes. For the 6-? age group, a falling off is found in
the number of both the shoes and the oxfords worn (1.7 for Oxfords
and .2 for shoes). Tl ere is, however, a decided increase in the
number of tennis shoes and high t03s worn, the average nunber per
child of this age group being .9 for tennis shoes and .6 for
high tops. The tennis shoes were required for gymnasium work at
school.

Nearly all of the high tOps were in the 7 year group
(5 of the 6 boys). 81113 are and sand Els together, were worn acre
in the 2-3 year group than oxfords.

Nearly all of t-e boys had one rair or more of bedroom
slippers. They aVeraged exactly ne pair fer child. Thirty-
eight of the boys had at least one fair of galoshes (averaging

1 1

.9 per child) and 39 of them had at least one 3air of ru u- are
nhich avera; ed one gair 3er child. In two cases there here boots
for ylay.

The largest number of 3airs of hosiery worn came in the
gre-school group tith an average of 14 3airs in the tardrobe. The
other the age grou3e averaged 13 3airs.

In these studies cotton socks were tne most numerous,
averaging 5 pairs per child. Cotton stockings averaged nearly 4
iairs 3-er child and anklets ave raged E; gairs per child.

Only 7 of these boys had silk ani wool socks to be

worn during the tinter, but 18 of them had silk and wool

stockings, averaging nearly 4 3airs each.

M2,

 

 

 

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43.

Nearly all of tLe-e boys had sone form of either round
or long garters (36 of the 47) but only 7 of them had an form
of garter belt or stra3s.

In considering underclotning, it will be noticed that
the number of union suits increased from the 2-3a age group :here
the average is 4 per child, to 7 in the other t o groug: s. This
fact is 3robably due to more sli3 over ba. .ds- being morn during

the earlier teriod and also harder sear on the underclothing in

A

E).

PA

the other tao perio
'lhere also is a change in the fiber in union su its as
the child grOns older. The silk and .001 union suite noticeably
decrease a. bile the leavy end lizht cotton suits incr ease in
number uitn the ag e of the boy.
Shirts, bands and se3arate under 3anties or snorts

ar very little earn a ter the 3- -3 year 6roup huilé undereaists

(I)

sloxly decrease in in;ortance

There is a 510d but general decline in the number of
boys wearing bathrobes from the 2-3 to the 6-7 age group. Teenty-
'ix of the 45 boys had them, averaging .6 per boy.

The :aj ar we for boys eere usually of the else

"i ‘(

sonetines in one 3iece and sonetixes in tho. The boy , on the
average, more nearly 5 fairs during the year.
Night shirts and gonnsiere ;orn by a decreasing number
of boys as the 'ge increased e.nd the number of pajaaas torn increased.
Of the accessories, he number of neckties and hand-
kerchiefs per child incr aeed tit; tne age of the boy, nhile

ecreeeed.

p.

scarfs, serene and bibs

nu.

 

 

 

 

 

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45.

Home Sewing

 

q

Of the 47 boys' eardrobe s st adied, the nunber of hone

made earrents found was surprisingly small. Fourteen of th

0
wardrobes contained no homemade earn uents at all. Only one had
over 14 and tho-thirds had ies than 4 gern.ents aade in the home.

02

Of the out- of-door garxnen its, einter coats were the host
often hade, 15.6 per cent of those torn. Only one zi33er suit was
homemade, b at there were 4 sli3-on-sneate rs, 4 3ieces of headwear,
and 11.:airs of mitt en s. The latter were often knit by others
and given to tr .e Children.

Of the indoor clothing, boys' suits were the most often
made (3 9 of the 403, or 7 3er cent of the total number worn
during he year). Although only 19 pairs of trousers were made

for the boys, these re.res nted 33 3e" cent of tne number worn

b

q

(19 of 91). Tiese Here usually of the straight, ane -len th ty3e

(O

that were fairly easy to me-ke . Nearly half of the romgers (48.
9

per cent) and over half of the night gowns and night shirts

(57.5 per cent) were constructed at han. Probably the reason so

e in the here :as that tney were easily

()1

many of these were ma
const ucted garments.
The boys' wardrobes averaged 3 homemade garments and
nearly 3 made over ones.
Sfring and fall, and tints r coats were tre most often
made over of the outdoor garments with blouses anl trousers

oer cent of the

q
at

(x)

running high for the indoor garnents. Here
trousers worn by the boys were made over. This larger 3ercentage
is 3robably due to the custom of transforming worn out men's

trousers into boys' tailored trousers as was practiced in nany

M6.-

 

 

 

 

Table XX
Yuuber of Home Made and Made Over Garments
for Boys of Different Age Groups
Garments hqmegage__‘ Gaggsn§s_§qde.qyer__ Total
Age grouns in years Age Frouns in years homernde
2-3 h—B 6-7 Total 2—3 h-S 6-7 Totol and
._n - _ -_._.,___._..---"., measure:
A. Outer Garments
Winter coat 6 1 1 s h 1 0 5 13
Fall & spring coat — - - - 2 3 2 7 7
Jackets - - - - - - 1 1 1
Zinner suit - - 1 1 - - - 1
Leasinss - - - - - - 1 1 1
Button sweaters - 1 - 1 - - - - 1
Slip-on—sweeters h - - M - — - — M
Headwear 2 2 - h 1 1 - 2 6
Mittens 3 5 3 11 - - - - 11
Scarf - l - l - - - - 1

B. Suits and undergarments

Boys' suits 12 7 10 29 3 1 3 7 36
Trousers 7 - 12 19 3 6 9 15 37
Blouses - - - 1M 2 2 18 18
Play suits 1 5 - 6 - - - — 6
Sunsuits - l - 1 - l - 1 2
Romners 22 - - 22 - -- - - 22
Bibs 2 - — 2 - 12 - 12 1h
Underwaists - - 5 5 ~ - - - 5
Panties & shorts - - - — 8 - - 8 8
Nightshirts 1M 9 — 23 2 - - 2 25
Aprons - - - - 6 - - 6 6
Pajamas, coveralls.)

bathing suits, )- 1 1 2 - - 3 3 5
bathrobe,garters, )

house slinuers )
Knit socks 3 - - 3 - - - - 3
Total number of

garments of 311 76 33 33 122 M3 27 21 91 233
kinds -
Number of boys

reoresented 12 11 10 33 7 6 6 22

Number garments
per boy 6.3 3.0 3.3 U.3 6.7 h,5 3.5 h.1
represented

Number garments

per M7 boys 5.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.3 1.9 h.9

 

 

47.

of the homes visited. Bios and anties also ran fairly hi 5h as

earnents made froa old aaterials.

c.

Garrents-h.nded DOAD

”u— .—” —

The re sults of this study on the garments handed down

to the 47 boys are sur; risir .3 in view of the generally accepted

\

idea t1-at boys are hard on their clothir g and, t: erefore, wear
them out before outgroaing teem. In these cases, an average of
8.4 garnents per boy were handed down. Of these, nctever, the
greater number came in the 8-3 year group where there were 13
handed down garments per boy. The number decreased by half for
the 4-5 year group and ren ained nearly the sa me for the -7 year
group (6. 4 and 5.7 garments per boy res;e ctively). Four-fiftns
of the boys (39 of 47) possessed at least one article handed down.

Of the outdoor garments for boys, winter coats :ere the
moat often handed down (16 of 51, or 1/3 of those worn during the
year). Next, grOportionately, cane tne fall and sgring coats,
.1th 6 of tne 65 torn oe1n5 ;aseed down. Le55in5s and headgear
ran fairly hi5n, about 1/5 bein5 second handed.

Very fee mittens were handed down, 3.6 per cent, (4 of
109 mittens worn) snorin5 that the boys had no difficulty in
wearing these out by themselves. Eleven 9 er cent of the slip-on
sweaters and 7 per cent of the button ei.ea ers were second handed.

Of the indoor outer garments for boys, suits were the
most numerous of these handed down, with 47 of the 4:2 worn, or
11.6 per cent. This numb er is over twice as many as the number of
girls' dresses handed donn, averagin5 4 per cent of tee total sorn.
Tee lar5e nun.b er of boys' suits handed down is ,robably gartly due

to the decided cnange in the type of clothing worn by the boys,

 

Table XXI.

 

 

Number end Tyne of Handed Down Currents in Boys' Wardrobes
Total Total Per cent
handed eernents bended
down worn down of

those worn
A. Outer Varments.
Winter coats 16 51 31.3
Fall end snring Coats 6 23 26.0
Fain coat 1 11 9.0
Zineer suit 2 20 10.0
Legrings H 21 19.0
Button sweeter U 53 7.M
Slip-on-sweeter 7 62 11.3
Headgear 22 135 15.1
B. Suits and Play suits
Boys' suits M7 U02 11.6
Trousers 8 91 8.8
Blouses 11 161 6.9
Coverells 10 90 11.1
Overalls 7 29 2h.1
Swimming suits 9 3M 26.u
Play and sun suits 6 73 8.2
C. Underclothing and night wear
Light cotton suits, B.V.D. 12 139 8.9
Heavy cotton suits M 113 3.5
Undershirts 3 35 .9
Underwaists 1h 53 26.M
Shorts - -- --—«
Bathrobe 11 31 35.u
Pajamas 37 228 16.2
Nishtshirts 8 ho 20.0
D. Footgeer
Oxfords 3 76 3.9
Slineers and shoes 5 55 9.1
Hightons 3 11 27.2
Houseslipners 6 b7 12.8
Boots 2 2 100.0
Socks 36 333 8.2
Stockings .13 266 5.9
Gnloshes 5 to 12.5
Rubbers 5 h? 10.2

 

 

Total Per cent
Total garments handed
handed worn down of
down, rqee'worn
E. Miscellaneous
Mittens h 109 3.6
Scarf 16 30 53.3
Aprons 8 16 50.0
Bibs 6 136 u.u
Garters 2 75 2.5
Heckties 1 61 1.6
Tandkerchiefs 31 352 8.9
Total garments 395 3597 10.08
Number ,arments handed down
Der M7 boys 8.36 76.5 10.98
Number ac ments handed down
uer children renresented 9.77

Krmber of children reuresented 39.

beginning with the 4-5 a5e group through the 6-7 a5e 5roup, there
suits are disglaced by trousers and blouses.

As mi5ht be exgected, about 1/4 of tne bathing suits and
overalls were handed down, shoein5 that these were not much worn.
Of the trousers, only 8. 8 er cent, and of the coveralls, 11 per
cent Lere handed down.

Considering the underclothin5, the under aists apparently

I‘

(D

C

(b

ived the least azount of hard sear for over 1/4 (14 of 53)
were passed dozn Nearly 91er cent of the summer unionsuits,
compared to 3.5 :er cent of the heavy union suits, were second
handed, sec .ing t-.at there was comparatively a shorter time in
which the boys wore the li5ht‘ueigit union suits and, therefore,
outgres then more quickly.

Th. fact that slightly over half of the boys (26 of 47)

.of these over a third were handed down, 5oes to

{1.

had Mat robes an
show they mere not very goyuler with the boys.

Obviously, tne shoes tnat are the nost suitable for all
occasi ns for tJB DO"8 are the see often handed doen. Only 3.9

per cent of tne Oxfords, as con are d to 9 :er cent of the Bliyédrd

OJ

and $4088 and 18 :er cent of the durable, ut exgensive hi5h toys
morn eere handed do n. Of the house slippers, 16.8 per cent were
handed dean. The comparatively large percenta5e of the galoshes
(12.5 per cent) and rubbers (13.8) handed doan may be due to tne

older boys discardin5 them for high to;s in tne snowy weather.

Askin5 a5ain the Question, Is there any relation
betneen the number of older brothers and sisters in the family
and the number of garnents handed down? a schewnat different

picture angears for the boys than for the girls.
Table XXII

COmjarison of N‘s er of Older Children in the Faaily
With the Number of Handed Down Garments per Boy Studied

 

Ages of boys in years

 

 

3-3 4-5 647
Number of older children 13 ll 15
Number of older brothers 6 5 9
Number of garments handed down
per boy 15.3 6.4 5.8

 

Here the aVerage number of garments handed down per
boy 'ecreases with his age re5ard1ess of the number of older
brothers and sisters in the famil", snare for the girls it
increases.

This tends to snow that, in the case of handed down
garments for boys, more degends ugon the age of the boy and
the type of garments worn than u;on the number of older brothers
and sisters in the family; also that the older brothers, from
5 to 7 years of age, are harder on their clothing and, ugerefore,

do not have as much to pass on as the younger brothers did.

 

in knoniné

‘)1

Many of tee notners questioned were intereete
new their chilirens' wardrobes coe;ared ritn thOse of other
children, both in content and in cost. Because so few of these

\Legt a re cord of their ex e1ditures, it was hard for tnem to

.now even toe amount of Honey s;ent in one 'ear for their

b‘v

\cnildrene' clotnin . The data collected are analyzed nere with
. 8
{this in mind.

As has been stated before, the record of costs of tne

arious garments here ..as de;endent upon tne memory and estimates

(v
10f the mctners, and, therefore, cannot be said to be accurate.

/ Some averages have been worked out, no ever, on tne tneory tnat
\ the garnente estinated at too nian a cost would counterbalance
f tnOse estimated at too low a cost.

\ To determine the nornal fiaures for tne cost of tne
5nardrobe, tne x.e dian or middle figure and the mean, or average
Kfigure, mere found for both the total original cost of tne
/:ardrobe and tie amount agent on it in One-year. Tie :edian

\ figure for cost, it was tnougnt, would eliminate the effect of

\axtreze cases of very low or very :‘gh exyeniitures.

Girls

Altnough the number of cases for tne girls gas small
(45) it is believed these data are fairly accurate as tnere aere
very few extrer e case a either high or low.

It is interestiné to notice in Table XXI; tnat tne
median figu res for both the original cost of the .ar roses and
the exgenditure in one year gradually increases with the age

period.

 

3
5

 

 

 

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was H soc
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55.
In the mean figures, where the extrene cases have more
influence, the averages do not run on a gradual increase, but the

mean for the age group 6-7 decreases over that for tne age group

4-5. In general, for these cases, the mean original cost of

H)

ELI

(KI

girls! clothing worn in one y rom the ages 3_7 ran frow
$33.93 to $96.67.

The mean cost of clothing for one year ran from $58.63

C"
O

f!)
U]
(t)
'.J
O)

The median figures ran a little lower in both cases,
being $74.70 to $86.73 for the original cost and $46.35 to $56.54
for the cost of the wardrobe in one year. The nedian cest of the
wardrobe in one year averages 63 her cent of the median original

5

cost. In other words, 60 per cent of the clothing was {urchased
new eacn year.

In considering the range of ;rice, it must be remembered
the majority of this clothing was gurohased frOm August, 589 to

August, 1351, xhen the 00st of children's clothing was on the

downward trend. Therefore, a gre-ter range in grice for clothing

I

can be exgeoted than if the price level had been constant.

From Table XXI it may be noticed winter coats give the
widest range in yrice. The mother wno yaid the least gaid $3.95 fa
raid the nost gaid

b

a coat in the 6—7 year group while the one Who
$13.75 for a coat in the 3-3 year group. Age of the child had
very little to do 11th the cost of th‘ coats in these cases. The
price for fall and s;ring coats ranged from $5.35 to £14.50 uith
both the lowest and highest fricee coming in the 4-5 year group.

It was surprisinf hat the averave COsts Of winter coats

C

(0

purcha ed in the winters of 1 39-30 and 1933-31 fOr all classes
were similar, being £8.83 for the first winter and $9.76 for the
second :inte . Here the diffs ence may be due to the fact that

the Children were one year older, in each case for the second year,

1.)".

and, therefore, the grice may have averaged higher for larger sizes.
Zippers uits r nged in trioe from $1.35 to $15.30, both

limits of the range coming in the 4-5 year group and sneater suits

a'ged from $3.30 to $6.95 Witfl both liiits codin

year group. From this liaited study the inference may be drawn

that there is a rider range of rrice within the age grcuys than
between the age groups. This assumption may be due to the fact
that prices of garments are de endsnt uyon so many nore factors
than size, such as kind of material, ylace furcnased, time surchased,
whether at tne beginning of the season or on a s..1e, the reyutation
of the crand of goods, etc. To su ‘ort tr is assum tion, it was
found that both the ugger and loser limits of the entire .rice
range of a garment-occurred 13 tines in the 3-3 year group, 9

times in the 4-5 year group, and 6 times in the 6-7 year group,

of a possible 60 kinds of garments. This fact sould present, also,
a new assum~tion,nane1y, that t here is a gre “ er cnoice in price

of garuents in the 2-3 year group than in the otne groups.

(0

‘U

Of the headre t st range of :rice ass in the

$13

I, the gre
hats, and the least difference in gr rice ass in bonnets and helmet

Of the indoor garments, the set range in grice can
in the everyday cotton dresses, costing from $. 89 to $5.03. Here
the most exgensive dress 00st over ten tines as much as the
cheajest. This variation as s undouote dly due to the aide difference
in duality of material, workmanship, and type of garnsnt fossihle
to purchase.

Cotton gantie dresses can 3 next ;itn a variation of six
tines the ecst, ranging frOm ;.49 to $3.55.

Special and silk one giece dresses, sunsuits, bathing

1

suite and jaysuits also had a hide range of prices, the highest

 

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x a. yr ”83'1“ . ..

 

C'C—w-"T ..— fl

’1

o. Undorclothing, Sleeping garments

Ulionsuits

£~ Cotton, summer
Cotton, heavy

55 Silk and wool
13 Undershirts
a; Bands
._ Comb ina t io n 811 it s
' Um e rwai s t s
<y~ Separate'bloomers, panties
L~ Petticoats
'5 Bathrobes
1;, {imonos
; stsmuis
‘ Nightgowns

D. Footwear and hosiery

i0 Shoes
5 Slippers
5* Oxfords
5* Sandals
*5, Galosnos
53‘ Rabbers
Bedroom slippers
" Hosiery
Socks, cotton
5+ . Sodrs, silk and wool
3 Anklets
2+ Stockings, cotton
55 Stockings, silk-and wool
Garters '
Garter belt

 

5 .25- 1.00
.50- 1.95
'1.49~ 2.50
.25- .79
.25- .75
.25- 1.95
.25- 1.00
.10- .95
.25- 1.95
1.00— 5.00
1.50-2.50
.25— 2.25
.55- 2.00

1.65- 4.95
1.00— 4.00
1.00- 4.00
.49- 2.95
1.50- 4.50
.60- 1
.59- 5.0

.15— .59
.55-'l.25
.05- .50

- .50

* Factor of

variation

NZU
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grice Will 30 into the highest one.

 

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O"

“rices ave ra“ing 5 and 6 tires tiose of the 10 est.

0f the footwear, bedroom slinjers had the greatest

. . It, , A II". A a q -1 1 2 . .- ' .
range in price, from 5.5: to e5._0, prooaoiy cue to tne erouginb
tOgetnsr of all kinds of bedroom sli;,ers, reaariless of the

....4. -— .m -‘ -- “"‘4! 1‘ I‘ - " b .5 - A ' i 1(-
matdrlal 0f nulcn one; held male. Eadaals raneci Irom Q.&3

to 55.95, the hi onest grioe being 6 tines tnat of tne lOWest.

(D

:osie ry led a fairly Hide rang of ,rices, nith anklets

in rang

(1!

cf-

tne iiiest ani cotton socks the narrones

Tnen stuigri ing tne boys' narirobes, acre extreme cases
were found. In one instance, a boy 3 years 011 had an $35.00
fur coat that had seen éiven to him by healthy grand-garents.

In another case, the mother of a boy of 7 stated ner son' 3 ward-

(u
(u
{.1

robe was at a ninimum, which state en» a;; ar~ true enough.
Here every garment was planned for and s.ade to 10 full service
before beirr discarded (1). Such cases as these have affected

to scre extent, the lean ani median fi ures of costs for tn

In the 47 cases obtained, tne oriiinal cost ranged
froi $75.8l to $33.23, nhiOn aii not increase for the 6-? age
5r0up. The medians for tne cost to tne family in one year ranbea
from $35.0 to $47.49, increa sing with each age group. The
melians for tie cost of tne narirobe in one year average 53 :er

ent of the neiian oriéinal cests of the wardrobe. (Jence, about
53 per cent of “are roses vmns :urcnased nee each year; therefc e,
tne average garments last tho years.)

Tne mean costs of the tararobes are n'ghe , snoglng the

.C‘ A J. ..c ... .1, 4— .“, ‘ ,-. -. . -. .-. 5 - A 1 -: - .-= 1 fl " ‘
afieot oi entreie cases. The neans for the oiibinal costs 01 tne

(1) Kosher was a Kore Ec onOaiCs Ore .iuate.

4.44
p. r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mo.mm .moflss dnmwcspm o.m«upwoo new poopufie .m. one pence¢
“.4“
He.mm .GOflpsH>nd daddies) m.m « pnoo How an“; .m. m mo padoe<
.mm.smflm o4 mesa4m snap magmas HH44 an
vmfidaocfl ma amp“ mfinp mH .waaeo map 0» pmHmP moo HdH o..mmw cm wee moonw man» QH *
s.nmv an. s.» em.dofi m.mm nm.ns. an.oe4 es essesss
m.©ev mm.nnw fine Hepoa
m.em nn.me Ho.mw m.mm m¢.ue mw.ow ma bum
m.nm me.om nm.mn m.nm om.me mm.mm ma mse
n.4mv ow.ssav
a.mev mo.mem *mm.nmwv m.m¢ mo.mmw am.mnm ma mum
News- wmewlem- - - - --.-.- -- -... - - - .-.mmem. - mom 3.0- .4445..- 2-5..de
enjpad46 4%» HSnx mdo Hmnamfipo mampafiemmwm m: moo Hecamano mmmeo
-mm- mewwmmm. .. $4,683.. WWII-HM%LHF - no smegma. 3.4.4.».4mmw ”mm? - - Hesmlluoe no
.. -... ...i -:. .. 39me csm . . .. mmwb..- 3mm“. -....mbmrma
UefiwSpm whom be you menonflnms no mpnoo Gem use qwfifimn

bxx Danae

warirobes range from 379.57 to 339.31 with an average for all

the age grou1s of 335.35. Tne aeans for tne costs in one year

a;
C51
C)
O)

lirerisc are nicner t an tne median figures, ranéing from

to 350.48. From Table XXV it hill be noticed that tnese are
not arra oed in a naturally increasing order as would be
exgeoted. This arrangement may be due to the smallness of tne
group samgled.

It .111 also ce notie ed tnat tne gercentaae of the

(LH)
w

Irrcnas d in one year varied gr tly, the averaée being

J.

(I;

wardrobes
55.7 per cent of tne original cost. In other Lords, each
garment was worn apfiroximately two years.

To determine to wnat extent the mothers nad a cranes to

q

control the cost of tneir boys' Lardrcce, tne garments have o

(1)

en
listed in Table XXVI, snowing the range of ;rice of eacn kind or
ty;1e of ga r.r ent. Here is found a greater nrioe range than niént

be exgected. Due to the small size of the samele, it was not

tncug t advisable to separate tne different kinds of garments

according to the aaterial of which "hey were nade. For instance,

get m'er.

the wool, cotton, and fur winter coats rere listed to
In considering tne range of price for tne outdoor
garments, the greatest range is found in tne winter coats xnere

an 33 .OO fur coat, a g1: t to a 3 year old L1oy, is over 36 times

as eat in price as tne oneazest coat at 31.5 . Even if tne

0“}
H

furceat is not considu ed, tne ni nest zriced coat at 315.30
would be 10 times the cost of tne 10 est :riced coat at 31.50.
This act is ;robably due to tie great difference in asterials
and quality possible in winter coats.

easings an; button-up saeaters also nad a wide range,

“’09
tne nibnest price av1ra¢ing 7 and 8 times tne lowest price.

59.
Kittens and gloves had a surfrisinbly #133 range 41th

t to 33.03 for the most ex gensive. Here

On:

3.30 for tne onea;e
tr. are is a 4ide ra ng«e of material and type of hand covering
possible.

The most exnensive nat cost eleven time s as much as
the oneapest hat. In tnis case, also, hate of all kinds of
materials, seen as straw, tueed, and felt, were grouped tcgetner.
Berets and toques had the narrowest price ranges of tne headgear.

Everyday suits for ccys cost from 3.50 to 33.95 and
special suits (sucn as linen, and Sunday-best cc t ton suits) cost

‘

from 3.93 to 35.00, site a hiéner out narrOLer grice range

(6 times for every day suits, 5 times for s,ecial suits). Wool
suits for boys also had a side range, tne nost ex exisive being
6 times tne least ea,.e11sive.

COVsralls, playsuits and trousers all nad a range of
from 7 to 8 times tne grice.

Eignt03s 4ere tne nlbnsst in grice of the foct4ear
costing from 33.50 t0_$5.50, but tneir nianest cost see less
than twice the lowest. This small variation is grobably due to
the fact that higntcps are a fairly standardized article of

clc tning and triers is not as mucn variation in tne material and
construction possible as in boys' suits, for instance. In
general, the highest :rice for boys' footwear is not over tnree
times the lowest grice.

Of the underclctning, silk and tool union suits are

not only tne most expensiVe, ran5.n5 from 3 50 to 33.50, but also

(b

tne article saving tn- hidcet encic in grice. Tne low. st and

' (l.-

1 I

‘ia;w st griced articles not" cole 1n tne 2-3 year Urou; unis;
m1O‘Ns extreme cases, or a side variation in tne duality of

garment obtained.

 

 

*-

 

 

7: , 4r»
.4 . t.
I»
2
.4 J .
\' x.
.7 ‘
u “
._, .4 x.
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or”
7“ 3 ., : . 4
5:1 i it. 2‘ 5, C:
"‘ ...... " ‘2
uOV‘fi‘l "L J. S
overuiin
. \. I' 5..

Pleyeuits
Rompers
Trousers
Blouses

Shoes

Hightoos

Slippers

Oxfords

Sandals

Galoshes

Rubbers

Bedroom slinoers
Cotton socks

Silk and wool socks
Anklets

Cotton stoCkings
Silk and wool—stockings
Garters

Garter belt‘

Underclothing and Sleeoing garments

Unionsuits
Light cotton
Heavy cotton
Silk and wool

Undershirts
Bends
Underwsists
Separate panties
Bathrobes
Pajamas

_Nightgowns or shirts

Factor of variation means the number of
highest one.

a
)
. - Q‘
i ‘7 "V '7 .I
s ', .. 0' .
-/ ‘4. .
I _. ~ _/ r' . "
c 'I ‘ “I —" -_
a — .2“ v) 1 j
75“ ‘1 ,"'\l ‘-,
9 J/w *- 9 '4
. ._ ..- K,‘
I)? 3.. 'x‘ {we}
. L..\J 4.. o ..:_/
I‘." .. ...,“
.1 9'4 ,‘ 1."?‘34'
q A.
, QC}... ‘ v.5
z J 9 /
l "r "3 '1
. J- (as: {-9 15

0,20“ '75
3.50- .50
1.?5- .oo
1.39 .oo

. 453-» ":9
1.?5— . 5

.65- . 0

~
0

I
v.1 w is w 01 421:1 «C’
O

-...I

.1 (._

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0

fl
(
I
34.5
0
C) \fl 3:) O \J‘l \Jl C‘Q C) 15-1 K40
' A) C) C) k

3
We

.sss 1.00
.5o- ?.oo
.50~ 3.50
.25- “.so
.29- .85
.15- .75
.25- .50
1.50~ h.oo
.50- 3.00
.50- .?5

times the lo3

-4 .4”;— -

 

4.“
E.

V

3r-q pats-53
mire +

All?“

3*“ KM
‘5-

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u;

+ +

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Q m [‘0 K)! U\\-I\l \N
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3M:
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[‘33 KM kiwi W

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‘.44

._$_.

ng‘f (‘.l:\ "q

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Lt

 

61.
In general the gardents .nere tner is the least
:ossi4 le variation in rate rials use‘ 1, quality of 4orkmans hi1,
and tyge of garnent, have the narro4est 1rice range. The articles

of clotnizc of nichest cost tere 3001 three giece boys' suits,

D

‘8

winter coats, tall and egring coats, and zig1er suite. The
articles haviné the 4idest range of grice tere 4inter coats,
iats, and mittens. The articles having the lo est range of
price sere raincoats, sueatersuits, ro4pers, hiahtOgs, rubbers,

bands, separate ganties, and nibhtshirts.

C. Durability o§_Garrents

 

q

Because there are so many factors influencing the
durability of a aargent, it tes found tz‘1at very fe w 00‘. clusions
could actually be obtained frOm the data. It had been planned
to compare the cost of the gar '4ent, and the amount of rear hith
the condition of the garment. In the process of obtaining the
material, ho ever, it became increasingly evident that tne aneunt
and kind of wear could not be accurately obtained and, therefore,
the discussion on durability will be very limited.

There ajgears to be a definite lack of 1ure durability
studies of cnildres' s clothing. A scientific study in 4nicn the
tyge and construction of a garment an; the ty;e of sear it re-

eived could oe controlled, 4ould be valuable. Such a study,
however, hould not allow for gossiLle accidents to the garments
sucn as paint stains, tears, un. is4 laundering, etc. To find the
actual durability of a garment in use, a detailed study of gerhaps
two hundred of the same type of raruents, such as Loys' suits
or girls' dresses, would be nelgful.

In this study there was determined the a oroximate number
of 4.onths a child had :orn a garment, and roughly the kind of aear

ey dress, or

1..

4' «n- ' 4‘. ‘., '.4, r. .. r~ . ..
it had received, 4netner constait as an ever "

CC.

6

intermittent as a best or Sunday dress. In addition, the tyge of
garment and tie kind of rear received 4ere recoi rded.
Even in such a limited study, it was exgected cast the

tion of a garme nt and its ag would corresgond. In Figure I

L):
..1.

con
only everyday suits and dresses in fair condition 4ere used,
because tnese offered the argest number of cases of the wa4e ty
of garment. It was also expected that tne lengtn of near before
a garment would arrive at tne fair condition stage sould vary
according to the n m4er of otner garments of similar tyge in tne
wardrobe.

From tnis san e, the number of months of wear a11ear
to have n.ore ef set on boys' suits tnan u1on girls' dresses. Tne
majority of boys' suits in medium condition had been worn from
4

4 to 6 months, 4nile Uh: majority of Cirls' dresses in medium

condition 13d been torn from 1 to 18 nontns. This nide range in
tne nearing geriod of the dresses sno4s the 1robable effect of
many other factors influencing tne durability of a garment sucn
as construction of ne garment, durability of the material, de Bree

of hard wear given by the cnill, kind of laund ering and tne tyge

of care it received.

 

Number in wardrobe

B.

Number in wardrobe

Figure I

Scatter Diagram

Life of Everyday Garments in Medium Condition in Relation
to the Total Number of Everyday Garments in the Wardrobe.

Girla'

Dresses

63.

 

0-3

4-6

’fiumber ofimonths of#near
7-9 ;0-13 13-15 15-18 19-31 33-34 35‘37

 

1-4

 

5-9

 

10-14

 

15-19

 

30-34

 

 

 

be-ee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Boys' Everyday Suits ‘

 

F

0-3

4-6

Number of months of sea

7-9 10-13 13-15 16-18 19-31 33-84 25-27

 

 

is
5.9

 

 

 

 

 

 

5-29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘ T40 to five

ears inclusive, only.

 

Chapter IV

Conclusions

64.

 

Chapter IV 65.
Conclusions
A. 004 awrison mof Con_te mnt _of Girisfl and mBoys' tar fir Seuss.

Three assuagtions generally accegted relating to the
//L‘M ' -
r content of boys' and girls' wardrobes are: boys need a smaller

number of articles of clothing and, therefore, their wardrobes
contain fewer garments; boys' clothing is more com; licated to
make and, therefore, there is a araller number of hannade
garments in their wardrobes; boys give their clothing harder
1: wear than girls and, therefore, not as many garments are
1.
\handed down.
In this discussion an atteuyt will be made to point
out tne_differences and sinilarities in the content of boys'
and girls' wardrobes and, as nearly as possible from this small
number of cases, to check the assumjtions above.
Generally speaking, the total number of articles of
clothing did averag4 more for the girjs than for the boys, but
the major articles of clothing such as a total of outdoor wraps,
and suits and dresses were surprisingly euaal in numbers. The
”)3 My) Mum! . W Wulmu
girls exceeded the 4ays in acts” hosde ry,‘tflmfiaoa and bat4r04es. '
(1.44.. 0 $141: 4H,; KMQ 43»- "1
Tne~..boys-~~sneezede--d—~-~t'34s34:.filaminaihitieilsfméasaethe , and 1115:. mph-33 1 ~51 .. ~
shoes.
Considering these garments in detail, the boys aVeraaed
only .4 raincoats per boy as congared to 475 raincoats yer girl.
4 ;
From tLiS it cannot be assumed that the boys we re in the rain
less, but rather that they 4ore a hen ty e of éa’rne nt, the
mackinaw, or a leather jacket. In tne 6-7 year age group, lhere
raincoats are the most needed, the boys averaged .75 jackets

each.

This new article of clothing, the jacket, seems also
to have a decided effect ugon the number of boys having winter
coats. .ere the number of ainter coats per boy ends to

increase, tee same as for the girls, unt

*Jn

l the sonool age is
reached where it drOps to less than one coat per child. If the
jacket substitute is added to the winter coats, however, the
number of tinter outer garments torn :er boy garallels clOsely

that of the girls as sho n below.

Table XXVII

Comparison of Number of Outdoor Garments for Boys and
Girls of Different Age Groups

 

.Ages in_years

 

 

Garments b-EMW 4-5' 6-7
Winter coats pe girl 1.05 1.3 1.58
Winter coats and jackets per boy 1.06 1.43 1.61

 

The boys have no summer coats and fener fall and s1ring
coats than the girls with an increased number, however, of heavy
sweaters that are substituted for the coats. It is interesting
to notice that in the school age group the number of heavy
sseaters suddenly falls off for the boys showing that the jacket
above mentioned not only substitutes for the winter cost but also
for the fall and spring coats and heavy sweaters. During this
period 5 of the 16 boys aere found 1os4essing heavy 3 giece tool
suite.

If the total number of outdoor garments for the boys

and girls of the different age grougs are compared, the nuaber of

i7.
outer trays ger 5irl slightly increases but for the boys it

‘

gradually decreases as seen in the taole below.

Tasle XXV III

Number of All Outdoor Garments per Child
According to Age Groups

 

Ages in years

 

 

5-3 4-5 6-?
Girls 5.36 5.37 6.39
Boys 6.17 5.78 4.89

 

This decrease for bo ‘Jrs is gr robably due to the greater
firmness of ma erial used in the older boys' clothing (as,
leather jackets) and to the greater suitability of these
garments for all occasions.

Likewise, the boys averaged fewer gieces of he ugear
than the girls (3 to 35) with tne helmets (l) tne most worn by
the boys, closely followed by cage (8). Berets and tans (3)
were the host gogular 31th tne girls with hats next in numoer (4).

With mittens, hcuever, the boys exceeiei tne 5irls
(3.3 gairs for the boys, 1.8 yairs for tne 5irls) cit tr ey had
fewer :airs of gloves (.3 fer boy; .5 yer girl) than the girls.

It is interesting as well, to compare the average
number of indoor outer gar:ients for the boys wit; that for the
girls. These figures include all the garments similarly xorn,

such as girls' dresses, boys' suits,: aysuits, sunsuits, coveralls,

.6 caps per boy.
2. O berets ani tans per girl.

gli. Shelmets per boy.
9
3
(4) .5 hats per girl.

O]
(A J

77 a

overalls, trousers, and skirts. nere olouses and shirts
were purQOsely left out because they do not make a comglete

change of outer garment.

Table XXIX

Number of Indoor Outer Garments per Child
According to Age Groups

Ages in years

 

 

2-3 A. 4-5 6-7'
Boys 80.6 16.4 11.8
Girls 19.1 16.3 16.0

 

_. --—=.-.- - ‘.— -.

These fi 5ures gara llel each Other closely up to the
school group. The sudden drOp for boys is probably due to these
boys depending auch nore on shirts for a clean garment unit than
tr e girls did uson blouses. If the boys' blouses are added
instead of the trousers tne numb ers are even c10se r to gather,
being 15.3 for the 6-7 year period gor tne boys and 16.1 for
the girls. Both the girls and the boys wore slip-on-sueaters
a great deal in place of blouses.

Congaring the total nurrcer of pairs of footwear horn
by the boys and girls, the girls ave ra5e ed sli:htly nore than
the boys with the number increasing slig tly in both cases as
the age increased.

It may be noticed in Table X that where oxfords and
shoes were the most worn by the boys (.8 for shoes and 1.6 for
exfords), slippers "ere by far the most aorn by the 5irls,
averaging 3 pairs per girl with Oxfords and sandals coming next
(.5 pair each fer girl). Bedroom slippers, 5aloshes, and

rubbers were about sesally worn by beta the girls and boys.

 

6*
U0

With hosiery, the boys averaged fewer pairs than the
girls (13 fairs yer boy; 15 gairs per girl). This difference
nay be due to the boys going stockingless and barefooted more
than the girls.

While bathrobes were fairly gopular ”ith the boys
they here not as generally worn by tnem as by the girls (.9
-;er 5ir1; .6 ;er boy). Trenty-six of the 47 boys had bathrobes
as coagared to 34 of tne 45 boys.

The number of sleeping garnsnts per boy was slightly

larger than the number per girl, avera5in5 nearly 6 for the

boys and nearly 55 for the 5ir1s.

B. HOme5§§aingg

One of the assumptions 5ensrally accepted in reagect
to the amount of home sewing done is that boys' 5araents, being
in 5eneral of a nore coaglieated nature than 5ir1s', are less
often homemade than girls' garments. The Qresent study, base
upon fiy'cases of moderate income families, tends to sugport

his idea.

Considering the wnole group, the 5irls avera5ed 11.5
homenade garnents and the boys 3 5araents each. The dOst
numerous articles of clothing “onemade here boys' suits (l) )
and girls' dresses (3), but tne percenta5es, @016V6r, hard much )
smaller for the former than the latter.

-fl.5- "5 ,n- A
gaiaents acre hale ior .

Not only a shaller number 0

H> he

the boys, but also a shaller nu her 0 toys than 5irls more none

v/\//

29 of 4:8 suits worn, or 7 per cent.
40 per cent of pantie dresses, 33 ger cent of one giece
dresses.

“A
D) F4
vv

 

70.

{IL.(«_ ’ \\\

made clothing. Table XXX snows.tnat only 1/5 of the boys as

capared to 1/8 of the girls, had 10 or more heme nade
garments in their wardrobes. Fourteen boys possessed.no home
constructed garments, coayared to only 4 of tie 45 girls
fossessing none.

For both the boys and girls the amount of heme Sewing
was done mostly for the 8-3 year old children. The average
number of garments nade per child for the three age grougs
was 5, ZBand 3 resjectively for the boys, and 15, 11 and 6
respectively for the ~irls This decrease in home seeing as
the age of the child increases may be partially due to the

\
increased amount of work in the home as the family groes older
and to a change in the tyre of garments torn.

‘ It is often thought that the size of the family as
well as the age andisex of tLB children has a definite relation
to the amount of hone se ing done. Considering the shall number
of cases, it was ingossible to draw definite conclusions from
this study but the general observations nay be interesting.
Eliminating two extreme cases, it was noticed that ’
ecrease in the number of (

)

garments made in the home as the size of the family increased
\
\.

p.

‘1‘

there was a decided an gradual.

r3

from one to 5 children. In only one case were there over 0

‘1 ' (f
home mace garments then th ere were 5 children in the fanily. \

In no cases aere there over 18 garments .ade .ith 4 CD .ildren i
in the family and in only one case were there over £2 garments/

made with 3 in tb e fan.ily.

71.
able XXX

 

 

 

Home¢ade Garments in Girls' ani Bogs' Tarirovea
Numbcr of hoae- Hangar 3Ufi36
maie garments of girls' Of boys' Total
in the EEEEEEEE_._____.__.____%£i£§Eé§__ ~i£éagbgs

 

0-0 ‘= 4 .
1-4 9 17 as ’~/‘
5—9 - 11 '

10-14 9
15-19 6
20-24 8
35-39 3 5
33-34 - - -
35-39 1 1

Total 45 47 $3

 

Figure II

E0¢egaae arments in Girls' an: Boys' Earirobea

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m
:3 25
G)
H (--.-\ ‘ ——1
rd ”U ‘Lkr."
,4 m ’
...4 '1)
3,0
0 o 15
s...
‘8 3 10
‘H g ’ \
a) 5 X
.0 1
a I \
»; ~ 0 \ -' “‘ N“
#4 .' -
' :r. 23 “1' <3 :3 2:
an c
Number of c? ?' g: $ :5 f% .& (g g
garments 0 H. :0 H a ‘4 an Ir) a
Nuiber of girla' wardrobss containing
nOue mags earmcnta
T -- 1h) 4: .\ r q. - o- <9—‘-a'\.‘\ ) ‘« ". fi"~‘ V. r " “‘
an“): OJ. UOJD hC'vat-LVUMU Cv.ibaii1in5
- .- - - ll 4.3 I d. #3 =1. 11;. in J- 3

(u

C. :.una.dd doc-n Gar“: 'rltfl

Contrary to tne often accegtei aseun1tion tnat‘boys \
5ive harder near to tn:ir clot21in5 tnan 5irle and, therefore,

should bani down fener garments, tne boys in this etuiy pOes seed

(I)

nearly tuice as many 1r reviouely norn 5-11ents as tne 5irls,
averaging 8.4 to 4.5 reagectively. This may incite wonder until
it ie considerei teat the tyre of boys' garments chan5es at a
rapid rate oonparei to tnat for girls. From romger suits the
boys 01% n5 e to snort- le5 5e i cotton suits, to txeei trousers witn/

1 , '
blofieefi, ani then to ailored suite nitn snirts, :nile girls '

continue to 1ear die see from babyhood on. This fact, then,

\I'HJ

would not mean that the hove iii not 5ive as Lari wear to thei ,
f

garnents as the girls, but that tney more ties snorter le —n th\

\

v
.I
l

a
5ed to :ore masculine clo tl1i

TIC}-
Tl'D
\

fo

\
Other factors influenc n5 the passing on of torn boye'>
garments nay be tne doracility of the material engloyed and the /

firnneee of tne construction since notners and manufactirers K
)

\
\

ex1ect boys to 5ive clotnin5 narl near. A 5irl, also, may be 1
K

able to near a JIGed tm's is too snort be.ter tnan a boy a pair\\
\

of trousers that 18 too ti5nt. "“

Tne 5reatest cnan5e a1pears to be from the gre-eenool
to tne kinder5arden 5roup for tne boys as twice as nany 1revi0tsly
worn garnents were yoeeeeeed by tne first 5roup as by the kinder-
garflen and sonool groups. Tnese boys averaged 13 handed down
1-

garments as con110ared to Q for tne 5irl s of tne save age. The

difference seeas to be in tr e lar5er number of boys' euite,

{D

play suits, gaire of ;aja ‘ s a- .i LOsie ry re 0 ived tnan similar

rarnents received b the tirle.
5 Y a

(‘v

‘0

n;

For mittens, slip-on—eae re, r1eavy s1 aaters, and

wher for the boys than

houseslippers, the percenta5es mere also hi5
for the 5irls, snoring that the girls more often wore out these

ty1es of clothing than the boys.

D. Average Ta¥§F9F§P19P a} fere nt Q es

In orier to facilitate the mothers in usin5- this
material, avera a5e wardrobes have been workei out for the different
age groups for hot11 he boys and the girls.

Column three of the following tables 5ives the ra n5e
of yrice of the different 5arnents for that particular age 5ronp.
The mean fi5ure of this ran5e of price was selected as tne avera5e
cost of the 5arnent in 1831. Tee last column represents tne
actial eQ enliture to ootain the evera 5e tarirobe.

From the steiy as 1reviously stated, however, the
avera5e amount of tne ori5inal Value of the wardrobe 1urchased
in one year was 63 per cent for the 5irls, and 56 per cent for
the boys. To determine the probable exgenditure in one year
tneee per cents were used in each case. It is interestin5 to
compare the results with the mean and neiian fi5ures worked out
from the ori5inal data. In 5eneral, they are aggroximately the

same .

 

Table XXXIa

Avera5e vardrobes for Girls

 

 

 

\. A

 

 

(I . ‘ A58 2-3 a
B......... _- ‘ -----.Z--- - . 3 - f __ '-
’ " Prieem "IEAhT” otél '

Garment Q.-_-------_-----_--3???§P----3?§E£L--_-}3}E§ 992:_

Winter coat 1 33. 00-18. 75 M13 88 310. 88
'xLe55ings 1 f2? 3.35 3.25
{~Heavy sweaters 1 3.97 8.8
:HSIifi-on-sweater 1 2 02 2.52
-Eittens 3 68 69

éereta s 1.24 9.48
:Everyday dresses 4 1.17 4.68
'81eoia1 dresses 8 5.65 7.50
'fPantie dresses 8 1 78 13 76
’u8yn suits , 1 1 83 l 38

3’5 0/:- .__e 1; /

Play suite 1 54 .54
; Coveralls 1 , . 75 .75
‘351ippers 8 1.50- 4.00 a 75 5.50
isfiedroom slipgers 1 .59- 8.50 1 45 1.45
-»Galoshes or (1 50- 3.85 (3 33

rubbers 1 ( 00- 500 ( 80 1. 51

VgCotton seeksCLLkifiJ 5 - 59 .34 1.70
/;knk&ets 3 ”7 .53 .39
_;;“g 5 20- .50 .35 1.05
;4841k~and<figgl stEEETnEEZ: s 49- 1.2” .835 1.65

Garters 1 10- .35 .175 .17

Union suits, light 1 :5— 9 61 61

Union suits, neavy 1 .75- 1 50 1 8 1 18

Union suits, silk and 5001 l 1.50— 8 53 3 00 2 CO

Undersnirts 1 .35- .79 .53 .53

Bands 1 :5- 75 .50 .50

Conbination suits 3 .50- 1.85 1.£~o “.45

Undernaists l .95- l 00 .635 .63
/l$eparate panties 5 . .‘83 .35 1.75
f‘Petticoats 4 .59Fc3~95 1.165 4 es
faBathrobes l l..0- 5.00 5.00 3.0
A'Pa amas 4 /. 06L .<s5‘ .375 3 so

, Nuntdresees 8 .59- so . 45 90
.tsArrons l .529- /. 75 5 . 43
'7 . Bias 4 @- 31/85 . 17 68
’ Pairribbons 8 .05- .55 St .40
":Handkercniefs 5 .05- .55 .15 _».50

Total 357.83

60 per cent 1uronased 1er year $58.73

Table XXXIb
Average Wardrobes for Girls

 

 

Age 4-5

'""'"”"""""—"""""""Piiéé”""fiéan’—”Tbt21'
garages}... ..-- ..---- --- - --- -..--....;\Tyz:2:’~‘§.r_-_ - - £6961-.. “323.19.? 0923.
Winter coat 1 96.00-17.50 $11.75 $11.75
Fall and spring coat 1 3.95-14.50 8.73 8.78

Zipper suit or 1 $1.95-15.00 (8.475 E
Leggings and 1.50- 1.95 E 6.35

Heavy saeater 1 (1.00- 4.00 4.885 (
Slip-on-sweater 1 1.00- 6.98 1.99 1.99
Hat 1 .59- 5.00 8.79 3.79
Beret 8 .50- 3.00 1.85 2.50
Everyday dress 3 .89- 3.00 1.645 4.93
Special dress 1 1.50- 5.95 3.735 3.78
Pantie dress 8 .58- 1.95 1.415 11.32
Bathing suit .75- 2.00 1.37 1.37
Sunsuit .39- 1.69 .99 .99
Slippers 1.00- 4.0 2.50 5.00
Oxfords or ( (1.30- 4.00 $3.50 (2.10

sandals ( ( .69- 6.50 1.695 (
Bedroom sligpers .59- 3.00 1.80 1.80
Galoshes 1.50- 4.50 3.00 3.00
Rubbers .75- 1.00 .875 .87
Anklets .10— 35 .22 1.12

Cotton socks .30- :39 .30 1.80

Cotton stockings .15- 59 .37 1.48
Silk and wool stockings .35— .75 .55 .55
Garters .10- .85 .17 .17

Union suits, light cotton
Union suits, heavy cotton
Union suits, silk and wool

.25- 1.00 .62 .68
.so- 1.95 1.23 1.;
1.oo- 1.75 1.37 _ 6.74

.50- .50 .50 .50
.39- 1.95 1.56 4.68
.85- .50 .37 .37
.10- .75 .42 1.86

Undershirts
Combination suits
Underwaists
Separate panties

mwpmw NHHHH pmmwp H pmpw

 

Petticoats .50- 1.65 1.07 3.14
Bathrobes 1 1.00- 5.00 3.00 3.00
Pajamas 5 .69? 2.85 1.47 7.35
Aprons 3 .15- .75 .45 .90
Bibs 3 .05— .35 .15 .45
Hairribbons 3 .30- .50 .35' 1.05
Handkerchiefs 18 .05- .3 .15 1.80
Mittens 8 .85- 1.00 .62 1.84
Gloves 1 .59- 1.69 1.14 1.14

Total $102.98

60 per cent gurchased per year 3 61.72

Table XXXIc 76.
Average Wardrobes for Girls

 

Age 6-?

Price Xean Total
Lars-.23---- "..----” - --- - -..- - E‘TPEJ-P§£_.-.--§E§c§__ .. -srisslspaL
Winter coat 1 02.95-13.00 $7.97: 3 7.97
Spring and fall coat 1 4.00-13.00 5.50 9.50
Raincoat 1 2.95— 5.95 4.45 4.45
Heavy sweater 1 .75- 3.95 2.35 "2.35
Slip-on-sweater 2 1.00- 2.95 1.975 3 95
Beret 2 .25- 1.95 1.10 2.2
Everyday dresses 3 .35- 1.95 1.15 3.45

Special dresses 1 1.95- 5.95 3.95 3.9
Pantie dresses 6 1.00- 2.95 1.975 11.95
Special pantie dresses 1 2.95é 3.50 3.225 3.22
Bathing suit 1 1.50- 3.98 2.74 2.74
Play suit 1 .39- 1.00 .70 .70
Skirts l 1.00- 3.95 2.475 2.47
Slippers 2 1.47- 4.50 2.98 5.96
Tennis shoes 1 1.00— 1.25 1. 2 1.12
Oxfords 1 1.00- 4.00 2.50 2.50
Bedroom slippers 1 .95— 1.50 1.18 1.18
Galoshes l 1.50- 3.98 2.74 2.74
Rubbers 1 .79- 1.00 .895 .89
Cotton socks 5 .19- .35 .27 1.35
Anklets 4 .19- .25 .22 .08
Anklets, silk and wool 1 .35- .75 .55 .55
Cotton stockings 3 .25- .39 . 2 .32
Silk and wool stockings 2 .39- .75 .57 .57
Garters 1 .05— .50 .27 .27
Union suits, light cotton 1 .39- .50 .45 .45
Union suits, heavy cotton 1 .50- 1.50 1.0 1.00
Union suits, silk and tool 1 1.49- 2.50 1.99 1.99
Combination suits 2 .25- 1.50 .875 1.75
Undermaists l .25- .50 .375 .37
Separate panties 5 .17- .95 .53 2.65
Petticoats 2 .25- 1.25 .75 1.50
Bathrobe 1 1.0 - 3.00 2.00 2.00
Pajamas 4 .50- 1.50 1.00 4.00
Nightdresses 1 .50- 2.00 1.2 1.25
Aprons 1 .20- .50 .25 .25
Hairribbons 3 .05— .30 . 2 .36
Handkerchiefs 15 .05- .25 .12 1.80
Bathing cap 1 .10- .25 .17 .17
Gloves 1 .69- 1.69 1.19 1.19
Mittens l .39- 1.00 .69 .69
Total $97.55

60 per cent spent in one year $58.53

Table XXXI Ia

 

 

 

77.

Averare Wardrobes for Bays
Age 224—-

Price Venn Tot 1

garment 37111111 er rr' nae Mgri Ce 5: 0 s t
Wter coat 1 9162""! “53.25 3 5.25

War ( (2.01 1- " (3.75 (

21W+ 01 (‘4. 95- 5.. 9" 01.95 (11.35

wrings 1 ":1 07:15“ .59 2.25 2.25
Lfieavy sweater 1/.¢f_?9_'1.7? 1.72
{/Slip-on-s".'eater 1 }93’ R50 p.50
V2191: or cap 1 ( $515.95 .52 .625

( .50- .75

W 1 1.")-?- 1.50 1.25 1.25
L20’fine or Helmet 1 1.5!) 5513 1.25 .95
L1531761370937 suite 8 j .02)- ?5 1.72 13.60
pSfiGC'lal suits 1 2.00- .95 7.975 .97
.3261 suits 2 100- 09 3.00 6.00
Woiier <11s : 7.50- .75 1.50
\Blvnys nits /. 29.. .39 .99 1.98
LSnnsuits y /. 5o- ’50 0’ 1.00 1.00
Lfimes 2 3.98- .45 3.565 6.73
fill/73ers, sandals or 0101156? 1 (1. 00— t? (1.5 (2.31

xirrds $h9- (3.12

LEedsl inners , 1 .53; .01) 1 .275 .25
Wigs-hes 1' w"; 1 1. 5 50 2.50 (.50
m 1 .65- 1.50 1.075 .07
" 'tton m 5 '33 ‘05? .22 1.10
$111605 2 M ‘ .30 .60
Cum-317051317133 11.20.50 .35 1.40
11.361 stockings 2 .33 1.913 .675 .35
W— 110- ..25 .175 175
GWW l . 119- . 50 . 50 . 50
MW'GST” lig‘fit" 2 o 25" o 75 o 50 1 o 00
Inseam-i-ea-mfisme wool 2 .50- 5.50 0.00 11.00
‘.Iirrts (under) 2 {£- 1.50 1.11 2.22
W91 w,_.(m1¢ier}-'m“~" -~ ~- -1. ~ _ -- am < 59...... 75 .50 1.0.3
Wé'pprate panties /"2 .5? [5L\ .1125 .85
wgt‘nrobes 1 1.50- "73 2.7”. 2.714
115302095 14 [.92 9 1.225 11.90
any? tshirts 2 /.50. .75 .695 1.95
ufiittens 2 .69- ).,25 .7" 1.145
3.: 10181 6 2.79
56 per cent purchased per year £6.36

Table ZXXIIb
1‘
.L

 

 

Play srit
Sunsui t or
bathing suit

A

O 0
*UT

\0‘

I!
“3H.

0N0
WOW \Jr-«HQ
\u" ‘

A

O

(‘

L)

Price Yean
Gartent -_“ fighber range 53rice
Winter coat 1 $3.75—12.j6 3 8.36
Zipper suit or (5.38- 9.50 (7.2”
Leggings 1 ( .69~ b.95 {2.22
Heavy s ester 1 .79— 3.95 2.37
Slip-on—sweater 1 1.00- h.00 2.50
Het or cap 1 ( .50- 1. 9 (1.1M (1.
( .35- 1.93 (1.16 (
Helmet 1 .75- 2.53 1.86 1.
Everyday suit 7 .65- 2.93 1.325 9.
Special suit 1 .58- 5.00 1.99 l.
Wool suit 1 1.00- 3.00 9.00 9.
Trousers 2 1.06- 3. S 9 L3 h.
louses 3 .63— 2. 5 1.U2 h.
Coveralls 3 .25- 1 5 .75 2.
1 23
l

Oxfords 2 1.75— h.5 3.125
Sendels 1 .65- 2.35 1.50
Bedroom slioners 1 . 0- 3.03 1.75
Geloshes l 1,95- 3.35 2.50
Rubbers 1 .75— 1.00 .87

Cotton socks

Anklets

Cotton stockings

Silk and wool stockings
Garters

HI—‘KN 1:4:
0 O O
FJKNFU
Oan
I I I
....

o o
‘JN\D'~
Ulkfioi‘
C).

x}

o
)
<5
0
r“
\J

Unionsuits, light
Unionsuits, heavy
Unionsuits, silk and wool

O
\I
I
HHH
0
C)

.713
0 {1.

U1 H H MK»
0
"Uh-N .
‘thD
H
O
0
\LJ

Underwaists , g- . .15
Pajamas .h5— 1.93 1.31

Heckties 1 . .19- 1.00 .59

Handkerchiefs 10 .03- .25 .10

Kittens 2 .20- 2.00 1.10
Total . d

e~
-h

56 per cent purchased ner year

 

,..a

‘1 K1) -~1 Ch U1

C) \Q m 0.:

n‘ninixo

NNU‘I OW”;

A
H
O

H

o
n)

C's" \fi '«1 U1

R)P‘P‘O\

«<4 om GU

Table XXXIIO

(O

 

 

Average Werdrobes for Boys
A.e 6-7

Price Lean lotal

Garment Inubcr rear ‘prtce cost
Winter coat 1 $L.75—15.oo 3 9.37 $ 9.37
Jacket 1 2.90- 6.50 u.e5 h.25
Heevy sweater 1 .98— 3.00 1.99 1.99
Slip-on-sweeter l 1.00- h.00 2.50 2.50
Hat 1 .25- °.C0 1.125 1.12
Cap 1 .H0— 1.95 1.175 1.17
Helmet 1 .65- 2.00 .675 .67

Cotton suit 5 . 9* 3-45 1.37 9-:
W001 suit 1 1.95~ 5.95 2.95 2.95

Trousers 3 .59— 3.50 P.oh5 6.1
louses 7 .H7- 1.00 .733 5.14
Coveralls 1 .20— 1.33 .59 .59
Overells 1 .f5- 1.Po .17 .17
Bething suits 1 .89— 2.38 1.9M 1.9M
Hightons or . (1 (5.50- 5.50 (1.50 (3.5h

galoshes ( (1.6V- 3.50 (2.575 .(

Tennis shoes 1 .98- 1.25 1.11 1.11
Oxfords 2 1.65- 5.5o 2.53 5.16
Bedroom slippers 1 . 9- 2.00 1.30 1.30
Rubbers 1 .75- 1.2. 1.00 1.00
Cotton socks 6 .15— .53 .3 2.10
Anklets 2 .12- .35 .2t .us
Cotton stockings 3 .20- .35 .27 .81
Silk and wool stockings l .50- .75 .63 .63
Garters 2 .10- .35 .28 .HG
Unionsuits, light 3 .25- 1.00 .63 1.99
Unionsuits, heavy cotton 2 .70- 2.00 1.35 2.70
Underweists 1 .15— .50 .32 .32
Pejemas 5 .50- 3.00 1.75 8.75

Neckties 3 .10- .50 .30 .9
Handkerchiefs 9 .07- .25 .15 1.35
Mittens 2 .P'— 1.25 .75 1.50
Total $51.5u

56 per cent nurchesed oer year

Chapter V

Summary

(1)

Cnegter V o1.

Su.1.nary

The puryosee cf tnie study were to discover oy tne
inventory metiod the average content, cost and dus;cility of the
wardroces of cLiliren , eéee 3 to 7 inclusive, of moderate inco1e
fanilies. Ninety-two etuiiee of werirobee Jere analyzed. Tnese

re3r sentei 71 families of tne business eni 3rcfeeeionel classes.

(I)

l. TLe ei1ilerities of the 1arirooee 1ere greatest for
n :reec;ool gerioi. Tne boys aVJIagei 42.961 1ente ea h and
tLe girls 49.4 each.
(“25? Met1ere 11th tle 011 er 1n1_1er51r f11i1iee die tne
eeet seaing. T1ere was a corresponiing d

\. - _ . ---—.-. -...-. --.-..- ...p.—.-..—.u-4 4"

(U

cre‘ee 1n tne nu1oer of

{36 of 15.16 cL.il:l.

p.)

homema‘e gar ruents 11th an increase in tne

; 3. ”TLe boys averaged only 3 n01e11ie ger1ents ccmgerei

to 11.5 for tne éirls.
{ 4.3 In these etgiiee, 1ore erti lee of clotning 1ere

made over yer boy tnen per girl, t1e ooye 1vere

(ii)

i 5.3 The boys g0eeeseedn near rly L ice as many gravicgely
worn garnente as the girls, aver a ing 1.4 11ile tge girls

averaged 4.5 each.
6. _The nunber of tended io1n 51r1ents in tne iirls'

1

nar1rooee incr eeeec nitn tneir 1538 and was more dependent upon
older brothers 1nd sisters in t:.e fe1ily tnen any 31riod of
gn.eical ieve103r1ent, in t1is study.

7. 4e nu11er of nanied dean 6ar1ente in t1e boys'

.‘

nararocee decreased nitn tneir sues an; see1ei 1cre 183endent

1‘

55.
upon a change in the tjge of garment tnan ugon tne numser of older
brctners and sisters in tne fa1ily. Tnere 1ere tnice as many
naniei down 5ar1ents in tne 3-3 year ace Eros; as in tne 4-5 and

6-7 year aae aroujs.

a

\_e. ’In most cases tne mean costs for tne airle' aard-

robes were eliégtly nigner t1an tnOse for tne boys' and tne ger-

cent s3ent in one year sac niener for the girls tnan for tne boys.

(0

. The average criéinal cOete of tne total nargrobe

for girls 'as $81.14 an; the averare ex eniiture for one year

5

fl

$55.34 1itn 63.7 yer cent gurchased in one year, while tne average
origina cost for boys was $35.35 or $131.36 (1nen tne $65.30
gift fur coat was considerei), and the average exjeniiture for
one year $47.53 with 55.7 per cent purchased neg eacn year.

13. Tie number of months of wear eee1ei to have 1ore
effect ugon boys' everyfiay suits tnan ugon girls' everylay
dreeees. T1e majority of boys' suits were in medium coniition
after from 4 to 6 months of wear, while tne majority of girls'
dreseee aere in neiiun conliticn after from 1 to 16 montns of
near This wide range of 1ear iniicates tnat many factors otner

than time influenced tne Juratility of tne bar1ent.

BIBLIOGRAPH

Paul Nystrom Economics of Consuwption, 1931
Benjamin R. Andreas Econo ics of tne Housenold, 1993
Hazel Kyrk Economic Proble s of tne Family, 1933
Cost of Living in the United States, Bulletin 357, U. S.
Departnent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statietics,
Vaehin5ton Government Printing Office, Kay, 1934
Present Trends in Home Seaing, Ruth O'Brien and Kauie
Camfbell, U. S. Dena rtxent of Agr culture, Bu eau
of Home Economics, 1isc Ml aneous Publication, 10. 4.
vashin5ton, D. C., Segtember, 1927.

U. S. Department of Agriculture Leaflets, Bureau of Home

Economics.

No. 11. hiliren's Rompers Oct. 1937
Ho. 34. Suneuits for Children Agril 93

No. 36. Dresses for the Little Girl May 1938
Ho. 52. Suite for the Small Boy Oct. 192

NO. 54. Pla -y Suite for Winter Nov. 1939
No. 63. Ensembles for Sunny Days June 1930
No. 79. Rompers Sep. 1951
No. 80. Dreeces for Little Girls July 1931

Clctning of Children A535 One to Six, Bes ie Lulu Alford,
(Thesis for 1.. 1e5ree frow UniVe r ity of Cnica5o,
DK‘JCCIL 061‘, 1931)

Year's Clothing Bill of 130 Va5e Earning Families in tne
New York Ship building District, Labor Monthly Review,
September, 1918.

Clothes ani tne Income, Charlotte Gibbs Baker, J.H.Ec. 8(1916)
373.

Reaiy Made and Hoaeiaie Cl Otning, Charlotte Gibbs Baker,
J.H.Ec. 8(1916) 44s.

0.

Does it Pay to do Hone Se in5, L. P. Glanton, J.P ' Ec. 15
(1933 377-379-

Are we Justified in Teachin5 Clotnin5 Construction, Clara 1.
Brown (University of Minne eota) J. -I.Ec. 15(19: 3), 83-90.

What Shall We Teach Regarding Clotnin5 and Laundry Proslems,
Mabel Pastie ani Geraliine Gorton, J. H.Ec. l ( 983 , 187.

Clothes for tn- ePr esc 001 Child, Iva Irene Sell, J. E. E0.
20(1138 ), 477 ~4eo.

CIBLIOGEAPEY ob.

 

Alford. Bessie Lulu. Cl0t5395-9i.9221§3§9-ée§§-:§§-39-§;§,
(Tneeie for H.A. degree from Un1vereity of Chicago,

Decemter, 133
Andrews, Benjamin 8., Economice_o§_tu§ 593339 old, Hacnillan, 1335.

Baker, Charlotte Gibf; s, "Clotnes and the Income", J.H.E9, 8
(1216) 373.

Baker rj Ch arlotEe Gigm "Ready Xade and Homemade Clothing",
.H.EC. o 1916 448.

 

 

ErOnn,013ra at“, (Univ; lo’ity OJ. 13.1nr1560ta) "A16 W3 JUctifiD‘d
in Teacniné ClotninC Conetruc tion", J.H.§9. 15(1835) 80-80.
Co £5-9f_123392 in th§-§9}§§§L§323§§. Bulletin 357. U.S-
De artment of oor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Wa:hinéton Government Print1ng Office, fia‘, 1934.

Glantcn, L. P., "Does it Pay to do Howe Sewing", J.H.§g. 15
(ié; 3) 277-273.

         

Haetie,Maee1 and Gorton, Geraldine, "Egat S¢ell We each
Regarding Clotning and Laundry Pro; lens" J.§3§93 18
[(1826),137.

Kyrk, Hazel, Economic3frogfieg§_9§_§;§-fgyily, Harper and
Eroe, The York, 1935.

.-.—v--—t.-- -..--..”-

 

Preeepfi_}'reni e in nf;ge_§§3}3g, Ruth O'Brien and Haud cCampte ll,
U.S.Denartment of Agriculture, Euree u of Hon e Economics,
Miscellaneous Pull cation, 30. 4, V “in ton, D. C.

Segtem oer, €37.

eell Iva Irene, "Clothes for tne Preecuool Child", J.H2§9.
20(1938), 477-430

U.S.Departm'ent of A Oriculture Leaflets, Bureau of Bone Economics.
mo. 11.Cnildren'e Homrere Oct. 193
No. 24. Suneuita for CD ilaren Agr. 1988
No. 26. Dreeeee for tne Little Girl May, 38
No. 52. Suite for the Siall Boy Oct. 1929
No. 54. Bay Suite for Winter Nov. 1989
No. 63. Ensemblee for Sunny Days June 1930
Ho. 79. Rou;ers Sep. 931
No. 80. Dreeee e for Little Girls July 1931

“Year' 8 Clotning Bill of 100 V--e Earning Faniliee in the New
York Snip cuilding District", Lacor Lontnly RSViEH, (1918)
p. 118.

_-_.~‘l -.—‘- .‘

'V

Acznoaledseaent

ifin

(D
'1}

(1

Tue “ricer ”15:55 to exgreea 3:1 gar AggraOLa

34¢ LJAJ6rd of 94s local Cdild

’9

: tion 0

w

ins coo»

.

PI"

of 5&3
Study Club and tne mochsrs of East Lansing for so willingly
giving tgsir time and energy togara 5;: colldction of tne

.‘

Qata for tgia abuiy. Sgecial thanks are flue aide to Dr.

(N

Irma Gross, for her pati at and Aelgful 54;;rvisisn, &ni to
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