‘- V-vv—_ 1'» Vo-unoov th‘VélV's‘ US I. it“ llULI-v 1:41 {0' RC 1' I L §1A3?E? ABSTRACT The failure of female corrections to address future planning needs for women's institutions is evidenced by the lack of empirical research which seeks to assess and predict correctional policies and philosophies for female corrections. To address this issue, this study seeks to determine what diverse groups of decision makers in the field of fe- male corrections believe to be the role of women's insti- tutions in the future. By examining the correctional pri— orities of the diverse occupational groups. influential in the correctional decision making process, we can identify a broad array of ideas and philosophies which will enhance efforts to systematically plan and deal with the issues concerning female correctional institutions. This study employed the use of the Delphi Method. a research method which attempts to make use of informed in- tuitive judgments by identified experts in the corrections‘ field. i.e., superintendents of women's correctional insti— tutions, directors of state departments of corrections and state legislators or related Judiciary committees. These three groups were asked to identify what they perceived to be the future role of female correctional institutions. Questionnaires interspersed with opinion feedback were used for the data collected among the three groups of corrections' experts. To develop a policy classification scale which could be used to examine differences among the groups, two dis— tinct techniques were employed: item classification——Model of Correctional Policy, and a Factor Analysis. The re- sultant list of variables provided the basis for a policy scale used to determine if a difference existed among the three groups of participants (independent variable) con- cerning their correctional expectations (dependent variable). A statistical technique——one way analysis of variance-—was computed to determine the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables. The results of the data concluded that there was not a statistically significant difference in the correctional ex- pectations among the three groups of participants involved in the administration of female correctional institutions. The responses were more similar than different. The crucial factors underlying the results were that the groups were exposed to similar socialization processes, and frequent interaction with one another which had a ten- dency to polarize the opinions of the participants. 0n the other hand, methodological weaknesses within the study. i.e., poor participation, subjective bias, are crucial to the final analysis. Significantly, the implications gleaned from the re- search are salient to the development and implementation of future planning needs for women's correctional institutions. THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE FUTURE: A DELPHI STUDY BY Michelle Adrien Parfitt A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE College of Social Science 1976 Approved: LQAK +K Jil‘L-j~ i-Si Member Y ~ i Chairperion Memfler ‘ DEDICATION To my mother and father, the wisest of mentors, who taught me that: "success in life is a matter not so much of talent or opportunity as of concentration and perseverance." C. w. Wendel To my parents, my brother Kevin and sister Lynan, for their understanding, confidence and support which enabled me to complete this thesis and the graduate pro- gram. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks are expressed to Professor Ralph G. Lewis for his scholarly guidance and coun- sel, and whose display of concern and persistent efforts encouraged me to complete this paper. I extend my sincere appreciation to Profes- sors Sydell Spinner and Robert Scott for their guidance, energies, sound wisdom, and friendship which helped to make the completion of the master's program an enriching experience. I am grateful to Marilyn Frost for her warmth and kind ways which made each day more pleasant. Gratitude is expressed to John Brooks and other individuals associated with the Criminal Justice Systems Center for their assistance. To Maureen Kelly, a fellow student, I extend special thanks for her understanding support and pa- tience which were essential in helping me to complete the master's program. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION....' ..................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................... viii LIST OF APPENDICES ................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 Purpose of the Study ....................... 3 Need for the Study ......................... 5 Focus of the Study ......................... 6 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................... 7 Delphi Technique ........................... 7 The Evolution of Delphi .................... 8 The Delphi Process ......................... ll Characteristic Values of Delphi ............ 12 Methodological Concerns of Delphi Applica- tion ..................................... 18 Evaluation of Delphi Limitations ........... 22 Implications for Future Delphi Studies ..... 26 iv III. THEORY AND METHODS ....................... _.. Theory and Hypothesis ...................... Emphasis on the Community .................. Research Methods ........................... Selection of Participants .................. Procedure of Study ......................... IV. RESEARCH DESIGN ............................ Classification Model ....................... A. Selection of Raters ................... B. Classification Process ................ Factor Analysis ............................ Scale Creation ............................. V. ANALYSIS OF DATA ........................... Introduction ............................... Empirical Analysis ......................... Theoretical Analysis ....................... Theory of Group Consensus .................. A. Interaction Hypothesis ................ B. Homogeneity Hypothesis ................ Summary .................................... VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................... Conclusions ................................ Implications for Research .................. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... APPENDICES ......................................... 28 32 35 39 41 59 72 73 74 86 94 95 95 96 100 105 105 107 109 109 m 112 116 120 Table 2.1 3.1 «b-h-b-h 0:014:00 LIST OF TABLES Value Characteristics of Delphi. .............. Participants in Study According to Profes- sional Categories ........................... Sample Role Statements of Second Delphi Ques- tionnaire ................................... Comparable Mean Ratings of Delphi Question- naires II and III ........................... Desired Roles for Women's Correctional Insti- tutions According to Priority Rank (Delphi II ......................................... Sample of Questionnaire Measuring Correctional Policies .................................... Cross Tabulation Table for Policy Models ...... Ideal Cell Distribution of Item Ratings ....... Polarized Table of Item Disbributions ......... Item Distribution on Four Correctional Poli- cies ........................................ Role Statements Characteristic of the Reinte- gration Policy .............................. Role Statements Characteristic of the Re- straint Policy .............................. Role Statement Characteristic of the Rehabili- tation Model ................................ Policy Model Distribution-—Correctional Policy Model Questionnaire ......................... Initial Factor Matrix - Delphi Questionnaire II .......................................... vi Page 17 4O 44 45 59 72 75 76 76 77 78 82 85 86 88 4.l2 Varimax Rotated Factor Matrix - Delphi Ques- 9O tionnaire II ................................ 4.13 Factor Matrix for Treatment Variable .......... 92 4.14 Factor Matrix for Program Planning Variable... 93 4.15 Factor Matrix for Restraint Variable .......... 94 5.l Correctional Policy Scale ..................... 97 5.2 One Way Analysis of Variance for Eight Role Categories .................... . ............. 99 5.3 Mean Scores for Correctional Administrators on Correctional Policy Scale ................ lOl vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Design of the Model of Correctional Policy ................................... 3l 2 Format of Delphi Questionnaires Request- ing Informational Input by Participants.. 41 viii Appendix A. LIST OF APPENDICES Page Cover Letter I, July 25, 1975 .............. 121 Delphi Questionnaire I ..................... 124 Delphi Questionnaire II, September 19, 1975 126 Delphi Questionnaire 111, November 5, 1975. 135 Model of Correctional Policy Questionnaire, April 20, 1976 ........................... 145 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This study examines the issues concerned with correctional planning for female institutions. With the surge of studies addressing the problematical con- cerns of female offenders, it is important for us to entertain future planning measures and policy making efforts to effectively address the issue of female cor- rections. Attempts to analyze the state of the art in fe- male corrections reveals a diversity of correctional models hampered by inappropriate and insufficient pro- grammatic goals and objectives. Studies addressing the problems confronting female corrections generate critiCism at institutional attempts to reintegrate the female offender. The field has_fai1ed to provide adequate program- ming for women offenders. The quality of programming is evidenced by research findings reporting existing insti- tutional program operations. For example, women's insti: tutions are characterized by vocational programs empha- \ \\‘- -h‘~'- i_l sizing the traditional female role in society; the dearth of educational programs; and situational problems result- ing from the small population of women in correctional facilities.1 Finally, the correction's field has been remiss in their efforts to develop standards and goals for female corrections that would benefit as a model for future planning. This neglect is apparent when we examine research and planning priorities in the correction's field. For example, the Labor Department's ten-year report on research and development projects in the correctional field concludes unequivocably that female offenders "did not play a major rglgwin the offender projects."2 This suggests that women have been denied planning efforts to determine what cor- rectional programs or policy objectives are most effective (if any) in deterring or controlling criminal behavior. The present situation is further aggravated by the failure of corrections to initiate actions which would identify the issues and alternatives available for female 1Maureen O'Connor, "Vocational Training Programs in Women's Correctional Institutions" (A Graduate Paper, Michigan State University, 1974), p. 7. 21974 Manpower Report to the President, United States Department of Labor, quoted in Maureen O'Connor, “Vocational Training Programs in women's Correctional Institutions" (A Graduate Paper, Michigan State Univer- sity, 1974), p. 12. -3- corrections. Female corrections could then proceed in a timely and efficient manner to provide for changes in policy, philOSOphy and correctional practices which are likely to occur. If one were to study the particular correctional orientations and expectations of different kinds of individuals involved who are influential in the decision making process for female corrections, a broad array of ideas and philosophies would emerge which would provide valuable infdrmation for enhancing efforts to make preparations to deal systematically with changes in female corrections. Furthermore, a knowledge of the philisophical and practical orientations of these diverse groups would enable the correctional field to identify internal ad- ministrative problems, i.e., professional role conflict, which might preclude attempts to successfully and properly plan and deal with the issues concerning female correc- tional institutions. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is twofold: First, the study will attempt to determine what potential decision makers believe to be the role and function of women's in- stitutions in the future. 4 Role has been defined as the position which seems situationally appropriate to the organizational system in terms of fulfilling the demands and expectations of the organizational system.3 We have defined function as the operational measures taken to attain particular goals of an organizational system. This feedback will provide the basis for the sec- ond focus of our study; to determine if diverse groups of individuals, knowledgeable, experienced and influential in the correctional decision making process are similar in their policy orientations and practices, i.e., rein- tegration, rehabilitation, restraint and reform.4 Spe- cifically, we will address the individual group's per- ceptions of the role and function of women's correctional institutions. This information should provide a useful body of knowledge to the criminal justice field in its efforts to establish clearly defined goals and objectives for cor- 3Neal Gross, Ward I. Mason, and Alexander M. McEachern, Explorations in Role Analysis: Studies of the School Superintendencngole (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., T958). p.TT3. 4Vincent O'Leary, Correctional Policy Inventory: A Survey of Correctional Philosophy and Characteristics Methods of Dealing withTOffenders (New Jersey: National Councinon Crime and Delinquency, [1970].) rectional institutions. The knowledge gleaned from the study can be placed on a correctional continuum for de- veloping research studies which seek to recognize the importance of future planning endeavors for female cor- rections. Need for the Study The need for future planning studies employing methodological techniques has gained recognition as so- cial scientists begin to realize its capabilities as a measure of control over the future. Olaf Helmer explains the importance of future planning applicable to both the physical and social sci- ences: The purpose of scientific endeavor is to achieve a better understanding of the world and, thus to develop valid theories concerning observable phenomena. Such theories are then used to predict future events and, in particular, to make con- ditional predictions of the consequences of alternative courses of action. The ability to make contingency predictions of this kind gives us a measure of con- trol over the future. Within the past few years the social sciences have been urged to explore the possibilities of the op- 5Olaf Helmer, Social Technology (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1966), pp. 4-5. erations research approach mentioned above. This se- quence of understanding, prediction, and ability to control issues (aspired) followed by actual control (exercised) has been selected as a methodology for de- fining the role and function of women's institutions.6 Focus of Study The study will focus on whether diverse occupa- tional roles of the participants affect their expecta- tions for female corrections. Viewed from this per- spective the Delphi method will be used to identify the issues and determine correctional priorities which are significant to planning and policy implementations. The research hypothesis to be studied is: Do diverse groups of correction's experts, i.e., state legislators, superintendents, directors of women's correctional institutions and directors of the Depart- ment of Corrections, involved in the decision making process for women's correctional institutions have dif- ferent correctional programming expectations and sub- scribe to different policy models for women's correc- tional institutions? CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A review of the Delphi literature reveals a need for a methodological planning tool which seeks to accom- modate future policy and planning decisions to diverse points of view and desires. The Delphi Technigue The Delphi Technique is a research method which attempts to make systematic effective use of informed intuitive judgments by identified experts in a given field of inquiry about the future condition of the field. Application of the technique derived from the realization that personal expectations of “influential" individuals in a given field of inquiry have a significant effect on the direction of future development in that field.1 The use of the Delphi Technique for defining prob- lems and exploring solutions for future planning and pol- 1Margaret Ann Jetter, "The Roles of the School Library Specialist in the Future: A Delphi Study" (Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1972), p. 62. icy efforts is designed to increase the creative produc- tivity of group action, facilitate group decision making, help stimulate the generation of critical ideas, and give guidance in the aggregation of group judgment to arrive at desirable group decisions.2 Helmer suggests that this method which incorpo- rates subjective judgmental input data is especially ap- plicable to research in the social science area, in cases where hard data are unavailable or too costly to obtain. Increased recognition by researchers of the potential of the Delphi Technique has provided decision makers with ready access to specialized expertise useful in identi- fying and evaluating future planning needs.3 The Evolution of Delphi The Delphi Technique was developed by Norman Dalkey and his associates at the Rand Corporation in 1950.4 The origin of the Delphi concept was viewed as 2Andre L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven and David H. Gustafson, Group Techniques for Prggram Plannin (Glen- view, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1972 , p. viii. 3Harold A. Linstone and Murray Turoff, The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1975), p. 10. 4The Rand Corporation has published several papers on the Delphi Method by Olaf Helmer, Bernice Brown, Norman C. Dalkey and others which explain the development and evo- lution of Delphi. These are included in the bibliography of Delphi related material. 9 a spinoff of defense research for a Rand Corporation study, entitled, "An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts," by Dalkey and Helmer.5 Later efforts brought the Delphi concept to the attention of non-defense areas.6 This was the "Report on a Long-Range Forecasting Study," by Y. T. Gordon and Olaf Helmer, published as a Rand paper in 1964.6 Delphi was used to assess and pre- dict "the direction of long-range trends, with emphasis on science and technology." Despite objections levelled toward this approach: ambiguity of questions; the dif- ficulty of assessing and utilizing the degree of exper- tise; and the tendency to produce self-fulfilling pro- phecies, it was concluded that through the use of con- trolled intuitive expertise it is possible to make mean— ingful assertions of substantive content about the future. It was further submitted that Delphi offered considerable advantages in cost and reliability——the former, by avoid- ing the need for assembling experts in one place; the 5“An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts," Management Science 9, No. 3 (April 1963) cited by Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 10. 6J. Gordon and Olaf Helmer, Report on a Long- Range Forecasting Study (New York: Rand Paper, Tl964]). lO latter by not subjecting them to the persuasiveness of oratory or to the bandwagon effect of prominent author- ity. Methodologically, the study was significant in contributing to the few systematic methods available at that time for testing techniques of long-range forecast- ing. For example: questions should be phrased with greater care to avoid unnecessary ambiguity; there should be enough phases to allow for adequate feedback; and im- provements in the systematic selection of experts must be achieved.7 With this as a foundation, further interest was generated in the application of Delphi to structure the human communication process. The technique has broadened beyond technological forecasting so that Delphi has be- come a multiple-use developmental planning tool. Olaf Helmer, a pioneer in the development of Delphi for long-range forecasting and planning, discusses the evolution of the Delphi method: Delphi has come a long way in its brief history, and it has a long way to go. Since its inven- tion about twenty years ago for the purpose of estimating the probable effects of a massive bombing attack on the United States, and its subsequent application in the mid-sixties to technological forecasting; its use has pro- 7Olaf Helmer, Social Technology (New York: Basic Books Inc., 1966), p. 95. ll liferated in the United States and abroad. While its principal area of application has remained that of technological fore- casting, it has been used in many other contexts in which judgmental information is indispensible. These include norma- tive forecast; the ascertainment of values and preferences; estimates concerning the quality of life; simulated and real de- cision making; and what may be 'inventive plannin ,' by which is meant the identifi- cation Tincluding invention) of potential measures that might be taken to deal with a given problem situation and the assess- ment of such proposed measures with regard to their feasibility, desirability, and effectiveness.8 Helmer has suggested that the rich menu of applica- tions and uses of Delphi as a planning tool to supply "soft data" in the social sciences and to provide decision makers with ready access to specialized expertise are of great potential importance for the social science field.9 The Delphi Process The basic approach used to conduct a Delphi can be exemplified by basically four phases involving a series of intensive questionnaires interspersed with controlled feedback. 8Harold A. Linstone and Murray Turoff, The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, with a foreward by Olaf Helmer (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1975), p. xix. Ibid., p. xx. 12 The first phase is characterized by exploration of the subject or issue under discussion, wherein each- individual contributes information that is felt to be pertinent to the issue. (Delphi questions might focus upon problems, objectives, solutions or forecasts). The second phase involves the process of reaching an understanding of how the group views the issue (i.e., where the participants agree or disagree and what they mean by relative terms such as importance, desirability, or feasibility). If there is significant disagreement, then that disagreement is explored in the third phase to bring out the underlying reasons for the differences and possibly to evaluate them. The last step, a final evalu- ation, occurs when all previously gathered information has been initially processed. Characteristic Values of Delphi A number of research studies have examined the effect of Delphi on the performance of decision making groups in terms of: (l) the quality, quantity, and va- riety of ideas generated; (2) the affectional (emotional and expressive) overtones of interaction; and (3) the nature of facilitative and inhibitive influences on cre- l3 ative problem solving.10 The qualitative and quantita- tive findings address the dimensional characteristics structured into the Delphi Process with either facili- tate or inhibit group performance. These characteristics include: Role orientations of groups, problem solving, impact of group norms, equality of participation, group composition and size, closure to the decision process 1] Each variable will and the utilization of resources. be discussed and analyzed separately. Since group members do not meet face to face in the Delphi Technique, there is a complete absence of so- cial or emotional behavior which diverts one's attention from the problem solving task, thus, all attention can be focused on task-instrumental activities. However, Van 12 found that the total absence of interpersonal de Ven relationships inhibits task performance because of the lack of verbal clarification or comment on ideas in the ‘feedback report. He questions whether the interpreta- tions of the ideas in the feedback are accurate. 10Delbecq, p. 15. Ibid., p. 20. 12"Nominal versus Interacting Group Processes for Committee Decision-Making Effectiveness," Academ of Management Journal, 14, 2 (June 1971): pp. 203-12 cited by Delbecq., Grogp Techniques, p. 20. l4 Rotter and Portugual13 report that the success of problem-solving groups in arriving at creative de- cisions is related to the time spent working on the prob- lem. Parnes concludes that significantly better ideas are generated in the third period of an individual's in- dependent thought on a topic than in the first two-thirds d.14 Thus, Delphi facilitates problem minded- of the perio ness by extending the period of problem centered focus. Delphi becomes a proactive search process by requiring each participant to write and/or articulate their ideas without the opportunity for the other group members to react or evaluate until all ideas are presented. The act of writing responses forces the respondents to think through the problem; and to pull together as objectively 15 We can as possible a large variety of information. conclude from this that Delphi contributes to the high quality and specificity of idea generation and encourages individuals to become aware of alternative options for the future. 13"Group and Individual Effects in Problem Solv- 9," Journal of Applied Psychology, 48 (1954), pp. 211- in 17 cited by DeTbecq, Group TEEhnigues, p. 23. 14"Effects of Brainstorming Instructions on Cre- ative Problem Solving by Trained and Untrained Subjects," Journal of Educational Psychology, 50 (1959), pp. 71-76, cited by Delbecq, Group Techniques, p. 4. 15Delbecq, Group Techniques, p. 24. 15 The Delphi technique relies on individual, anony- mous response so that each participant responds according to one's own perceptions, with no outside pressure, or non-objective factors to influence one's judgment. In addition, the non-conforming characteristics structured in the Delphi process helps to alleviate the presence of status incongruities present in most organizational groups, wherein low-status participants may be inhibited and go along with opinions expressed by high-status participants.16 Similarly, because there is no face-to-face con- tact among respondents in the Delphi process, there is no opportunity for the group's output to be polarized or biased by such factors as acquiescence to the influence of a dominant individual (high—status, expressive), group pressure for conformity, an unwillingness to abandon publicly-expressed opinion; and "noise" in the communica- tion system.‘'7 Another inherent value of Delphi is its size and composition. The number of participants in a Delphi study is generally determined to be the number which represents 16"Group Decision Making and Disagreement," Social Forces, 35 (1957), pp. 314-18, cited by Delbecq, Group Techniques, p. 24. 17 Jetter, Delphi Study, p. 63. 16 a significant pooling of judgments from the target group. Delphi is also used to examine more than one target group which is valuable for idea exchange among diverse professionals and interest groups. Several studies have tested the effects of both homogeneous and heterogeneous group composition on prob- lem solving. The traditional application of Delphi com- bines the opinions of heterogeneous groups. Hoffman and 18 found this to produce a higher proportion 0f high Maier quality, high acceptance solutions than homogeneous groups. On the other hand, homogeneous groups were found to facilitate group performance, reducing the likelihood of interpersonal conflict. Furthermore, Chester Jones in his Delphi Evaluation, underscored the fact that in situ- ations where the focus of study is to highlight areas of disagreement, it would be advantageous to run separate Delphis using more homogeneous groups to strengthen the credibility of the data.19 Practically speaking, in addition to the qualita- tive values of Delphi we must also consider the cost and 18"Quality and Acceptance of Problem Solutions by Members of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups,“ Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 (1961), pp. 401-407: cited by Delbecq, Group Techniques, p. 27. '9Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 160. 17 effort required to obtain information. Delphi can con- ceivably offer considerable advantages in cost and ef- fort by avoiding the need for assembling the experts in one place.20 Recognizing the values of Delphi as a facilita- tor for generating information and enhancing the de- cision making process should help to aid us in struc- turing the appropriate group design methodology which can be applied to a wide range of program and policy planning concerns. Based on the preceding review of research find- ings, Table 2.1 presents a recapitulation of the value characteristics of Delphi. Table 2.1 Value Characteristics of Delphi Source: Adapted from Group Decision-Making Effectiveness by Andrew Van de Ven, published by Center for Business and Economic Research Press, Kent State University, 1974. Used by permission. Dimension Delphi Overall methodology Structured series of question- naires and feedback reports Low variability between deci- sion panels 20Delbecq, Group Techniques, pp. 29-30. Table 2.1 (continued) 18 Dimension Delphi Role orientation of groups Relative quantity of ideas Relative quality and specificity of ideas Normative behavior Search behavior Equality of participation Methods of conflict resolution Task-instrumental focus High; isolated thinking High quality High specificity Freedom not to conform Proactive Controlled problem focus High task-centeredness New task knowledge Respondent equality in pool- ing of independent judgments Problem-centered Majority rule of pooled inde- pendent judgments Methodological Concerns of Delphi Application Although the Delphi process does not appear par- ticularly complex, there are many issues and problems, methodological concerns relative to the design and im- plementation that must be addressed to optimize its ef- fectiveness as a planning and policy tool. The need for careful planning and the distributed effort required by Delphi limits its use. Delphi should 19 not be used when time is limited. It is estimated that 2] Considerable it takes more than a month to implement. time is necessary to carefully formulate the Delphi ques- tion so that its meaning is clearly understood, to de- velop and analyze all the questionnaires; to appraise the utility of the information obtained, and revise the questionnaires if they are not effective. Likewise, this technique should not be used with groups of people who have difficulty reading and express- ing themselves. Finally, another critical condition affecting the use of Delphi isidentifying available qualified people whose judgments will be sought. It is imperative that prerequisites are developed for the application of Delphi as a planning tool. In ad- dition to procedural concerns that affect the utility of the technique are those methodological issues (i.e., how to choose a respondent group and honesty of the monitor 22 Typical of these problems is the critical task team). of selecting the participants. The substance and conse- quence of Delphi research depends on the expertise and 21Ibid., p. 85. 22Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 6. 20 23 The quality of the cooperation of the participants. responses is very much influenced by the interest and level of commitment demonstrated by the participants since others are not present to stimulate interest. Likewise, the participants should possess relevant infor- mation or experience concerning the objectives toward which decision makers are directing the Delphi.24 The size of the participant group chosen is variable. Re- searchers have indicated that few new ideas are generated within a homogeneous group once the size exceeds thirty well-chosen participants. However, in cases where var- ious reference groups are involved, several hundred people might want to participate.25 The statements which comprise the elements of a Delphi inevitably reflect the cultural attitudes, sub- jective bias, and knowledge of those who formulate them, which understandably result in misunderstandings and misin- terpretations. If the respondents do not understand the statements they may answer inappropriately or become frustrated with the questionnaire and lose interest in 23Jetter, Delphi Study, p. 63. 24Delbecq, GrouppTechniques, p. 85. 251pm, p. 89. 21 the outcome. Grabbe and Pyke26, in their evaluative study of the "Forecasting of Information Processing Technology," stress the importance of the proper formu- lation of Delphi statements. "Statements may be too concise, leading to excessive variations in interpreta- tion, or too lengthy, requiring the assimilation of 27 Linstone and too many elements to be evaluated. Turoff find a direct relation between the number of words used and the amount of information obtained, i.e., consensus. Low and high numbers of words yield low con- sensus with medium statements producing the highest con- sensus.28 We can surmise from the findings that we should attempt to optimize specificity, to avoid the possibility of widely disparate interpretations of the same statement by individuals of diverse socio-cultural orientations. The previous discussion focused on the values and methodological concerns enhancing the effective applica- tion and procedural use of the Delphi Method. The re- mainder of the discussion will evaluate the weaknesses in 255. M. Grabbe and o. L. Pyke, "An Evaluation of the Forecasting of Information Processing Technology and Applications," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 4, No. 2 (1972), p. 143. 271bid., p. 143. 28Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 32. 22 the Delphi Method which are, in principle, avoidable and which are weaknesses inherent in the method. Evaluation of Delphi Limitations Helmer and Rescher29 have acknowledged that Delphi is well-suited for research in the behavioral sci- ences. However, the application of scientific methodol- ogies in the inexact sciences incites efforts to over- simplify the complexity of social systems. It has been noted that "intuition, judgment and argument are not re- liable guides to the consequences of intervention into complex social systems for achieving consensus on a par- ticular issue."30 Individuals do not usually visualize a situation in a holistic pattern, thus, participant ef- forts to conceive the best planning or policy options for a particular problem produce a negative effect through interactives with other parts of the system. Other psychological difficulties arise when the individual anonymously develops his responses. The arti- ficial and isolated setting may result in responses that may indicate the characteristics of a radical liberalist; however, if the truth were known, the individual may be quite conservative. 29Olaf Helmer and Nicholas Rescher, "On the Epis- temology of the Inexact Sciences," Management Science, VI (October, 1959), p. 27. 3°Linstohe and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 579. 23 In the application of Delphi for future plan- ning, reliance is invariably placed on panels of ex- perts. With all due respect, the experts which are knowledgeable about certain aspects of a complex system cannot be expected to be equally competent in all the areas touched upon. Thus, the answers by highly compe- tent experts are diluted by less informed estimates on the part of others. Helmer suggests a few remedies for this defect. The respondents might be asked to leave blanks on the issues they feel incompetent to answer, thus, leaving the matter of qualification to their own discretion. Another suggestion would be to answer all the questions but add in each case a self appraisal of their degree of competence.31 Of course, this presents new problems involving over—confidence and reluctance to underestimate or overestimate one's qualifications. Linstone and Turoff appraise this deficiency by saying: Complete objectivity is an allusion in the eye of the beholder. The research must account for these changes and incorporate them into the findings for properly report- 3101af Helmer, Social Technology, p. 90. 32Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 582. 24 ing the current validity of the results. Perhaps the most serious inherent problem assoc- iated with the execution of Delphi is a lack of imagi- nation by the designer.33 The imagination to perceive how individuals may view the same issue differently and the conceptual quality to allow these individuals to express their inputs is not formulated in concrete terms, but must be carefully considered when developing the Delphi design. Criticism aimed at the reSpondents includes answers that are hastily given without careful thought. This results in obvious contradictions and negates the usefulness of Delphi as an instrument to enhance the re- spondent's capacity to think in complex ways about the 34 The fault may also lie with the designer. The future. designer should be careful to use discretion when de- veloping the questionnaire so that it does not become weighted down with trivia, superficially unrelated, ver- bose, or repetitious statements. Morse and Kimball, the godfathers of operations research, stressed the limita- tions of "expert opinion" and asserted that such opinion 331bid., p. 583. 34Olaf Helmer, Social Technology, p. 90. 25 is "nearly always, unconsciously biased.“35 Neither layman nor expert should be expected to be free of bias.36 The criticism for poor execution of the Delphi studies lies with either the analyst or participant. The analyst's selection of participants can produce a group of like-thinking individuals which excludes mav- ericks and becomes a vehicle for inbreeding. The use of separate and diverse homogeneous groups somewhat alleviates this problem. Superficial analysis of responses is another weakness. An individual's response to a question does not disclose the underlying rationale for the response. Helmer suggests the development of techniques for the formulation of sequential questions that would probe more systematically into the underlying reasons for the respondent's opinion.37 Group consensus can be based on differing or even opposing assumptions, which are also subject to sudden changes with the passage of time. Ma- jor disruptions in society (i.e., changing societal.philo- 35Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 582. Ibid., p. 582. 37Olaf Helmer, Social Technology, p. 95. 26 scaphical, and economic and political trends) will neces- sarily affect the validity of the results. Another shortcoming which dictates consideration ar'ises when a particular Delphi design for a particular ap>plication is taken as characteristic of all Delphis.38 Ttie far reaching applications to which the method in pr‘inciple lends itself has resulted in the overselling or‘ overadvocacy of the method in inappropriate circum- stLances, where the need has not been carefully deter- ruined. The review of Delphi literature in preparation for“ this study suggests that Delphi can be of consider- able utility when applied as a methodological tool for: fu1:ure planning; idea exchange among diverse professional ancl interest groups; and the continuous flow of signifi- cant data for policy review. Implications for Future Delphi Study Further experimentation is encouraged for solidi- ficatitan in the use and application of Delphi. The methodo- 109ica'l concerns and procedural limitations addressed in the stleies acknowledge that even the most well-executed Delphi cannot be isolated from surrounding inherent con- K 38Linstone and Turoff, The Delphi Method, p. 584. 27 ditions which distort its outcomes. Therefore,it is pertinent that the strengths and weaknesses of the Delphi method be carefully evaluated for the particular issue under study. The Delphi technique, and its applications are in a period of evolution; both with respect to how it is applied and to what it is applied. Recent studies utilizing Delphi as a methodological tool underscores a crucial point about the credibility of Delphi efforts. The Delphi designer who understands the philosophy of his approach and the resulting boundaries of validity is en- gaged in the practice of a potent communication process. The designer who applied the technique without clarify- ing these boundaries for the clients or observers is en- gaged in the process of methodology.39 Significantly, Delphi applications are no longer limited to the “hard sciences" but is being employed and recognized by behavioral sciences as a fundamental plan- ning and educational tool for exploring complex problems affecting society. CHAPTER III THEORY AND METHODS Theopy and Hypothesis This chapter examines the theoretical and methodo- logical measures used to compare the policy orientations of individuals occupying different roles in the administra- tion of women's correctional institutions. The hypothesis follows that: There is a difference in the policy orienta- tions of individuals who occupy different positions in the administration of women's correctional institutions, i.e., Chairpersons of the State Judiciary Committees (or select committees concerning corrections), the directors of the state departments of corrections, and the superintendents—— directors of the state women's correctional facilities, concerning the role and function of women's institutions. The underlying assumptions for this general hy- pothesis is derived from role theory. Neal Gross, in his book, identifies and explores the problems of consensus on role definition, conformity to expectations, and role conflict resolution and other such central problems of 28 29 role analysis.1 He argues that when reexamining the conceptualizations of role in the social sciences, indi- viduals occupying different positions in external social systems which interpret organizational goals differently, 2 These differences will express different expectations. are attributed to one's socialization process, social orientation and discipline, situational prerequisites and social pressures and demands of subsystems within the formal organizational system. This study is based on the assumption that indi- viduals who occupy different positions in the correctional system have different expectations concerning the role of women's correctional institutions in our society. These differences may derive from many different characteristics and concerns which predispose the individuals to assume different desires and expectations. The differences are perceived as legitimate ex- pectations3 resulting from personal characteristics, i.e, 1Neal Gross, Ward S. Mason, and Alexander W. McEachern, Explorations in Role Analysis: Studies of the School Superintendency Role (New York: John Wiley and’Sons, Inc., 1958), p. xi. 132. ____ P 3"Personality Characteristics and the Resolution of Role Conflicts," Public Opinion anrterly, XVII (1953), 134-135, cited by Neal Gross, Expectations in Role Analysis (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958), pp. 282-283. 3O authoritarian personality, personal bias, and political, social and cultural orientations which are internalized and brought with them to the position. The differences may also be attributed from factors directly associated with the positions they occupy. These include role obli- gation, positional status, group pressures and the ex- pected duties describing an achieved position. For ex- ample, the legislature is removed from the daily operation- al needs of the correctional institutions but is directly sanctioned and held accountable by their constituency. Unlike the legislators, the superintendents of the insti- tutions are held responsible for the care and maintenance of the correction's community. The socialization process of these individual groups supports the assumption that there is a clearly defined and agreed upon set of expectations associated with a position.4 Each individual group involved in the administration of correctional institutions will assume a particular position or location in a system or network of social relationships which is defined by both personal and situational characteristics. This position can then be analyzed with respect to the evaluative standards which 4Neal Gross, p. 320. 31 describes the expectations of the individual groups. To test the hypothesis it was necessary to identify a concep- tual model which would classify the expectations or opinions of the groups into typologies of correctional philosophy and policy. The model of correctional policies developed by Vincent O'Leary for the National Council on Crime and De- linquency, was selected for this purpose.5 O'Leary's Model was specifically designed to classify correctional policies along two dimensions: 1. emphasis on the offender,and 2. emphasis on the community. Using this approach O'Leary 6 identified four types of correctional programs. (See Figure 1). Figure 1 Model of Correctional Policies. Emphasis High REHABILITATION REINTEGRATION on the + Offender Low RESTRAINT REFORM Low + High Emphasis on Community 5 Vincent O'Leary, Correctional Policy Inventory: A Survey of Correctional Philosophy and Characteristic Methods of DeETingleth Offenders (New Jersey: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, [1970]), p. l. Ibid., p. 2. 32 It should be noted that this model characterizes the policy orientations of correctional organizations regardless of differences among individual members. It must also be emphasized that while four kinds of correc- tional policies are addressed in the subsequent section as being independent of each other, we would be remiss if we did not recognize the various combinations exist- ing in the correctional system. The four correctional policies (i.e., reform re- habilitation, restraint, reintegration), and their cell char- acteristics are examined to permit us to identify the type of correctional policy that is being followed.7 REFORM: Low Offender 1 High Community The basis for this classification system is cor- rectional compliance. Advocates of this philosophy feel their task is to induce law-abiding behavior by requiring the observance of community standards. Behavioral molding or change is induced by imposing rewards and punishment on behavior. Typically, control is authoritarian and the prison situation is used to instill right habits by fol- lowing a rigid conforming routine. Ibid., pp. 2-5. 33 While staff are generally firm but fair, they are not required to be highly educated. But, they must be good administrators dedicated to the ideals and values of society. The offenders indulge in few rights within this system. In fact, legal intervention is adamantly opposed by staff. REHABILITATION: High Offender / Low Community The basis for the second classification policy, rehabilitation, is correctional identification defined by programs which stress the medical model. This approach substitutes the "sick" label for the stigma of the crimi- nal label. Thus, the language is one of diagnosis and prognosis and an image of criminality as a personal dis- ability. I For the most part the staff are therapist or skilled practioners who work with inmates in individualized programs charged with the responsibility of maintaining a peaceful atmosphere. Particularly, this model broadens the gap between treatment and custodial staff in the be- lief that therapy is in the sphere of trained professionals. Like the reform model, the rehabilitation staff object to legal intervention because they feel the adver- sarial approach interferes with the therapeutic milieu. 34 RESTRAINT: Low Offender / Low Community The third correctional policy discussed is the restraint model. This model is simplistic in that it merely accepts people the court refers. Treatment is essentially control. Staff have the responsibility of observing and controlling inmates. Legal interventions are again dis- couraged because the adversary process disrupts the order- ly routine of the organization. REINTEGRATION: High Offender / High Communigy Correctional internalization is the primary cor- rectional concern with the final classification policy, reintegration. This system attempts to place emphasis on coping simultaneously with community standards and offender attitudes. A range of alternatives is designed to enable offenders to deal better with reality. The re- integration model promotes changes within the institutional structures to provide opportunities for offenders. Treatment is community supervision. All staff represent change agents valued for their skills. Unlike the other models, legal actions are encouraged by both staff and offenders. The application of this model of correctional pol- icy to the field of female corrections provided the con- 35 ceptual means by which to classify the policy orientations of the three groups of participants. This model, however, was contingent upon a method to collect the variables for study from groups of in- formed individuals in the corrections related fields. It was hoped that from the feedback, would emerge different program expectations and policy orientations which could be perceived as a direct effect of diverse professionalsui characteristics and concerns. Thus, the theory of role concept is salient to our explanation of the group's expectations, and provides us with a theoretical framework for the analysis of the social system. Certainly, the group's orientation and ex- posure to the complexities of the social system signifi- cantly influence their resulting expectations on how they perceive the role of women's institutions. For example, it would be expected that the superintendents would be supportive of the reintegration approach to correctional programs, advocating advanced treatment and vocational programs. Legislators, unlike the superintendents who have a self interest in the correctional institutions, are more strongly influenced by correctional trends which subscribe to a particular correctional policy for cor- rectional institutions, i.e., restraint. 36 Research Methods The study is designed to compare the policy ori- entations of individuals who occupy three diverse positions in the correctional system, i.e., state legislators, di- rectors of state department of corrections and superin- tendents——directors of women's correctional institutions. The primary data collection method was a modified version of the Delphi technique which attempts to make use of informed intuitive judgments by identified experts in a given field of study about the future condition of the field.8 Delphi is a group communication process with uti- lizes written responses as opposed to bringing individuals together in face-to-face contact. It is a means for em- ploying the informed judgments of a number of influential individuals in order to improve the quality of decision making.9 Delphi lets people remain anonymous in their re. sponses. The Delphi process employs a series of questionnaires. The first questionnaire asks individuals to respond to a 8Margaret Ann Jetter, "The Roles of the School Library Media Specialist in the Future: A Delphi Study" (Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1972), p. 62. 9Andre L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven and David H. Gustafson, Group Techniques for Program Planning (Glen- view, Illinois: Scott Foresman and Company, 1972), p. 89. 37 broad question by providing their own ideas and judgments concerning the role and function of women's correctional institutions. Each subsequent questionnaire is inter- spersed with information and opinion feedback obtained from the preceding questionnaire. The process stops when consensus has been approached among participants or when sufficient information has been obtained. This procedure for collecting data was devised by Olaf Helmer to offset the several undesirable aspects of group discussion, a commonly used technique for determining expert opinion.10 The benefits accrued from the use of this tech- nique include: Adequate time for thinking and reflection so as not to choose ideas prematurely; flexibility in allowing participantS'uirespond at the most convenient time; the benefit of remaining problem or task oriented; avoidance of competition, dominance and group pressure for conformity; opportunity to identify areas of consensus and dissensus and it contributes to an early examination of emerging priorities.n 10Delphi, Rand Corporation (1967) cited by Andre L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven, and David H. Gustafson, Group Techniques for Prqgram Plannlpg (Glenview, IllinoTs: Scott Foresman and Company, 1972), p. 83. nDelbecq, pp. 90, 97. 38 Olaf Helmer in his Treatise on Delphi methodology entitled, Social Technology strongly advocates the need "12 for "systematic use of expertise. Expert judgment de- fined by Helmer is either derived from explicit applica- tion of existing theories or it may be highly intuitive in character and based on insights that although no less reliable, may have thus far defied articulation within a theoretical framework. Helmer believes that expert opinion should be used whenever it becomes necessary to choose among several al- ternative courses of action in the absence of an accepted body of theoretical knowledge that would clearly single out one course as the preferred alternative until satis- factory theoretical studies or policy actions are avail- able. He concludes saying: Often, a decision maker may find himself at the state of the art, and he may have to rely heavily on whatever expert judgment may be available, rather than on a solid (nonexistent) theory. His model is therefore apt to be ad hoc, tentative (that is, subject to modifica- tion and improvement), future directed, and policy oriented. Frequently the reliability of such a model may leave much to be desired; yet its justification should derive from the fact that recommended actions based on it have a good chance of being more appropriate than actions selected without use of the model.13 12Olaf Helmer, "Report on a Long-Range Forecasting Study," Social Technology (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1966), p. 45. 13Ibid., p. 85. 39 Delphi has been applied as.a method to elicit the opinions and judgments of individuals involved in the administration of women's correctional institutions. The sample of individuals participating in the study represent those individuals who have a significant im- pact on the developmental role and direction of de- cision and policy making for women's institutions, i.e., state legislatures, superintendents——directors of state women's correctional facilities and the directors of the state department of corrections. The group's responses to the projected role of women's correctional institutions provide valuable information concerning what experts in the field of female corrections determine should happen to women's correctional institutions in the future. This enables us to objectively examine differences in the groups which might impede efforts to best achieve the desired future status of women's correctional insti- tutions. Selection of Participants Two hundred individuals considered to be experts on the issues of female corrections and who were influ- ential in determining the direction of future policy and program planning for women's correctional institutions were selected to participate in the study. 40 It was determined that the individuals should be selected from three areas of professional specialization: l. Superintendents of all women's institutions listed in the American Correctional Assoc— iation of Federal Prisons of which there are approximately 50. 2. Directors of the Department of Corrections; this number includes fifty plus the Federal Department of Corrections, D.C. 3. Chairpersons of the state legislature or se- lect committees concerning judiciary committees on corrections which constitutes approximately 100 individuals. Data in Table 3.2 report the total number of re- sponses according to group specification.14 Table 3.1 PARTICIPANTS IN STUDY ACCORDING TO PROFESSIONAL CATEGORIES Number of Number of . Participants Participants Professional Categories Sent Ques- Who Returned tionnaires Questionnaires Directors, Department of 50 24 Corrections Superintendents of State 50 25 Women's Institutions Chairperson of State 100 12 Legislature Total 200 61 14The total number of returned responses from the chairpersons of the state judiciary committees (or select committees concerning corrections) was 12. The extremely low response rate is attributed to the fact that the ques- tionnaires were mailed in July, 1975, when the legislature had recessed for the duration of the summer. 41 Procedure of Study The format of the Delphi questionnaires and the process by which they were distributed is discussed in detail below (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Format of Delphi Questionnaires Requesting Informational Input by Participants Questionnaire I asks participants to suggest future roles for the adult women's correctional facility. Questionnaire II asks the participants to rate each of these roles on a scale to indicate their perception of the importance of the role in the functioning of the women's facility in the future. Questionnaire III asks the participants to review the data and to revise any rat- ing to indicate agreement or dis- agreement with the group opinion. Phase One The study was commenced on July 25, 1975. A cover letter explaining the Delphi process (Appendix A), accom- panied by an open ended questionnaire (Appendix B), was mailed to the three groups of participants asking them to 42 participate in the study by identifying issues concern- ing the role of women's institutions in the future (ten year time span). Phase Two The participants responded to this request and provided separate items concerning the future role of women's corrections. The large number of items received could not all possibly be included in the second phase of the Delphi study. Because of this, the original items were separately analyzed by the three project staff mem- bers who each attempted to classify each item by its pri- ‘5 Staff members then met to mary substantive content. compare their categorization of items in order to elimi- nate gross duplication of ideas. This process led to a reduced list of fifty-seven items, most of which retained the original wording of the respondents. This reduced list of fifty-seven role statements provided the basis for the second phase of the Delphi study. 15Project staff members include: John F. Brooks, Project Director; Ralph G. Lewis, Ed.d, Research Direc- tor; John H. McNamara, Ph.D., Coordinator Criminal Justice Systems Center. Study conducted by the Criminal Justice Systems Center of Michigan State University for the Michigan Department of Corrections, and Michigan Task Force on the status of women offenders in Michigan. 43 An example of a few of the items identified by the first round of questionnaires include: (1) The women's facility will play a diag- nostic and evaluative role for placement, sentencing alternatives, service brokerage, and overall determi- nation of correctional options for the individual. (2) The institution will fulfill its cor- rectional role by teaching skill training (including non-traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. (3) The adult women's correctional facility will play a security-oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are committed. Appendix C provides a complete copy of the ques- ‘t‘ionnaire that was sent to the second phase respondents. 'lee reader should note that this second questionnaire solicited opinions concerning both the desirability each respondent associated with each item and their estimates as to the probability that women's correctional programming Would actually develop in that direction over the next ten years. This was done in order to provide some balance to the tendency of individuals to expose programs which have 1‘1n1ited political feasibility for implementation. 44 The second questionnaire asked the respondents to rate each of the fifty-seven identified items in rel- ative terms (i.e., desirability, probability). using a Likert-type 5-point scale ranging from a high of one to a low of five (see Table 3.2). Table 3.2 Sample Role Statements of Second Delphi Questionnaire Desirability Probability Role Statement The women's institu- 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 tion will be small, 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 Omniunity based, utiliz- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 ing 1 ocal community re- sOur‘CQS \ Returns from the second phase questionnaire were pr‘0‘381‘23ed and the frequency distribution of the responses for e ac“ item were calculated. These figures became the basis ft) " a. third round questionnaire which was designed to give Pee spondents an opportunity to revise their ratings of items at) d to provide us the opportunity to explore the develop- 45 ment of consensus or dissensus between the respondents. The letter and questionnaire requesting participation in the third round appear in Appendix D. Contrary to expectations, the changes in item ratings were fairly small. The comparable mean ratings on questionnaire II and III appear in Table 3.3. Even more important, however, almost 10% of the participants failed to respond to the third round. Table 3.3 Comparable Mean Ratings of Delphi Questionnaires II and III Desirability Probability Role Statements '7 Phase II X Phase III X Phase II X Phase III . The institution will make greater use of placements of offenders in volunteer roles in community programs/ agencies. . The women's institution will be small, communi- ty based-utilizing local community resources. . The institution will make greater use of placement of offenders with families in the local communities. 2.14 1.30 2.59 2.12 1.33 2.64 3.07 3.00 3.71 2.98 3.03 3.69 45 Table 3.3 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability ‘Y Phase II ‘Y Phase III X Phase III Community based facilities (half-way houses, group homes, area centers, etc.) will be utilized for all female offenders who are not considered a "risk" to society. The women's institution will provide a continuum of increased/intensive after-care through ap- proved community pro- grams, closer parole supervision, half-way placement prior to re- lease, “out-patient“ ser- vices for ex-offenders, etc. The women's institution will be a social problem oriented facility serving to coordinate services on specific female problems, as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for adjust- ment into society. The women's facility will be a base station utiliz- ing community support ser- vices and programs brought into the institution (ver- sus a purchase of care concept from the community through furlough/release). 1.36 1.41 1.93 2.86 1.37 1.41 1.90 2.85 2 2. 2. 3. .86 55 98 09 2.83 2.56 2.97 3.07 47 Table 3.3 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability 7' Phase II Y Phase III ‘7 Phase II ‘Y Phase III 10. 11. [2. Women's institutions will use medical, psychologi- cal, social and educa- tional techniques for ex- perimentation and demon- stration concerning the conversion of persons into socially acceptable models. Women's correctional fa- cilities will place in- tensive and increased emphasis on job training, development and placement after incarceration (in- cluding non-traditional female positions, e.g., welding, automotive, etc.) The women's institution, as well as the entire correctional system, will utilized more sophisti- cated planning, research, development, and evalua- tion in determining goals, objectives and alterna- tives in assessing its needs and making its de- cisions. Programming opportunities in women's institutions will be equal to those available in men's facil- ities. The women's institution will house and program for offenders making restitu- tion to injured parties and society as sentenced by the courts. 1.31 1.56 1.43 1.48 3.60 2.61 2.61 2.71 2.81 2.54 2.57 2.79 3.05 2.62 48 Table 3.3 (continued Role Statements Desirability Probability Y Phase III Ph Y ase II Y Phase III 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. The parole function will be eliminated as struc- tured and revert to a service providing after- care component of the wo- men's institution. The women's correctional institution will house individuals for short sentences, utilize inten- sive programming, return- ing the individual to so- ciety at the quickest possible pace. The institution will re- place its role of "reha- bilitation" with the con- cept of "self-help" as reflected in the availa- bility of self-help pro- gramming. The women's facility will exist only to contain the small number of women who need long-term, high se- curity incarceration. Because of economic, le- gal, and philosophical considerations, the wo- men's prison of today (as structured in 1975) will be abolished, or in the process of being phased out, in 10 years. 1 l 2. 1 l .75 .95 60 .92 .49 3. 3. 2 3. 4. 68 38 .91 23 16 49 Table 3.3 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability 7’ Phase II Y Phase III Y Phase III 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. The institution will ful- fill its correctional role by teaching skill training (including non- traditional, female skills) in viable posi- tions in society. The institutional role will be enhanced by gov- ernment guaranteed job opportunity in all cases where private employment is unavailable. The adult women's cor- rectional facility will play a role of custody, warehousing female felons. Through programming, legislation, and ju- dicial process, the drug offender, first of- fender, and victimless crime offender will be di- verted from the women's institution resulting in only dangerous and recidi- vist offenders being housed within. The women's facility will play a diagnostic and evaluative role for place- ment, sentencing alterna¥ tives, service brokerage, and overall determination of correctional options for the individual. 2.61 3.30 2.03 3.13 3.73 2. 4. 3. 3 2. 89 14 25 .18 96 3.43 3.57 2.97 3.69 3.12 50 Table 3.3 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability X Phase II X Phase III X Phase II X Phase III 23. 24. 25. 26. Diversion by many factors will result in the wo- en's facility fulfilling its role through a small, multistate regionalized facility. Continued economic con- siderations on society coupled with court and legislative decisions will make the women's facility larger (popula- tion) and more complex in its role. Women's corrections in the future will move toward full participation with other components of the Criminal Justice System. (Developing cooperative preventive efforts to im- pact social policy, working with offenders, and inte- grating correctional ser- vices with other community support-systems (medical, psychiatric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a continuity of services to correctional clients. The women's facility will fulfill the correctional role by imposing no more control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achievement of program objectives. 2.87 3.96 1.30 1.59 3.56 3.20 2.89 2.74 3.89 2.52 2.57 2.63 2.46 2.54 2.87 2.77 Table 3.3 51 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability X Phase II III Y Phase II ‘Y Phase III 27. 238. 225) The women's institution in the future will work towards maintaining fam- ily relationships, by fostering family partici- pation in the correctional— rehabilitation process. The women's institution will fill its correctional role through use of legal- 1y binding contracts gov- erning programming, respon- sibilities and release con- siderations. There will be advanced treatment involved for fe- male offenders-counseling, psychological and psychia- tric. The adult women's correc- tional facility will house only felony offenders com- mitted for assaultive-type offenses and considered dangerous, and the profes- sional offender in order to fulfill the role of pro- tecting society from those females who present too much risk to be retained in the community. 1.45 2.90 2.52 1.53 1.45 1.66 1.73 3.44 2.86 3.09 2.64 3.11 2.42 3.10 2.93 4.28 52 Table 3.3 (continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability Y Phase II 31. 132. £313. 34. The institution will uti- lize community resources by daily release of offen- ders to purchased services (education, mental health, family counseling, etc.) rather than duplicate such services within the insti- tution. The institution will exist to play a role of punish- ment for crimes against society. The adult women's correc- tional facility will play a security-oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are committed. The correctional facility will provide training for the large majority of of- fenders (60-80%) with the remainder housed for cus- tody only (A no program- ming option for the inmate) The institution will en- counter a slow movement toward actual "rehabili- tation" of female offen- ders. . The women's institution will serve as a sanction in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. 53 Table 3.3 (Continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability Y Pha I se I Phase 37. 138. 4o 4‘! The women's facility will play the role of a goal oriented treatment center addressing the needs of women as individuals with need variances. The women's correctional facility of the future will provide a structured social environment paral- leling that of the "out- side world." (This will include physical plant adaptation to be less “prison like," diversified social work, economic, recreational, and cultural activities. The correctional institu- tion for women will pro- vice a structured self- government system which requires few employees. (Control and management will be the responsibil- ity of those individuals incarcerated.) The women's institution will integrate program activities with male cor- rectional facilities in order to equalize program opportunites (not a co-ed facility). The institution will again play a role of carrying out death penalty sen- tences for specific offen- ders/crimes. 1 1 3. 2. .54 .61 36 13 .20 1.90 1.89 4.08 2.75 3. 2 4. 3. 3. 12 .95 23 29 71 3. 2. 3. 3 36 90 56 .89 54 Table 3.3 (Continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability Y Phase II 'Y Phase III 42. ‘43. 44. The women's institution will make available liv- ing arrangements for children of women incar- cerated who desire family- oriented treatment. The institution of the fu- ture will make more use of furlough and work/study release programs as a part of its correctional pro- gramming. The institution will re- main stable in size and population, however the length of sentence for the individual will increase. . The women's institution will fulfill its correc- tional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater program options and resources that are not affordable in small women's facilities. The women's institution will move towards develop- ing more specific inter- vention techniques for specific offender types according to improved di- agnostic and classifica- tion systems. Differential facilities (e.g. custody only unit, maximum security, minimum security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and differential treatment will exist according to crime/offender typology. 3.89 2. 10 .08 .62 .90 .18 .89 55 Table 3.3 (Continued) Role Statements Desirability Probability ‘Y Phase II Y' Phase III ‘Y Phase II Y" Phase III 48. 4453. Due to many factors (e.g., public apathy, small num- ber of women offenders, lack of economic support, other government priori- ties, etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in 10 years. Female felons (with excep- tion of "dangerous"/"hard core" offenders) will be handled at local level fa- cilities subject to stand- ards imposed by the state and regulated through sub- sidies. The women's institution of the future will utilize more inmate services to reduce system maintenance costs (e.g., food produc- tion, laundry maintenance, supervision, etc.) The correctional institu- tions for women will be small (detention) units in the future, decentra- lized throughout the state. The women's institution will provide a broader span of academic and voca- tional education programs than provided in 1975. 2.25 2.28 2.87 1.72 2.98 2.84 3.29 2.44 3.45 2.41 3.30 3.21 4.20 2.90 4.12 56 Table 3.3 (Continued) Role Statements 53. The women's correctional 5511. 5555 56 facility will become a miniature social, politi- cal and economic institu- tion, having increased recognition and growin influence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identifica- tion with similar social organizations in the com- munity. Greater organiza- tion and independence a- mong the women housed therein will be witnessed. The courts will take a role in the correctional process by developing a community classification system for offender hand- ling, as well as being the determinant of release of inmates in conjunction with the institution. . The institution will play a role of determining re- lease for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (having received sentences with indeterminant re- lease). . The adult women's correc- tional facility in 1985 will be regionalized (serving multi-states), with a small population of intractable offenders. Desirability Probability Y Y' Y Y Phase Phase Phase Phase II III II III 2.59 4.08 3.43 3.25 3.34 4.08 3.63 3.15 2.02 1.72 3.00 2.93 3.12 2.87 3.70 3.85 57 Table 3.3 (Continued) Desirability Probability Role Statements Y Y x Phase Phase Phase Phase II III II III 57. The women's institution will service more clients with flat sentences-with 3.73 3.88 3.14 2.50 no chance of early release or parole. Because the study was focused on what experts felt the role and function of women's institutions should be, we decided it was more important to maximize the number of respondents rather than to concern ourselves with the study of the consensus process. We then decided to uti- lize the results from the second phase questionnaire. In addition, we also decided to ignore the issue of probabil- ity and to focus the present study on the desirability of various correctional policies. This decision was made because it was felt that the issue of desirability would provide data concerning what administrators felt were the most important concerns for women's correctional institu- tions in the future. Unlike the desirability, the issue of probability would be affected by internal political concerns. Clearly, if a significant percent of individuals 58 viewed an item as very desirable, the information would become an important planning guide for addressing the issue of program planning for women's correctional in- stitutions. CHAPTER IV RESEARCH DESIGN The primary data for this study——the results of the second round Delphi questionnaire——were the ratings of the fifty-seven role statements concerning the role and function of women's correctional institutions in the future. Table 4.1 presents the overall mean scores and standard deviations associated with each item in the order of their priority rank. The table also records the mean rating scores assigned to the items by each individ- ual group. Table 4.1 Desired Roles for Women's Correctional Institutions According to Priority Rank (Delphi II) ‘Y Y Y Item Y SD Direc- Super- Legis- tor inten- latures dents ‘ The institution of the future will make more use of furlough and 1.21 .551 1.13 1.20 1.42 work/study release pro- grams as a part of its correctional programming. 59 Table 4.1 (continued) 60 Item >4 SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- la- tures The women's institution as well as the entire correctional system, will utilize more so- phisticated planning, research, development, and evaluation in deter- mining goals, objectives and alternatives in as- sessing its needs and making its decisions. Programming opportunities in women's institutions will be equal to those a- vailable in men's facil- ities. Women's corrections in the future will move toward full participation with other components of the Criminal Justice Sys- tem. Developing coopera- tive preventive efforts to impact social policy working with offenders, and integrating correc- tional services with other community support- systems (medical, psychi- atric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a com- munity of services to correctional clients. The women's institution will be small, commun- ity based utilizing local community re- sources. 1 1 l 1 .21 .23 .31 .33 .451 5 .60 .593 .625 1.17 1.21 1.08 1.33 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.33 1.25 1.83 1.33 Table 4.1 (continued) 61 Item ._ X X X SD Direc- Super- tor inten- dents Legis- la- tures Community based facili- ties (halfway houses, group homes, area cen- ters, etc.) will be uti- lized for all female of- fenders who are not con- sidered a "risk" to so- ciety. The women's institution will provide a continu- um of increased/inten- sive after care through approved community pro- grams, closer parole su- pervision, half-way placement prior to re- lease, "out-patient" of- fenders, etc. The women's institution in the future will work towards maintaining family relationships, by fostering family par- ticipation in the cor- rectional-rehabilitation process. There will be advanced treatment involved for female offenders-coun- seling, psychological and psychiatric. The women's institution will provide a broader span of academic and vo- cational education pro- grams than provided in 1975. .37 .712 1.29 1.29 .41 .739 1.38 1.24 .43 .784 1.45 1.28 .48 .648 1.58 1.36 .49 .788 1.54 1.48 Table 4.1 (continued) 62 Item >4 SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- la- tures The women's facility will play the role of a goal oriented treatment center addressing the needs of women as indi- viduals with need vari- ances. Women's correctional fa- cilities will place in- tensive and increased emphasis on job training, development and place- ment after incarceration (including non-tradit- ional female positions; e.g., welding, automo- tive, etc.) The women's facility will fulfill the correc- tional role by imposing no more control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achievement of pro- gram objectives. The women's correctional facility of the future will provide a structur- ed social environment paralleling that of the “outside" world. (This will include physical plant adaptation to be less "prison like," di- versified social, work, economic, recreational, and cultural activities). 1 1 1 1 .53 .56 .59 .66 .849 .041 .692 .793 1 l l l .38 .33 .71 .58 1.44 1.56 1.40 1.56 2.00 2.00 1.75 2.00 Table 4.1 (continued) 63 Item Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- la- tures The women's facility will play a diagnostic and evaluative role for placement, sentencing alternatives service brokerage, and overall determination of correc- tional options for the individual. The instituiton will fulfill its correctional role by teaching skill training (including non- traditional female skills) in viable positions in society. The women's institutions will move towards devel- oping more specific in- tervention techniques for specific offender types according to im- provied diagnostic and classification systems. The adult women's correc- tional facility will house only felony offen- ders committed for as- saultive-type offenses and considered dangerous and the professional of- fender in order to ful- fill the role of protect- ing society from those females who present too much risk to be retained in the community. l l l 1 .72 .897 1.63 1.80 .72 .951 2.00 1.48 .74 .835 1.58 1.64 .75 .888 1.67 1.84 1.75 1.67 2.25 1.75 Table 4.1 (continued) 64 Item ><1 SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- la- tures The women's institution will house and program for offenders making res- titution to injured par- ties and society as sen- tenced by the courts. The institution will re- place its role of "reha- bilitation" with the con~ cept of "self-help" as reflected in the availa- bility of the self-help programming. The women's correctional institution will house individuals for short sentences, utilize inten- sive programming, return- ing the individual to so- ciety at the quickest time possible. The women's institution will be a social problem oriented facility serving to coordinate services on specific female problems as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for adjust- ment into society. The correctional institu- tions for women will be small (detention) units in the future, decentra- lized throughout the state. .87 .89 .90 .90 .92 l .23 .968 1 .08 .995 1 .22 2. 2. 1 1 1 13 13 .71 .71 .83 1.68 1.60 2.08 1.96 1.96 1.75 2.00 1.92 2.17 2.00 Table 4.1 (continued) 65 Item ><| SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- 1a tures The institution will utilize community re- sources by daily release of offenders to purchased services (education, men- tal health, family coun- seling, etc.) rather than duplicate such services within the institution. The institution will play a role of determining re- lease for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (having received sen- tences with indeterminant release). Differential facilities (e.g., custody only unit, maximum security, minimum security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and differential treat- ment will exist according to crime/offender typol- ogy. The institution will make greater use of placements of offenders in volunteer roles in community pro- grams/agencies. The women's institution will integrate program activities with male correctional facilities in order to equalize pro- gram opportunities. .95 .03 .07 .12 .12 1 l .12 .22 .981 1 1 .07 .03 66 Table 4.1 (continued) Y ‘Y Y Item Y SD Direc- Super- Legis- tor inten- 1a- dents tures Female felons (with ex- ception of "dangerous" hard-core offenders) will be handled at local level 2.25 1.14 2.26 2.04 2.67 facilities subject to standards imposed by the state and regulated through subsidies. The women's facility will exist only to contain the small number of women who 2.28 1.25 2.25 2.24 2.42 need long-term high se- curity incarceration. The women's institution will fill its correction- al role through use of legally binding contracts 2.48 1.16 2.38 2.68 2.25 governing responsibili- ties and release consid- erations. The women's institution of the future will uti- lize more inmate services to reduce system mainten- 2.60 1.30 2.57 2.72 2.42 ance costs (e.g., food production, laundry, maintenance, supervision, etc.) The parole function will be eliminated as struc- tured and revert to a 2.61 1.31 2.88 2.16 3.00 service providing after- care component of the women's institution. Table 4.1 (continued) 67 Item ><| SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- 1a- tures The women's correctional facility will become a miniature social, politi- cal and economic institu- tion, having increased recognition and growing influence in society. (Its residents will rec- ognize their common problems and increase their identification with similar social organiza- tions in the community. Greater organization and independence among the women housed therein will be witnessed.) The institution will make greater use of place- ment of offenders with families in the local communities. The institution will encounter a slow move- ment toward actual "reha- bilitation" of female offenders. The women's institution will make available liv- ing arrangements for children of women incar- cerated who desire family-oriented treatment. The women's facility will be a base station utiliz- ing community support ser« vices and programs brought into the institu- tion (versus a purchase of care concept from the com- munity through furlough/ release). 2.61 2.64 2.74 2.75 2.85 1 1 1 1 1 .24 .23 .41 .50 .17 2.71 2.83 2.96 2.88 2.92 2.44 2.68 2.72 2.44 2.88 2.75 2.17 2.33 3.12 2.67 68 Table 4.1 (continued) Y ‘Y Y Item Y SD Direc- Super- Legis- tor inten- 1a- dents tures Diversion by many factors will result in the wo- men's facility fulfilling 2.87 1.44 2.71 3.08 2.75 its role through a small multi-state regionalized facility. Because of economic, le- gal, and philosophical considerations, the wo- men's prison of today 2.87 1.25 2.95 3.04 2.75 (as structured in 1975) will be abolished, or 'hitheprocess of being phased out, in 10 years. The correctional facil- ity will provide train- ing for the large ma- jority of offenders (60- 2.89 1.55 3.17 2.48 3.17 80%) with the remainder housed for custody only (A no programming option for the inmate.) The women's institution will serve as a sanction 2.90 1.38 2.87 2.77 3.17 in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. The women's institutions will use medical, psycho- logical, social and edu- cational techniques for 2.95 1.33 2.96 2.96 2.92 experimentation and dem- onstration concerning the conversion of persons into socially acceptable models. The institution role will be enhanced by government guaranteed job opportuni- 2.98 1.40 2.83 3.32 2.58 ty in all cases where private employment is un- available. Table 4.1 (pontinued) 69 Item ><| SD Direc- tor Super- inten- dents Legis- la- tures The women's institution will fulfill its correc- tional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater program op- tions and resources that are not affordable in small women's facilities. The adult women's correc- tional facility in 1985 will be regionalized (serving multi-states with a small population of in- tractable offenders). The adult women's correc- tional facility will play a security-oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are committed. The courts will take a role in the correctional process by developing a community classification system for offender hand- ling, as well as being the determinant of release of inmates in conjuction with the institution. The correctional institu- tion for women will provide a structured self-govern- ment system which requires few employees. (Control and management will be the re- sponsibility of those in- dividuals incarcerated.) The institution will exist to play a role of punish- ment for crimes against society. .07 .13 .20 .30 .44 .56 70 Table 4.1 (continued) Y’ Y Y Item 'Y SD Direc- Super- Legis- tor inten- 1a- dents tures The women's institution will service more clients with flat sentences-with 3.73 1.25 3.67 3.56 4.25 no chance of early re- lease or parole. Continued economic con- siderations on society coupled with court and legislative decisions 3.88 1.21 4.38 3.67 3.33 will make the women's fa- cility larger (population) and more complex in its role. The institution will re- main stable in size and population, however, the 3.93 1.19 3.78 3.96 4.17 length of sentence for the individual will in- crease. The institution will again play a role of carrying out death pen- 4.08 1.30 4.25 4.00 3.92 alty sentences for spe- cific offenders/crimes. The adult women's correc- tional facility will play 4.08 1.14 4.29 3.92 4.00 a role of custody, ware- housing female felons. Through programming, leg- islation, and judicial process, the drug offen- der, first offender, and victimless crime offender 4.08 .874 1.58 1.88 1.75 will be diverted from the women's institution re- sulting in only dangerous and recidivist offenders being housed within. Table 4.1 (continued) 71 Y 'Y Y Item Y' SD Direc- Super- Legis- tor inten- la- dents tures Due to many factors (e.g., public apathy, small number of women offenders, lack of eco- nomic support, other government priorities, 4.54 .923 4.63 4.52 4.42 etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional fa- cility in 10 years. Looking at this table it is very difficult to iden- tify or interpret any consistent pattern concerning the overall policy orientations of correctional administra- tors, let alone identify differences between the incum- bents of the diverse positions. For example, the highest ranked item is characterized by the increased use of fur- lough and work/study release programs in correctional pro- gramming. of the reintegration policy. be classified as a rehabilitative approach. This statement sounds as if it is supportive On the other hand it could In order to develop a policy classification scheme and to reduce the actual number of variables included in the analysis, two distinct efforts were employed: item classification approach and a factor analysis of all 72 fifty-seven items solicited from the participants in the study. Each approach is discussed separately within this chapter. Classification Model In order to utilize the correctional policy model developed by O'Leary, a questionnaire was adapted to classify the fifty-seven role statements into correctional policy categories (see Appendix E). This questionnaire listed the fifty-seven role statements and asked student respondents to rate each statement on two dimensions: (1) emphasis on the offender, and (2) emphasis on the community. We anticipated that this step would enable us to fit each statement into one of the correctional policy categories, i.e., reform, reintegration, restraint, rehabilitation. To maximize the opportunity for variation in the responses, the role statements were rated on a scale ranging from one to five (1=low, 5=high). Table 4.2 presents a brief version of the actual questionnaire used during this process. Table 4.2 Sample of Questionnaire Measuring Correctional Policies [Step I - Emphasis on Offender] Emphasis on Indi- R°'e Stateme"t vidual offender The women's institution will be small, 1 2 3 4 5 community based-utilizing local com- munity resources. 73 [Step 2 - Emphasis on Community] Emphasis on Role Statement Community The women's institution will be 1 2 3 4 5 small, community-based - utiliz- ing local community resources. Specifically, each student participant was first asked to rate each item in terms of its emphasis on the individual and then to repeat the process concerning its emphasis on the community. To avoid planned responses, the ordered role statements in Step I did not correspond with the ordered role statements in Step II. For example, statement one on the offender questionnaire equalled statement sixty-two on the community questionnaire. A,Se1ection of Raters The questionnaires were distributed in April, 1976, to a class of ninety undergraduate students within the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State Univer— sity. It was the researcher's belief that these indi- viduals possessed both the theoretical and practical abil- ities to understand the rather complex model of correc- tional policy developed by O'Leary. Thus, the participants 74 acted as a valid measuring index for the identified Delphi role statements. The correctional policy model questionnaire was distributed during class time and the raters were asked to return the completed score sheet within four days to the researcher. Fifty-nine students from a to- tal sample of ninety, responded by completing and re- turning the questionnaires. To maximize participation the student raters were given class points for their efforts. For similar rea- sons, the researcher emphasized the importance of their candid responses and assured the individuals that the results of the study would be made available to them. (Unfortunately, before the results could be computed and analyzed the class sessions had terminated.) Methodological weaknesses exist in all research designs. Those external variables affecting validity and reliability can not always be controlled. For exam- ple, the participants mood, weak instrumentation, and questionnaire ambiguity are weaknesses in this study which must be acknowledged. B. Classification Process After the items were classified by the raters a joint frequency distribution, cross tabs, was computed to determine the strength of the association of each item 75 on the two classificatory variables, i.e., emphasis on community, emphasis on individual. A level of measure- ment, one to five inclusive, was selected to character- ize the two variables. Using this apprach we can de- termine, for example, to what extent a high rating on the community variable and a low rating on the individual variable will occur together. (For further statistical analysis it was agreed that the five levels of measure- ment would be collapsed into three levels, i.e., l,2=1ow; 3=medium; and 4,5=high. This gave us a total of nine cells in our table [see Table 4.3].) Table 4.3 Cross Tabulation Table for Policy Models Low Medium High Emphasis Emphasis on on Individual Community 4 + It was anticipated that ideally the majority of the raters would classify the items so that the items fell into four of the nine possible cells. Unless there was polarization, we planned to categorize each item by the cell in which it fell (see Tables 4.4 and 4.5). 76 Table 4.4 Ideal Cell Distribution of Item Ratings Low Medium High Low 60 5 1 Medium 2 4 2 High 4 3 5 Table 4.5 Polarized Table of Item Distributions Low Medium High Low 40 2 2 Medium 0 l 0 High 0 0 41 The distribution of the items were then coded against the model of correctional policy. For example, a significant percentage distribution for a particular item (>50%) which was classified as having a low empha- sis on the community and a low emphasis on the individual would be considered characteristic of the restraint pol- icy (see Table 4.6). 77 Table 4.6 Item Distribution on Four Correctional Policies Low Medium High Emphasis Emphasis on Low Restraint Reform on Offender Community Medium 4. + High Rehabili- Reinte- tation gration It must be noted that a slight variation of this coding process, which encompassed the distribuiton of cases falling in the medium range, was necessary to obtain a significant distribution of cases. Even with this revised version of the model we failed to achive the kind of consensus among the partici- pants which would classify most of the statements into one of the four distinct categories of correctional policy models, i.e., reform, reintegration, restraint and rehabilitation. Tables 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 present the thirty role statements we actually classified according to the correc- tional policy model. For the convenience of the reader the mean scores of the items in terms of their desirabil- ity are presented in this table. (See Table 4.1 for the complete listing of desired values given to the items by the Delphi respondents.) 78 The proportion of items which fall in each policy classification for which there is a conceptually signif- icant relationship between the items desired for female corrections and the policy model that classifies them are examined according to their separate categories. Table 4.7 Role Statements Characteristic of the Reintegration Policy Reintegration Policy Percentage Distribution De‘phl Res“‘t5 By Student Raters Rank Role Statement Order Mean The women's institution, 59.7 1.21 1.5 as well as the entire correctional system, will utilize more sophisticat- ed planning, research, development, and evalua- tion in determining goals, objectives and alterna- tives in assessing its needs and making its de- cisions. The institution of the fu- 70.7 1.21 1.5 ture will make more use of furlough and work/study release programs as a part of its correctional pro- gramming. The women's institution will 63.8 1.33 5 be small, community-based - utilizing local community resources. 79 % Role Statement Distribution Mean Rank Community-based facilities 74.6 1.377 6 (half-way houses, group homes, area centers, etc.) will be utilized for all female offenders who are not considered a "risk" to society. The women's institution 67.8 1.41 7 will provide a continuum of increased/intensive after-care through ap- proved community pro- grams, closer parole su- pervision, half-way place- ment prior to release, "out-patient" services for ex-offenders, etc. Women's corrections in the 61.1 1.31 8.5 future will move toward full participation with other components of the Criminal Justice System. (Developing cooperative preventive efforts to impact social policy, working with offenders, and integrating correc- tional services with other community support- systems (medical, psychi- atric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a con- tinuity of services to correctional clients.) There will be advanced 52.5 1.48 9 treatment involved for fe- male offenders - counseling, psychological and psychi- atric. The women's institution will 50.8 1.49 10 provide a broader span of academic and vocational ed- ucation programs than pro- vided in 1975. 80 % Role Statement Distribution The women's facility will 62.1 play the role of a goal oriented treatment center addressing the needs of wo- men as individuals with need variances. The women's facility will 59.3 fulfill the correctional role by imposing no more control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achieve- ment of program objec- tives. Women's correctional fa- 68.9 cilities will place in- tensive and increased emphasis on job training, development and place- ment after incarceration (including non-tradition- al female positions, e.g., welding, automotive, etc.). The women's correctional 54.3 facility of the future will provide a structured social environment paralleling that of the “outside world." (This will include physical plant adaptation to be less "prison like," diversified social, work, economic, recre- ational and cultural activi- ties). The institution will fulfill 70.7 its correctional role by teaching skill training (in- cluding non-traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. The women's institution will 58.6 move towards developing more specific intervention techniques for specific of- fender types according to improved diagnostic and classification systems. Mean 1. 1 1 1 l 53 .56 .59 .66 .72 .74 Rank 11 12 13 14 15. 17 5 81 % Role Statement Distribution Mean Rank The institution will re- 57.9 1.89 20 place its role of "re- habilitation" with the concept of "self-help" as reflected in the availability of self- help programming. The women's institution 55.0 1.90 21.5 will be a social problem oriented facility serving to coordinate services on specific female problems, as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for adjust- ment into society. The institution will utilize 62.8 1.95 24 community resources by daily release of offenders to purchased services (ed- ucation, mental health, family counseling, etc.) rather than duplicate such services within the in- stitution. The institution will make 61.0 2.12 27.5 greater use of place- ments of offenders in volunteer roles in com- munity programs/agencies. The women's institution 52.8 2.12 27.5 will integrate program activities with male correctional facilities in order to equalize pro- gram opportunities (not a co-ed facility). Data in Table 4.7 show that 19 out of 57 role statements were perceived by the raters to be character- istic of the reintegration model of correctional policy. 82 These items were overwhelmingly representative of the items most desired by the participants in the Delphi study. Items 34, 42, 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 17, 28, 9, 33, 29, 51, 45, 39, 6, 14, l, and 31 were all rated values of 2.5 or less, which suggests that the reintegration model was most desired for women's corrections. Further study of the data reveals that the under- lying emphasis of the items focused on the women's insti- tution as a treatment facility, recognizing the individ- ual needs and desires of female offenders. Table 4.8 Role Statements Characteristic of the Restraint Policy . % Restraint Policy Distribution Delphi Results By Student Rank Role Statement Raters Mean Order The women's institution 52.5 2.89 41 will serve as a sanction in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. The adult women's correc- 57.7 3.07 45 tional facility in 1985 will be regionalized (serv- ing multi-states), with a small population of in- tractable offenders. The institution will exist 54.3 3.44 49 to play a role of punish- ment for crimes against society. 83 Role Statement The women's institution will service more clients with flat sentences - with no chance of early release or parole. Continued economic consider- ations on society coupled with court and legislative decisions will make the wo- men's facility larger (pop- ulation) and more complex in its role. The institution will remain stable in size and popula— tion, however the length of sentence for the individual will increase. Through programming, legisla- tion, and judicial process, the drug offender, first of- fender, and victimless crime offender will be diverted from the women's institution resulting in only dangerous and recidivist offenders be- ing housed within. The adult women's correctional facility will play a role of custody, warehousing female felons. Due to many factors (e.g., public apathy, small number of women offenders, lack of economic support, other ov- ernment priorities, etc.1 there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in 10 years. % Distribution 67.9 50.0 62.1 59.6 57.9 62.1 Mean 3.73 3.88 3.93 4.08 4.08 4.54 Rank 50 51 52 55 55 57 84 % Role Statement Distribution Mean Rank The women's correctional 57.6 2.61 33.5 facility will become a miniature social, politi- cal and economic institu- tion, having increased recog- nition and growing influence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identification with similar social organizations in the community. Greater organiz- ation and independence among the women housed therein will be witnessed.) Table 4.8 reveals that 10 out of 57 role items converged under the restraint policy. These items were linked with the items least desired by the participants in the Delphi study for women's correctional institutions. All the items were rated above a mean score of 2.5. Many ofthe role statements in this grouping ex- pressed a common orientation, namely,that the primary ob- jective of women's institutions would be for custody and general deterrence. Item 47 is interesting to note for it suggests that there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in the next ten years. As illustrated by Table 4.9, only 1 out of the 57 items made up the rehabilitation model. 85 Table 4.9 Role Statement Characteristic of the Rehabilitation Model . % Rehabilitation Policy Distribution Delphi Results By Student Rank Role Statement Raters Mean Order The correctional insti- 50.8 3.30 48 tution for women will provide a structured self-government system which requires few em- ployees. (Control and management will be the responsibility of those individuals incarcer- ated.) There was no item classified under the reform model. Unfortunately this classification procedure which was to be used to reduce the total number of items that would actually have to be used to test our hypotheses failed to classify the items in four dis- tinct categories. The results that emerged are shown in Table 4.10. 86 Table 4.10 Policy Model Distribution——Correctional Policy Model Questionnaire Policy Model Item Distribution Reintegration 19 Restraint 10 Rehabilitation 1 Reform 0 Total 30 The 19 items could have been used to create a scale for testing our hypothesis but the researchers were still concerned about the degree to which the Delphi respondents saw the items as going together in terms of interrelationships exhibited in the data. This concern formed the basis for our next procedure-factor analysis. Factor Analysis Given the large array of items reported by the participants in the Delphi study, the factor analysis was a means to reduce the number of items to a more man- ageable size. Moreover it was hoped that the factor 87 analysis would identify empirically related factors whose items included the same items categorized by the student raters as falling within the different correc- tional policy models. The three steps followed in this procedure were: (1) the preparation of the correlation matrix to calcu- late measures of association for the 57 variables; (2) the extraction of the initial factors to explore possible data reduction; and (3) the rotation to a terminal solution which searches for interpretable fac- tors among those identified. First, we calculated the degree of association between the 57 variables to determine the amount of com- mon variance that two variables have in common. The second step was to reduce the total number of variables based on the interrelations exhibited in the data from Step I. This process called principal component analy- sis defined new variables which were actually mathemat- ical transformations of the original Delphi data. Eighteen factors incorporating the fifty-seven items were identified; however, no underlying assumptions were made. Specifically the factors represented the particular combination of variables which would account for a certain proportion of the variance in the data. 88 The first factor identified was viewed as the best com- bination of linear variables accounting for more var- iance in the data than any other combination of vari- ables (V=7.85252). Subsequent factors up to eighteen account for the residual variance after the effect of the prior factors. See Table 4.11. Table 4.11 Initial Factor Matrix - Delphi Questionnaire II Factor Eigenvalue Pct. of Variance Cumulative Pct. *1 7.85252 18.8 18.8 2 4.43313 10.5 29.4 *3 4.31549 10.3 39.7 *4 3.55010 8.5 48.2 5 2.57432 5.4 54.5 5 2.35253 5.5 50.2 7 2.07555 5.0 55.2 8 2.02953 4.0 70.1 9 1.77547 4.2 74.3 10 1.52830 3.9 78.2 11 1.58006 3.8 82.0 12 1.37880 3.3 85.3 13 1.31172 3.1 88.4 14 1.20002 2.9 91.3 15 1.04575 2.5 93.8 15 .95299 2.3 95.1 17 .84403 2.0 98.1 18 .75848 1.9 100.0 *Factors retained. Eigenvalue amount of total variance in the data accounted for by the factor. 89 The final step was intended to reveal the underlying dimensions or factor patterns which would characterize the data. All eighteen factors were se- lected for rotation. However, only three factors were selected for use in testing our hypothesis. The reason being that the three factors selected, i.e., factor I, III, IV incorporated those items which were also cate- gorized for a particular correctional policy model, i.e., reform, reintegration, restraint, rehabilitation. (These three factors also accounted for .356 or more of the variation in the data or 37.6%.) The three factors and the loadings of the qualities on them is presented in Table 4.12. The factor loadings are the percentage of variance in the item that can be accounted for by the factor. For example, it is obvious that the most im- portant determinant of Item 8 is Factor I (V=.405), the influence of the other two factors are negligible. Likewise, the common factor for Item 20 is Factor 4 (V=.789). Note in Table 4.12 that the significant fac- tor loadings are indicated by the symbol (**) for each of the three factors (>.387). This symbol indicates those items that together give us a meaningful pattern- ing of variables underlying a particular factor. 90 Table 4.12 Varimax Rotated Factor Matrix - Delphi Questionnaire II Factor Loadings Variable Factor 1 Factor 3 Factor 4 1 .107 -.004 .136 2 .284 .176 .082 3 .161 .126 .110 4 .098 -.045 0.197 5 .032 .033 .077 6 .370 -.034 -.130 7 .337 .104 .150 8 .405** -.075 -.122 9 .068 .099 .121 10 .359 .099 .026 11 .159 .048 -.006 12 .566** .167 .169 13 .050 .112 .070 14 .025 .246 -.182 15 .228 -.071 .098 16 .036 .137 .161 17 .722** —.051 .055 18 .215 .093 .124 19 -.262 .082 .049 20 .149 -.148 .789** 21 .006 .196 -.017 22 -.326 -.034 -.322 23 .063 .030 -.750** 24 .210 -.336 -.112 25 —.047 .063 -.110 26 -.045 .012 -.O74 27 .147 -.374 -.468** Table 4.12 continued 91 Variable Factor 1 Factor 3 Factor 4 28 .094 .144 .089 29 .554** .493 .044 30 .153 .139 .387** 31 .052 .152 .059' 32 .158 .121 .399 33 .455** .354 .021 34 .077 .572** .048 35 .832** .055" .021 35 .350 ' .232 .047 37 .014 .378 .045 38 .104 .748** .015 39 .055 .513** .019 40 .047 .007" .015 41 .273 .042 .007 42 .012 .555** .031 43 .168 .128"~ .020 44 .052 .027 .233 45 .282 .253 .027 45 .139 .033 .025 47 .044 .109 .102 48 .015 .270 .118 49 .003 .120 .052 50 .114 .079 .055 51 .555** .072 .025 52 .124 .217 .031 53 .001 .097 .209 54 .228 .092 .054 55 .113 .135 .098 55 .037 .052 .023 57 .108 -3.04 .142 * Only those items accounting for .356 or more of the variance are included in the table. ** Factor loadings of .387 or more. 92 A discussion of each newly created variable viewed as significant is presented in the following section. The first variable-treatment is a combination of Items 8,12,17,29,33,35,51, interpreted as general treatment modalities characterized by counseling ser- vices, vocational/academic programs, advanced program- ming in non-traditional roles and the restructuring of the prison environment. Table 4.13 presents the items, factor loadings, and the correlation coefficients. Table 4.13 Factor Matrix for Treatment Variable Correlation Coefficients Role Factor Item Statement Loading 8 12 17 29 33 35 51 8 treatment ser- .405 —— vices 12 advanced coun- .566 .305 —— seling treat- ment 17 expansion of aca- .722 .261 .463 -—- demic vocational programs 29 restructuring of .554 .413 .487 .384 —— prison environ- ment paralleling real world 33 advanced program- .455 .107 .242 .199 .381 —— ming for women in non—traditional roles 93 Table 4.13 Continued Role Factor Correlation Coefficients Item Statement Loading 8 12 17 29 33 35 51 35* (Program oppor- .832 .387 .445 .593 .530 .451 —— tunities=men's 51 Advanced skill .655 .122 .475 .694 .381 .273 .467 —— training in non-traditional roles *Note: Item 35 was not classified as a specific correctional model. However, question may have been vague concerning the nega— tive connotation of the statement. The second variable——program planning——is an array of various developmental program planning desires empha— sizing the need for programs which will accelerate and ease the reintegration process for women offenders. See Table 4.14. Table 4.14 Factor Matrix for Program Planning Variable Role Factor Correlation Coefficients Item Statement Loading 34 38 39 42 34 Utilization of sophisticated .672 -—— planning/research 38 Shorter sentences/intensive .748 .521 '—— programs 39 Philosophy of self-help pro- .512 .321 .345 —— gramming 42 Increased furlough/work/ .555 .326 .517 .363 —— study release programs 94 The third variable-—restraint——is the most dif- ficult to interpret. It suggests that the institution exist for the purpose of general deterrence and custody. See Table 4.15. Table 4.15 Factor Matrix for Restraint Variable Factor Correlation Coefficient Item Role Statement Loadings 20 23 27 3O 20 Indeterminate re- lease based on be- .789 -—— havioral changes 23 Role of punishment *-.750 .494 -—— 27 Role of deterrence *—.468 .207. .467 —— 30 Structured self- .387 .279 .316 .486 —— * Item Unrelated. Negative sign indicates opposite of Item is associated with other items in variable listing. Scale Creation The resultant list of three variables incorporat- ing the items categorized as particular policy models and found to be empirically associated, along with five sepa- rate items, i.e., 4,5,22,43,47, significantly conceptua- lized as a particular policy model, became the basis for our correctional policy scale to test our hypothesis. CHAPTER V ANALYSIS OF DATA Introduction The chapter on data analysis will examine the treatment of the policy scale which was used to test the hypothesis. This scaling procedure, representing eight vari- ables, employs the use of a statistical technique, one way analysis of variance to determine if a difference exists in the role expectations and correctional poli- cies of the three groups of individuals involved in the administration of women's correctional institutions, i.e., superintendents, directors of state women's insti- tutions; directors, department of corrections and state legislatures; or select committees on corrections. It was anticipated that there would be a differ- ence between the three groups of corrections' experts be- cause of the diverse professional positions the three groups occupy. 95 96 The one way analysis of variance was the statisti- cal method chosen for the data analysis because of its cap- ability to deal with an unequal cell size; which was the case in this study. The analysis is designed to determine the possible effects of a single factor on a dependent var- iable. In this study the analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of the independent variables, which were the sixty-one Delphi respondents categorized in three groups (correctional professions, i.e., superintendents, directors, legislators), measured on a scale of one to five (l,2=high, 3=medium, 4,5=1ow), upon the dependent var- iables which were the eight major variables representing roles for the women's correctional institution. To determine the variation between groups and the variation within groups, the analysis of variance yields an F ratio. A significance level of .05 was selected as the level of statistical significance between the means. Empirical Analysis A one way analysis of variance was computed to de- termine whether a difference exists between the three di- verse groups of correctional administrators on how they define the role of women's correctional institutions. The policy scale used to test the hypothesis in- cluded the three new variables identified by the factor 97 analysis, i.e., treatment, program planning and restraint, along with five additional items categorized as a sig- nificant correctional policy model (items 4,5,22,43,47). Item 4 is suggestive of community-based facilities. Item 5 deals with the provision of intensive after-care services for women offenders. Item 22 suggests that women's institutions will service clients with determi— nate sentences. Item 43 speculates that although the institution will remain stable in size and p0pulation, the length of the sentence will increase. The last item, 47, is interesting to note, for it indicates that due to many factors there will be no change in adult female correctional institutions for the next ten years. These eight variables form the basis of the fol- lowing consensus analysis. The actual items and their role statements are presented in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 Variables Correctional Policy Scale Variable Variable Number Classification R019 Statement 1 Treatment= The women's institution will It 8 12 17 provide advanced treatment and em ’ ’ ’ non-traditional program oppor- 29,33,35,51 tunities for women, i.e., coun- seling, vocational, education- a1. Table 5.1 (continued) 98 Variable Number Variable Classification Role Statement 2 Program Planning: Item 34.38.39, 42 Restraint= Item 20,23,27, 30 Item 4 Item 5 Item 22 Item 43 Item 47 The women's institution will utilize more s0phisticated planning, research and devel- 0pmenta1 efforts aimed at re- integrating the offender in- to society. The women's institution will exist primarily for restraint and deterrence. Community-based facilities, group homes, area centers, etc., will be utilized for all female offenders who are not considered a “risk" to society. The women's institution will provide a continuum of in- creased/intensive after- care through approved commun- ity programs, closer parole supervision, half-way place- ment prior to release, and "out-patient" services for ex- offenders. The women's institution will service more clients with flat sentences, with no chance of early release or parole. The institution will remain stable in size and population; however, the length of the sentence for the individual will increase. Due to many factors, i.e., public apathy, lack of eco- nomic support, government pri- orities, there will be little or no change in adult women's correctional facilities in ten years. 99 The purpose of the analysis of variance was to deter- mine whether, overall, the groups differed significantly from any other. A significance level, F ratio, was com- puted for the combined scores of each factor. The re- sults of the data analysis shown in Table 5.2 indicate that there was no statistically significant difference among the groups of experts on how they perceived the role and function of women's correctional institutions. Table 5.2 One Way Analysis of Variance for Eight Role Categories F Ratio for One Way Analysis of Variance 3.15 D.F. 2 and 58 Variable Role/Category F Ratio Statistical Number Significance l J Treatment 1.271 NS 2 Program Development 1.132 NS 3 Restraint Philosophy .453 NS 4 Cgmmunigy-based Fa- 1.346 NS 5 After-care Services 2.820 NS 6 Determinate Sentences 1.312 NS 7 Sentencing Procedures .209 NS 8 Institutional Planning .414 NS *Significant at .05 level. 100 Data in Table 5.2 reveal the significance level for each of the eight role categories. Scores for the eight role functions were not reported to be statis- tically significant at the .05 level. Thus, a marked difference in the correctional desires among the three groups of corrections experts was not identified. We can assume that the correctional policy orientation of the experts were similar. Likewise, the participants perceived the role and function of women's institutions in a like manner. Theoretical Analysis Although no statistical difference was reported among the group's ratings of the factors, a theoreti- cal examination of the data is no less important. The mean scores computed for the individual groups on par- ticular factors provide us with insight into the be- liefs and practices of individuals involved in the ad- ministration of female correctional institutions. See Table 5.3. 101 Table 5.3 Mean Scores of Correctional Administrators on Correctional Policy Scale Y 'Y Y Variable Variable Category Directors Superin- Legis- Number tendents lators 1 Treatment 1.58 1.43 1.69 2 Program Development 1.47 1.33 1.58 3 Restraint Philosophy 2.77 2.60 2.55 4 CEPnglzz‘baSEd Fa‘ 1.29 1.29 1.55 5 After-care Services 1.38 1.24 1.83 6 Determinate Sentences 3.66 3.56 4.25 7 Sentencing Procedures 3.78 3.96 4.10 8 Institutional Planning 4.63 4.52 4.42 Y Mean Score Directors of the State Department of Corrections Superintendents of State Women's Correc- tional Institutions Chairperson of State Legislatures or Se- lect Corrections' Committees. Directors Superintendents Legislatures Variable l was typified by advanced treatment and program development in non-traditional roles. The super- intendents of women's institutions rated this item as most desirable with a mean score of 1.43, while the legisla- tures produced a mean score of 1.69. Similarly, for var- iable 2, which provides for the development of research 102 and planning efforts directed at the reintegration of the offender, the superintendents were again most desirous of this issue (Y=l.33) while the legislators were least desirous (Y=l.58). Theoretically speaking, both variables were char- acteristic of the reintegration policy, and the data would appear to suggest that given the positional demands and responsibilities of the superintendent's job function, they would be the individuals most directly affected and aware of needed changes in the treatment and programming areas of female institutions. Variable 3 suggests that women's institutions will exist primarily for the purpose of restraint and deterrence. All three groups were neither supportive nor strongly op- posed to this particular philosophy. The directors, super- intendents and legislatures rated the item with mean scores of 2.77, 2.60 and 2.55, respectively. From this we can surmise that the present trend in correctional philosophy towards custody oriented institutions has had a direct impact on those individuals involved in correctional de- cision making. Particularly, these individuals have been subject to public pressure for changes in the correctional system which has been unable to deter or successfully re- habilitate offenders from future criminal behavior. 103 Variable 4 represents the utilization of com- munity-based facilities. Both the superintendents and the directors of the department of corrections were equally desirous of increasing the use of community-based centers (Y=l.29). The legislatures, however, were least desirous of these services (Y=l.66). Perhaps the variance in mean scores could have been attributed to the fact that legislators, who are held directly responsible for their policy decisions by their constituents, are obliged to acknowledge the reluctance of the community to provide rehabilitative services for offenders in their particular areas. While this is also recognized by the other two groups, they nevertheless have as their primary objective the expansion of services for the offender. Also, it is expected that the superintendents would be supportive of community-based facilities, for this would decrease the inmate population in institutions, thus enhancing oper- ational management for the institution. . These findings were similar with Variable 5 which is characterized by the provision of a continuum of in- creased after-care services through improved community programs and closer parole supervision, etc. The super- intendents of the women's institution and the directors of the department of correction were strongly supportive of increased after-care services, providing mean scores 104 of 1.24 and 1.38 respectively. Unlike the other two groups, the legislatures (Y=l.83) were least desirous of this role. To reiterate what was assumed earlier, the legislatures are not directly held accountable for the needs of the offender and thus are more apt to consider the economic, social and political consequences associ- ated with the expansion of offender after-care services. Item 22 suggests that women's institutions will service more offenders with determinate sentences. This variable is somewhat more complex to analyze. The direc- tors of the department of corrections, and the legisla- tures, although not strongly desirable of this trend, i.e., Yé3.56, YE3.78, respectively, did, however, rate the determinate sentence more highly than the superin- tendents (Yé4.25). Perhaps the reason being because both groups are strongly influential in making policy decisions for female corrections. Also, the groups represent and are responsible to a broader array of interest groups than superintendents of the institutions. Moreover, they are more amenable to changes in correc- tional philosophies and practices because of a more in- direct relationship with the institution. On the other hand, superintendents of women's institutions have a self-interest in the institution and are less apt to be affected by trends in correctional planning. 105 Longer sentences for women characterize the seventh variable. The three groups rated this particu- lar role function as least desirous for female correc- tions. Although there was very little variance among the mean scores of the participants, the legislatures (Yé4.42) were more desirous of longer sentences than the other two groups, i.e., superintendents Y=4.52, directors Y=4.63. The rationale for variable three (role of institution as a custody facility) might also apply in this instance. The last variable, eight, suggests that due to many factors, there will be little or no change in adult women's correctional facilities in the next ten years. Again, the three groups were undesirous of this phenomena. The legislatures exhibited the strongest opposition (Y=4.lO), while the directors of the depart- ment of corrections displayed the least opposition. Theopy of Group Consensus While we can theorize why one group's score may have been stronger than another, we would be remiss not to mention that the score variances may have been at- tributed to a very strong or weak position taken by only a minority of any one particular group, thereby skewing the mean scores out of proportion. 106 To explain this phenomena of consensus we have sought to apply the properties of interaction and homo- geneity to theoretically account for our findings. These theories were developed by Neal Gross1 and applied to the corrections field. A. Interaction Hypothesis The degree of consensus among the three profes- sional specialization groups may be contingent on the members similarity in cultural and social backgrounds. Also, the length of time the individuals have been inter- acting with one another has implications for similar be- havior. It is quite possible that the norms of members become more similar with time. As groups come together, their expectations may or may not be similar, but it can be assumed that their own expectations may be modified in a direction such that 2 the expectations become more or less similar. Hence, Gross hypothesizes that the longer the members of a social system have interacted with one another, the more consensus they will have on their expectations.3 lNeal Gross, Ward S. Mason, and Alexander W. McEachern, Exploration in Role Analysis: Studies of the School Superin- tendenpy Role (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 19587} p. 176. 107 From this we can conclude that groups who tend to interact with one another will develop homogeneous expectations; a direct result of their interaction and exposure to similar influences over time. B. Homogeneity Hypothesis The second property employed to discuss the re- lationship among the groups of experts is the homoge- 4 The premise underlying this theory is neity hypothesis. that people with similar backgrounds will develop similar role definitions, i.e., values and expectations. These properties can also be said to be present in the corrections field. All three groups develop and cultivate their relationships through their interaction over common interests. Their desires to improve and mod- ify the goals and objectives of corrections draw the groups together in both formal and informal settings. This interaction necessitates entertaining one another's views, philosophies, and policies. Frequent encounters and discussions may have an end result which produces a general consensus of opinion on certain issues. Like- wise, the three groups of individuals have been exposed to similar social science backgrounds which has as its 108 foundation certain philosophies and predilections which are acquired by the group's members. Although the data perceives the three groups of correctional administrators as being more similar than different in their policy orientations and expectations, we must address those methodological concerns which ques- tion the validity of the data. The results of the data collection process reveal that only fifty-one participants from a total of two hun- dred individuals or approximately 25 percent responded to the Delphi questionnaire. The low response rate, an inher- ent weakness in the Delphi method, suggests that the simi- larity exhibited among the three groups of decision makers may not be a valid conclusion considering the absence of almost 75% of the total possible responses. Also, the ambiguity and length of the role state- ments might have resulted in the assimilation of too many ideas in one item or perhaps invited disparate interpreta- tions of the same statement. In addition, though the participants' responses were similar, the study does not explore the thought pro- cess or reasoning for the responses, which might intimate a difference of opinion among the three groups. 109 Other weaknesses in the data may have been directly related to the participating study groups. Considering the low response rate, those individuals who did choose to par- ticipate may have represented those people who were con- cerned and sincerely interested in improving female correc- tions. Because of their similar predilections, they may engage in similar ideas. Because of the group's positional expectations, their responses might also represent the subjective bias of the groups who formulate them. The groups are subject to organizational bureaucracy which does predispose individuals involved in correctional decision making to subscribe to a philosophy or policy ' which is not necessarily their own. Moreover, the study failed to examine the geographi- cal location of the participants which may have polarized the group's responses. Certainly, these arguments are salient to the dis- cussion of consensus and dissensus among the three groups of corrections' professionals. Summary The results of the data analysis provides us with enough empirical and conceptual data to reject our research hypothesis that: "Individuals occupying diverse roles in a particular professional area tend to have different policy llO orientations and expectations concerning the role and func- tion of women's correctional institutions." It must be concluded from the study that the three groups of participants did tend to be more similar than different in their desired role expectations and policy issues for women's correctional institutions. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this research was to determine if a difference exists between the correctional policy orientations of diverse groups of participants involved in the administration of women's correctional institu- tions. The study design employed the use of the Delphi technique to ask experts in allied fields of correc- tions, i.e., legislatures or related judiciary commit- tees, superintendents of women's correctional institu- tions, and directors of the department of corrections, what roles or issues were most important for female cor- rections. The issues perceived by the participants served as the data base for testing the hypothesis. It was ex- pected that there would be a difference among the groups concerning their policy orientations and role expecta- tions for female corrections. Participants in the study were selected by a pur- poseful census of individual groups who had expertise and 111 112 influence in the area of female corrections. Sixty-one individuals participated in the Delphi study. The research is unique in that it examines those roles identified by corrections' experts which are con- ceived to be most desirable for the function of women's correctional institutions. By identifying the correc- tional policy priorities of the individuals involved in the administration of female corrections, we can antici- pate future planning and policy objectives which will respond to the issues in an effective and timely manner. Delphi questionnaires, interspersed with opinion feedback, were used for the data collection. The first questionnaire asked the participants to suggest roles for the adult women's facility in the future. The items were analyzed and a reduced list of fifty-seven role statements was compiled. The second questionnaire contained the fifty-seven items and asked the participants to rate each item on a Likert-type scale of desirability and probability for the women's institu- tion. The third questionnaire asked the participants to review the data in light of the group's responses and to make any revisions they saw fit to do. Because the focus of the study was to examine dif- ferences between the groups, and not group consensus, the 113 desirability responses of Delphi 11 became the primary data for the study. To develop a policy classification scale and to reduce the number of variables, we utilized two dis- tinct approaches: item classification——model of cor- rectional policy, and a factor analysis. The resultant list of variables obtained from the two techniques provided the basis for a policy scale to be used to statistically test our hypothesis. A one way analySes of variance was computed to determine if a difference existed regarding the correctional pol- icy priorities among members of the three groups of cor- rections' professionals who participated in the study. Conclusions The hypothesis was not supported by the data. There was not a statistically significant difference in the correctional desires among the three groups of indi- viduals involved in the administration of female correc- tional institutions. The responses of the three groups of participants were more similar than different. The crucial intervening factors were that the three groups were exposed to similar socialization patterns; also, the demands and responsibilities of their professional role positions predispose them to frequent interactions 114 which enhances similarity in opinions. Both these fac- tors were felt to contribute to the development of "con- sensus" among the group's expectations and preferences for the functioning of women's correctional institutions. Also, the attitudes and positions expressed by the par- ticipants are diluted statements which have most likely been subject to previous discussion and analysis among the groups. Thus, the resulting statements are a sum- mary of issues reflecting a majority opinion of the groups. The major variable identified in the study by the members of the three groups as particularly desir- able for women's correctional institutions were charac- teristic of the reintegration philosophy for offenders. This conclusion was based on both theoretical and em- pirical analysis. Implications for Research The research presented in this study identified the role expectations of individuals involved in the decision-making process for women's corrections. Thus, the findings, and their implications for future planning in the area of female corrections, have important conse- quences salient to the study. For example, if those groups of professionals influential in both the internal 115 and external sectors of female corrections feel the pur- pose of correctional institutions in the future is to _ provide appropriate voluntary services that will prepare a woman to become functional in the "outside" world, what alternatives are available to the corrections' social structure to positively influence and aid the woman in the reintegration process? Furthermore, if women are to be trained in non—traditional vocational skills, i.e., medical and health related programs, barbering, auto mechanics, it is critical that planners address realistically the opportunities available to woman to enter the civilian labor force in these areas. Cor- rectional planners must also keep in mind the political and social ramifications of program opportunities which 1 "A common appear too permissive to the public sector. complaint concerns the availability of educational and job training programs for 'criminals' (at no cost to them), when the average tax payer is hard pressed to provide comparable opportunities for his/her own family."2 Government regulations and state prohibitions might also interfere and disrupt the reintegration pro- IMaureen O'Connor, "Vocatioal Training Programs in Women's Correctional Institutions“ (A Graduate Paper, Michigan State University, 1974), p. 40. Ibid., p. 40. 116 cess. Thus, planners must be prepared to positively im- pact on local, state and federal government practices. Similarity in the responses of the three groups would appear to exhibit a degree of consensus which should facilitate future planning activities. A cooperative in- ternal correctional environment is critical to the develop- ment and implementation of future planning needs for wo- men's correctional institutions. In this way, all fac- tions of corrections will be directing their strengths and support toward goals and objectives identified as most important for the enhancement of the role of women's correctional institutions. While consensus of opinion might facilitate the process of reaching or avoiding a particular policy ma- neuver; dissensus of opinion also has significant impli- cations for future planning. The degree of variance or dissensus among the groups concerning their preferences for female correc- tions points up where issues are likely to arise, where more information may be needed, or where the fact of di- versity must be acknowledged and taken into account.3 This type of interactive thinking may help to resolve previous irresolvable differences in new creative and innovative ways. 3Harold A. Linstone and Murray Turoff, The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications (Reading, Massachu- setts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1975), p. 435. 117 Thus, to prevent correctional planning stagna- tion, the groups of experts must invite the continuous assessment and evaluation of their planning goals and objectives; remaining open to the expression of minor- ity values and preferences which might represent the prolific views of the community or the internal correc- tional structure. BIBLIOGRAPHY 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY *Brown, Bernice B. Delphi Process: A Methodology Used for the Elicitation of Opinions of Experts. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation, 1968. Dalkey, Norman C. Delphi. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation, 1967. Dalkey, Norman C. The Delphi Method: An Experimental Study of Groppgpinion. Santa Monica, Cali- fornia: The Rand Corporation, 1969. Dalkey, Norman C. Experimental Assessment of Delphi Pro- cedures wiht Group Value Judgments. Santa Monica, CElifornia: The Rand Corporation, 1971. Dalkey, Norman, and Brown, Bernice. Comparison of Group Judgment Techniques with Short Range Predictifins and Almanac Questions. A report prepared for Advanced Research Projects Agency, Santa Monica, ,y California: The Rand Corporation, 1971. ' Dalkey, N., and Helmer, 0. "An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts." Management Science, 9 (April, 1963), 458. Delbecq, Andre L, Van de Ven, Andrew H., Gustafson, David H. Group Techniques for Program Planning. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1972. Gordon, J., and Helmer, Olaf. Report on a Long-Range Forecasting Study, New York: A Rand Paper, 1964. Grabbe, E. M., and Pyke, D. L. "An Evaluation of the Fore- casting of Information Processing Technology and Applications." Technological Forecastingand So- cial Changp, 4, 2 (1972), T43. 119 120 Gross, Neal, Mason, Ward 5., and McEachern, Alexander W. 2 Explorations in Role Analysis: Studies of the 1 School SuperintendencyRole. New York: John ‘ Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958. Helmer, Olaf. Social Technology. New York: Basic Books Inc., 1966. Helmer, Olaf, and Rescher, Nicholas. "0n the Epistemology of the Inexact Sciences." Management Science, 6 (October, 1959), 27. Hoffman, L. R\, and Maier, N. R. F. "Quality and Accep- tance of Problem Solutions of Members of Homogene- ous and Heterogeneous Groups." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 (1961), 401-407. Lewis, Ralph G. "Delphi Study of Issues in Adult Correc- tions." Prepared for the Michigan Council of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 975. Linstone, Harold A., and Turoff, Murray. The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley PublTShing Company, 975. 1974 Mappower Report to the President, United States De- partment of Labor, quotedin Maureen O'Connor, "Vocational Training Programs in Correctional Institutions," A Graduate Paper, Michigan State University, 1974. Mishler, Elliot G. "Personality Characteristics and the Resolution of Role Conflict.“ Public Opinion Quarterly XVII (1953), 134-135. O'Connor, Maureen. "Vocational Training Programs in Wo- men's Correctional Institutions." A Graduate Paper, Michigan State University, 1974. O'Leary, Vincent. Correctional Policy Inventory: A Survey of Correctional Philosophy and Characteristic Methods of Dealing with Offenders. New Jersey: NatiOnal Councilion Crime and Delinquency, 1970. 121 Parnes, S. J., and Meadow, A. "Effects of Brainstorm- ing Instructions on Creative Problem Solving by Trained and Untrained Subjects." Journal of Eduational Psychology 50 (1959), 171-76. Rotter, G. S., and Portugal, S. M. “Group and Indi- vidual Effects in Problem Solving.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 48 (August, 1969), 338-41. Simon, Rita James. "The Contemporary Woman and Crime." Crime and Delinquency Issues. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing OTfice, 1975. Torrance, E. P. "Group Decision Makin and Disagree- ment." Social Forces 35 (1957), 314-18. Van de Ven, A. H., and Delbecq, A. L. "Nominal versus Interacting Group Processes for Committee Decision-Making Effectiveness." Academy of Management Journal 14, 2 (June, 1971), 203-12. Velimesis, Margery. "The Female Offender." Crime and Oglinquency Literature 7, 1 (March, 1975), 9 5112. APPENDICES 122 APPENDIX A COVER LETTER, JULY_25, 1975 123 C 0 P Y MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ' EAST LANSING ° MICHIGAN ° SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 48824 LINTON HALL' (517)353-8603) July 25, 1975 Policy research on a future-oriented level is finding accep- tance in many sectors of American Society. This emerging attitude indicates that planning based on informed-intuitive judgments about the future may enable us to exert consider- able influence over our future and the direction it will take. Results from many future oriented studies indicate that mean- ingful future planning can result when experts in a field de- termine together what should happen to that field in the fu- ture and then decide on how best to achieve that desired fu- ture status. This letter is to request your participation in a study I am undertaking which is designed to identify viable roles for the adult women's felony correctional institution. This study is being conducted by the Criminal Justice Systems Center of Michigan State University to provide relevant policy infor- mation to the Michigan Department of Corrections, and Michigan Task Force On The Status of Women Offenders in their develop- ment of policies and programs for women offenders in Michigan. It will also serve to identify, consolidate and converge judg- ments about women's correctional facilities on a national level by those individuals most likely to have interest and expertise in this area. In order to accomplish this goal, I am using a future-oriented research method to gather and refine my data. Known as the Delphi Technique, the method was developed by the staff of the Rand Corporation while under government contract in the 19605. The technique was devised to obtain the opinion of experts on a given topic through a series of questionnaires interspersed with informative feedback. Each successive round is designed to produce a carefully considered group judgment about the subject under study. In a careful analysis of those individuals who are most likely to affect the future status of the Women's Correctional Facil- ity, I have selected three distinct groups who could provide significant input of a policy nature on the role of the wo- men's institution. These groupings are: The Directors of the State Departments of Corrections, the Superintendents- Directors of the State Women's Correctional Facilities, and the Chairpersons of the State Judiciary Committees (or select committees concerning corrections). Since you will find your -2- professional title among these, and because of the limited num- ber of participants chosen in order to utilize the Delphi Tech- nique most effectively, I hope that you will consent to become a participant in this undertaking. I will use the following procedures in administering the Delphi Technique: First: I am enclosing an open-ended questionnaire which asks you to suggest roles which you believe the adult wo- men's correctional facility will perform in the future, i.e.,: 1985. For the purpose of the study, the insti- tution under consideration will be the adult women's correctional facility servicing felony inmates. Second: I will send to you a listing of all suggested roles (duplications eliminated) for the women's correctional facility as generated by our participants. I will ask you to rate each of these roles on a scale to indicate your perception of the importance of the role in the functioning of the women's facility in the future. Third: Finally, I will send you a questionnaire which will re- port for each suggested role your original rating, the rating of your professional group as a median score, and the rating of the entire group listed as a median score. I will ask you to review the data and to revise any rating which you may wish to change after learning the group s judgments. You will receive a duplicate copy of each questionnaire for your files for review when answering subsequent rounds. Please re- turn the enclosed questionnaire by August 4, 1975. I believe that careful consideration of each questionnaire will require only 15 to 30 minutes of your time to complete. Subsequent questionnaires will follow at approximately three week intervals. A final report will be provided to all interested participants. I believe that as professionals in the system we call Criminal Justice, you as an individual, and as part of a professional group can and do have a profound effect on the direction of that system. For this reason, I hope you will accept this opportun- ity to participate in the study, lending your expertise to the establishment of policy alternatives indicated by judgments surrojnding the roles of the women's correctional facility of the future. Thank you for your cooperation and time. /s/ John F. Brooks John F. Brooks, Project Director /s/ Ralph G. Lewis Ralph G. Lewis, Ed.d, Research Director /5/ John H. McNamara John H. McNamara, Ph.D, Coordinator Criminal Justice Systems Center JFB/jm Enclosure APPENDIX B DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE I, JULY 25, 1975 126 A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF THE ADULT WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Felony Level Delphi Questionnaire I July 25, 1975 **NAME POSITION ADDRESS PLEASE INDICATE BELOW WHAT YOU PERCEIVE WILL BE THE ROLES OF THE ADULT WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL FACILITY IN THE FUTURE, i.e. IN 1985. Suggested roles for the future correctional system appearing in recent literature that provide useful examples are: 1. Corrections in the future will play a systemic role consist- ing of a configuration of numerous, quite autonomous sub- systems operating to maximize cooperation and interchange. 2. Corrections of the future will differentiate between kinds of offenders and between kinds of intervention more precisely than does the present system. 3. Corrections of the future will play no more a role than broker for community services and agencies. These are provided only as examples and do not imply any direc- tion or value judgment —— they also deal with the correctional system, whereas you will be suggesting roles for the adult wo- men's correctional facility. If you wish to list more than five role statements, or if more space is needed, please use the back of this sheet. Please return one copy of the questionnaire by August 4, 1975. Fill in the other and retain for your records. Your cooperation and participation is deeply appreciated. **Participants' names will remain anonymous. This information is necessary for subsequent data collection and analysis. 127 APPENDIX C DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE II. SEPTEMBER 19. 1975 128 A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF THE ADULT WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Delphi Questionnaire 11 September 19, 1975 **NAME POSITION ADDRESS Please indicate by circling for each of the following Role State- ments the Desirability and Probability of the role for the func- tioning of the Women's Correctional Institution in 1985. NOTE: The most or hi hest (desirabiTity of the role - probahility of its occurrence is indicated by a "l", the least or lowest is indicated by a "5". Role Statement (+)Desirability(-) G) Probability(:l The institution will make 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 greater use of placement of of- fenders in volunteer roles in community programs/ agencies. The women's institution will 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 be small, community based - utilizing local community resources. The institution will make 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 greater use of placement of offen- ders with families in the local communities. Community-based facilities 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 (half-way houses, group homes, area centers, etc.) will be utilized for all female offenders who are not considered a "risk" to society. The women's institution will 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 provide a continuum of in- creased/intensive after- care through approved community programs, closer parole supervision, half- way placement prior to re- lease, “out-patient" ser- vices for ex-offenders, etc. **Participants' names will remain anonymous. This information is necessary for subsequent data collection in Round III. 129 Role Statement (HDesirability(9 (HProbabilityG) The women's institution will be 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 a social problem oriented fa- cility serving to coordinate services on specific female problems, as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for ad- justment into society. The women's facility will be a 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 base station utilizing com- mnuity support services and programs brought into the in- stitution (versus a purchase of care concept from the com- munit through furlough/re- lease . Women's corrections in the future 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 will move toward full participa- tion with other components of the Criminal Justice System. (De- veloping cooperative preventive efforts to impact social policy, working with offenders, and in- tegrating correctional services with other community support- systems (medical, psychiatric, counseling, etc.) thus guaran- teeing a continuity of services to correctional clients.) The women's facility will fulfill 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 the correctional role by impos- ing no more control than is nec- essary to insure inmate/public safety and the achievement of program objectives. The women's institution in the fu- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 ture will work towards maintain- ing family relationships, by fos- tering family participation in the correctional-rehabilitation pro- cess. The women's institution will fill 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 its correctional role through use of legally binding contracts governing programming, responsi- bilities and release considera- tions. 130 -3- Role Statement (HDesirability(9 (HProbability(-) There will be advanced treatment 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 involved for female offenders - counseling, psychological and psychiatric. The adult women's correctional l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 facility will house only felony offenders committed for as- saultive-type offenses and con- sidered dangerous, and the pro- fessional offender in order to fulfill the role of protecting society from those females who present too much risk to be re- tained in the community. The institution will utilize com- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 munity resources by daily re- lease of offenders to purchased services (education, mental health, family counseling, etc.) rather than duplicate such ser- vices within the institution. The women's institution of the fu- l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 ture will utilize more inmate services to reduce system main- tenance costs (e.g., food produc- tion, laundry, maintenance, su- pervision, etc.) The correctional institutions for 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 women will be small (detention) units in the future, decentra- lized throughout the state. The women's institution will pro- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 vide a broader span of academic and vocational education pro- grams than provided in 1975. The women's correctional facility 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 will become a miniature social, political and economic institu- tion, having increased recogni- tion and growing influence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identifica- tion with similar social orga- nizations in the community. Greater organization and inde- pendence among the women housed therein will be witnessed. 131 -4- Role Statement 0)Desirability() H)Probabilipy6) The courts will take a role in the l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 correctional process by develop- ing a community classification system for offender handling, as well as being the determinant of release of inmates in conjunction with the institution. The institution will play a role 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 of determining release for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (having received sentences with indeter- minant release.) The adult women's correctional fa- l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 cility in 1985 will be region- alized (serving multi-states), with a small population of in- tractable offenders. The women's institution will ser- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 vice more clients with flat sentences - with no chance of early release or parole. The institution will exist to 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 play a role of punishment for crimes against society. The adult women's correctional l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 facility will play a security- oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are com- mitted. The correctional facility will 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 provide training for the large majority of offenders (60-80%) with the remainder housed for custody only (A no programming option for the inmate). The institution will encounter a 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 slow movement toward actual "rehabilitation" of female offenders. The women's institution will serve as a sanction in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. The women's facility will play the role of a goal-oriented treatment center addressing the needs of women as individuals with need variances. _a N w .b 01 _n N (A) .b 01 —l N (A) .9 U1 _.0 N w h 01 132 -5- Role Statement GlDesirabilityE) The women's correctional facility 1 2 3 4 5 of the future will provide a structured social environment paralleling that of the ”outside world." (This will include phy- sical plant adaptation to be less "prison like," diversified social, work, economic, recreational, and cultural activities). The correctional institution for l 2 3 4 5 women will provide a structured self-government system which re- quires few employees. (Control and management will be the re- sponsibility of those individuals incarcerated). The women's institution will inte- l 2 3 4 5 grate program activities with male correctional facilities in order to equalize program oppor- tunities (not a co-ed facility). Women's institutions will use 1 2 3 4 5 medical, psychological, social and educational techniques for experimentation and demonstra- tion concerning the conversion of persons into socially accept- able models. Women's correctional facilities 1 2 3 4 5 will place intensive and increased emphasis on job training, develop- ment and placement after incarcera- tion (including non-traditional fe- male positions: e.g., welding, automotive, etc.). The women's institution, as well 1 2 3 4 5 as the entire correctional sys- tem, will utilize more sophisti- cated planning, research, devel- opment, and evaluation in deter- mining goals, objectives and a1- ternatives in assessing its needs and making its decisions. 133 &)Probabi1ity() 1 2 3 4 5 -5- Role Statement G)Desirability() 0)Probability() Programming opportunities in wo- l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 men's institutions will be equal to those available in men's facilities. The women's institution will 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 house and program for offen- ders making restitution to in- jured parties and society as sentenced by the courts. The parole function will be elim- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 inated as structured and revert to a service providing after-care component of the women's institu- tion. _.- N 00 .b 01 _.a N w A 01 The women's correctional institu- tion will house individuals for short sentences, utilize inten- sive programming, returning the individual to society at the quickest possible pace. The institution will replace its 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 role of "rehabilitation" with the concept of "self-help" as reflected in the availability of self-help programming. The institution will again play a 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 role of carrying out death pen- alty sentences for specific offenders/crimes. The women's institution will make 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 available living arrangements for children of women incarcer- ated who desire family-oriented treatment. The institution of the future 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 will make more use of furlough and work/study release programs as a part of its correctional programming. The institution will remain 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 stable in size and population, however the length of sentence for the individual will increase. 134 -7- Role Statement (HDesirability64 (HProbabilityE) The women's institution will ful- 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 fill its correctional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater program options and resources that are not afford- able in small women's facilities. The women's institution will move 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 towards developing more specific intervention techniques for spe- cific offender types according to improved diagnostic and clas- sification systems. Differential facilities (e.g. cus- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 tody only unit, maximum security, minimum security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and dif- ferential treatment will exist according to crime/offender typology. Due to many factors (e.g.: public 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 apathy, small number of women offenders, lack of economic sup- port, other government priorities, etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in 10 years. Female felons (with exception of l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 "dan erous"/"hard core" offen- ders) will be handled at local level facilities subject to standards imposed by the state and regulated through subsi- dies. The women's facility will exist only to contain the small num- ber of women who need long-term, high security incarceration. Because of economic, legal and l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 philosophical considerations, the women's prison of today (as structured in 1975) will be abol- ished, or in the process of be- ing phased out, in 10 years. —I N (A) .b 01 ._n N (.0 ab 0'1 135 -3- Role Statement 6)Desirability() H)Probability() The institution will fulfill its 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 correctional role by teaching skill training (including non- traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. The institutional role will be en- 1 hanced by government guaranteed job opportunity in all cases where private employment is unavailable. The adult women's correctional fa- l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 cility will play a role of cus- tody, warehousing female felons. Through programming, legislation, 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 and judicial process, the drug offender, first offender, and victimless crime offender will be diverted from the women's institu- tion resulting in only dangerous and recidivist offenders being housed within. The women's facility will play a 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 diagnostic and evaluative role for placement, sentencing al- ternatives, service brokerage, and overall determination of correctional options for the individual. Diversion by many factors will 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 result in the women's facility fulfilling its role through a small, multi-state region- alized facility. Continued economic considera- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 tions on society coupled with court and legislative de- cisions will make the women's facility larger (population) and more complex in its role. N w J) U“ _.n N w .b (II 136 APPENDIX D DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE III, NOVEMBER 5, 1975 137 A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF THE ADULT WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Delphi Questionnaire III November 5, 1975 **NAME POSITION ADDRESS IMPORTANT: Please read the attached sheet containing full in- structions for this questionnaire before proceeding. Please rate each of the following role statements on desirabil- ity and probability in light of the figures indicating the group response and your response on Delphi Questionnaire II, by cir- cling the appropriate numbers. Role Statement (+)Desirabilipy(-) (+) Probabilipy (-) The institution will make 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 greater use of placements 32 38 18 9 4 5 27 34 23 10 of offenders in volunteer 2.14 3.07 roles in community pro- grams/agencies The women's ipstitution l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 will be sma , community based - utilizing local 77 16 7 0 0 10 2] 36 2] 10 community resources. 1.30 3.00 The institution will make 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 greater use of placement of offenders with fami- 18 4] 16 14 I] 2 7 39 2] ‘0 lies in the local com- munities. Community based facilities 1 2 3 4 (half-way houses, group 71 21 4 0 homes, area centers, etc.) 1.36 2.86 will be utilized for all female offenders who are now considered a “risk“ to society. NOT _..: N w .h 01 The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 will provide a continuum 73 14 ll 2 O 18 32 30 16 4 of increased/intensive 1.41 2.55 after-care through ap- proved community programs, closer parole supervision, half-way placement prior to release, “out-patient" services for ex-offenders, etc. 138 -2- Role Statement (+)Desirabi1ity(-) (+)Probability(-) The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 will be a social problem 43 3O 20 5 2 S 29 3O 30 4 oriented facility serving 1.93 2.98 to coordinate services on specific female problems, as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for adjust- ment into society. The women's facility will 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 be a base station utiliz- 16 23 27 27 7 4 18 46 27 4 ing community support ser- 2.86 3.09 vices and programs brought into the institution (ver- sus a purchase of care con- cept from the community through furlough/release). Women's corrections in the l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 future will move toward 77 16 7 O 0 16 3O 36 16 2 full participation with 1.30 2.57 other components of the Criminal Justice System. (Developing cooperative preventive efforts to im- pact social policy, working with offenders, and inte- grating correctional ser- vices with other community support-systems (medical, psychiatric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a continuity of services to correctional clients.) The women's facility will 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 fulfill the correctional 68 18 7 2 5 13 34 38 ll 5 role by imposing no more 1.59 2.63 control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achievement of program objectives. The women's institution in 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 the future will work 71 16 9 4 O 7 29 41 18 5 towards maintaining fam- 1.45 2.86 ily relationships, by fostering family partic- ipation in the correc- tional-rehabilitation process. 139 -3- Role Statement (+)Desirability(-) (+) Probability(-) The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 will fill its correc- 25 25 29 16 5 5 23 41 18 13 tional role through use 2.52 3.09 of legally binding con- tracts governing program- ming, responsibilities and release considerations. There will be advanced 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 treatment involved for 63 3O 7 O O 18 23 36 20 2 female offenders - coun- 1.45 2.64 seling, psychological and psychiatric. The adult women's correc- l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 tional facility will 52 29 14 5 O 13 18 30 25 14 house only felony offen- 1.73 3.11 ders committed for assaultive-type offenses and considered dangerous, and the professional of- fender in order to fulfill the role of protecting so- ciety from those females who present too much risk to be retained in the com- munity. The institution will uti- 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 lize community resources 46 29 13 9 4 7 23 43 20 7 by daily release of of- 1.95 2.96 fenders to purchased ser- vices (education, mental health, family counseling, etc.) rather than duplicate such services within the in- stitution. The women's institution of 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 the future will utilize 27 20 25 16 ll 25 25 36 5 7 more inmate services to 2.64 2.44 reduce system maintenance costs (e.g., food produc- tion, laundry, maintenance, supervision, etc.). The correctional institu- l 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 tuions for women will be 54 25 7 7 7 4 14 34 3O 18 small (detention) units 1.89 3.45 in the future, decentra- lized throughout the state. 140 -4- Role Statement The women's institution 1 will provide a broader 63 span of academic and vo- cational education pro- grams than provided in 1975. The women's correctional l facility will become a 23 miniature social, politi- cal and economic institu- tion, having increased recog- nition and growing influence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identification with similar social organizations in the community. Greater organiza- tion and independence among the women housed therein will be witnesses.) The Courts will take a role 1 in the correctional pro- 13 cess by developing a com- munity classification sys- tem for offender handling, as well as being the determi- nant of release of inmates in (+)Desirabi1ity(-) (+) Probability(-) 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 27 9 0 2 21 36 27 13 4 1.52 2.41 27 30 7 2.59 13 5 11 43 3.43 18 23 conjunction with the institution. The institution will play 1 a role of determining re- 46 lease for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (hav- ing received sentences with indeterminant release). The adult women's correc- l tional facility in 1985 23 will be regionalized (serving multi-states), with a small population of intractable offenders. The women's institution 1 will service more clients 7 with flat sentences - with no chance of early release or parole. 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 18 18 27 25 4 11 27 38 21 3.34 3.63 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 23 18 7 5 9 20 46 13 13 2.02 3.00 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 14 16 21 25 2 13 27 32 27 3.12 3.70 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 14 14 27 3.73 3. 141' -5- Role Statement (t)Desirability(-) (+) Probabilipy(-) The institution will ex- 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 ist to play a role of 7 18 14 32 27 29 29 16 16 7 punishment for crimes 3.55 2.43 against society. The adult women's correc- l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 tional facility will play 9 18 32 29 13 18 32 32 16 a security-oriented role 3.18 2.52 as more diverse types of offenders are committed. The correctional facility 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 will provide training 29 20 14 14 23 13 29 34 14 11 for the large majority 2.84 2.82 of offenders (60-80%) with the remainder housed for custody only (A no pro- gramming option for the N01 inmate). The institution will en- 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 counter a slow movement 29 14 29 ll 18 18 18 38 20 7 toward actual "rehabili- 2.75 2.80 tation" of female offenders. The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 S will serve as a sanction 14 20 27 23 9 18 34 27 9 5 in order to fulfill role 2.92 2.46 of general deterrence. The women's facility will 1 2 3 4 5 play the role of a goal 66 20 9 5 O oriented treatment cen- 1.54 3.12 ter addressing the needs of women as individuals with need variances. N—l N NM (.0 OH» w 04: 010'! The women's correctional l 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 facility of the future 55 32 9 4 O 7 29 34 23 7 will provide a structured 1.61 2.95 social environment paral- leling that of the "outside world." (This will include physical plant adaptation to be less “prison like," di- versified social, work, eco- nomic, recreational, and cultural activities.) The correctional institu- 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 tution for women will 7 21 29 14 29 O 2 16 39 43 provide a structured self- 3.36 4.23 government system which re- quires few employees. (Con- trol and management will be the responsibility of those individuals incarcerated.) 142 -5- Role Statement (+)Desirability(-) (+) Probability(-) The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 will integrate program 34 36 14 16 O 4 13 46 27 11 activities with male 2.13 3.29 correctional facilites in order to equalize program opportunities (not a co-ed facility). Women's institutions will 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 use medical, psychologi- 16 23 25 18 18 2 l 38 27 23 cal, social and educa- 2.98 3.60 tional techniques for ex- perimentation and demon- stration concerning the conversion of persons into socially acceptable models. Women's correctional fa- 1 2 3 4 5 cilities will place in- 52 36 13 O 0 9 43 32 ll tensive and increased 1.61 2.61 emphasis on job training, development and placement after incarceration (in- cluding non-traditional female positions, e.g., welding, automotive, etc.). _a -'N _c N (A) A mm The women's institution, 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 as well as the entire 80 18 2 O O 16 29 36 18 2 correctional system, will 1.21 2.61 utilize more sophisticated planning, research, devel- opment, and evaluation in determining goals, objec- tives and alternatives in assessing its need and making its decisions. Programming opportunities 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 in women's institutions 82 14 2 2 0 21 25 25 18 11 will be equal to those 1.23 2.71 available in men's fa- cilities. The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 5 will house and program 57 21 9 4 9 9 34 27 21 9 for offenders making 1.86 2.81 restitution to injured parties and society as sentenced by the courts. 143 Role Statement The parole function will 1 be eliminated as struc- 3O tured and revert to a service providing after- care component of the women's institution. The women's correctional l institution will house 46 individuals for short sentences, utilize in- tensive programming, returning the individual to society at the quickest possible pace. The institution will re- 1 place its role of "reha- 48 bilitation" with the con- cept of "self-help" as reflected in the availa- bility of self-help pro- gramming. The institution will again 1 play a role of carrying 9 out death penalty sentences for specific offenders] crimes. The women's institution 1 will make available liv- 32 ing arrangements for children of women incar- cerated who desire family- oriented treatment. The institution of the fu- 1 ture will make more use 84 of furlough and work/study release programs as a part of its correctional pro- gramming. The institution will re- 1 main stable in size and 4 population, however, the length of sentence for the individual will increase. The women's institution 1 will fulfill its correc- 20 tional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater program options and resources that are not affordable in small women's facilities. -7- 2 18 25 3 23 2.59 20 1.78 2.98 144 4 20 (+)Desirabi1ity(-) 5 9 #01 001 001 (+) Probability(-) 1 0 4:...- .5-3 m—-‘ d 2 4 2 9 (”N 3 45 3.68 3 41 3.38 3.09 3.63 4 32 4 39 5 20 NUT U101 00" -3- Probabilipy(-) Role Statement (+)Desirability(-) (1) The women's institution 1 2 3 4 5 1 will move towards de- 45 41 ll 2 2 5 veloping more specific 1.75 intervention techniques for specific offender types according to im- proved diagnostic and classification systems. Differential facilities 1 2 3 4 5 1 (e.g. custody only unit, 34 39 20 4 4 2 maximum security, mini- 2.04 mun security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and differential treatment will exist according to crime/ offender typology. Due to many factors (e.g., 1 2 3 4 5 1 public apathy, small num- 4 2 ber of women offenders, 4.59 lack of economic support, other government priori- ties, etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in 10 years. Female felons (with excep- 1 2 3 4 5 1 tion of "dangerous"/"hard 29 38 16 13 4 4 core" offenders) will be 2.24 handled at local level fa- cilities subject to stand- ards imposed by the state and regulated through sub- sidies. The women's facility will 1 2 3 4 5 l exist only to contain the 34 32 18 5 ll 9 small number of women who 2.29 need long-term, high se- curity incarceration. Because of economic, legal, 1 2 3 4 5 l and philosophical consid- 18 25 27 20 ll 4 erations, the women's 2.80 prison of today (as struc- tured in 1975) will be abol- ished, or in the process of being phased out, in 10 years. 145 2 3 4 5 23 48 20 4 2.93 21 41 25 11 3.21 18 34 32 11 3.29 2 3 4 5 11 38 34 9 3.23 2 3 4 5 2 20 25 50 4.16 -9- Role Statement (+)Desirability(-) The institution will ful- l 2 3 4 5 fill its correctional 55 29 9 5 2 role by teaching skill 1.70 training (including non- traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. The institutional role 1 2 3 4 5 will be enhanced by gov- 20 21 21 14 23 ernment guaranteed job 3.00 opportunity in all cases where private employment is unavailable. The adult women's correc- 1 2 3 4 5 tional facility will play 2 l4 9 21 54 a role of custody, ware- 4.12 housing female felons. Through programming, legis- 1 2 3 4 5 lation, and judicial pro- 50 34 9 7 0 cess, the drug offender, 1.73 first offender, and vic- timless crime offender will be diverted from the women's institution resulting in only dangerous and recidivist of- fenders being housed within. The women's facility will 1 2 3 4 5 play a diagnostic and 50 32 ll 4 2 evaluative role for 1.73 p1acement,sentencing alter- natives, service brokerage, and overall determination of correctioal options for the individual. Diversion by many factors 1 2 3 4 5 will result in the wo- 27 14 23 13 21 men's facility fulfilling 2.87 its role through a small, multi-state regionalized facility. Continued economic con- 1 2 3 4 5 siderations on society 5 5 18 27 41 coupled with court and 3.96 legislative decisions will make the women's facility larger (population) and more complex in its role. 146 (+) Probability(:) 1 11 2 23 NM 3 4 38 23 2.89 3 4 20 34 4.14 3 4 13 21 3.25 3 4 45 15 3.18 3 4 35 27 2.95 3 4 27 34 3.89 3 4 30 9 2.52 5 5 \10‘1 APPENDIX E DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE, APRIL 20, 1976 147 A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF THE ADULT WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Delphi Questionnaire April 20, 1976 In recent years the effectiveness of correctional pro- grams has been subject to increasing question. Of particular concern are those institutions caring for women. The lack of research in this area clearly reflects a need for policy implementation to provide more effective correctional pro- grams. Significantly, correctional policies must be measured and evaluated so that correctional programs pursue the pro- jected role for the functioning of women's institutions. To obtain information concerning the role of women's in- stitutions the Delphi Technique has been employed to obtain group opinion and consensus without direct interaction. Ques- tionnaires were sent to correctional administrator, legisla- tors, and the heads of the Department of Corrections through- out the fifty states, asking them to identify issues (prob- lems, projections) in the area of women's institutions. The initial returns were then processed and a second questionnaire was develOped containing the issues identified by the partici- pants. This questionnaire asked the participants to rate each item in terms of priority and desirability. To provide the researchers with normative data by which a classification of correctionalsystems is to be obtained, you are asked to rate each question in two dimensions: (1) empha- sis on the individual (2) emphasis on the community. The emphasis placed on these particular concerns will form the basis for the classification of correctional policies illus- trated below: MODEL OF CORRECTIONAL POLICIES Emphasis REHABILITATION REINTEGRATION on the high individual RESTRAINT REFORM 1°" Emphasis on the community low high For purposes of clarity when completing the questionnaire, the four basic models have been defined as follows: 148 -2- REFORM - characterized by maximal stress on community standards, low stress on the individual. The basic influence style is correctional com- pliance. REHABILITATION - characterized by high stress on the individual and low stress on the com- munity. The basic influence style is supportive control and punishment pre- sented as therapy. RESTRAINT - characterized by minimal concern for the com- munity and the individual. The basic in- fluence style is organizational survival through attempts to control individuals. REINTEGRATION - characterized by high stress on both com- . munity and offender. The basic influ- ence style is correctional internaliza- tion; concern with reducing the stigma attached to criminality (community treatment approach). 149 -3- IMPORTANT: Please read the attached sheet containing full instructions for this questionnaire before proceeding. Please rate each of the following role statements by the em hasis on the individual, circling the appropriate numbers (l-low, 57high). 1. The women's institution will pro- 1 2 3 4 5 vide a continuum of increased/inten- sive after-care through approved community programs, closer parole superivision, half-way placement prior to release, "out-patient" services for ex-offenders, etc. 2. The women's institution will be a l 2 3 4 5 social problem oriented facility ser- ving to coordinate services on specific female problems, as well as general social competence, aware- ness and responsibility for adjust- ment into society. 3. The women's facility will be a base 1 2 3 4 5 station utilizing community support services and pro rams brought into the institution (versus a purchase of care concept from the community through furlough/release). 4. The institution will make greater 1 2 3 4 5 use of placements of offenders in volunteer roles in community pro- grams/agencies. 5. The women's institution will be 1 2 3 4 5 small, community based - utilizing local community resources. 6. The insitution will make greater 1 2 3 4 5 use of placement of offenders with families in the local communities. 7. Community based facilities (half- 1 2 3 4 5 way houses, group homes, area cen- ters, etc.) will be utilized for all female offender who are not considered a "risk" to society. 8. The women's institution of the future 1 2 3 4 5 will utilized more inmate services to reduce system maintenance costs (e.g., food production, laundry, maintenance, supervision, etc.). 150 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. -4- The correctional institutions for 1 women will be small (detention) units in the future, decentralized through- out the state. The women's institution will provide 1 a broader span of academic and vo- cational education programs than provided in 1975. The women's correctional facility will 1 become a miniature social, political and economic institution, having in- creased recognition and growing in- fluence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identification with similar social organizations in the community. Greater organization and independence among the women housed therein will be witnessed.) The Courts will take a role in the role 1 in the correctional process by develop- ing a community classification system for offender handling, as well as being the determinant of release of inmates in conjunction with the institution. ' The institution will play a role of de- l termining release for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (having received sentences with indeterminant release). The adult women's correctional facil- l ity in 1985 will be regionalized (serving multi-states), with a small population of intractable offenders. The women's institution will service 1 more clients with flat sentences - with no chance of early release or parole. .Women's corrections in the future will 1 move toward full participation with other components of the Criminal Justice System. (Developing cooperative pre- ventive efforts to impact social policy, . working with offenders, and integrating correctional services with other commun- ity support-systems (medical, psychiatric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a continuity of services to correctional clients.) 151 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. -5- The women's facility will fulfill the correctional role by imposing no more control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achieve- ment of program objectives. The women's institution in the future will work towards maintaining family relationships, by fostering family participation in the correctional- rehabilitation process. The women's institution will fill its correctional role through use of le- gally binding contracts governing programming, responsibilities and release considerations. There will be advanced treatment in- volved for female offenders - counsel- "ing, psychological and psychiatric. The adult women's correctional facility will house only felony offenders com- mitted for assaultive-type offenses and considered dangerous, and the profes- sional offender in order to fulfill the role of protecting society from those females who present too much risk to be retained in the community. The institution will utilize community resources by daily release of offen- ders to purchased services (education, mental health, family counseling, etc.) rather than duplicatesuch services within the institution. The institution will exist to play a role of punishment for crimes against society. The adult women's correctional facility will play a security-oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are committed. The correctional facility will provide training for the large majority of of- fenders (60-80%) with the remainder housed for custody only (A no program- ming option for the inmate. The institution will encounter a slow movement toward actual "rehabilitation of female offenders. 152 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. -5- The women's institution will serve as a sanction in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. The women's facility will play the role of a goal oriented treatment center addressing the needs of women as in- dividuals with need variances. The women's correctional facility of the future will provide a structured so- cial environment paralleling that of the "outside world." (This will in- clude physical plant adaptation to be less ”prison like," diversified social, work, economic, recreational, and cul- tural activities. The correctional institution for women will provide a structured self-govern- ment system which requires few em- ployees. (Control and management will be the responsibility of those indi- viduals incarcerated.) The women's institution will integrate program activities with male correc- tional facilities in order to equalize program opportunities (not a co-ed fa- cility). Women's institutions will use medical, psychological, social and educational techniques for experimentation and demonstration concerning the conver- sion of persons into socially accept- able models. Women's correctional facilities will place intensive and increased empha- sis on job training, development and placement after incarceration (including non-traditional female po- sitions, e.g., welding, automotive, etc.). The women's institution, as well as the entire correctional system, will uti- lize more sophisticated planning, re- search, development, and evaluation in determining goals, objectives and a1- ternatives in assessing its needs and making its decisions. 153 l 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. -7- Programming opportunities in women's institutions will be equal to those available in men's facilities. The women's institution will house and program for offenders making restitu- tion to injured parties and society as sentenced by the courts. The parole function will be eliminated as structured and revert to a service providing after-care component of the women's institution. The women's correctional institution will house individuals for short sen- tences, utilize intensive programming, returning the individual to society at the quickest possible pace. The institution will replace its role of "rehabilitation" with the concept of "self-help" as reflected in the avail- ability of self-help programming. The institution will again play a role of carrying out death penalty sen- tences for specific offenders/crimes. The women's institution will make avail- able living arrangements for children of women incarcerated who desire family-oriented treatment. The institution of the future will make more use of furlough and work/study release programs as a part of its cor- rectional programming. The institution will remain stable in size and population, however the length of sentence for the individual will increase. The women's institution will fulfill its correctional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater pro- gram options and resources that are not affordable in small women's facilities. The women's institution will move towards developing more specific inter- vention techniques for specific offender types according to improved diagnostic and classification systems. 154 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. -3- Differential facilities (e.g. costody only unit, maximum security, minimum security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and differential treatment will exist according to crime/offender typology. Due to many factors (e.g., public apathy, small number of women offenders, lack of economic support, other government priorities, etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in lo years. Female felons (with exception of "dan- gerous"/"hard core" offenders) will be handled at local level facilities subject to standards imposed by the state and regulate through subsidies. The women's facility will exist only to contain the small number of women who need long-term, high security in- carceration. Because of economic, legal, and philo- sophical considerations, the women's prison of today (as structured in 1975) will be abolished, or in the process of being phased out, in 10 years. The institution will fulfill its correc- tional role by teaching skill training (including non-traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. The institutional role will be enhanced by government guaranteed job opportun- ity in all cases where private employ- ment is unavailable. The adult women's correctional facility will play a role of custody, ware- housing female felons. Through programming, legislation, and judicial process, the drug offender, first offender, and victimless crime offender will be diverted from the women's institution resulting in only dangerous and recidivist offenders being housed within. 155 —l -g- 55. The women's facility will play a diag- nostic and evaluative role for place- ment, sentencing alternatives, service brokerage, and overall determination of correctional options for the indi- vidual. 56. Diversion by many factors will result in the women's facility fulfilling its role through a small, multi-state regionalized facility. 57. Continued economic considerations on society coupled with court and legis- lative decisions will make the women's facility larger (population) and more complex in its role. 156 IMPORTANT: -10- —l O The institution will make greater use of placements of offenders in volunteer roles hicommunity programs/agencies. The women's institution will be small, community based - utilizing local community resources. The institution will make greater use of placement of offenders with fami- lies in the local communities. Community based facilities (half-way houses, group homes, area centers, etc.) will be utilized for all female offenders who are not considered a "risk" to society. The women's institution will provide a continuum of increased/intensive after-care through approved community programs, closer parole supervision, half-way placement prior to release, "out-patient" services for ex-offen- ders, etc. The women's institution will be a so- cial problem oriented facility ser- ving to coordinate services on spe- cific female problems, as well as general social competence, awareness and responsibility for adjustment into society. The women's facility will be a base station utilizing community support services and pro rams brought into the institution versus a purchase of care concept from the community through furlough/release). 157 l 2 Please read the attached sheet containing full instructTOns for this questionnaire before proceeding. Please rate each of the following role statements by the emphasis on the community, circling the appropriate numbers (Tllow, STFigfiT. 3 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. -1]- Women's corrections in the future will move toward full participation with other components of the Criminal Justice System. (Developing cooperative preventive efforts to impact social policy, working with offenders, and integrating correctional services with other community support-systems (medi- cal, psychiatric, counseling, etc.) thus guaranteeing a continuity of ser- vices to correctional clients.) The women's facility will fulfill the correctional role by imposing no more control than is necessary to insure inmate/public safety and the achieve- ment of program objectives. The women's institution in the future will work towards maintaining family relationships, by fostering family participation in the correctional- rehabilitation process. The women's institution will fill its correctional role through use of le- gally binding contracts governing programming, responsibilities and release considerations. There will be advanced treatment in- volved for female offenders - counseling, psychological and psy- chiatric. The adult women's correctional facil- ity will house only felony offenders committed for assaultive-type of- fenses and considered dangerous, and the professional offender in order to fulfill the role of protecting society from those females who present too much risk to be retained in the com- munity. The institution will utilize community resources by daily release of offen- ders to purchased services (educa- tion, mental health, family counsel- ing, etc.) rather than duplicate such services within the institution. 158 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. -12- The women's institution of the future will utilize more inmate services to reduce system maintenance costs (e.g., food production, laundry, maintenance, supervision, etc.) The correctional institutions for women be small (detention) units in the fu- ture, decentralized throughout the state. The women's institution will provide a broader span of academic and vocation- al education programs than provided in l975. The women's correctional facility will become a miniature social, political and economic institution, having in- creased recognition and growing influ- ence in society. (Its residents will recognize their common problems and increase their identification with similar social organizations in the community. Greater organization and independence among the women housed therein will be witnessed.) The Courts will take a role in the correctional process by developing a community classification system for offender handling, as well as being the determinant of release of inmates in conjunction with the institution. The institution will play a role of de- termining release for women based on identifiable behavioral changes in the inmate (having received sentences with indeterminant release). The adult women's correctional facility in l985 will be regionalized (serving multi-states), with a small population of intractable offenders. The women's institution will service more clients with flat sentences - with no chance of early release or parole. 159 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. -13- The institution will exist to play a l role of punishment for crimes against society. The adult women's correctional facility l will play a security-oriented role as more diverse types of offenders are committed. The correctional facility will provide 1 training for the large majority of offenders (GD-80%) with the remainder housed for custody only (A no program- ming option for the inmate). The institution will encounter a slow l movement toward actual "rehabilitation" of female offenders. The women's institution will serve as a l sanction in order to fulfill role of general deterrence. The women's facility will play the role 1 of a goal oriented treatment center addressing the needs of women as indi- viduals with need variances. The women's correctional facility of l the future will provide a structured social environment paralleling that of the "outside world." (This will in- clude physical plant adaptation to be less "prison like," diversified, social, work, economic, recreational, and cul- tural activities). The correctional institution for women l will provide a structured self-govern- ment system which requires few employees. (Control and management will be the re- sponsibilit of those individuals in— carcerated. The women's institution will integrate 1 program activities with male correc- tional facilities in order to equalize program opportunities (not a co-ed fa- cility). 160 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. -14- Women's institutions will use medical, psychological, social and educational techniques for experimentation and demonstration concerning the conver- sion of persons into soccially ac- ceptable models. Women's correctional facilities will place intensive and increased empha- sis on job training, development and placement after incarceration (in- cluding non-traditional female po- sitions, e.g., welding, automotive, etc. The women's institution, as well as the entire correctional system, will utilize more sophisticated planning, research, development, and evaluation in determining goals, objectives and alternatives in assessing its needs and making its decisions. Programming opportunities in women's institutions will be equal to those available in men's facilities. The women's institution will house and program for offenders making restitu- tion to injured parties and society as sentenced by the courts. The parole function will be eliminated as structured and revert toa service providing after-care component of the women's institution. The women's correctional institution will house individuals for short sen- tences, utilize intensive programming, returning the individual to society at the quickest possible pace. The institution will replace its role of “rehabilitation" with the concept of “self-help" as reflected in the availability of self-help programming. 161 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. -15- The institution will again play a role of carrying out death penalty sen- tences for specific offenders/crimes. The women's institution will make avail- able living arrangements for children of women incarcerated who desire family-oriented treatment. The institution of the future will make more use of furlough and work/study re- lease programs as a part of its correc- tional programming. The institution will remain stable in size and population, however, the length of sentence for the indi- vidual will increase. The women's institution will fulfill its correctional role by becoming a co-ed facility in order to gain greater program options and resources that are not affordable in small wo- men's facilities. The women's institution will move towards developing more specific intervention techniques for specific offender types according to improved diagnostic and classification systems. Differential facilities (e.g., custody only unit, maximum security, minimum security, mental health units, drug unit, etc.) and differential treatment will exist according to crime/offender typology. Due to many factors (e.g., public apathy, small number of women offen- ders, lack of economic support, other government priorities, etc.) there will be little or no change in the role of the adult women's correctional facility in 10 years. Female felons (with exception of "dan- gerous"/”hard core“ offenders) will be handled at local level facilities sub- ject to standards imposed by the state and regulated through subsidies. 162 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. -15- The women's facility will exist only to contain the small number of women who need long-term, high security in— carceration. Because of economic, legal, and phil- osophical considerations, the women's prison of today (as structured in 1975) will be abolished, or in the process of being phased out, in l0 years. The instituiton will fulfill its correc- tional role by teaching skill training (including non-traditional, female skills) in viable positions in society. The institutional role will be enhanced by government guaranteed job opportun- ity in all cases where private employ- ment is unavailable. The adult women's correctional facility will play a role of custody, warehous- ing female felons. Through programming, legislation, and judicial process, the drug offender, first offender, and victimless crime offender will be diverted from the women's institution resulting in only dangerous and recidivist offenders be- ing housed within. The women's facility will play a diag- nostic and evaluative role for place- ment, sentencing alternatives, ser- vice brokerge, and overall determina- tion of correctional options for the individual. Diversion by many factors will result in the women's facility fulfilling its role through a small, multi-state regionalized facility. Continued economic considerations on so- ciety coupled with court and legisla- tive decisions will make the women's facility larger (population) and more complex in its role. 163 d - .— ‘_ _..». IA..-- HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES I! llllllll 1 312931017 3182