v‘ A
. . 1 -

AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DAIRY HOUSING

WHEN DAIRY HERDQ ARE EXPANQED

Ike“: for I’Izc Degree oI’ M. 5.
MICHIGAN SMTE UNIVERSITY

Charies Binkiey chey

1961

I I! III III“ I III I III III; ILIIHIZI I

a.“

If) LIBR-A RY I

" 1 2m State ~

Muh' g .,
‘1' U nivemty j

 

 

A}! woman: KVLHJHIOH 01’ mm HETHCHJB 0! mm “SING
mum HEIDSLREWANDD

thumcompummmmmauu min-31w
ummmmmmunpmm
mutumwtu
memo:

mm 01' SCIENCE

Mart-Int of Agricultural W
1961

Charla Binkloy fanny
ABSTRACT

A “may!" and. bf 37 1.11113an County dairy fun. to
m mt “duel-0310. in an, rum plan for hand
mini, “Hum of hon-inc, milking, and food Mina nod
human-7m. rmammmmmm
Wins.

rumxmmumnummnmu,m
qupwnuom.mnuunum«u.mwnx
uuunmmwnn. mum-nnmzmu
mdtfmwrmmdummumwfimm
tar-hum. Iblatmnmpnmmfimmtm
“wuqummtar-hywés. tumult-In
utmmadhémwtnuwmhmflm
wrmwms.

Sixtypomntofflbddryunhflmmium,h6
thmmum,6swtmumumu35
m‘mdohomdw. snummwmumtbh
In. mmptpm-mfimmtmmaanor
"I... Mtahwdmmmumm
mumuwrymmmmnum

ruwmmtammmummm
ommmummm.lm-xmmtpnmum
nubmuuommmlmmmqsm Wampum-M
«mmwuwmmmuunm
mummwmm '

Charla-Myron” 2

thru cue far-I were saluted to use for O budgetary analysis
a! hard emu-ion by using gnu-mun nothodl at honing. Em A
muZh—ntmsmmmtmnhuawduusmhionm
MImOMnMfi-Itmlmbmm‘mmmm
mudujcrropdro

Mu:- plml were hideout for an A. A bonchurk plan with
ummmdnutumotfiflflo Rasmussen‘s-d
whambyumgumuhmmmumnplml.u‘
hommudundnflw. Ifthohcrdetoth
wbmmuaauumumommmumuManz),
mama-1. domuoabysmn. Ethanol-diam
“JOGWIbymth-balmllinthoblrnandothu‘chtnm
umnmm aha-t moo-cummmatosé.2h7. Than
malmntmthilplmunbomwummthnomdm-tm you-n.
' unmoummpuodtorfml. III-WM
“uhhmprodutd85flh8mt1nom. MldthSomhl
stanchion bun «crowd not. 1mm by $310. Hhon tin hard It.
Wh75m¢umnmmm(mz).utm
Whitazh. mmmmmupmuéocm (P1133)
by um "nuns pas-1c. at noon dun-ad by $361. When tho
mwummulaanngaluo-mmamm
may-tn, mtmmuwwtzpsa. ruminant-nu
thwNWhmMm-fmnm. Hm.
duryunvouldroooin “.50 m. form-milk, mum- plmvould
pron profitable and the new investment in plua I: would be recovered
inthrutndanc-halfyom.

Chorloo Binkloy Fomy 3

Four bndgoto mo omputod for taro G. 'i’ho bonchnork plan Iith
It? can prodnood $5,371 not for: inocoo. Plan 1, with 100 can noing
o loooo hauling-milking parlor system, produced 88,273 not imam.
M2 in oinilor toplanloxooptoxtro poinuxdhoyoropm-ohoood
ond thio plon only producod $3,837 not form incuo. Pin 3, with
120 mo, rooultod in ”fish? not imam.

This otndy ohovod thot innrouinz tho hord oioo dooo not
noooooorily noon thot not incano immoood. tho inpnto not bo nod
in paper proportion it profits oro to ho uxinizod. Gov nuboro
mtboinorouodinnnito thotfit intoinoroaooorhiohouh
additional on non handlo. the not incmo mt incroooo outfioiontly
to pow of! tho nor invootnont in o roucnoblo poriod of tino.

Ll mmomn EVALUATION OF ALWIVE 13mm: 0! mm HOUSING
m DAB! m ARE HPLHDE

3!

Gnu-loo Whom

AM}!

“RE 0? SCIENCE

wuwumm

1961

ACK NWN‘I‘S

Tho suthor wishes to express his sincere thsnks end
spprooiation to Profossor 0. Raymond Hoglund for his helpful guidonoo
end onoonrogomont during tho oonrso of this study.

Aoknowlodpont snd MI oro given to Elwood Jooobs who
ssoisted in tho survey end to Dr. Richard Hhoolor who gave holpfnl
suggestions for this study.

Tho snthc ssknswlodgos tho ossistonoo givon by niohigsn
Ststo Uhivorsity Agriooltnrdl Eoonuios Doportoont in wording hi:
on sosistontship, end in providing tho onvirouont within whioh
this study was oonduotod.

tho onthw would liko to thunk tho toonlty snd grodooto
stndonts of tho Dopsrtnont of Agricultural Boomios who roodily
gsvo inforutioo whon noodod.

rho mthor sloo wishes to thank Ssndy Rogers for typing
tho rough draft of tho thesis. and Johnna Hillor for typing the
final draft.

IABLEOF CONTENTS

mm
Lummumw..........
to ObiuumwhfllO‘IOfswosooooooo

MENELL cam: in mmom WORK

1. Toohniool hotors Influencing Silo ond
“Moooooooooooooooooo

a. mmmmummgmmnm.

,0 MMMEIMWMMW.......

nmrm HOUSING, Hmmmm mm

1o Bonsingiltorhstiwosivoihhlo........o o
zommwwmooooosooooo
3.8:otusotroodfisnd1ingsndmm...

mormnoamosnmsmmlmm

O

mmmrmornmwmcwmmm
1. hmroPiensotnoirywoo...

ooooooooooo
2o 5m“Moooooooooooooooooo
3o “MSMooooooooooooooooo
he “Woooooooosoooooooooo
$.0roppingh'ogrsn..o...oe.cea..o..
6.Koohino17ond3qd~3t1n7ostnat......o.
7.16.1kProdootion............o....
8. mmmoooooooooooooooo
,smoooooooooooosooooooos
WWSIBOFCABBBTUDES
loumlpumOIthOWoooooooooooo
2o MOM‘oooosoooooooooooooo
WMMM‘ooooooooooo
Altornotoflonlforhnl....o.oeoo
“W“MIIWM‘oooooooooo
iltomtoPlan)!orhrsA..-.......
3oMM3ooooooooooooooooooo
DonohurkPisutorlnr-B....o...o.c
Altomstsl'lsnli’orhrll.....oo...
nmumzmrmnooowOooooo
AltornstoPlathorFarnB.......o.o
AltornotoPlsnhtorMB.........c
rhoEttoototnighorfiiikh'iooonlotorsoor

g
C
O
O
C
C
1.
O
O
C
C
O
O
I
O
I
O
O

3 pkg: ago i raw g

555

0.0.0....

OOOIOOOQOOOO

a aagzazaauaaaa B3PP$E£

VII

oooooooo
MMMIOIMOoosooooo
Alterutoflonlror m0...o...
AltornstoPlsnztor m0.......
thormtsl’lsl31 ”maooooooo

summoomcwsm ‘
1. Initiation for Hiohigon ond tumult-sis
Woooooooooooooooooo

mnmooooooooooooooooo
BWo‘osooooooooooooooo

0....

0....

.0...

mrornms

M

mmmummsmumum
nmnurm,wuu¢m,nmum 5°

mmwmuw,ismhsturom
Cowtorfhroolioooroups,31hinhr-hrvoyod..oo

lposiolioodlqnip-ontsndloohinorybvost-outforfhroo
3mm,31mmmoooooooooo

horses Milk Production poa- cow, Amoco nontho or labor
porhrnpsrtoorsndhorogoigoothrnomsotorhy
IordBiso.3TDoiryl’sx-u8urvoyod......o...o. 53

Mummnutfihh1~°ooooooo 69
croplnossndtioidopormmutmtom,

M‘oooooooosooooosooooooooooo 71

hummumnmm'M‘ooo 72

lstintosorloooipto, hponsos, lotzooooosndchsncosio
wmwmnmuunu,rmx. 73

mmmrxmmunmnmum.

mnoooooosooooooooooooooooooo 7,

hummumnmum'm.ooo 80

lotinotosotlooodpts,l:poosoo,lotnoo-sndchoogos
inhvootnowtstor tortilonohnrksndntomoonsu,rsn

BOOOOOOCOOQCOOOOIIOIOOQOOOOOO 81

Istinstosotlosoipts, moullothooooondchmos
inmost-oats torhnohoorksndiitonstiwo Pleas, Ion

coo.oooooooooOOOOoooooooooooo 91

mimo,no1umuuuomnm¢mm
nmmmoooooooooooooooooo ’3

lotdOroph-othaotiontlndorntornotorlsno.hnc. . . 93

mum

M
mdmumdnmmnmcm” 105

Whmh,aisoornosinossondhborhroo,
AmpaMlflohimhrooS.”h?-DS9.¢..... 105

habsllststoaindoxl-horsotimgohluomim‘
h8nitod3tflos................a.... 1“

mummcmmsmm
mmooooooooooooosoooooooooo 106

mmrumuummutcmmu. . 107

lutosflsodinfistinstingnsoonmmungw
MWCW......_.........§.5

§§

htd-todmnrrodnotdoomCowhySisoofflu-d. '.. '.

muum.rmmm.mnnpummn
Wooooooooooooooooooooooooo 109

Estintodimslfiusntitdosofrorsgo,nroinsndhotodn
loododporCowInolmngloplooo-ontloitorsforroriodoi'
“Wooooooooooooooooooooooo 110

loothlynistrihutinothhorincropsndnnstook
Wooooooooooooooooooooooo

WWt,Inowrsnoo,Boprooutiousndlspoiro
“www.m"3mcooooooooooo

mmu,boprodotion,1nslrsnoosndlopurs
mnmunnm.ru-A..'...........

www.mmwmm-
mnmuum.mnooooooooooooo

Buildingluwostnnts,nopnontion,1nsu-onoooodlopoirs
Endoriltonotitoflsns,hrwc.............

lstooflooovoriuhdditiosol Wham”?
Strootorosondlquipouthdorntornotiwo lions, first.

E

E E. E E F:

M

Reteotleoeverineidditienel bustinntsinnoir:
Structures end Equip-eat Under Alternative Pleas. hrs
’“&.mm.f‘3e8°Meeoooeeeeeeo 117

Reeeipto,lneneosendleteorfloemringidditienei
Invoetnnteinkirydtnotureosndmp-ent Under
nus-munnm.nneuuemm«otth.50m
sttholen.......o......o.......

letootlooeworinguditienei Winning
ate-heterosendlquip-ntundornternetivenne.rsn

COOCOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOO..0. 11’

CHAPTER I
mmmucnw

The trend in deiry fax-aim is tower-d fewer, but larger, terns
with ihcroesing ospitel investment. According to the 1951: Census
of Agriculture} the number or terns in mmgm with dairy cows
were reduced tru- 132,627 in 19th to 83,212,111 1951:. This is e
decrease of 30 percent in ten yoers. Deity oow nubers were reduced
tr. 951,276 cows in 19141: to 796,635 cows in l95h. this shown s
don-sue of 16 percent in e ten year period.

A Hichigan Btoto University for: “counting report for
AresSohcwod thetollowing chsncestertheporiodMM?“
19591 tillsblo sores hove inoroesod by hi peroontg sninsl units by
20 pereent; whines-y investment by 192 percent end total investnent
per for: by 23h percent. The umber of non per ton hos rousinod
sbeut oonstent. This increased efficiency is lsrgely e result of
the use of new technology end lechenisetia. horses tors rosl
ostoto voloee per eoro in the United Stotoe hove been inoroeeod by
l6hporoontfron¢u1yl9h2 “muss, Marmeo.’ rm
wusdueteoupetitionrorlendodaoininzurbenoontors, newroode,
neroetion eroes end tern expension.

 

I:0. 8. Doperznent ct Comoros, 1253 Gene! or Agiculture, my“
'01. I, P. O

21‘. 1'. Elliot, choir-an end others, Hear Stetistioel Series of
the U. 8. Deportnent of Agriculture, Vol. 63 Land Vglgg end
Fern Figs, Agriculture Handbook, 30. 11.8, p. .

- 2 -

Invest-out in reel osteto per tern in Control Hichigen,
ececrding to Hichigen Steto University eccuunting terns, hes noerly
tripled since 1930. the inveetnent in livestock, nechinery, equipent,
toodsu'opsendsupplieshcselsctrinlodendinvsawesobout
taluooo.1

Eerdsiseendsveregeprcducticnperccwinincrossing. In
19M, on liehigen tens enrolled in s nan testing progren, the
evoregeeisoofherdwosl'idwitheproductiaot 8,8019ounds of
Iilh per ocw. In 1959, the evorego herd sise wee 30.0 cows with en
sue-ego production of 11,231 pane: per oow.z These new ere not
ontirolyouporebloboosusoofsehsngointhooenpleofdeiry
fer-ore ocopersting in this testing progress. In Pennsylvonie, the
enrogeprcdoctienperoowrorellcowsinthobfln toetingprogrsn
in 19h? woo 8,809 pounds of nilk, with 22.6 cows per herd. By 1959,
evorogo nilk production per cow incroseod to 10,352 with 30.1; cows
per herd»3

theProbluenditsInpcrtence

lhebssicpr’cblontecingdeirynentcdeyietheMee-ccst
oqneeso. the prieoo! lend, lobar, equipoentend supplies hes

 

it. D. Hill, turns in hrensiticn, Paper presented st the tunnel
Convention of the Hich‘Lgen Reel Eeteto “800.. ton More Section,
We Islend, September 1959.

2L. A. Johnson end A. J. IW.WW
Records Cooperetive Extonsiu co, chigen tote vors ty
WW“.

39-0-17 of Deiry nerd hprovonent issoc., Records for the you 1959
with dots on progress during h9 yeers of testing, The Ponnsylvenis
Shh University, Division of Dairy Extent“.

 

-3.
inoroesedrepddlyinthepeethtolZyoers,whilotu-nproduet
priooehevereneinodoonotentorhevobeendoeroeoed. term-pie,
inl9h6ittoek2,200poundooteilktobwenecrocfternlend
inflichigen. Byl958, 13.300 poundoofnilhworeroquirodtobw
thisseneeorootlend}

is lets es 19M, fer-ere in the Hichigen Stete University
tern eccoent project free the deiry end generel fer-Ling ores of
lath—mull hichigsnroelieodenet fern incueotebont8599m
peryoer withs tetel invwstnent of shoot 838,000. By 1959, the
velooetthoinvostnentineeinilereeeploottenatruthesuo
ol'oeweseetinetodtobonoerly880,000,endtheeettenine-e
Ivorogodebont86,650.2

Il'hocostofeostin‘putsneedinthotei'nbnsinosseswolles
ooneucp‘cductspurohosodbytmtentuilyhewobeenimoesed.
Deity-en hove gredueily expended their deiry eporetion in on
ettupttoneinteinorineroesetheirrotternineno.

rodeynewoftheoeferoorehevoexpendodtotheneunn
eepscityefthoirlendendbuildings. Ittbyupendfurther,
theymtoitheroxtondtheirnoeentdeiryberncbuiunewdeiry
buildingo,endbworrontna-olend,erpuoheselsrgoqoontitios
offeed.

 

If. I. hill, lens in fronsiticn lineogreph, Deport-ont of Luis ulturel
mm, mm, mm 17, 1955. p. s.

zliehigen rm room-1n. Deportnont of manna Econuios,
liehigen Steto Uninreity, Gooporetive Intension Service, lo. 210,

July 1960, ’o 1.

. u ..
new technologies such es bulk tenks, pipe line nilkors
end milking parlors heve edded increased pressure cnthe deirynen
to expend herd size to meet the ever rieing cont. Sm dairymen
eronndocidodestcthesizedniryheiutheyneodtopaytor those
newtechnologiee. Othorsereuneerteiniftheyehonldexpendwith
conventional stall burns, build loose housingwith enilking pain,
no e conbineticn of the two, or Just increase the productim within
their prooont tern orgenieetion.
Itishcpedthetthieetndywillhelpdeirynentoenelyze
their individuel sitnetione end to 4.1.1» doteilod plens before
they note eny redicel change in their deiry fern «genieeticn.

mjectivss end Methods of 8M

Themoseotthisstndyistoostinetobycaperetivo
budgeting the receipts, expenses, end not inoao obteined who
expendingthoscelootoperetionofdeiryforeeueingdittorent
systole of deiry bonding. Couperetivo budgeting, es discussed by
Wheeler end m} note it possible tor e tenor or businesse-
tcoelouletoostinetodroceiptsendexpeneesfrutheeeeetdiflcont
elternetive pleas in their business operetion. It is loss soot];
tonekeenistekewithepencilendpieoeetpeperthsnteexperieloo
reiiero inen ectcel tern operetion.

I The specifie objectives worse

IInches-«l 0. Hhoeler end John D. llech, W
nu in m r lend Berverd University e, Celebridgo, 1955,
p. o

 

- 5 .

1. To examine the twpothosis that is is nore econanical
to use conventional stanchion housing when raking small
increases (5 to 20 cows) in herd size starting with a
good stanchion barn, than to nako invechaents needed
tccenvorttoelooee housingandailkingperlcrsyeten.

2. To mine the hypothesis that the expansion of hard
she does not necessarily result in an imreeee in not
inane. there any be a reduction in net income.

3. To examine the hypothesis that loose housing is more
uonoaicel then conventional housing when mibstential
increases are node in con numbers.

These points will be discussed further in Chapter Five.

istndywne sadnctodenB'Idairytansnsing stanchion
housinginLivingeton county. rhooodeirynenworo neerlyellin
Dfln testing end had horde averaging over 10,000 pounds or milk
per cow. Present practices and future plans of those dairyoen were
studied.

‘rhroe terns were selected tron this group to serve as
benchark ferns to budget herd expansion by using alternative methods
of housing. The bencluark plan represents the {an organisation as
itwesbeforo planningenyexpanoion. Fermi had at cowsand200
acres of land. This fare was budgeted for 118 cows with cabinetiu
loose housing and stanchion housing, 1‘8 cows in stanchion housing and
for 30 cows in stanchion housing.

e 6 -.

Fem B had M; cows and wee budgeted for 50 cows in ctenchi.
housinz. 75 cows in stanchion housing, 60 cows with a looce housing-
nilking parlor systen, and 100 cows with a loose housing-milking ‘
parlor syston.

Fara 0 had In? cows in a combination stanchion and loose
housing onto. this tare was budgeted for 100 cows with a loose
housing-lilting parlor system, growing all the toad needed, ta 100
sowsuithoprecent2h0acresandbuyingoxtregrainandhoy, and
for 120 sows and renting extra land to grow the food.

the ascmptions used for the budgets on each {an were
siniler. Although these nominations nay differ tro- actual tiguoe
eh specific ferns the oonparetivo relationship between the different
fare plans should not change.

Details or the budget are discussed in Chapter Seven.

CHAPTER II
TECHNOIDGICAL CHARGE AID 20030110 CHOICE

zochnologigg teem Influencing Siso _en_1_i_ W
Heady states, "Technological change is one of the sore

important forces which alter the structure of the agriculture

production process."1

Heny dairy barns in Michigan, Pennsylvania, llew York,
Wisconsin, and other dairy states have beoase old and obsolete.
Those buildings snot be roncdelod extensively or be replaced before
thodairyonterprieocanbeoapendedefficiontly. Inemeoasu
it ioncrooconoaioel tobuildaconplotonewdairyoetuprather
thentrytomodol theoldbuildings. Pclobuildingscanbe
erected at a lower cost than conventional type dairy barns.2 this,
pin the increased labor efficiency, is thossinroaeonwhyfaraors
are adopting loose housing. In the Detroit ailkshod’ seven percent
ofthodairynenare usingsilkingparlu'systens.

Since the author is Ira Pennsylvania and is closely associntod
with the problems of these dairy-on, he has con-pared Pennsylvania
conditions with those in hichigen.

fEarl 0. Heady, Boogies of Agicultural Production and has
Use, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, low Jersey, 1932, 9. 79h.

28.H.Herren, outctsunungsmimmhhsmgg
U varsity,

Econonios Department of Agricultural Economics, Darnell
m 1933' ‘fio :0”. “Co 212. Pa 5685.

 

 

30. ll. Hoglund, Dairy rat-sing inaDocedo of Change, mm
loonaics Department of Agricultural Economics, lo.
West. University, 1960.

.8.

Pennsylvaniedairysonhevobeenelowinuooptingthisnew
technology for the following reasons: (i) lost installations in
lsnnsylvenia have resulted tr. converting old stenchiu barns
intolosse housing and (2) these systems have often beenpocrly
planed, resulting in unsanitary conditions. This is an inpertant
nascnwhynostaininepectoroinl’onnqlveniedonctonccuregoa
systoaetloosehoesing.

ithirdroascnwhysawPomsylveniadairynsnhavoccntinued
mmmuthatuwstthoirbarnsarslsrgsrand
aorosubotastiallvbeiltthonthoseinflichigan.

loose housing and siiking parlor oysteae have been replacing
theoonventienelstanohieadairyberneaaawterssinhiehiges.
fhiesethedethendiingdeiryeettlogreetlyroducesthetiseand
stfctnsododtoesrsfcredairyhsfle mmmmtsthat,
usesebmingsevsssbcciaopsrsssunserssctisbceseso
peroentieterascttrevol. Savingseroaedeiasilsing,teeding,
bedding,onddleaningtdno.'1

isthoscelootfeusieinersuehthersioetudeney
towerdueingaorolebabsavingoquipentinthetoedingsporatiuc
silo unloaders and self-feeding food heaters are nod extensively
inthesedeirysystons. fiascotgrevityoraugers,grainisfed
to the cow in the lilting parlor. mph Culver, Lacoyvillo,
Pennsylvania installed an outcatis conveyor in the feed hanger

 

f3. 0. Angus and H. L. Barr, in Appraisal of Research Literature
Dealing with Loose and Conventional Dairy Cattle Housing; a review,
Journal 3; 25;; Science, April 1955. Vol. mun, lo. 3.. s. 1.01.

-9.
«hisstsnohioanbsmwhichhsussstotssdsnsgssnashsppsshay.1
iiththeuseotesilomloshnheteedssilsgetotheeusinthe
bambyp‘ehingabattou. Ghoppedheyisnoveddireethtr-ths
neutethecouveyerintheteedbnnk. This elisinetsstheneed
toeasrythehaytothesm. fhsguttsreleanerandrouhage
feeder torthe SOoeIIseeu about 83.000.t

Mtunersasiulsoeeheeeingsystenstedhvinrsoks
beiltalsngthesideetthshqbarn. thehaJisthreendireet];
tmthehaystoregeintethsharreoks. Othershsvespeoisl
alt-tesdingmbsne.

Bulkhendlinceflflkhuhelpedtometetheflteat
vhiohfanorssreohangingmuiryiuteethertsnentemisee.
Ithssereatedaprouu-eentansrs.vhoruaisinthedairyhsinss,
uwmuvelusefnilktopeyterthisaddedhveshsnts

Bulktaxksranxein‘prioetroeeboutti'fioonreioomlos
tank'eptoShJOO teranBOOgsllontark.’ Frequently tumors have
ineressodthesiseotthsirherdtohslpmterthisuditiesel
equipsnt. fhehlktmkhueli-inetedtheneedtolfltheevlflk
sans. ilee,ithasudepessiblethsnseetpipelinsstoeam

 

l'intastion et a Dairy Ian," 32 Far- m Winter 1960,
'01s 11" “Us ,3. p. 820

1914.. p. 122.

’Barl L. muss, sass Labor Efficient nm E a-gsnnsgg:
mum for Michigan Conditions, Depart-ant of Am tel-e ,

mm State University, No. 90, 1957.

-10-
theailkdireetlyfruthenilkingaachinetothetank. ll’his
technologysavestiaeandlaborinthenilkingoperaticn. i'he
transitinntobnlktankisnot canplete. 1.111960. intheDetroit
mashed, thareuexne3.3601311“:tanninsenozmix-yfau'uns.1 Bulkhandled
nilk increased fro 9 percent in 1957 to 50 percent three years
later. Pennsylvania reports shoe 6,0002 bulk tanks .1 dairy fares,
vhich is about 18 percent of their producers.

Balers, forage shoppers, hay conditioners, elevators, heated
andenheatedairdryingsystensandhaypelletingnachineryare
mofthelatestnachinssleedinharveetingandhndliagfcage
crepe. In the past fee years, new different sises and types of
hay halsrs have acne onwthe market. The bale ejector, a device to
thl'evthehelefruthsbalertotheeagomhasredeeedhsynskiu
to a two-nan epsratiee. Special elevates-s have been developed to
earrythehalestethehsyaeeandrandupeokthu.

Thefcageharveetsroanhensedasatvoerthreenenhayisg
systen. memcnoperatethechopperinthefield,anotherasn
canshattlethevagenbaekandforthtotlnbarn,vhileathirdnan
uloads the forage into a bloeer .- elevator at the barn.

Within the past few years, hay cuditieners have hech
popular vith farmers. These machines either crush er criap the
st-sefthshay,thesredlcin¢thefielddryin¢tdne}0te50

 

IEll. Eoglmd,nairyrarninginavecadeef0hance.g.g_t_.

alstinatss by a hnnsylvania sun University extension dairy
specialist.

-ll.

pox-tout.1 This time factor is very important in areas such as
Hichiganshereitiscmontohnveunyrainydaysinlune. Fru
19129 to 1959 (June 1 to 21 inclusive) there was an average of only
7 days that were good for drying hay.2

Thobarnhaydrierhelpetoinprovethoqualityofhayhy
alloving storage at about 30 percent noisture. This reduoes the
field drying ties and also helps to prevent leaf less in the field.

Itispossihletocntendstoreheyinthesensdsyhy
usingaheated-airheydryingsysten. rhsrsmtsotypssotsysts-s
innses (l)thebatehhaydwingsysteninvhichthehqisplesed
inaspociallydeeignedhaydryingbarn. aeotsdairishleenthreegh
adnctandforced through thshsisehsy._utsr thehoyiedried,
itisrenovedteastoragebnrn. (2)2heseoondnethodisthesam
drying syston. Slotted floor wagons are loaded with baled hsy in
theletoraftornoonandpnlledintoadryingshed. icanvashosdis
clmpedonthetopofeechvagonsndhoatedairisfmeddosn
tru-oughthehay. Themtnorningthsheyisdryemcanbehanled
t'othestoragebarn. Ifgsomsofhsyveredriedannnally,“
would cost $3.97 partonshenangon drying systeasesesedandih.”
pertonwhsnabatshdryinasystenuasued.3

 

in: u. Kleis, W Mulligan Btate University Cooperative
natsosion Service, Extension Folder 3-162, 1953.

2v. a. Sheldon, I). a. Uiant, Don Hill-an, and s. 2. Dexter,
Cooperative Extension Service, Ear Cut and H henical D
hichigan State University, Folder 2-2 , April .

30.on 1.. Cole, William I. McDaniel, and mito- R. Mitchell,

% %m Cost and Returns, University of Delaware, Agricultural
nt But ' OOhe 31:1. 3314' “1’ IMe

U

- 1,2 ..

The latest innovation in forage machinery is a pelleting or
safering sunshine.1 This is a device that oospussss the hay in the
field into a pellet two to four inches in diameter and two to four
inches long. Ifandshenthisnechine is perfected, itsillbe
possible to install mechanical hny feeding systesis for livestock.
Initial investments at present are high.

Pasture systems as well as forage handling methods have been
going through a change in technology. Uhen cows are pastured at the
rateofcnecoetotvocrnoreacresalargepercentcfthefmge
iswasted. is cosmnbersperfarnareincreasedthedairyaan
tries to find acre efficient says to utilise the forage. Rotstiu
erfield gresingm thefirststepinthisdirecticnandisstill
need extensively in many areas.

Field gracing is a systss in whioh sons are pastorsd st the
rateefaboctfivecossperecre. 'fheccssererotatedtonesplets
as nore forage is needed. Surplus first-crop pasture is usually
harvested as grass silage to be fed later-in the sssson.

p'Stripgrasingisasystencfprcvidingfushgressfwthe
costs by neving an electric fence ace or twice daily. This systen
requiresgoodnanagonentteprovidetheproperaacnntofferage
fer the sees. “the pasture fields should be located close to the
buildings and a eater supply.

 

Ralph D. Hennblu and George H. honky, Pellets hay in the Field,
Fara Journal, Hey 1960, p. h).

o 13 ‘-
i cysts. of green chopping involves chopping forage once
ortsicedailyandhaulingittothedairysessindrylet, erin
e .ell pasture lot adjoining the buildings. Both green chopping

andstripgrsaingrequirogocdnanagerialtillstcprsvidetcp
quality forage fortheccssatalltines. This system requirosa

trecterandaanforBOtoWsinutesdsilytochopandhaulthe
_feragetothecsss.

Storagefeedingisthopraetioooffoodingsilageisdry
lotyeareround. ifesfarnorshaveedsquatestaagotofeodccrn
silapyonrerounduhilsethersfoedeornsilegoiasintorend
grasssilagsduringthepestureseascn. thislatterpresticoaekee
nereeffieientueeefthesiles. ateregsfeodinghastheadventage
efprevidingtopquelityfcegethroegheetthspasturesoasonsinso
theharvestingcanbedoneinashortporiodcftineshontheferage
is at the proper saturity. Forage fron distant fields can be
utilised in a storage feeding prop-ea. Cos cleanliness, barn odes,
and sanitatim say be problems in both green shopping and storage-
feedingsystels.

flcglund reported the following results inhis pasture studin
Dairy-en follosing a field-grasing systen used nearly as and one-
thirdaeresefbothfiretandsecondcropforegepereosduringthe
pastureseascn. thisincludedasresofellfeedgrasederhsrvosted
andfed. issighted averagoefbethfirstendsecondsropforegss

1:. I. Boglund, Econui of Alternative Pasture 8 tons Kichigeu
Agricultural Exporhent Static: Special Bulletin-ARE, pp. 3-5.

 

- n. .
usedpor eases calculated forall systsns. Goths basis efueing
100 for field-grazing, the requirements for tin other systole were
67 percent for green-chopping and 614 percent for storage-feeding}

Individual dairy farmers Will need to calculate rather
carefully the changes expected in investments, receipts and expenses
before adopting a new pasture system. Host dairynen will benefit
seat, by asking inproveeents in the forage practices and pasture
systole they nos use. field or strip gracing will be nest profitable
for fares with less than 30 cows.2

All these new technologies have increased the umber of
decisions facing the dairynan. It is isportant that individual
dairynon study the elternativos and the expected results befu-e owing
to a decision on which technologies to accept and which to reject.

rsohioosnhoomtorooisaspsoeingthonoisyaose
Hhenadairysandecides toenlargo hisonterpriso, he is
ioooaoiththoprohiosoishottoeosithhioboiuisgs. lechfara
isaspecielcaseendittakesisdividealstudytodetorsise
the best alternativeusecf mountain‘s.
laobarnserewellbuilt,andeventhoughtheynaybofifty
cmyemoldtluystnlprfmauefulscviogifrensdoled.
Otherbuildingsarescobscleteorinsuchapoorstateefrepair

 

5ii. 3. lcglund, Ibid, p. 1.

2°. 3. 331“. RM, Po 3e

-15-

that it is not eccnaaioal to consider repairs. lost of the old barns
weredesignedforhandleethodsoffeodingandnanuromovalendaro
not adapted without mos- remodeling to modern dairy oquipnont.

Harweldbernscanbeconvertedintohavstoragcerhousing
for young stod: at little additional cost. These home can
often be remodeled into loafing areas for tho mining hard, but,
usuallytheareaistoo-alltcaoccncdatethsentireherdorthe
buildingiscfewrongdilonsion. lfabarnwaswelldesigned,in
gcsdropairandwithadoquatesisocflstells,itsaybom
eeonuiualtcutendtheetanchioabarnthastocsnvertthsbuildisg
toalcoeehsusingandsilkingparlorsyeten. InPennsylvania,
the old 'dutch' barns had thick stone walls whieh aado it difficult
toeonvertthnatoaloafingbern.

‘fheplanningcfthsentirodairysct-upforthelergerhsrd
isvoryispertant. Parnerstooeftenrencdeleraddadditiomtc
barns with little thought to convenience or cost. Ithose barns
frequently are inconvenient, costly to renedel and present an
mattractiveappearance.

Prcpordrainageisaninportsntfeatuninlocatingthebuildings
endthseonereteyerdfcreloosehousingsystu. 'fhswatershssld
flow freely away fru the feeding and looting areas. The mange-ant
cfthebuildings shouldbesuchthatthecattlssreprotectodfrn
thenorthandwest,withthesowthsidocpos. fheloafingbarnand
feedstaegosheeldbolccstedasddedgncdtopanitfutre
sup-sin. sistytooovohtyoqoosetootporoosisthosoo-oeioe
siscoftheloefingerea,with¢iohndrodsquercfcetpereswcf
setsidecessretoareas.

. 16 -

It is essential that storage and feeding space for hay and
silage are adequate for the cattle, with provisions for future
expansion. Frequently, the old barn can be converted into a hay
barnwithahayraokbuiltalong the side. The haycanbethran
directly fro: the barn into the rack. On other ferns, it is
necessary to construct a special pole hay barn. Straw may be stared
atthcbackoratcnccudofflicloafingshod, crinancldbarn.

The concrete area should be as free of obstacles as possible
and have proper slope to facilitate frequent scraping. Il'he
handing ohouldbclccated toallowanaximsaanountofsunlightintc
the feeding and exercise area, and also to protect the herd fru
prevailing winds. The silos should be easily msible for filling.
Itis essential thatthemilkrcmbelocatedusarasolidrcedto
facilitate ease in loading the nilk.

Ferns differ and thus systole must be adapted to each
particular situation. Building construction say vary, however, pole
construction is the nest cannon typo in use.

Uithin certain liaits, capital say be substituted fa- labor.
to: ssanplc, silo unloadors with mechanical food bunks, pipe iino
ailkers, gutter cleaners, and elevators can reduce labor require-touts.
however, there is a point beymd which additional investncnts in.
aachinery cannot replace human labor.

The fare family with several older children can often operate
afarnwitheutregularhircdlabcr, butthechildrennaynctbc
interested in farsing and, due to their school activities, their lab.-
cutribwtisne are small.

-17.

‘fhe problea of obtaining dependable fern lab. is critical,
espooiallyinareesnsarindastrielcenters. Daisy-en,iftheyare
toeospotcwithinduetryfcrlaborere,aestiapreoeonthsirwork
sctbeds. Usually,thcgcedhirodbandstsrtsferaingferhinsolf
afterhebssworhodforafewyoars. benefarnersiathosu'vcy
caidtbcyprcferredtorenaiaasem-eaneporationtecvcidthe
problessasscsiateswithhirodhelp. Othersfeltthathaviaga
two-nan operation gave opportunity for the operator to have alternate
weehadseffaudperiedssvellablefervacetioaa. fhiswillbecue
Whmnthmmtmmhpmw
iaegricslturc.

rmso‘ishisstoayotottioiostooisymsousniostioos
foeadthctitwasdifficulttocganisoaferabusisesssethct‘e
fensrcouldafferdtopaywegesoeaparabletothoscpeidiaindostry.
bfeesdtlntedairynsnwouldhavotohavoatleastctwe-aaa
eporctienwithaboetéOcsesprcdusiuoverlDfiOOpousdsefnilh
pores-I. Labor-estbospreedovorsercuitsbyereetiua
sdaplifiedweotingenviresnentiffarslabaristebeocpotitivewith
industry. thistakossuporioraanegsnont.

iaois-ysoshoothroooitonstivootoohtointhoaoooosory
foodsupplyforthelargerhord. lecanintonsifyhiefcning
sporatinblfililshichlrretsscffertiliser,inprcvefcrego
harvestingnethcds,endgreonchoppisgtccerrysu'cccweperasre.

‘1 1- on". W
Department of A o t Ec , tate versity,

‘flo “as "e 6”, m, 1957c

 

- 18 o
Sueofthofarsersinthesurveywereusingthcsonetheds. A
second alternativeis tomorrentaoro land. This canboavery
difficult problcn in sons areas. a third alternative is to buy the
ostrshayandgrainnecdodtosupportthehcrds.

Hoglundl considered tho effect of buying sod-m producing
feed fora65 oowdairyhsrd. forahsrdcfés ccwscnalBO acre
fare, for which extra food had to be purchased, he compared renting
62 acres of soderately productive cropleni with renting 80 acres
of less productive land. The increase in not incoso over buying
the oxtrafeedwesneerlytSOOinthsfii-stoase, butonlytZOOinthe
second case.

lulled-2 in budgeting alternative dairy plans, oosporod a
tors of 228 tilleble sod-so and twohired non with one of 1.56 tillabls
aoresandthrochircdnen, bothsupportinngOccws. hefcundthat
the latter plan produced 03,082 greater profit.

the and objective in expanding a fern enterprise is to
inaeesenstfaraincone. faraorstceoftenbolievethatallthoy
sooatodotoinorooos inoono istoeddscre cows. rot- onto-pio,
iftheyhavoBOeowsthoybolicve thatbyinoreasingtheirhordto
60 cows they will double net inane. There are new other factors
that affect inane and expenses. Under cone conditions, not insole
Ieybcredusedsssisccfthehordisinsroessdo ‘

 

10. I. loglund, Economics of Food Production in Sou

Hichi Michigan Apiculturel Experiment Station, Special Bulletin
a PM 1958s 9“. 27s

23. I. Fuller, 9;. 335.

- 19 .

AdaimanwichOtoZScowscenincs-easehisnstreturn
8320-0500 by producing excellent rather than pccr quality alfalfa
grass otonds.1 this is Just one of any factors thot can help to
increase not return to the farmer. Other factors which affect icons
are feeding, brooding, housing, and fertilisation.

is herds booms larger, it takes a batter nanagor to keep
thckirwisfrcou'dsnccdcdinenalysingendcpsratingthctsfio It
is usually acre difficult to note heat periods, to keep «mate
broodingrecerdsandtohandlesickenisalsthsnwithssaller
installations. Diseases, such as brusellosis, tuberculosis,
vibriosis,andothsrseaaprovceoetlyinalergedadsyeperaties.
Ivory installation should have provisions for isolation of sick
cattle.

Feeding operations have because sore efficient with the
develepnentanduseofsilounloadcreemnsohanicalfeodbenks.
Golffeedinghayberns,withgravitypainfeedinginthelilking
parlors, have reduced tho tins and effort necessary to food tho
dairyherd. ‘fhece new technologies requirelargeeapital expenditure
and require a large scale of operations to Justify their cost.

The availability of capital is a saJor consideration in
changing the scale ofoporationof the fare minus, Uiththc
exception of tho fer-ere nos-o ministration and tho notatio-

 

ic. R. Boglund, I. J. Donne, l. V. lelson, and 0. l’. Ruffian,

For t and Protein Feed of D hichigan
igrioultur Experiment Statiui, Quarterly tin, Vol. 33, lo.
3. me 1:13, lebruary 1956.

- 20 -
Credit Association, credit is ueually limited to about 50-60 percent
of the turn assets. This limitation prevents any young farmers
frat expanding their operation. Large capital requirments in
getting established in fanning are often so great that a young
tamer lay be so deep in debt that he cannot obtain additional cedit
to lake najor changes in his farm organisation.

Usually, the daiman who is limited in credit, will expand
his herd annually as credit and other conditions permit. for
example, he may build a pole shed one year, concrete the outside lot
the next year, and at a later date build a ailking parlor. This
practice involves less financial risk than to undertake a ouplete
change over to loose housing and milking parlor in one step.
Expansion, in degrees, also allows tine to grcs replaceunt heifers
rather than having to buy then. A disadvantage to this type of
expansion is that during the transition period labor is not
effectively used and there is little gain in net income. the nan
may be able to handle 30-35 cows, but it requires two non when a
tamer expands above this umber. It takes about 55 to 60 cows with
a loose housing and milking parlor organisation to nake efficient
one of the second an.

The debt repoansnt plan should be geared to the earning
capacity of the fan. If the additional debt cannot be paved eff
fro-entrainocneuithin abouthoIS years, it isprobeblyvise to
reconsider the plan.

.. 21 -

”Getting the additional capital needed to start farming is
a real problen for young farmers. 30mm, it is more important
than gaining 'knou-hou' and experience; establishing a reputation
forbeingabhtoearnmyandtobeagoodunagerofcne's
finances. There is scarcely ever a shortage of loan capital for
those who have denonstrated their ability to use it effectively.“

Inmts in agicultural production such as labor, fertiliser,
nchinsryandalltheetherprcductionfactersshcnldbselployed
so that: '

HPPfl . 1!?sz . HP?x3 - ... MP?“
F— T”- F" F-
:1 x2 x3 x1::

'Inmrds, this equation states thatthersriableinputsare

beingnsedinthciroptimnproporticnsiftheproductofthelast

mitcfawinpntnsedbearsthesanerelationshiptotheprme

cfthe inputas existsforallether variable inputs.“
mowefdiliniahingretnrnsiscmeivedtohcld

regardlesscfthennnbercfvarishlesinvclredprovidingscns

fastersarefined. Thisneensthatnarginalretnrnsfirstiaerease,

thendecreese,andfinallybeeoaeaegative. aslngasthisl.

holds, itfcnouethattheoptimnprcportineanbereachsdesdefnsd.

 

II. D. Hill, Gettin the Bones c ital to l" W,
Departnent o? Lydia-1m fines, Michigan State University.

2”“ and Johnson, 2' 222.. 13.132.

-22-

The optimum amount of product to produce is defined by the

following equation:

““1 . “he . eeeeee . “an - 1

l 2 n

This equation indicates that the use of any input should
be expanded as long as its marginal value product is greater
than its cost, that the use of an input should be contracted if
its marginal value product is less than its cost, and that all
inputs are properly used when their respective surginal value
productsereprsoieelyequaltotheireoets. lnetherrsrds,
the equation states that additional quantities of anything used
in production should be used as long as they pay for thasslves
end no longer. I

The milk inspector is a key men in the dairy enterprise.
It is essential that dairynen consider the health rules and
regulation regarding the production of milk when planning changes
in the dairy operation- In hichigan, milk sarket inspectors have
approved sell-nanaged loose housing systems. In the Philadelphia,
ultimo, Washington, lieu York, and other Pennsylvania nilk starlets,
the silk inspectors have been hesitant to accept loose housing. Thu
sill approve nilk tron these establishments but do not neoesecily
M then. ‘the author feels that these narkets are going through
stransitienendafternorepreperlyplannedloosehwsingandailnng
parlorsystenssre inuse, the-ilk inspectorsrillappreve these
systens.

.23.
FastesInflnessingDesisiulaking
Laberandsaohinerycenbeinterchangedforaawacbsena
fan. l'heoostandavailabilitysfgocdlaborisiapertantinthe
deeisdennakingpeeess. 'Theoereeftheaanogerielpriaeiples
istheequatingefadditienalcostssndedditionalreturnsena
condition defining an optom- position.“
Thsgoelssftheindividnslfalilyarevuryinpcrtantin
deteniningvhiehalternativetoselectintheoperatienofthefars.
Snoopersters'aiasinlifearetohavelargefanbusiness,“
others prefer to have soon, efficient family tor-s shioh do not
depesdnregularhiredlabor. l'hssiseefthsf-ilyasdtheages
ofiadividnalsareiapertantfastersinplsnniagthesoepeefthe
fern-operation. ‘
Thefinanoialsdtnationofthefanfanilyisaseeoad
fastsrinflueasingthsdseisiunakiupsseu. lawn-est».
spereteruouldliketoadoptscnenevteehnslogybutdeeslsthsv's
eoeesstetheoepitalororeditaeeded. fhnsheiseftenforeed
touselsss efficient netheds satilheeaneequiresuffieient capital
toadopt'thetschnslegy.
Busindividualsbelievethatitisudesirabletousecredit‘
andvillnotbwanythingunlessthsyeanpaysashforit. Invof
mrmnmmmmbrmmonthou

fan operatim.

fiancee A. Bradford and Glenn L.'Jchason, Lag-W
John Uiley and Sons, Inc” leu Icrk,'1953o p. 3 .

 

-21”

For new far-ere, capital is the liniting resource in the
develepent of sore profitable business. Parners she thought of
suchsreditcnlyassonethingtobspaidbacksorsobviously
partially unaware of doorways to scent-1c progress that sight have
besssponedbyitsuse} ’

fhsavailabilityeflsndisaniapsrtentfeetorthstiaflueaees
the faner's doeisics to expand the fare motion. Sixty-tee
pereentefthefanersinterviesedinthisstudysaidtheyreuldnot
consideraspaudingthsirherdsiseunlesstheyhadthelandavailable
togrslthsertrafeedrequired. ’

Technological changes as son as distal-sets honest.
transportation eest, health regulations, and future ”stations of
thsurketallaffeetthedssisiuteulsrgethsdairysntsrpriss.

fhsbclktankisansnspleefasseteehnologyshichhss-
beeneseeu'agoderfcroedcpenfanerabyplaatonsrs. law
farsershavsincreasedthsireutputtepayfuthsaddedeostofthi
balktank. I

fheupsertaintyandrisksfeoedbythedairynaaffuthis
decisiolm mmmzmtoumsrrmouw.
First,priseehangesersso-cninagrieultarsanditisdifficult
unautthorntmmooorosoimroomostsusoonuntm
oestsofsuppliesusedinprodnstion. lhelengu'tbetisspericd

 

iJohn I. 1..., Jr. and no. chat-uh, m1.- on in A

Hana rial Ad tsent unities Iaeultfi karat
item ’3 TE ilabaaa % Institute, Bulletin 319,. m

”59, Fe 23s

’3"! 0. IN! I“ W mm... W
booties-fill, Ios., lav York, 195!» p.

. 25 .
involved, the sore difficult the prediction. a second type is the
unentainty cf yields due to unfavorable seether, storms, and other
natural causes. a third type of uncertainty is the changing
technology in the agricultural field. Today's new nethcds and
equipent are obsolete tonarrce. Nee sachinss which booms out-cf-
date lose their value rapidly. New varieties of crops say prove
mesh). in the research plot but when applied to an individual
fern, say not prove successful. A fourth uncertainty involves
government policy. It is difficult to predict several years in the
future the net effect of price supports, acreage allot-ants a other
goverI-ental policies. A fifth risk involves the uncertainty of the
sstiensofotherpeeple. For example, alandlcrdsaydecide to
sellthefarn, accustaoperatornaynetbeahletceutthegrain
at the proper ties. These actions cannot be predicted. a sixth
typeofritisthechanceofaccident, sickness, ordsathinths
f-ily. Sue risk can be reduced by insurance, but others must be
carriedbythefarser. ifanoperatcr, uhoisfreeofdebtor

has savings, can stand adversity which would cause: bankruptcy for
soo oh. so. heavily indebted. ‘

mm III
mama HOUSING, mm: m: masonic cram-Ls

Housingutsrnetivesiveilahls

flowchanxesheveoccorredindairyhousinzinthepest
few years. 'l'hsse chenzes have increased the effectiveness of the
laberfsreeiemkingandfeedingcsquasdindoingethereheres.
Althoczhrssearchhessholnthatleose-helsiumpsnisdhya
nilhinsparlorsystseieaoreeffieient,frualehorandinvestlsnt
visvpoiet,thanecnventisnalstanohienhousie¢,aanyfausrsstill
preferstenohioeharns. 8mfcesrsiethisstusyhelisvedthat
eessvilleetpreduseaseellmsrloese-housingconditises.
Othsrsstatedtheylikedthseontrolpossihleandtheeppsarenoe
sfeeesinstenohisebsns. .

Fifty-fourpsresntefthefaresreeeetectsdinthisstudy
plsnsdtoesestanohionhocsinzifanduhsnthqetpendedthe
sisesftheirdairyherds. mafinnemuh-wn
lanincinchcedsethance,'pointssntthet90peresntef
mmmmu-mummumaumumm‘
stenohinhousinc. Mummelmeinvestlsntsinlell-
eoutreetedstanohisnhsnsarenmlikelytooontinestousethu'
thesfareerseheseherneminpsoreonditiee. thirty-fivepsrsent
mammvommeouuuuamt-«mum
expendsdtheirdairyhord.

 

to. I. Eoglund, 'Dairy resting in a Decade of Change) 3m
:32 m lu- 196-

.27.

In a cabinetion housing system, part of the herd nay be kept
ineconventionalstanchienbarnwhilethehalenceefthsherdis
kept order hose-houcing conditions or the whole herd any he kept
inapolebarn. mthecwsaremilksdinthestanohimbu'n.
This syntax per-its herd expansion at a mini-m housing invest-sat,
elthough, fra a labor standpoint, it is not the not efficient
Intel.

Herket regulations in Michigan prevent a farmer fr. hsving
urethanteicesslaweovsasstallsinthelilkingbern. Thin
regulation has prevented cone famers fru further herd cpansicn
undcr the switch born plen. In Pennsylvania, one farmers use
loosohousing,amnilkthsccweinarewcfstanchionslcoetsd
inthecndefthebarnnsxttotheeilkhsuse.

inotheredvantageefaswitchharndairyeystenistmt
rouglngecnnbefedinheyracksendnechenioaleilagefeeding
bunksinthefeedinght.

ireeentinnevationindairyhonsingendmvstuis
a cahineticn of stanchion housing and parlor milking. This syst.
hassmeedvantageeelstanohimdeiryhefhsendthelehceevilg
omisssfnilkingperlors. Invintertine,thisnsthcdrsquires
enextrasantonntisandtiethecusinthebernhefceedsfter
lilting. Inthesuer,vhenlehoriseritioel,thisnethsdeperetee
withthesanseffioiencyasaregulaveilkingpclc-loseehoesieg
set-up.

Onecfthsdisedvantagesofthisnethodefhuullingeows
is the high upital investment required. Fancrs with large herds

. 28 0
1: conventional barns nay be able to install a lilting parlor with
pipeline nilkors for about the cane expense as installing a pipeline
eilking cysts: in their large dairy barns.

it first glam, a combination stanchion horn .... milking
parlor systole appears to be expensive and inefficient, but there
are soee inportant advantages. This system any have applicatien
enfaraswith GWeowsandelarge stanchienharsingced
physical condition.

Typical barns inflichigsna'rs offrme ecnatruotionand csn
easily be omverted into loofing or hay berns.’ These buildings
are better adapted to loose housing than to oumntioml stall
barnarrengemcnt. Hewflichigsnstenchicnbarnsaretoomnll to
house a larger dairy hord, but they can serve efficiently as calf
and hay barns.

m 70 to 100 foot basement-type barns, cannon‘ly room in
Pennsylvania, have thick stone wane. These buildings are difficult
and expensive to renodel for use as loafing horns. they are usually
better adapted to stanchi. housing.

there isavide rangeintheinvestnsntinloeaehocsing
construction. A Cosmoll study1 reports a range in investment fr.
8190 to 81,086 per see, with an average of $312. this study shelled
acrevariaticnvithinhoudng systomsthanbstueenthoa. There are
awdifferenttypesofeaterialusedintheconstrnctionoflcose-

 

Kw. Warren, 32. 533., p. 5686.

. 29 ..

housing barns. Ithey include pols horns vith wood or hotel sides,
scent block structures, and concrete and steel. l'he revise of dairy
housingbyingus andharralso shceedwido ranges inbuilding costs.
The larger the herd the lower use the investment per cow for a
loose housing systel. The nilking parlor and equipeent was the
largest ite- ef investnent. i dairynan can increase the nuber of
sore ailksd in the parlsr without adding to the cost of the equipnont.

Difference in investeonts say he due to variations in costs
eflshorandinthehindandeostofeeterialused. Ml,m
haveafararoodletsndhave mewmwumuwm» can
eftenssvealargeportienofthssonstructionsostbyproviding
pert ef the natarial and labor.

Btsnehionbarnsareeithersfnsertwo-stwyconstrustion.
Gmtustinmtsmlmrpcmforamtorythmam-
stu'ybern‘. Mover, ifthecostofinsulatien, sndhsyandstraw
storage space is added, there is little difference in soot be“
the to. type barns.

i United sum Departnent of Agriculture mum} shoved
theccstofhuildingsons-storystanchionbarnferZOoossat
N425 to 31:50 per cow. The cost of a 28 to h3-stall two-story born
as 8375 to 8730 per cow. l'hsse sost figures varied greatly due
to difference in labor and aaterial expenses.

 

I'1'hnysr Cleaver, Harold J. fhmpson, and Robert G. fest, gull ~ -
Barns f2; Dair; Cattlei U. 8. Department of Agriculture creation
m Os 3’ a” 5h, Do Me

-30.

i 1956 study of building costs conducted by corn-n Universityl
showedthesestofbuildingasneendone-halfsterylaeinetedraftsr
dairybarnfratZJBtsSTlopei-sov. fheaverageoestefthe
eonstreotin, hitting the highest and losest eostfigurss, was
thalipsreevforaesverageoflgesespsrbarn.

Mstudieshavebeensenduetsdondairyhoueingaudleber
requiredpceswundervsrious eauageaent systole. 'these studies
indieats a side variation in efficiency both. fares.

Day,inna,andm,inestoiyoftheeffsstsfherdsiss
udairychorelabsriastanohisnbarns, foundinsrsasingeffieiaeey
iatheesesflsborasdairyherdsesresxpandedfrulOtshD
cows. AlO-cwherdrequirednzhoerslaborpsrseenaao-eseherd
9hhoerepsrsovga30-oowherd82hoerspsroowmdahO-neswhsrd
751lovepsroow.2 “

Hilhandhilklandlingsystus
fodayadairyeanhasaohoioeofssveralesthodsefhandling
silk. hsoanuseaailhingparlorvithapipslinoailherandbun
tank. nammummmmuwnum.
essapipslinenilhsrandbulktaflterheeenussaailhtrsnsfer

 

18. t1. Warren, I'czost of Building Stall Barns and En Barns,“ {are
Departlent of Agricultural loonuiss, lsv Ink ltats
“19;: ‘M‘m. W WW”. I“, 'e 1., “a 212,

”Lemma. J.inue,and0.i.P¢id,lffsetcfllsg§§ggg
% Chore %ber, hineseta Agricultural kperinent tstia, Bulletin

D 99' ’s s.

. 31 a

The parlor systea of nilking has greatly reduced the ties
and effort needed to nilk a herd of dairy cattle. With this cyst.
thseowomestothsaanratherthnnhavingtlnaangotothseov.
There are four basic types of linking parlors in operation:
herringbone, walk-through, B side opening, and inline side opening.
learly all nilking parlor systoas provide for grain storage overhead.
Grain is moved to the son by gravity or auger systems. I,

brown, Snyder, Boglund and Boyd1 calculated the distance
salted by one use in lilting 50 me. When step-caving practices
were used, the operator walked l,h69 feet in the double 5
herringbone; 1,797 feet in the double 3 walk-through: 1,167 feet is
the 3-0 side opening; and 2,263 feet in the acid-line ciao-opening
lilting parlors. Dairynen using the herringbone systen eilhsd at
anaverugsrateef735poundlefnmpsrlanhourwithoeescvsraging
33.9 poundsofailkpercovdeuy. thereto ofeilhingfutheotha
parlortypesversSUpoundspernnperhoureithcscsaveraging
33.5 pounds per sec daily.

The study of Operations and investments of herringbone nilhing
mm, conducted by Hsglund, Boyd, and Syndsr,2 shoved that the
investaentinadoubleéhsrringbonsbuilding,nilkingroca, andnilh
roa equip-set varied fr- 812,000 to “LOGO when all work was

 

1;. A. Brocn, W. H. hinder, O. R. floglund, and J. 5. We “Labor
Requirements for Herringbone and Other Killing Systems,“ Hishigan
Agricultm-ul Experiaent Station, Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. kl, lo.
96, my 1959. ’s ’16s

2c. e. Hoglund, a. s. Boyd, and w. u. Snyder, “Herringbone and Other
lilting Systens - Operations and lnvestnents,‘ Michigan amoultural
lagsrilent Station, W w Vol. u. so. 3. hm

19 9, Do Is

. 32 .
contracted and the building was constructed of concrete block. When
the cost of a pole barn, concrete exercise lot, silos, and autuntic
silage feeding equipment is added to this figure, the total
inveshnent is “0,000. l dairynan must nilk a larger lumber of
can to justify this large investment.

Pipeline nilking is another nee technology that has reduced
the labor requirement for ailking the dairy herd. Pipelines are
alaost always used in nilking parlor systole, but their acceptance
in conventional barns has been slow. High cost of installation
is the aajor reason for this lag.

A study at Cornell University1 reported the average
invcsment per cow for a pipeline nilker for barns ranging frm
140 to 149 stalls as $70. The investment in a pipe line for the sons
sise herdeaingaailking parlorvas83hporcoucrcnlyone-half
as high. is cov embers are increased, investments per cow are
decreased sore rapidly with the uilking parlor than uith a stall-barn
system. The average annual cost of operating a pipe line uilksr
inanilkingparlorwas ”Hwy-er. Horde, rangiugfr-SO to
59 sous,vereuilhedintheuilkingparlorataoostoft6percow.
l'hecestofoperaticninastallbarnmtm psryearfor herds
of SO to 59 cars. Annual cost per sec vac 81.2.2 These costs included
interest, depreciation, cleaning cmpound, additional electricity,
repairs, insurance, strainers and other supplies.

1;. I. Stanton, Pipeline Milking-Its Place on four Fan, Cornell
University Extension Bulls ho. 102 , February 9 , p. 8.

2

 

i, r. Stanton, 22. gig-..., p. 11.

- 33 -

The Georgia Experiment Station reported, the cost of
installing pipeline facilities ranged from approxinately £1,600 to
$3,000, depending on the size of barn and the sake of equip-ant
installed. The labor requirements for milking were about four
minntesoflabcperseupsrdaylessrfor pipelinebarns than
oonventimal stanchion barns. lo significant difference was found
between laba‘ require-Lents in a ailking parlor and a stanchin barn
lith pipeline facilities. However, milking parlors elininated much
of the steeping and lifting that is still present in stanchion barns
with pipeline nilking.1 In this study, the savings in labor figured
attlperhonreouldpayforthe oostafthspipeline some...
in tee to fonryears. It should be noted that this stndyetasnade
with herds averaging 67 cows per fern that were milked in shifts
in 2!. to 30 con stanchion barns. These savings eonld be different
when applied to typical Hichigan or Pennsylvania stanchion barns.

In the Cornell study, if labor were valued at $1.25 per
hour, 560 hours of labor would have to be saved annually by the pipe-
line system to lake it pay. . Alternative noes ef the labor saved,
ease of milking and quality of the nilk Inst be considered. in
increase in herd size say be an inpertsnt consideration in investment
in a pipeline nilking system.

 

1J. H. Padgett and 'f. L. Frasier, Econanic Analysis of Important

As to of Da Farm Autauati Gmgia Agricultural Experinent
Station, Bulletin No. W, November 195?. p. 1.5.

. 31, -
The cost of cleaning compound and of electricity fa heating
extra hot water needed amounted to 29 to 35 percent of the annual

1 lumberefthefarners

operating cost of a pipeline systea.
intervievedinthis stmiyreaarked thattheyaouldlike tohavea
pipe line, but thought they could not Justify the investment.

The transfer system2 of carrying silk fru the ass in a stall
barntethebulktankshcvspr-ise. mcfaraerinthisstudyhad
been using a silk transferer and Has well satisfied with it. This
system is not as convenient as a pipe line, but the initial investment

is much lower.

Systems 2; £922 mmigg and £33.22 Removal

Labor in feeding can be minimised in the looseohousing
system by convenient arrangement of storage and use of mechanical
feeding equipment. Greater efficiency can be obtained from this
equipnent by using it year around under a storage feeding program.
Some dairynen self-feed silage free trench er bunker silos. This
system requires less investment, but creates nore asnagenent
problems than a conventional tower silo system.

Hay can be stored in baled or chopped fora. The efficiency
of a forage harvester can be improved if it is used to chop silage,

 

13. F. Stanton, 92. 533.. pp. 9 and 10.

zl'his is a system where the milk is poured into a receiving pail in
the barn and pumped from this container through plastic hose to
the bulk tank.

. 35 -
hay, and strum. In sass installations, a hay barn is constructed
inthefeedlet. Hsyisplaoedinthebarnandeitherhander
self-fed to the cattle. n... hay barns are ssll adapted for the
use of chopped hay and nechanical drying systems. the hay may also
be stored in baled fan and fed as needed.

Frequently, faners convert an old dairy barn into a hay
barnbybuildingafeedingrackal-lgordirsctlyinsidethe
barn. Hayis threendirectlyfronthebarnintothehayraok. This
syste- Ia'ks with chopped or baled hay.

The mechanical silage unloader and aeshanical feeder have
reducedthelaberrsquiredtefeedsilsgstoadairyherd. isilo
unloader and sechanical feeder, for a 20 x 55 foot silo, requires
an investnent of about $2,900 vith a total annual cost of $105.1
A farmer would have to save over 31:35 earth of labor to Justify the
investment in this equipment unless the investment resulted in a
greater labor output per nan. is acre equipent is added to the
fore, the scale of business nust be increased or the labor force
seduced, so that the additional incae or savings in costs will pay
for the increased invest-ant plus a profit to the operator.

Inthelargsrdianeter silos, 20te2hfeet, itbeo-esan
alaost iapeesible Job to hand unload such large silos. It is also
quite hasardous toolinbasilconceortsiceaday.

 

t6. 3. M“, 'e Lo 3.”. Jo 3e Boyd, ‘1‘ Us U. SW. .mm“
of Tower and Bunker Sling; Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station,

3% Bulletin, Vol. , lo. 2, lovuber 1958, p. 12.

. 36 .

New teclrmelogiss have developed which reduce the labor
requircdtocareforoowsinastanchionbarn. The guttcroloaner
hasrcducedthelaborneededtocareferadairyherd. istudy
conducted by the Virginia Agicultural Experiment Station1 shows an
investment cost of $10 per cow. The total annual cost of operating
the gutter cleaners ranged free thin per cow for 20 to 30 ocw herds,
to $2.91: per cow for herds of M to 72 can. The average cost
for all fans in the stuiy was 83.73 per cow.

In comparing the costs of relieving nanurc by nechanical
seemed to hand netheds, the researchers concluded that labor would
have to receive $1.25 per hour to justify the use of a barn cleaner
fron an econaaio standpoint. Hovevcr, there are other values that
nustbeconsideredinthepurchaseofabarncleaner. This equipent
reduces the drudgery of the work thus making it possible to obtain
and keep higher quality hired labor.

Manure renoval is me of the less desirable and tine
consuing Jobs on a dairy farm. a loose-housing system per-its the
use of nechanical equipment to perfcrn this Job. i tractor, equipped
withahydraulicnanereloader, mgreetlyrcduccthe tiscand'
effort required to remove the manure fr. a pen barn. In a Wisconsin
dairy barn study,2 using hand methods, eight percent less labor was
required formanurcrsncvalinapcnbarnthanisaconventicnal

 

1R." Lee Chanbliss Jr., 'Thc Economics of Mechanical Dairy Barn
Gutter Cleaners,‘ Virginia Agricultural Expcrinent Statiu, Bulletin
5%, April 1959’ Pa 11o

zingus I“ am, 22c 29’s, p. 9o

- 37 -
stallbarn. Itisisportantthattheloafingareabeastreee!
pests and ether obstacles as possible to aid in the ease of moving
the man. In a Hichigan study,1 one an en a tractor equipped
withslvdrauliesanureleader, andoneaanwiththeaidot two
tractors and two spreaders were able to clean a ho a 50 feet barn
in less than eight hours.

The advantages of aanure removal in a lease-housing system
are: (l) theaanure ishauled out about twieeayear. this alininates
theneedethaulingaanuredailyasiscustaaaryinstallbarns,

(2) the name contains ace plant mtrients because the liquids are
absorbed in the bedding, resulting in less less of nitrogen.

Sue disadvantages ef lanure handling in loose-housing barns area
(1) hauling aanure any conflict with ether spring work, (2) scraping
thaanurefrathe concretesreaeanbeaprobluainwinterunder
freesing conditions. Toe often tuners are 1:: in keeping the cews
bedded and the concrete area clean. This is a lease- reasee why acne
nilk sarkets do not accept or appreve e! a loose-housing systen 1
Mo

Dairynen can choose from several alternative aetheds of
housing dairy cattle. They can use somatinal stanchion housing,
loose housing with a eilking parlor, cohabitation loose housing and
stanchiu barn, c a stanchion barn with a milking parlor.

Several alternative nethode e! 1111: handling are available
tothedairynan. theycaneurytheailkinpdlnuseapipeline

 

TB. 1'. Cargill and l. P. Balaton, “Loose Housing for Dairy Cattle in

Steel Buildings,‘I Michigan Apicultural Experiment Station, 99.2231!
Bulletin, Vol. 38, lo. 1, 1955. p. 15.

- 38 -
nilker or a milk transfer system. If they prefer to use a milking
parlor they have a choice of the herringbone, walk-through, B side
opening, or in-line side opening milking parlors.

Haymybe fed inbalss ”chapped fora. Itaaybe fedin
hay racks along the side cf the barn or in special hay barns.
Silage nay be fed by using a mohanical silage unloader and a
mechanical bunk feeder or it can be self-fed true a bunker silo.

Banure say be removed fr. stanchion barns by mechanical
gutter cleaners or in loose-housing by a tractc equipped with a
hydraulic manure loader.

a dairynan should study th alternative aethods of
busing, feeding and nil]: handling carefully before making a
decision as to which systems to use on his farm.

CHAPIER IV
REVIEU OF RESEARCH OH DEN-$3 AND STANCHIOI HOUSING

Many studies have dealt with loose housing and ailking
parlor, and stanchion barn systems. Angus and nan-1 reviewed
approximately 1110 references relating to this subject. Host of
these studies showed a saving in nilking tine when using milking
parlors cupared to stanchiu barns.

A study by Jarvesoo, linear, and Gray2 showed an average
lilting tins of 3.79 ninetes per cow in the tilting parlor as
eupared “5.57 ninutes per cow inthe stanchion barn. Washing
and setting up the equipment required 2.53 minutes per cow in the
loose housing system and 1.58 ninutes per cow in the stanchion barn.
Carryingnilk required .16 minutes per cow in the pale compared
to 1.91 ninutes per one in the stanchion barn. The total nilking
tine required per cow for the milking parlor was 6.h8 minutes and
9.06 ninutes for the stanchim barn.

a siailar study by Baker and Bailey, showed 6.6 sinutes p.3-
cow lilting time for both stanchion barns and milking parlors. This
study reported .9 ninutes per cow in stanchion barns and .8 minutes
percowinpenbarnsforcarryingthcnilkfronthecewtothenilk

 

i'Angus and Barr, 92. 93.}.

231a:- Jarvesoo, Roy E. Hoeer, and Lee B. Gray, Pen and Stanchion
Barns Da ' Chore Tine Canparisug, University 3? Massachusetts,
gric tural Experiment Station, Bulletin MB, 1955.

3‘B. H. Baker and B. A. Bailey, Plan Dela Chores, Ohio Agricultural

Experiment Station Research Bulletin 7 , l9 .

- ho -
house. It took 2.1 minutes per cow in the stanchion barn to care
for and clean the stilking equipment. This same task consued 2.7
ninutes per cow in the pen barns. According to this study, the
complete silking operation took 9.6 sinutes per cow in the stanchiu
barn compared to 10.1 sinutes per cow in the milking parlor.

In a Uisconsin milking soon study conducted during 19:5»,1
lesstinewasrcquiredtosmcewsinmkingparlorsthanin
conventional barns. Twenty to 25 cows were silked per nan-hour under
varying routines in the several silk rcens.

Research in labor requirements for silking was also conducted
by Deddz in England, Bettenany,3 sanity,h and Scott and Scotts in
Australia and by Ivlhittleston6 in m Zealand. These studies report
high milking rates and low labor requirements for milking parlors.
Brawn7 reported an average milking rate with one operator for the

double 1:, double 5 and double 6 herringbone milking parlor as ho, ht,

 

IS. A. Witsel, es in Milking Parlor Research, University of
Wisconsin, niseo., 9 l.

' 2r. a. Dedd and A. 5. root, "Esperisents or 1mm; Technique,“
Journal Dag: Research, 1531, 19W.

33. a. Bettenany, "Rate of Hilking with Huhines,' J. Ag. w.
Australia, 2? 3160, 1950.

he. Cullity, "Rate of Milking Hachines,‘ J. Ag. w, Australia,
26:99, 19h9.

5w. I. Scott and n. R. Scott, A Sum; of Hashineflking Techniques
in I.S.H low Halos Dept. of Agri., Divisin of Dairying, P.C.
55, 1931.

 

5w. u. Vhittleston, and c. How, u Survey of Machine Milking,“
low Zealand J. 155., 733m, 191:6.

7:. a. Brown, w. w. Snyder, c.‘n. England and J. s. Boyd, "Labor
Requirements for Herringbone and Other Hilking System," M
Bulletin, Hichigan Exp. Station, Vol. 111, Ho. [1, Kay 1959, p. 920.

.. 1,1 .
and 146 cows per can hour, respectively.

Atine-trnelstudyof56fiontnckydairybarnsnsconducted
byByersI fml9h8tcl952. Dairychorcsevcragodmhoureper
cow annually in five conventioml berm. Sixteen walk-through milking
parlor systas averaged 75.2 hours per cow annually. A synthesised
routine for ccnmtioml barns required 7? hours per cow amually
while the walk-through milking parlor required only 51.3 hours.

In a stop-watch study in 1952, .‘Shute2 found loose housing
rcquired69.h howsparcowmnually, compared “80.th
conventional barns. L11 chores except feeding required less time
in loose housing. Shute concluded that loose housing took less
labor and physical ability.

Angus and Barr, conclude that loose musing saves about
20percentinternscflaboran430percentintemoftravel.
Savings are made in uniting, feeding, welding, and cleaning tine.
Savings in cleaning are qmstiomble because sons investigators
suspend saneal manure handling methods for conventional barn with
sectnnical latitude in loose housing. Travel savings were indicated
for each Job except bedding.

Labor was easier, lees fatiguing, and took less physical
stains in loose housing with elevated nilking route. The most gears].

 

 

 

t“

 

2,, .. mu. . marten at PW
Stan and Loose mm University of Kinneecta, aisee., 1952.

3131318. and Barr, 22. 533.

- b2 - LR
cannot on working conditions was that loose housing silking rem
were cold.

Dailysanurehendlingusredncedinleose housing, and
sum labor, particularly feeding and cleaning, us more flexible,
asking labor organisation easier.

mud and 3.12.21 at Wisconsin kept records on .111:
production for nine years on a stanchion and a loose housing ban.
The daily average silk production per cos in the stanchion barn
ns 38.1 peunls of .111: vith 3.6 percent fat or 35.8 peunds a em
on a 1; percent fat basis. nu loose-housing herd We 38.1
pounds efnflkvith3.6hfator36.lpeunds efsilkenahpereent
fat basis. This study shoved that herds produce equally well in
van stanchion barns and in loose-housing horns. There sue ee
observed relationship between los temperature and silk product“.
High quality silk as produced in both systems. Feed require-ants
perpoundefsilksereeseentiallytne saneferbethbarns.

Jarveeoo, linear and any2 report a total feeding tine of 1.55
ainutes person per day for leese housing barns an! 3.22 nitrates
per ea per day for stanchien barns. this includes feeding m, silage
and grain. Baker and Bailey3 report a feeding ties of 3.1 sinutes
per cos per day fer stanchion barns and 3.0 minutes per cell per day

 

i .
S. A. "itsel and E. I. Heisor, Loose Housin er Stanchim Barns,
University of Wisconsin Agriculturfi firing gution, $33
503. 1953. _

2.Jali'vesoo, loser, and Grey, g. 93.,

3Bahr and Bailey, 32. gig.

-m-

ferleeee-housingbarns.

AngosandhrIJ-ssdethefellevingeonclesdj: 'l'eed
eossuptiea-nilkprodnetiesresesrchhssbeesearriedeetby
eentrelledexperisestereesonshlyelikeindesign. Investigates
repcttnatserereeghegesascoss-edbyleeee-heasedhoms, but
differeneessere-enisterasef'ml. thhongheaeimeetigaters
feud higher feed effieieneies in leose housing and others feud the
reverse,thersegsefresultsierenerksb1yaerres. feeseffiodesv
eppesrsaboutequalinbethsysteasandthssisapparutlyset
rentedtebentype. Immmtluairtenpuamehd
mntmutmaamwuuonmmmaayem
mmm,mmuma '

Differenesinbaeteriologisalqualityofsilkyreheedia
leeee and eonventinel housing sore Dill. satisfactory quality‘
sasebtainsdisbethsyste-s.

Amdmmnnmmmmmem,
mastic m feeders, and herringbone smug parlors had
appearedentheseene. Uiththesessstecnnelegiee,feedisgtile
mmmmmumum-wmmua.

mmmthatleuemrequimmbddm'
www.mwmuntmwuuumm
beddiugisneeded. Wmmgen—imushozmtdtu
cesvenunalbarsrequirenem.

 

iinaneAulndlarr,9.2.51};

2m:- and Barr, g. 11;.

..hh- _

Uooflard'el ”mums repsrted 5.3 pone-«strum
mperdeyferleoeehousingandh.9peundsefstraeperdayfer
mussel barns. Lee-'dingtearsves'z study,1’eese heesing
requireslS-ZSpendsefstrsvperseImdthoB-lz
pondsfereonventinelhsrns. Astuiylyhm’inlichigsn
repertsa-lSpenndsdstraspereovperdayfa-lcoeeheuimand
S—dpensdsfceenveetinalberns. ’

AHiseonsishstudyrepertIIZJ pends'efstravperessfer
leese mmmnéma fes- eonventinal hens. Her-.5
inhisxenteokyetedy, reported9.0peendsefstruusedperea
.mmnloounmms.om‘mmu.mm.
Bsrepertedthetthelsestieseffeedmklendheuisgslees
isfleessed bedding requirements a W heating thu se
setesisieisetraveloebeddedareas. Stewart‘sedesserveyef
xwmnmmnmumm_mtu
takes6-7peundsafstrsspereeeperdayteprevidesetisfeotcy
00111.1“

‘1'. I. Hoodeard, The fin Shed Cmgg$ with 53 M lam ts
%: CW8, as as Do ‘e, .tin 7 , 91 e '
23s Re h"., J. as D“, ”I be '0 £991“, £1.31" Q

ProductiesefCossigggnhrnsandStancgislarns,U.8.D.1.,
33'? g 9 e u

3L. a. Dress, 3. 1. Mill, and s. a. we, hu—fi nafi
Barns Michigan Agricultural kperisent Statics, tin
335, 1950.

 

' h.ez. A. Hits-1 and s. 3. Kaiser, 32. gig.
5o. 3. Ryan, 22. 33.

6R.l.8tesard,i!‘ie1d8 efPr inLoeseBous
Cattle in Hissefi Missouri igricfit%l Epc—isent 5tatien,

lo. E68, 1950.

-15-

Appendixfsblengivesasuaryofthefindingsefreeesreh
Cleouefleanventiualdairyhousingehoreti-e. Wt»
theseshndiss,leesehoueingsavestiseinsming,feeding,bedding,
and‘eleasisg. Leeeehoesingtekethpercentasseehtiseinsilkim,
mmntasmhthehfeeding,8épercentasmchtineil
bedding,snd80pereentassuchtiseiseleaningesisusedina'
conventionalstasehiubern.

fhesestudieshavehreeghtents-eronsedvantagesend
disadvantagesefhoosisgsyetas. Smuggestedadventagesef
Wheningms(1)cussreheflledasiunviduslsandsom
receive'individnel attentia,(2)eesseaubeezhihitedteedvantags
insetellhsrn, (3)fenerserefeniliusithhesdlingeusis
stall barns, (Missinterthetesperstureissoreeufortable fer
theeperatctovorkissstallhmthesinaleeseheesingeystu,
(5).thissystesisstendu'disedsndaeseptedbysi.nsaniteriens,
(6).lessheddingisneededinastellhmthasisapeeharn, (7)
heeseeeemeenfinedanddesetdistu-btheherd,end(8)eevs
es'eeonfinedanithesreadilyavailableforthepraetioing
veterinariss.

Sudisedvantegesefstanehinhoesingsres(l)theherd
siseislisitedtothessaberefstellsinthehern,(2)the
eenstrestieseestefanevbsrsishigh, (3)requiressore1aberper
outbuamkingperlorsystes, (Mthedairyaanmtstoepte
silk,“($)thesamesestbehsnledentisthefielddeilyduring
thesinter.

-h6-

Base suggested edvantagesefaleeee housing systeaef
dairyingere: (l) herdeanbehsndledasagroupandeanbeexpaflsd
vith little additional cost, (2) cells enjoy pasture coefsrt through-
eettheyeer. (3)thelsbcrequiredperoeuislessthanfer
etenehiubu'ne, (h) samba-1... ammo. stoeping andreduee
the distance traveled issilking the hero. (5) there .1. 1...
injuries teeddere, books andknees, (6) there is sea-e andbetter
Wm. (7) fantraetu'sesnbeueedfcfeedingsfl
sleenisgsha'es, (8) itiseseiertodeteettheesssheatperids,
(9) overall eestef building and equipent oanbe less,“ (10)
thereislessdangerofinJuryerdeathincaseefsfii-e.

Sue disadvantages of lanes housing are: (1) it requires
scestraspereestheneenventionelherns, (”thereisaprobl.
sith bees sees. (3) m 1. . mm. sith a: control, (1.) it 1.
mdumeummkainmm. ano(5)1tm.
extrasaterandegooddrainage systestekeepthesilkimm
clean.

fhedraisagesystesinasilkingparlciseftenpealy
designedaodasoareeeftroebleesseatinedbyseveralefthe
airy-«interviewed. Agriculturalsnginersstressthesed
ferpreviungfer (l)aaaeequateeupplyefuter, (2)ahigheeter
Wm(3)emhmm1dmmo

*

SHAKER V
PLAIS MID PRACIICES or 37 WINSTOI GOUI‘I’! 13mm

i'heperpeeeefthissurveysasteebtaisinfersatiesee
thesyst.sefheesisg,fanifiprutises,sndfutreplsssef
better-thesaurus dairy-u surestly sling stanchion leasing.
“awn-mummmuummuua
amdm,oooun,ooomm.¢ms. lama-en
thisstudysesthuesedtebedgetheuexpensiuferdiffmt
typesefdairyhsesdnmnthreeeasefaus. wraith”
issth-oesstsnchieabasn,enl’srsnthereisarelatively
seth-essstsmbicbern,shileenhn6thereisaseld35-ltsll
eta-shiabenispeerphysiealeesditiu. name-nets...
far-sunbediseussedindetailinChepterVI. ‘

thefellosinginfonationsaseequiredinthesurveys'fhe
sise, eonditionandinvestuntinthefars buildingssthekisdsam
inestnentsisfmsechiscyendequipentsthsegedthseperatc
asdmteffasilyaflhindlsboresedistbfarseperetin;
thetnlablesues,cepyields,asdfertilisatinmxtype
efpastuesystesesedxthes-berefsilkeusssdtbeirpredesting
thetisespentdailyisberaehsresythsa-berefeusthedaisyses
upeetedtehavebyl9651thstypeefhoesisgplaasedfcisfetsre
mgumtthdairysanfeltserethesdvantegesasd
mmciuuummmurumm

fhefldairyferssselsstedfctMsetefl’sereia
umm,isfieathcemaluiehigen. ‘l'heeosstyeostaiss

61,8-
mlmrytwumh wane-d manna-modem; was.
inl95h. Productioeefailkisthesucseareeefiseae. nest
efthesilkistranspertedtenetreitferproceesingasdseldseetly
asGlassi.

The fares sere seleeted fr- the Livingstn Gee-v D.R.I.i.
113$ Iith the assistance of the mung-ten County Ayiculturel Agent.
thefellesingeherecteristiesveredesiredintheeeleetise:

1)nnmnuthzou50.ummn.m

barns.

2) but Wise ferasrsehehedgeedyreduetive

herdsendveuldrueisiathedsirybeeiseesfwa-ber
efyeers. .

”Dairy-ensuesereeensisss-edssseeesfulfsnersisteeir

amenities.

futn‘ use. .1 nm

Thesefldsiryfarsersseredividedistotbreemte
aidisseelysingtheresulteefthestedy. Oreupliseliedlh
fenerssithfierluseesszdroupnsese-pasedeflzfarssrs
sithBI-hOcossxandGreanIIcentaisedllfereerssithhlcsu-e
eess. Grouplaveragedzh.6eessperfare. Dairyeesisthiegreep
upsettehsseaasverageeth.8eusbyl96S.shiehisesi-reeee
efhlJpereent.

Dairysesisaroepnavsragedfideeesperfensitbes
expeetedisu-eeseefndpereentsithisfiveyeere. theestinted

 

f0. 3. newt-out at cm. W Kiel-ins.
'01s 1. ”e 6, Po 62s

.hg-
helisiseforthisgroupbyl965rengedfr035toéOeeIsperfas-s
sith an average of 1.2 case.

Group III had an average of 346.1 cm per fan with plans
tehsve 56.3 eessperfara by 1965. Ihisiseninoreaeeefzzd
mentwhichrepresentsarangeinhsrdsisefrulfltelmm-
perfara.

These dairy fares were else divided into three groups
aecerding te the degree of change anticipated. l'here were six
fareerserlGJ percentsho planned so changesintbeirhsrdsise
themtfiveyears. Hinorchangesinherdsise(metofivem
pea-fare) sore indicatedbyndairysenerfi percentefthegroup
studied. Eighteen dairysen er nearly one-half planned to labs
asJer changes in their herd size (over five sees per fun). (he
efthefu-aersindicatedheaayeelleetsithinthenextfiveyears.

One dairy-an planned to expand his herd.teulDO‘esssg tea
plannedteexpaniteSOteéScoss, tselveespeetedteexpeflte
Mteh9esws,elevenexpeetedtohavewte3heaesaflnlyfiree
dairyseaexpeetedtohsve herdseflessthenjoeewsbyvés.

§_ise of Ferns

ThelhfamsindmuplaveragedISOmesoftillahleland
per fan with about 38 pereent rented. The fans ranged in sise
fru96te260ecresandaverage6.lacreseftillsblelandper
an. The average fare entained 27.2 acres of pasture which allow!
1.0 acres of pasture er green shopping per on.

-50..

 

 

 
 

 

 

tablel. BetisatedChengesinnaisyBerdBiseesl'fypeoffleusing
inflextfivel‘ears,by31seofflerd,319airyhr-
anrveyed.
We: *1 ...... I... ' mm
of of 4" - .
Gews Farm 1960 1111965 Change stanchion housing herd
Wenentwfiercent W

30 a under it 2h.6 35.8 131.5 53.1. 13.3 33.3
31 " “a 12 35.: ”so 1’s, ’11.? “e6 51.?
u & m, 11 we). “e, Rel flies ’e1 ”eh

 

 

 

 

 

WW Tverage no]: has ten 3%

or or tum. m

c... Fer- esres H grasisg shopping per ea
30 a under 1h 150 7 l 7 1.20
31 . no 12 m h 3 h 1.13
111 a ever ii 835 h 2 S 1.01

.51-

i‘heeeeendgreepeffurasaveragedzhltillsbleaeseeper
fer-efshiehl9.3pereestsasrented. Theeefaresrangedissise
fleZtehZOacreswithéJtillnMeacrespercom These
dairy-en averaged 1.7 acres at pasture er green chopping per cew
sithaneverageethJaoresperfu-adevetedtegruingergreen
chaplains.

fheelevenferassithhlcaoreesssaveregedIBSeeres
perfaraefshichzzpereenteasrented. Theeefarasrangedfr.
180te370tillableaeresperfmshiohprevidedanaverageef
S.ltillablsaerespereew. inaverageofhdeereswasdsvetedte
pastureergreenweppingshiehellcvedanaversgeefl.leeses
parses.

These figures indicate that a masher ef these fans have
enoughlandteexpexntbeirhsrdsisevithcetbwisgcmting
additdmalland. Adaimenshouldbeableteprcduaethsfeed
foreseesssithabentfowaoreeeffertilelmd. Feraersin
Grenpslandneereuaingeversixaoreseflsndpereasandse
shealdbeahletcinereesetheireun-bersbysahingsereintensise
useeftheirland. Keetafthesefersersweregrovingwhestasa
eashercp. Iftheyelisinatedtheuheatandinereasedttneera
and hay acreage, it would give thence livestock capacity on the
fare. mmumnmmmmypmu
expandtheirfmbusineessenti-edthattheymldnsedtcbuy
orrentau'elaod. funtybelievedthsyeeuldhendlstheedditieael
eewssiththepresentsupplyefland. Buesaidtheyvculdinerease
yieldsbyesingserefertdliser,ethersplannedteueesereintensive

.52.
pastuasugeasnt,shileseveralsaidtheywoulddispcseefeue
etbsrlivesteckandelisinstethewbeateereageteauelscefeed
fctbedairyhsfl.

Pasture Szetene

Duringthepastfewyears,thsrehesbeenesineressed
trendteesrdgreeseheppingeffcagesendbselingittetheeess
ratherthashavingtheeswsharvestthepastm.

noun-er. hBJperesstefthedd-fylnmfl'fl

shopping, 10.5 percent used eontineeus gracing and 16.2 percent
used field gracing.

Sisefthefeu'teenfenersinOrcupIpraet-icedgreea
chopping,sevenesedeestiaesusgrasingend-esedfieldgrasing.
IsGreupnfivedais-ysesuedgreeaehepping, fesrasedeecti-ees
grasisgandthreessedfieldgnsiug. Piveeftheeleveadailysea
sithhlcsceeessedeptedgreeneheppisg, feerasedeontissees
grasingandtweasedfisldgrssisg. “Jimmie”!!!-
sereesisggreeneheppiagwerewellpleesedutbthepreetise-d
etherdairyeenstatedthattheyplsateedeptitautyeer.

Laborm

hberisueeftheinputsnafanthataanrestriettbe
siseefbusisess. anefmershdasebetantialquentityef
fasilylabcavailableforfanvatwhilectbersmtdependprieerily
enhiredubcintbeeperatienefthefers. Safer-assimilated
edesireteresainasaene-seneperaticateaveidthepreblus

- 53 -
encounteredsith hiredllahor. om... was... able-sen
operation shich mum greater flexibility is planning for
vacations and tile eff during mm... .

The first group averaged 16.6 soothe of laberper year er ‘
1.11 sec per fare. the ...... group averaged 2h.8 months of labor
psryeucLOTIenperfen. thefarassithhlorsreceus
averagedZ‘laenthseflabormfmori'JSsenpoo-fera. taking
these 37 fans as a group they averaged 1.9sen par fare. this
~isabeetthesaeesfctheniehigaa8tate9niversityru-aaeeoust
Project.1

Cropping Preges

mm.mmm.wm.m
theerepaores. fhelhfenersium-euplaveragsdfléaores
efecnfor gran, 10.9aoresofeorsfor silan. ”.Zmesfcr
bayanlJSJacs-esefsn‘ellgrain.‘

i‘hegroupwithntohOeeesmreged59.9aoresefcoa-n
fags-sis, 19.5 acres fereerssilage, 63.5 acres forheyand55.h
asresofssallgrais. l'hesethatgrsssheatselditasaeashorop.

'huinausitheverhOessaeveragedS‘lJemsefeeo-a
fern-sis,l9.0aorescfeorafersilsge,6heeresefhay,snd53.9
amid-allusin. Hutcfthenallminmbythism
sas eats used as dairy feed. This latter group averaged 5.1 tillable

 

ifh-«ssn, L. H. and Elwood, 1!. T Hiehigan State University
. Cooperative Extension Service are ece ing Project, Area 5 report,
South central Hichigas, 1960, p. 2.

-,Sh-r
sorespsreosoupueeteé.8tinablescesperesstosmn.
Smotthetsnersintheseoondgroupsoldmandvheatvhish
helpedtoinoreasethsmnberettillsbleeeresperooefcthe
ten. Intelkingtiththsseddnumammthatthsy
Wtheyoouldieprosethoirmpendpsstmyieldsbynsing
lore fertiliser end hotter pestm-e newt.

Inching end Equépont Inegtnnt

Alergemtotoapitalimehentiereqnindtorledetn
far-seem. hthisstudythspereheeeprieeotthetsse
nohinsryessreessdseteseaehtm. reassessment-nu.
ieesshissryinvest-estpertan. Misuse-sense!”
equipentinmhipiithnixhbou. Mmetieehebdte
muefidresohissryisveshsnte. mum‘suvudisto
theeeetegciee: your} tersgexsuewmhineq. IbelS
mmmnnhssmhsdssmimsteutetts.m
in poser equipasnt, 83.578 in forage'eqnipent, end 3.5.215 in other
tennohim. Imelhentinpoeeresehimnngedtrufl,m0
um, 220; foreseeqeipent ranges Ira-82,035 utmozs; end
ethereqeipentnngedrr-sz,oeouté.801. cassette-tarsus

 

1m equip-lent included treotore and m.

2Fol-age equipment included were, hay conditioners, rakes, belers,
hay drying tans, tango harvesters, Movers, selruunloading wagons
and elevators.

30thsr equipment included plows, allege equipent, grain drills,
eel-n planters, combines, cos-n pickers, mus smeders, 1m,
sprayers, feed winders, gutterj cleaners and dairy equipsent.

-55-
iathiegronphiredoustusaohinerytcsilefilliagandpain
harvest. ‘

theeeeondgroapetdairylenhedaaarersgeinmtlentef
“A“; in power soup-mt, Sh, 89'! in forage equip-eat and $5,255
inothereaehisery. ‘

Their insetleutinpmrequinsntrangedtruflfloo
“$9,!!!” forage equipent tweak-82,162 “88,3653 smother
ushiasrynnaldtr-“Jmtetlmhfi,

Ihedairyunehehedhleraoremhsdaaeverageimsuent
«$7,617 in pumaquipunt, mm is forage soda-est, as
$5,996 is [other tare machinery. the poser whim invest-sat
rangedfr-Sh,800t0810,0003 tsragensohineryresgeetroe $1,200
“89,3163andetheruehineryflnedtmtl,505to89,930.

thetotslposeremsaohinsryimstleatoathelhtans
nhenplnstnflfl. Ihstetalineshentnthsutarss
nmn~n¢u¢mmwwnmw
mm820,037. themgeequipenthflehentetmn
tar-mné,620. theeetigoreepehteetthelargsueentet
espitelimstedineqaipsntuenelndsirytan. ital-er
essreeooehiseperetingesstbytekinggeoeecedhiseeehissry
“Mites-stunts. like-ire,eere1eeeleeeteqfipenten
neatlyiesreasetheeeetetpredaetiseeethetsu. Amherst
tar-ersstateethsyhadeifliseitytiflingahireemmrss
ammuthuehieeryauhsslyere-dthseees.

Seuuhasaaesteehaolegyheeeaeespte‘asrapidlyhy
mmnummmeuim-znmsem,6oma

.56-
etthefaneflhadhaycondltimandsthsrsunWthItthq
planneetchwonsnsxtyear. Forty-ampereenterthetsrssrs
in Group I 3 eighty-two percent in Group II and fifty-five percent
of Group moaned he; conditioners.

‘ rmy.mm¢mamnnuusmmmm
else-ere. Treaty-seven percent in Group I, {cw-five person in
GroupII,andseventy-threepeusntisareepmssreusingthis
lab.- sasing devise. There sure eight additiasl tar-ere she
plannitcinstallgnttereleam'itmthemttelyeers.
Onlythreedthedairyunviththslergerhsrdlhlnnetmm
guttereleaners. Thsuthreelndicatedthattheyplmtcmtsll
asleansrinthsfeture. One-ersnsthsbarnarrangenentus
not suited for the instauatiu e! a barn clear.

In this study, sixty-tire percent of the tmers use
baled by and thirty-tire percent used chopped w. Sixty percent
dthedairyleninGroanusedbaledhayMIu'typcmteheppd
haninthesiddlegreup, sixty-fourperesntssedbeledheyent
thirty-sir percent used chopped hen and seventy-three percent in
Groupmusedhaledhsyandmnty-sempereestssedehsppedhv.
Restetthetenersthnghtitmusetfisienttsclnpthsw
batthsydielikedhndlingtheehoppeihsydmgthsfedingsperation.
hetheeghtthatahayeryisgsyet-saeesseutialtesteregecd
qualityehcppedhay. Onlysixteenperesntefthstmsrsinthis
studyssedahaydryingsysteniathsirharu.

feedsirysenussdapipslincsilker,andenssssdasilk
transfersysten. Hawdthetmerssaidthsythoughtapipelins

-57 .

nilker would helptoredwe thelabor requiredtonilk, hutthepd'ioe
was too high to Justify the equipsent. Others said they would put
in a ailking parlor before they invested in a pdps line in a stanchion
ban.

the silo moods:- is another lahc saving device that is
becoming popular with dairy toners. Only four of the fmers
in this study were using silo unloadore but smasher are planning to.
installthuinthenearfuture.

the dairyneniathis studywcreaostlyyongfaraers. the
averageagecfthoeeinGroanmJ'Iwitharangeinagefr-
2hto51. therangeinageofthsrsrnersiuoreupnwas28~teh5
Iithanaverage at 38. ,the averageotthstarserswithhlcaere
eossnsh0.hsitharangeiuags£rm23to55. ,Ilseatosses,
the younger (more with large herds used a father-son arrangement.

Hilk Production

lot only were these dairyaen younger, than the average hat
they had higher producing dairy Ml than nest Livingston
County D.H.I.A. embers. the average silk production for Group I
wasll,70hpoundeotailkwitharsngeinproductionfroa9,0hh
to 12,991: pounds of silk per oer. Group II averaged 11,629 pounds
of 111]: with a range in production from 8,hl$ to 15,229 pounds
of silk per cor. the average productioa in Group III was 12,165
peundsotailkuitharange inproduetioufrmlO,202poundeot
untolh,200poundse£nilkpcroos. '

-53.

table 3. Specialised Equipent and Hachinery Investment for
three Size Groups, 37 Dairy Fans Surveyed.

 

 

:~:___ W
Ember using
sgcialissd eguiagnt Hashing mm

labor Bay Forage Hay Gutter
et condi- ohopperhalereleaner Power Forage Other total
timer

oss-

W” -----dofiire-—----
30 a under 7 n 6 h 5.1.22 3.578 L218 13.139
31 - to 9 9 6 5 6,1163: h,897 5.255 16,616
In a over 6 10 8 8 1.617 6.521: 5.996 20.037

 

 

table 1:. Average Hill: Reduction Per Cow, Average lathe of Labor
PerFanPerIesrandiverageAgeetl'araOperatchy
herd Size, 37 Dairy Fares Surveyed.

 

 

 

 

-59-

theLivingstcncountyn.H.I.i. records shesan‘aversge at
11,2291peudsetailkpercewtu'slleswsiathetestingm.
thumdmmtmnmanflyw3h.nsasnd
Zahaadetyoengstcok. Beveraltarnershsdnceyoungstookthsn
silicone. thesetueerswereraisingextraheifersteupandths
siseefthedairyhsrd.

the Land Prohlg

ammwmmmmmumm
siaeeftheirdairyherdweshostoebtaiaghenseesseryteedfo
thsextraeows. therearerivealterustivssepentethetaraer;
(l)heoanincreaeepreduetionperaersbyssingaoretertilis¢
ndueintensivepastureasnsgsnent; (”beauty-oral“
ifitisaramble)(JJhseanrentadditinalland3(h)hseeahuy
theedditioaaltesdsssdedssudG)a§ewdaimeawhensween
eashcepseanaeathieseroagetortheprednetiuefutrateed
tethelargerdairyherd. thetar-srsiathssarveyuressked
ittheyweflderpandthsirhsldsiseifthsywculdhevetehv
thank-steed. thirty-eightpsreentotthasaidtheyseddnet
-hesitatetehuytheteedandthatthistaotwoaldnctstoptlu-
fro-enlargiagtheirhusinesa. lowever,62psreentsaidtheywould
notinsreasetheircesnuhersunlesstheyeouldhuyerrent

 

3:95? Hiehigsn Dairy Bard Wt Records, Cooperative Extend.
Service, Hichigaa State University Dairy Depart-ant, p. 3.

- 60 .
additinal land to gr. the extra feed. this attitude of the
dairynen say restrict future herd growth. is was aentioned early .
inthisthesis, faulandisliaitedandquitecftenienotavailable
near the has fare at a reasonable price.

2°23

wheneveraninereaseinoewm-bersisantieipated,the
poble-othoosingarisee. Oneotthsaeinebjectivesefthisstudy
wastcebtain intonationonths farmers' dairyhoneingprefennoae,
Iightefthelhtanersinfirouplplannedtcextendtheirstanchisa
bmfianiwhsntheyinorsasedcowmbers, teeplsnnedtegete
leoeehousingwithasilkingparlsr, andgourplannedteusea
switohhei'wdsystel.1

suctthsdairyneninthejl-hOeeng-oupwofldertend
their stumble-barn. ”woulduseaailkingparlorsystee, and
five would use a switch herd system. ‘ _

‘InOrouplII,sixplannedtoextendthsirstanchinhan,
neplannsdtoueasilkingparlorsystuandtowrplannsdteue
the switch herd plan. when these 37 far-ere are taken as a unit,
51: percent would use a stanehicn born, 35 mt a switch barn
systenandeelyllperoentwcoldsdoptalooeebousingailkingparlc
systenefdairying. ’

In studying thebuilding arrangements on these fares, itwas
toundthatZSeré‘lpercentofthedairybarneoouldberelodeled

 

iisuitchherdsysteeisthepractioeetkeepingpartottheherd
inastnnchionbarnandthebalanceoftheninapole shedender
loose housing seditious. the cows are silked in the stanchi-
barniaahitts.

- 61 .-
or extended to provide aere stanchion space. Seventeen or 33
percentefthebomeouuuetbeextendodduetetholeoationef
ethsrbundiugsorreads. Eightodthetaroshadpeleshsdswhioh
were used to house part or the dairy herd.

Bash tar-cue asked what he considered therein advantages
anddioodvsntagesethisoyeteoetbousing. toenty-eightoaidthsy
preferredstanehieabarasbeeauseeacheooeonbstreatedaoau
individual. Othu-advautegssuatisnedbythssetaroersworeas'
follows: . y

(l) we control over tn feeding prograa,

(2) cleaner osos,

(3) sure sonata-table working temperature,

(It) I“. bedding mm:

(5) euro ea euros-t, .

(6) better Control over sick m injwed cows,

(7) undesirable herd appearanso,

(3) less trouble with cows in heat, and

(9) one production per sow-“

theatrelaborandailkingtine requiredtoearotora
hard in a sonventimal barn was the rain disadvantage of stanchi-
borns listed by 28 dairynen. Other disadvantages listed by the
tenure were as follows:

(1) inflexihdlity at increasing herd sise,

(2) frequency of udder and leg injuries,

(3) necessity of daily stable cleaning,

. - 62 -

(5) lack of oreraise for the cows,

(5) necessity of steeping te silk, and

(6) higher cost per cow for housing.

It was evident in talking with these farmers that saw of
thee definitely preferred working with cows in a stall barn.
several dairyses stated that it their barn should be destroyed by
stascrtire theywould build apolobarnandsilkingparlor, but
itwouldcost toosuchtoteareutagoodstallbarnondeonvert

it to a silking parlor system.
this surveyshooothatsostctthedairyfaroarsore_

plonningtoseettheprisecostsqueesobyinoreaungthesinet
their dairy Operatic. they plan to do this by dopting sore‘ A
intensive far-sing practices and by using labor suing devises.
Abouthalfetthssplantocontinse stanobinhousing,35psreent
planteaseaswitchbarnsystesandllpersentplantodopta
lease housing silking parlor systes ed dairying.

CHAPTER VI
3W “11.1813 (I CASE STUDIES

theiserieanfanerhasbeentaeisgaprioesqueeseter
thepasthyears. theprioeocfinputoooedbythetarsorhavo
heurisingwhilewioesreoeivedforogriculturolpreduotshave
declined.

'thsinduefndincaoetfarsms,intenset
19t7-h9ae11sre,deeiisedtree9oiavso.—51teahia1951. as
nee-mum.“ Minupcfmintbwum
desliosdlSporessttru 1.951te1957.z sesesessmeeisau
Whom.prioosreoeivedbyhiehigantarseroialayl960
wueZhleuporedtoZ‘lOtcflsyth-w. Prioospoddhytarsers
numuamemmnaqimwuzsonr
him-ho)

thiseoot-prieeoqsseselas-tphasisedtheisprtasseed’
hprwingthecgansatiuandspsratiuodtmandisredueing
theiupotoaeedsdtepredseoaosaitotestpst. tarsus-pie,“
atroctcusosedQISOaca-esinsteadedmssrostbesachinsry

 

Iiihsrsan E. Johnson and Kenneth L. Dachau, 'Bsoout Changes in
Resource on m! is Fan m.‘ W
W Iowa State University Center for Agricultural
“Jmnt' I” Stet. WWW Pull, 1.959. pa ’e

2M0, ’e 10.

3mm» red-s Boon—ice so. 210, Depart-est e: Agricultural
Mu, liohigau State University, July 1960, page 1;.

, '3:-

eestporaerewasredued. thereareoeveralpessiblealternative
sou-oesofeotieswhiahadairyfsrssreontshtoiuoreaeefan
issues. theeeareaineressethenuberefcevsonthofares
increase production per sow; or increase the effieiescy within the
fonsnit. lanydairyssuareseooptingtbaalteruativeef
increasingtheherdsise. Furor-ple,thesveragesiseedliehigas
D.H.l.i.berdshasinereaoedfr-17eewspsrtanisl950te30
empress-innsml Adeeioiateexpanderoatsstheadditi-al
problesefprovidingbouaingferthelargerherd. Uheseverthe
nuberefcoosonafarsareincreased, thewhelefarsa'ganisati.
changes. thsreioaseedforsorefeod,lab¢andhouing. these
inputs mt be coabined is proper proportions if the expansion
plan is to prove profitable. .

thepwn'poaeefthisotuywasteorasinetheprstitability
despauingdairyherdsteverisosdseswhasaltornative
hesoiusethodoaressed. thissasacsuplishedbye-pating
thirteenfarnbudgetsferthreeoaoefavssseleetedfruthen
fares in the survey. these fees repressued three different housing
situatiue emuly found a niehigan dairy farso.

Farsihsdatwslveyeoreld,t~estory,2hstallotauohies
dairybarseoastruetededcsseutblooks. this36by70feetbsrs
hadtbeonofaeingestwithtwelargeherstsllsatthofareuof

 

i1.959 Hiehigas Dairy Bord Inprsv-ent Rosa-do, comrative htensiu
Service, Hiehigan State University, Dairy Deparhent.

. .. 65 ..
the bars. A gutter cleaner was used to reserve the sum. Milk
fr-thc thowswascarriedtoali’byléfectsilkhouselocated
at the north-west seiner of the barn. the barn was in an excellent
state of repair.

FarslhadajébyBOfeot, hOotellstanohienbarnwhich
was built in 19142. i new 15 by 18 foot ecsont block silk house
wasbuiltinl957. dllthebuildingowerepaintedandkeptise
good state of repair. this farmer was lilting M. cows. Forty
werekeptisthestanchieusinthesuinbarnandfourwershoused
withtheyoungstook. twoleyJSfootsiloswereusedtcm
silage. the some was removed usually by driving the spreader
through the barn. .

rarschadancld36by70foot, 36stsnstsnshdssbam
that was built in 1898 and‘needed repairs. the barn was dark and
the cow stallswene too call for large Holstein cattle. the
building was equipped with a gutter cleaner and a pipe line liner.
thisfarserwasailkingh? cowswitheleveneftheahousedinapole
born. this barn was not suited for expansion or remodeling because
of em poor locati. in relatim to other buildings and inadequate
usinegs.

Mud and Johnson defined a fun budget as follows: 'i
fars bflget is a written plan forel‘iuture action, plus the anticipated
results. Basically, a budgeting process for a given period converges
a two figures. the of these figures is totalrevenue for the perid

-' oituatin under consideratiu. - the other figure is total
eapsnseoforthesaseperied. Hhenthedifferenoobetwsenthssstwe

-66-

figures is found, it is eelled net profit a net return, C net
less, depending upon whether net revenues ere greeted-then 3 less
then expenses.‘1

Although budgeting is not en (not eoienew, it does preside
e useful tool to capers the profitability of different fare plans.
It say be desirebls that individual fernsrs budget elternstive
plens on the basis of different cabinetions of expected prices
for inputs end outputs. .

nuptials of the Budget

CeseferesisndBm-eeesuedtosouteinmtillehle
emsbeeeueethiswessesrtheeedeefthesiseefthefms
inthisstudy. FernCnssssuedtoeonteinahOtillebleeores.
hdlbutomdtemuuplemitmmthetmhm
lendoeuldherentedetsreteeftlzpsreereennuellytosupply
thesdditimlfeedneedsdlhenthedsirybsflmw.

thefmeeehineryprieeseeedinthisstudywsretheeetuel
prioesgiwenbythefernerfortheneehineryenthsoesefsns.
Additiseelnehineryendequipnentwereeddedesneededforthe
expended enterprise. leathery depreoietien, repairs end ineurenee
.... figured a. 12.19 pereent per yeer of the mum sest. m1.
I in the Appendix show the uehinery “equip-out investment and

 

imuulfod'd end meet, 32. gig” p. 328-329.

-67..

ennuslooetforeschbudget.

Teblslintheippendjxshowltheprioespeidlforinputs
endprieeereodwedferoutputs. hbletreeordsdeoelleneous
opsretionexpensss outbuilding contraction cents. an
pmduotionforverioussiseherdswssshownis‘reblea.

matadso-eornwsrsgrowesseeshunpsouthew
fern. merotstinngenersllyfolluedwssser-oern-oets-W
hey. Mpsundsofeotuelnitrogenwsseppliedteomfollswing
eon. ntmuopmmpummmuévmm
“Wmhohshelsefwheet,60bushslsefeete,12tonef
«mm-p.7tqesfaesssfluefcfirsteuttiusr10t-
fortheu-m,end3&tewsefelfelfshupsreeswwithehq
sooditinserendJJtusefhaypereuewhenenQeonditiener
wessotused. hsture-shudptedettherwteetlJSeeseper
sew. mummmmmmnumm

Eiredleborueeeleuletedstthereteeffifloomyesr
er‘BOOpOrmthforlsesmlhelp. Marchinoludedtheewstof
mwmwm-m-m. '

mmmtcispmmmkmmmuu
83.80prhndrelutstthefln.

hunted quantities of forage, groin end protein needed
mummnmznmm Itwessssulelthst

 

'ldens Hulvsny endnehsrd W, hot sheet for whine
igrieulture, Ooopu'stise Extension Sen-vies, niehigsn Stste University.

-68..
small grains yield as ton of strsw per new end stanchion housing
esed.8 ofetonpereowperyeer.
Reelestetetsxeewsreessuedtobel-l/hpereentofthe
capital investmntmlnndnndhiildingbecsueethisruultedinn
figurecoxqasrsbletouiohigenreslestste tens. Interestonnew
innstnentwesfigunsetsixpereentofone-hslfofthsooetef
additional buildings end equipment and six percent of the full cost

of purchased cows.
Gees Perl 1

rsrntoonsistsoftwotreotsoflnndwithstotelefm
tilleble sores. The soiltypeisof MisdendGonovwr series,
level to gently rolling, well-drained end productiww. the soil
typeoftheothertwoeesefurusissiniler. fhehuildingsonhr-
A consist of e Zia-stem, gothio roof, stanchion burn, enilk house,
e36150footnechineryshed,eflwrelo1dehiehnhousss,eers
erihendegreinery. fhefsrnheselhxmfootsilo. ‘meferner
operateethefenwitheeoesioneleeesonelhelpsndeflksfieows
everegingll,000pmndsoflilk. 'fhisfsrwhesedsiryhousing
situetionthetisoomtonnyofthesmlerdsinfsnsin
Hickman.

MemplennedtoexpendhisherdtohOdlkeowsin
themes-future. htlikemotherddrfisninterviewefihewes
sneerteinsstowhiehmtenofhoueingtouse.

mudgoumequmrormetm. Lunch-err
budgetwithzheowsinthestsnehionberngbudgetenewithhfleews

.. on

-69.

:Iu"
...I

E

 

 

 

 

m5” . mu man p3: 55: none." 3.35
e33 eeooa eeooa 5333.89 mod-non
3: 3a man gm 334 cued Sneak
om." 8H 8H 5 eschew , 28.0
o 5
me: 5 mg: m...” are: «3.3 .83
e83 omoon no?» saga .8383» monsoon
«on can man a 8m e934 3 e35
8a ow m» cm .3 «352 exec
, moms...
m m6" mad 4 £52 3:3 «33
conga 3383» 5.33330 5333a genes
com com com 08 e934 no!" Speak
on 3 3 .fi ~35: 2.8
«fl
.— m m w gem . , SB: lean

 

I
r.

.oefimilakuflaifigfld .mezd

-10-
insomventionslstenehienherngsndpleuthreewithmeossin
amt-mummuummgmmmnem
M {

Benchmkl’hnonhrsl

mmmtormmmwmwes
sures of corn for gain, 10 some of earn silege, 25 sures of sets,
25 sores of sheet, 15 eeres of elfslfo-hroue grass for hay, end 30
eoresofpestures (Tehleé). Teneoresefeerlyputurewwre
hersestedssgrsessilsgeforsupplenentsrysu-erfeed.

OnethoussndhuahelsofwheetendB.939hnehelsofeonmw
eoldsseesherops('rehle1). theesttlesrefederoughege
rationof'ISpercenthsyendZSpes-eentsilege. Thesilowssfilled
wmunmmpmetmnuornowm. Uithflzs
noeptionofsilofillingequipusnt,hrner1hsdefhnlineof

fernnchinery. EisdeinequipaentinolndsdsJOOgsnenhulktenk
endegutteroleener.

i'ehleBshosstheeetintedreeeipteendeupensesfersll
four plens. The henohnrkplsnshows $15,531 sweeipte, $11,050
expensesendtS,h91netfsreinoone.

ilternetePlsnlforFer-L

Ineltemeteplsnoneforhrshtheherdeisensinereeeed
froIthohBeosswithenesmnedproduetioneflO,§00poundeof
sinpereow. Apolebernendeoneretelotwereeenstruetedtehendh
theeddedcows. Anewsilosndsilonnloedingsndfeedingequipmt

-71-
feblsé. GropioresendtieldsPeriereUnderiltsrnstemm,hn

 

 

 

A.

4 Plea Plsn Plan
mp unit Yield punch-uh 1 2 3
w” -—------~-Lcre- ------- ----
Corn grail Bu. 6? 65 11 17 60
c... silege lien 12 10 35 35 n
owl Bu. 60 25 35 as 23
Wheet Bu. he 2 5 . - 23
mm. ha: Ton 3.2 1:5 53 53 as
um: silsgs Ten 1 10 is 15 10
Pesture - - 3o 60 60 38

   

m_m_**-.m ..-- w..- ... .o -. “‘- _ _---I—.-—ofi-~._.-.-.-—- .‘-,

Stray-isldflgm-edetenetonpsrecre.

 

-72-

man. tomcmmmonmuumumm, ML.

 

 

 

 

W wk * i 4—— --"'"""'"--
Bunchmrk Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan
total ' Pl“.- pio- 920'
m mm productim Sold auction auction amm- 3oz:
Com znin Bu. 11.355 3.939 1,339 1,339 13,020 3,213
corn silage Ton 120 - 1:20 km 132 -
on. Bu. 1,500 - 2,100 2,100 1,380 .-
Hhut. Bu. 1,000 1,000 .- - 920 920
HIV Ton 11d: - 191! . 191* 162* -
Gnu .1313. You 70 - 105 105 70 «-

 

.1.6tonnofhayporacroibonu1nghvcondn1mr.

-73-

23111.3. mmunmpu, W, Hotlummcmguin
Innstnonu for Benchmark and Alternative nuns, hr- 1.;

A;

 

Ital . W Plan 1

 

 

Plan 2 Plan 3
27p of bun Stnchim cm W Stamina:
man of can an £8 , us so

nonm Donn-l Donna M
Wt: in:
Machinery and oquipmt - 9,385 8,285 1,050
Additional com - P200 200 1 800
tot-1 additionnl‘inuflunt - , 29, 3,570
M! .
3111: 10,032 19,152 19,152 12,332
livestock 960 1,920 1,920 1,200
mt 1,600 . C - 1.1672
can % - - ,
rota Eocoiptl , m m ,
mason
Buildings (Dapromuon,
mum“ & upturn) 75h 1,061 1,1169 906
mun-17 (Damnation,
insures)», a m) 3,328 11,785 13,700 3,161
Hired mar 1,200 3,1350 3,150 1,500
Lin, and, mam,» 3,122 3.0“ 3.01;? 2, 939
had purchuod 300 879 879
Bedding '- 350 308 -
£1.3ch- dairy 600 1,200 1,200 750
m1, 011, snd an“ 692 656 656 6&8
canton him 300 - - ’ 320
Ron]. canto tuna 50!; 629 629 509
nutrient: m1 tolophom 2&0 1.80 1:80 300
m "lit 1 a o .
Intonst an addition]. 8 212
Mutant - ’ 1 O
Iota manna m ”3% 173% m
lot Inca-t 5,101 3,701 3,158 6,213?
Change in not 1mm ‘ ’
#0. W “1.7” “2.333 .756

 

 

-7h-

“mm. lfllltinhindmmnmtothomfm
mummmmmnmwmmmm

The cropping program: consist“ of 17 am. of corn for
ma35motmmam35umofum53mof
Malta-mmtndwlcmotputm. Mental-norm
MmmMmhmln-WNWWW
tummm-m Asomhqmsomtm
tons. mm fading mm In Iona-ad.

the china:- 1:: amt-mt “buildings W of $1,980
m- . pa. and, 8720 for com for thl fading am, and $2,320
tcam201h0dlo.. I

mwmpnmhmnmoquimtmmsamrua
ha condition», $1,800 far 3 tango choppur, 81:00 for a corn
tttulnnnt to: tho shown, 8560 for a blunt, 8800 for .01!-
Mango”,$250hrawlm,fl,3002nadh
unload-r,$1,h00 m- um rudmk man, 3250 ru- mun-n1
mw,mn,azsummaoognmmnmru
tSOOgdlantank. muuWOIMJBSwWWt
lawman-yawning“. Maw-fmrcaumpmhuodu
330000911 "673001111“ topthorufh own-um
Wm,6oo.

hthMflIIWndqu-ulfwflnl. 201:1.
may“ want to 821,072, total m mat to $11.3?1ihich
ammnnmincmofflflm. MQOW“‘1.79O
mmwmu (mmnnwramm

-75-
enedditimelinmtnente. Theincreaeeinreeeipteienotenongh
‘0 wt. for the additional capital investment. An increase
hthemlberofmdeunotneoesaarflymcreaeenetincoee.
Inenalyaingthieplen,wetindan1nveetmnto£$2,7001n
a an. nnloeder and anger teeder plus $3,160 for hired labor. the
increminherdeiaeuenotlargemonghtoatfliaeenutram
”ax-mum. Bahayuehiredparttinetohelpuththemnng
to replace the hired nan, thie budget would appear acre profitable.

Alternate Plan 2 for Fan A.

ntemteplanteotorhrnlooneietedofmendingthe
dairyherdtohfieeleandhufldinganadditiantotbetamhim
beratebneetheuthhem. Theeoat'eftheedditiontethe
benueShBOpereeeeratotaletSflJZO. thempeenage
andfeedingpreaaneaeidentioaltoflanl. meadditional
unhineryinveetnentaaatheaaneexeeptflmeremneemgeunhader
endangerfeedermdinthieplenbeeausetheemvereted
adhere. Sixteenhnndnddollmvereepenttoranaddiueutothe
emitter eleaner. table 8 above the addition]. inveetunt, reeeipte,
”wartime”. themtfanincomenthieplanaee
83,158, which 1e $2,333 lees than the henchnerk budget and about
”SUMMIOI' Plan 1. memimetmnt comietedof$8,285
for manner: and 'eqnipaent, 811,520 for the additian to the barn,
$2,3lororam20250efleand87,200£or2hem. mun
eimmmPlnlinthattheadditionalinveeh-enteandeoeteue
netetfeethytheinenaeeinreceipte.

.76.
mmluattereuerenlwemthewmt
mwormommutnw-mnnumn
anthem. hthleeeeethueveeeleee.

“maulferML

nnmuma,mmnm-mmmm
mmwuummmaumtorwoo. menu-em
”tammkeenuhemefm. aththuehemuee
thetamendhieweehouldheabletehendeenuuaem.l
peleehednehufltetaeeetetnflzotehoaeethemm
mcsoouummummmumdeumotmm
eteflap. mmmwuamumm. they
mmuudmmmateeeetdufism he
“midtTSWtW-lfl.6mmmnm.

,‘Mmppinzmpeaeenuetedetéomeeteenfer
yen,neueee:eerne11e¢e,uemeeteate,23eueeetaheet,
umumwmmnmum. fen
ureeeteerlyenrplnemmheneetedeeenegeteheaeei
”Wu-erred. anew-amiable“
Madhmmeetemmeemeeeuhme. mm:
Wuur1muzo,soopmprm. moan-mm
mumw,mpumm. “1’me
eatinenettéJMIhuhuWSGaea-etheethemkhndpt.
www.mmumnmmmwm
Wtrequue‘teeupendthehudmufll. 2&1“:th
Wmhpre’erpnporuutemetmmmefithe

.11..

monmtppmnmmtmummmtu
balding-endemipnenteanheenertuedinaboutthreeandeee-rearth
yum. mumemmotmthnopnubudgomrathu
tanthiehehmewninaetlneoneomthehenohaarkplu. It
nautehhlanGSJnIflnepeetivelytoreoomtheeddim
WWWMImdL

ceeehnl

mam.m»nw,ruuntyummpu
m1. Theflente’eeeunedtoeontainzoo‘mhbleeeree. Them
neetIeeteqetrnetnrevittheoeetelleendeneelaazo
ceneretehleeknilkhmee.meetherhu1ldngeeeue1eteeete3fia
$0£oetneh1nexwehed,eerner1be,twoeilee,1h835£eet,teed
mendeheuerehedetteehedtetheaainhcn. Thelaherreree
mumuWWWMeMItmhmdm‘nthonghhe '
needeeneethiefether'enaehinuy,1tvaeaeennedthathehada
MlnneorequipnenttenaketheMdgeteomarahletetheether
fmfitmflnne. Wmmnmdbymmgthmghfln
harnendhandleeungdireetlyintoenannrem. the-11k
prednettanentheternaaeIOJOOpemdeernnkperm. thee
leretvehoneeeleeatedeuthetan. Plvepleneuerehndgetedter
thin-ten.

-78-
Ianehnarkflenforhnn

Themppingpregrntuthehenchnnplanerhnn
cemetedet200eereeeente1nln¢26eereeeteernroe¢re1m20
meteenteruhp,2hameeteete,lleaeeeteheat,
flametheyendSSeereeefpeetur-e,!ab1e9. Wm
ernrplneeerlypeetnrelerelhametedaegreeeenagetem
enppleaentuy eta—er teed. he hundred and eighty-three haehele
eteernendSZOhueheleetheeteereeeldeeeaehereye,1‘ehle10.

theiahertereeeeneietedettheepereter,etnllun
hirednnandoneendene-haunontheeteeeeenelleber.

neepttoreeonune,thetenerhedemll11eeetten
mhineryinnlndingtmxeharveetincequimt. mum '
ten noun-u end equip-at nun-mt. eae $20,860 including any
equip-Intulnedetfiflw. mmumwum
reteetOSJvOpereu-e. 6

rhenveeteekenterprieelnelndedhhdlkemnthe
preduetien et 10,500pennde ef Inkpereeeperyeer. lepleeenent
mammammn. uspmcnnquasm
enuetmzeprecraaaaeteneeed.

thermbmdinpunvalnenetm,650. Tablellehoae
theeetin‘ated neeipte, expeneee, endnet tar-mole tort-he
Wendtmalteneuveplenefnrhrnh. nupmnmue
tareeeipteettzo,hh1,upeneeee£81h,693anlenettmhee-
«85.1». '

-79-

fable9. 'Oropureeend‘neldehrlnrefinderntmete new, Fen
B.

 

 

--.-.-..-om-oonaoouoov

cm grain an, 61 26 to 37 29 51
Ben ennge Ten 12 20 ' 23 315 Q 115
Date Be. 60 21; 37 ha 35 81
in.» n. no u - - - .-
man he: ion 3.6 62 11 106 58 ~' 6‘:
than “Ange1 fun 1 15 20 85 30 30

 

.80-

!ehlelO. bmmmMrnmt-nm,nnn.

r—v—

F7 r— ‘ Vfi

m Planl nuzminmg
To . e

 

0m, 0m. rim” 3.14 gm fiafimflm
Gen mu. Bu. 1.10 "283 1.310 2.1.79 1,»: 3.11?
can mm m 1 no - m hos 621 1.380
on- an. 1,030 . 2,220 2,520 2,100 2,810
Wheat m. £20 520 .. . . -
man hey ran :33 . ass ' 302 207 230

Greee enage to: 102 - no 115 no 210

 

-81.:

table 11. Betinatee er Receipts, hpeneee, let Mae and Ohangee
in Inveetnente for Bench-rt nnd Alternative Plane, Fan
8.

 

M' n. _¥

 

 

 

Ite- nenehnerknanl Plan! an} Plea!
ee ee
b‘peefhu'n Btanehieeatenchicnstenchienhneinzhming

more” Ht 50 75 60 100
w w Eli"... WEE£I

Meteorite in:

Building! ‘ ' 5,5‘” 18.910 133,130 20.650
W” “d W‘ " zoo 3'3’33 ‘2'388 3'38
Additional cove - 1
ram mm aven-.551" 1:30 36:00 02:50 321736
M12331 .
um 17,566 19,950 , 29,070 23,910 30,000
“11.“ 2832 a e- e- 0
cm 0 C C ‘ 9
ram mm. rmfi m m W 07655
m2!)
Building (Depneeieuen
Hechinery tDepreeiatien
insurance, 8: repeire) 3,509 3,509 3,83, h,631 5,618
m 1‘“: 391150 3.750 6'” 3.750 6,900
‘11.. “Cd, {mm 2,872 3,190 h.m 3.689 5.925
Peed lurch-led 653 71.2 1,111 891 1,856
leading 220 322 672 795 1,hh2
lieoelhneene 1,100 1,250 1,875 1,500 2,500
Fuel, 011, end greaee 636 681 989 839 1,362
Oneton hire 20h M m 193 259
3.31 eetate tan- heh 522 610 653 750
Electricity end
telephone M0 500 690 600 8110
caeh mt ... 168 1,356 588 2.521
Interest on edditionel 27 1 191 1 018 2
invent-ant «- * ,
fetal Expeneee 117555 1331; 8",9"9'5 1'5, 99 551%
change inlet innate
tun hush-ark «- 310 e 32],

W

.82.
Alternetel'lanltorhrnn

InthieplanthedniryherdneupandedfronhhteSOM
‘l'hemppingpregranvaerevieedtoinolndemecreeotoornfor
min,23eueetoremeileee,37eereee£eete,71eereeefhey
m 63 eoree of paetnre. we: earn 0: early earplupeetarem
harneted ae eilege for eupplmntary earner teed. Although 31
additionaleereeotlandvereneededtoteedthielargerherd,the
dairyunonlyneededtorentlhaoreeeeemendvheatverenolenger
pom as can we. Another alternative would heve been to neonate
minuteeeeeeherop,andtorentnere1anderpnreheee
ureteed.

A75pereenthqend259er0enteila¢etora¢ereedin¢pe¢ren
mtollevedinthiephn.

mummmmmmuumm-
Irkplen. MSOOgellonhuntanknehI-geenouhtehanne
the-inh-ontheSO-eoeherdprovidinstheprednetioniennum
througheuttheyeer.

menautiaedhveeteentndeinthieplenneafimoo
exteneiontotheetanehienherntehoneemenrem. Previone17,
toaroonverehmedintheeelfeeetionottheharnviththe
mtaeingout. Byleeatiuthenflkheeeeattheeideetfizehm
Malenxthemmeleen,theetepenquiredtoenmthe
wmmmmmwuum audition-18500

vaeepenttoenlergetheeileaeholdingeepeeityettheeiloeend
81,800eeeinveetedineinnilkeewe. mereeereieereeeeeinthe

-83..
veriahleeoetvhiohoenheehomedinrehlen.
melahorforeeooneietedettheopereter,em1t1nehind
unandmendoneohaltnontheoteeeeonallnbor. Thieexpeneien
requiredeneuntheereleherthanthehenehnerkplen.
metetaluvmtinthieflnvuflgm. he
tetelneeiptemta,950vithtota1expueeee:$16,mehieh
reenltedineeetheeleetOS,UB. Mele$3101eeethenthe
Wplu. mnmmmummm
tenehnerkplen. Iteeuuteheeverhonereeeehouinrebleq
mmwummw.
metutorthatmetnotbemrleehedinthiebudxetie
thateten-eovetanedditiontethehenvlehnilthtitenh
Wtheenemwmeeiehmueeteereeeehedheen
manna-mm. L
mmmuuuummmmmnm
teammummmmmm
aha-uncenllinmeeeefitemeove)inherdeieem
uthazeedetenehienhen,thente-keinveetnuteaeededteeewert
nemmmmwmmm. 11me
mmauunmnmm,uunuupunmu
mmmmmmmummm.
nmmmumwummmw
mneheetflweereeetiaee-e. Meantime-dine.“
“,mterthieplenerthTOieereeeeoverthebenohme-k’len.
mwauumtmfisnswmam
dddedimetlentvouldhepddetfinebonteevenendeue-halrm.

.81..

Itthetinedeapeueeeneeeeearytoadoptleoeehoneinger
03.75020rhaudin1aei1kincpar1er,$3,600:erete11eandnilun¢
mu.mmmmmmm.mswm
mtuthemmaenebfiooferapelemm
eeneidered,thelet1nee-ereeedvedundertheleeeehneiumten
veeldheleaethentertheeapemdedetaaehienm. Minuet-late
tea-equipmtanlhnildingteeapandfroahhtommaith
etanohioahoneingeeatSSJOOIhfleudualooeeheeeiagmtuit
eeatfiSflSO.

Alternate Plan 2 for Penn

AltmteflmZIflthhfmdeWm
dairyherdteTSIilkee'. numb-Wuhan»;
ammummmmumssmm been.
WWW‘M.UDMWW.MMUH
aeviamtzmoteranldaweile,82,2mtaamequAn-nt,“
'9330010131". mmumumwmwu
mumsoommmmuooommmmm
”Dimmmmmh

A mmmWNun-ummm.
flamedeerafeeauaxe,12eareedeate,106aereeetalmte-
hmuaaehc,and9heareee:’aetm. Onehnndaedandeemw-
nnwummmwmmmm
teedheafieereeetearlypaatm. Releaeeeeearytoreatm
aereeotlendnaeoetefndfiteprevidethefeeaforthew

. 85 ..
dairy herd.

Thehiredlabortoroevaewendedtoteofulltimhired
teen and three nonthe aoaeonal labor. Total reoeipte were $32,070
and expenaee 825,998 reeulting in a not tern income of $6,072. hie
ie about 8321; more than the bench-r1: plan. Detaile or the receipte
and upeneee can be eeen in Table 11. Although thin budget doea aha!
an inonaee in net tare income over the benehnark, acne dairy tar-en
nay not oonaider the inereaee large enough to juetiry the expansion.
Itvouldtaken-l/Znare toanortiaethiainveateentinhuildinga
and equipment from the W net ineone.

Alternate Plan110r Fara B

InthiebudgettheherdmerpmdedtoMMBy
contracting a looee hauling barn and a double-five herringbone
lilting parlor ayaten. The change resulted in nee inneteente of
m,130 for buildings, $10,200 for equipment, and 811,800 for 16
cove. me new building inveatnent included 83,960 for a pole barn,
8500 to renodel the etanohion barn tor uae ea a can ban, 81,000
for concrete in the exereiee yarde, 82,620 for a new 20 a 115 e110,
81,500 to rebuild the two eiloe into a 20 a 15, and 63,750 for the
lilting parlor. The change in equipment inoluded 81,100 tor atelle
and feeding equipment in the ailking parler, 81,1100 fer a aile
unload», $1,500 for mechanical hunk eilage feeder, 32,500 for milking
equipment and 83,700 for a 600 gallon hulk tank.

-86..

Forty additional none 0: land were rented to provide the
feed needed for a hard or 60 none. me cropping progran oonaieted
e: 29 acree or corn for grain, 52 aoree for corn silage: 35 me
ofoate,58aoreeo£hayand75aereeotpaeture. Mhundred
andtentoneoi’graaeeflngevereharveetedtroaeurpluepaetm
tepuvideeuppleaentaqeuuerteed. Detailaottheteedpredueed
eanheebeervedinrablem.

melabortoroevaeooapeaedortheeperator,afnlltine
hind-anandmandene-haltmtheoteeaeonablelahor. i'hie
mtheeaaequantityetlaborneededinnanlahenSOemvere
houeedinaatanohionbarn,

The total meipte amounted to 826,300, um upon-ea were
020,953, and net rm inoone m 85,387. m- in 8361 leee than the
benchmark pun. ihie demetratee a eituatioa mm the additional
eoetaeretoolargetortheinoreeaeineutpnt. fheeeeoetemt
beepreadoverelargeroutputirtheplaniatoehovaprofit.
Budget tour '11]. demetrate thia point.

maratheAppendiaehmthatitvefldteheelevenand
one-tourthyeereteanortiaetheneeinveetnntinbuildinzaanl

“Wt.

AltematePlanktormnB

Inflanhforraran,thedaiuherdeeeeapandedte100
ailkeoeeuaingaleeeehoueingayetea. mmmmien
included 06,600 for a pole barn, 83,000 for eoaevete elab, $500
for renodaliugtheold barn, 311,3001’ora2h360ail0, $2,500»

.. 87 u
build a 2h 1 60 ailo from two old eiloa, and 83,750 for a double rive
herringbone mixing parlor. rhi- totaled $20,650 for m huildinge
and concrete alab.

Other inveetnente included 816,800 for 56 additional cone
and $15,300 for new equipment. These new equipment imatnente
included: $2,800 for a third tractor, MOO for a tour-row corn planter,
$600 for a 10W cultivator, $5,300 for a 1,000 gallon bulk tank,
81,100 for etalle and feeder in the milking parlor, 82,500 for
milking equipment, $1,800 for a ailo unloedor and 32,000 for an
automatic weer ailage feeder.

The following cropping program can folio-ed: 51 earn a:
corn for gain, 115 acre: of corn silage, h? aoree of cute, 61: eoree
efheyandlZS acrea cfpaature. Mhquedandtentoneotgraee
ailage were herveeted tron eurplua pastime for supplementary aux-er
teed. total reedna produced on 1:02 urea or We land etchinh
202 are rented.

nulaborueedinthiebudgetinclndedthecperater,hn
full the hired men and two Ionthe of eeeaonnl help.

Table 11 ohm the receipte and «pounce involved in thie
plan. he receipt- amounted to 8h2,000, expeneee $311,199, and net
tan income 87,801. This in 22,053 acre than the benchmark plan.
Mle P in the Appendix chain that the new inveetnent in building-
andequipmontoanheanortiaedinaixandone—fourthyeara.

This plan provee the mpomui- that loose houaing ie more
eocnoninal than conventional houaing than euhatantial inoreeeee are
made in con mnbere.

- 88 ..
The Effect of Higher Milk Price on Returng on Inveetnent

the-ilkprioeandtherateotproducticnpereovarekey
‘tumnmummmmnmmwuupmamnmum
Inmtrdhmeylmiatheflieetidemtioninlflkpriee
mun-mists. Far-crecheehiptheireilktcthelevlcrh
earket average about 30.00 per hundredleight .m. a whoring
Walkmailktealeoeldairyataboutfi.00per
Wight.

rhetourplmtorranfleererecaleulatedaeiueulk
prieeotflusoperhundredeeightiaateadotnfiourw
teehovtheetreetotailkpriceennettanineoee. now
plan,uingaailkprieee£$h.50permndredlei¢ht,ahoeedanet
inoouorta,972vhioui-83,2zhuoummor1¢1u1pln. l'lan
1eh0eedenetincoeee189,113withagainoi’81h1overthebenchnark
plan. Plan2hadanetinecneoftll,h27eith82,h5$iecreeeeever
thenbnohlerk. Planjhadaaetinco-ot89,79?vithaaieee.
utflSmrthebenchnI-k. Pluthadautiuoaeectfihfifler
$5,829nerethanthehenehnarkp1an. fableQintbeAppudiamem
ammuemmmwmmmmu
yearatcanrtiaefieaddedinveet-ntineeehplan. Planlueald
nonintourteeeendene-haltyeeregnani,eiayearegflanh
mmgmmhmmmmmwmu
emtiaetheieveetent. mum-mmemkmu.
vuvinportanttaeterteeeeeiderehenplanningteerpendtheaiee
urn-mun. J

.59..
General-n0

melandonl‘arecvaenorerollingthenentheothertec
eaeetarna. Thiefareerneoperatingzlotillableaom otehich
“contented. fixehuildingeonthieferninolededem
etanchion here, a ho a 36 born need for hmeing replaoeeent heifere,
a30826douhleeorneribendfecdroon,a30160polehern,a
m20155eileandaeernoutnchineryehed. rho-unbu-
nepoorlalighted,hadeoeetalleteee-llterflolateineeee,end
ehoeed eigna or phyeioal deterioration. Thie tare m budgeted
onlyrorlooaehoueingbeeaneethephyaicalconditionandlecatioa
o! the barn me not euitahle tor upmding etanchicn hauling.

rhietarmvaeenkingh'lemueingapipelineailhr
intheetanchionhern. Thirty-charmeooweerehoueedinthe
atanohicnbarnaudllinthepolebern. mezoaSSeelentetave
jaileeaaequippodvithaeilagemlcederanderetawteeder. Thin
dairymneplanuingtoerpandhiahordtoloomueingaleoee
houeingdlnngparlermtee.

Thi- frmr had a full line of fare and forage equipment
including three treetore, eileunloederandfeeder, ad gutter
m. ThiehnneneeMtchaveZhOeoreeottillablelmd.
Four budgete were prepared, the benchmrk budget withh? cone; a
100» houaing and milking parlor eyeteu with 100 cove; one plan
providingtorprcducing'allteedaeededandfiiecthereneeithno
mtedlendbntpuroheeeofettrateed,anda1eoeehoueinglilkin¢
perlereyeteevithnOuIeandthemingei’ellteedneededflable
12).

.90..
mmmrormnc

mebonchnarkplonvaeaeeunedtohave‘dhanreeot.
cropland and h? nilk cove producing 10,500 pounde of ail): per our.
ASOpereenthnyandSGperoenteilegeforagereedingpo-egrenvae
need.

Thecropping programinoluded26acree ct ocrntor grain,
3h aeree or corn for allege, 20 me ofeheat, to acne or onto, 60
aoreaofhegandéDnereectpeeture. Graeaeilagevaeharveeted
tron 15 aoree of early aurplue paeture for euppleeenta‘ry lunar teed.

Thenchineryinveeteentaeentlupurchauprioeeum
hither“. Amnlineoffarlequimtincludingi’orage
eachinery, eilo unloader and feeder, gutter cleaner, bulk tank, and
' pipe line ailker ooet $29,630.

the receipte totaled 822,589, expenaea were $17,218, and
netincoeevae $5,371. Detaile of receipteandexpemeeeanhe aeen
11323111012.

ihelaborroreeeaaeonpeeedettheeperator,atulltiee
hind-nmdtvoamm-Wmthlflmm. mutu-
hadalarge-ehinaryendecuipnentinveeteentrortheeieeet
bueineeaeeeoweredeithetherrerueteiailareieeinlflehim.

 

uni-nat- [a 1 tor rune

Uaingaloouhouaingdlkingwrlereyeteytheheflin
nulmerpandedtoloonlkem. Automateedingmteelle
eeedtereplecepaeture.

-91..

 

 

 

 

fable 12. Betinatee ct Receipte, hpenaee, Net lncona and Ohmgee
in Invea‘huente for Benchnerk and Alternative Plane, Para
0. »
22 Benchmark Plan 1 Plan 2 Plnn 1
e
Type or barn Stanchicn houaing houaing houeing
number of eon h? 100 100 120
Dollare Dollare Dollare Dollar-e
Investmentgin:
Buildings - 16,705 16,705 18,825
Machinery and equipment . 9,875 1,075 12,000
Additional cove . 1 m 21,???
10m “‘1“ ”IBM“ - ' . .
Receipt”
xiii: 18,753 38,000 38,000 85,600
Liveetock 1,880 k, , h,800
Wheat 1,280 1- - .
Corn 6 6 b o b
rot-J. unipo- 25189, 82"“,000 m 387558
W' ,
Buildinge (Depreciation
iueuranoe k repaire) 1,168 2,166 2,166 2,367
Hechinery (Depreciation
ineurance, d: repaire) 8,926 5,698 5,108 5,833
Hired labor 3,800 7,350 6,300 10,050
Line, eeed, fertiliser 3,7h2 5,955 3,621 7,05};
reed purchaeed 698 1,856 12,391: 2,228
Balding 0.. 1,260 1,610 1,568
Hieccllnneoue dairy 1,175 2,500 2,500 3,000
1001, oil, and greaee 773 1,719 1,176 2,052
Gulton hm «- an 193 «e
Real estate texoe 1:66 7811 7% 866
Electricity and telephone 1:70 8’40 8140 . 960
cub M‘ - 1.860 C 2.736
Intereet on additional
invoement «- 1 7 1 7 2 2
2...; hpeneee m 35:73 38% 023%
M MOI! 5.371 3,273 3,537 9,887
Change in net income from
W .2 . 902 .1. 536$ 4'11. 076

 

 

-92-

table 13. Grop‘Aeree, Iielde per.icre and 200d Bought‘flnder
.Alternate Plane, Ferric.

 

 

‘ ' ' Flan. Plan lied Plan
crop unit ‘Iield Benchmark _ 1 2 bought 3

 

. ‘ «.--...m~-..- lore
‘ Corn grain Bu. 6? 26 11h - 3,809 55
con eilage rod 12 sh 86 86 - 112
not: Bu. 60 he 60 35 - 68
Wheat Bu. ho 20 - .. . ..
jut-1:: hay roe 3.2 60 118 32 276. no
jflreee allege1 You 7 15 - - - -
Pasture - 60 . . .. .
Storage feeding Ton 11 - 87 87 - 93

 

180... silage iewtrcn.early eurplue pasture.

- 93 ..
Table 111. Total Crop Production Under ilternate Plane, rare 0.

.Ie-r ... ----..4..- -— -.aler.e~ N oe-

 

 

 

WM“ 2 11%:
91:01: P Unit mi... cold men me... 5:; 33:1-
coo-n min on. 1,066 676 2,955 - 3.80! 3,685
0m eilage 2021 1:08 «- 1,032 1,032 «- 1,318;
Date an. 2,800 - 3,600 2,100 «- 8,080
wheat Be. 800 800 «- - - -
Alfalfa ha: 20: 192 - 373 102 276 “18
Grace allege 2011 105 - - .- .. ..
Storage feeding 20a - - 957 951 -- 1,023

 

 

-9h-

mmppmmmmmumannmm
Béumotoomlnm,wmnfluu,u8mlotwm
”mortualn-bmmutorgrussmutohotdm
mmntudmgponod. mum‘swotavsmum
ISSWmMmumpu-uuwm. thematic:
mproduudmuhnninhbhlh. .

mmmmumumsom-ummu
thopolobm, “.300 teta2h360 I110, $3.000tu-oom a»,
3500toromdolthooldbamforyomg phoi“$h.n5torndonm
mmmmnmmwlor. ' fl
' mommtuntc 1r. mklutyundoquipm um $1,700
for a one unload», $1,h00 for a iota-toot», “.00 far l» mu
lumtorthomtor,82,}00tomathomt500nnu
mwm:«.1,ooo;nmm.fl56oommqupm.
“.1100 tarot-11381111875 torclumhotutnhum. gum-1
mush-at in mum; and Wt. 1. $26,580. n. W in
”unmoonmuuusmomhmmmm
Wtwwummm. } . .

.mmoumuu‘mwupmmmmmw.‘
mmmmmmzmuwmmum
labor. mm.mmufl.3so.

hunted um mum was 852,000, W 033.727.
«mm-muss)”. ringworm-1mm“
mboohomdinrablou. Man-alminmmmotm
$2,9mmmwp1n. nmnmmnumu
manta-Worszé,saouanmmm

.95.
nmunuttnhno

mplmmuanumunulmeptmmumfi
mud. MmmmmmemmMun-uot
confer-115:0, BSm'ofuu, 87mo£u1£dtuhronmu
tormrmugczummszmotm; mtmghuu
mmuomunhmmumnnummam
”when”. ' '

mmhimandqnipmtmtmflnmum
uhmiorflanl‘huntrutor,aoompickor,mm. no
mrmuworm‘mm,mmnmu:um
Mmmthaoumnmor.fhu10thuom-WW
huhborthanuuudnflml.

ammumdorm,mmnmor1mumm
nu mm “.196 m 3.809 tubal: cream. $6.3M to: 216
tomothwdtl,856£or:bout25tom6fprou1n. .

mmmtmaummpuormmoowo:
638,163-66ng1“ 1.663.618.1331. uni-“mans
Wafnfifimmtmmnthobomhmkphn. Th1-
mummmnmymu‘mmmmtm
utmmmnmLV

11 to forhrIG

hMMgotthbflmWhflOmhyu-m
ummmnuwmmun. Ramadan-111m:-
monthctun. Thiannirodhwacmotflmblohndotihuh

228 mm m mind at 812 per non.

-96...
ummmmmkpluMMOSfim
:«ummummm.ss.hoomuon6om
It". .110, $3,600 for “not”. do, “.215 for n um... parlor.
82,200 ("tabulation $1,800 uranium-111p tutu,
“.moumnmmmkmnzfioommkm
Windinngpqu-W9md8afiootanm. m-
Manummsmmmm‘
mmmmlmfimummm.
mmorcmmumco,68mugtm.mmuw
m93motmmmw-mmmmm
III-tr. ' '
WmMWmth-otlaorpnmm
cuppnubymopmw,mrmuum-ummu
Wan-61mm. ' '
mwnmmkmmmwnmmussowo,
man-08160.55) and.u£tnooulu'$9.hk1. nun-“.076
mmmmmwmmmun.mm
autumn wmmtnnimtumt,
human-tourmummmudmm'mtn
banana-amt. mummnmunhomwu
“MmMmummntm.fimnhomgth-flnd
coitpumtotaumt. ‘ .
Inhblolhtholppwxhlhmthoutootmd
wmmmmmmamuuMIuin-c;n
MlmfonmdnmuMNpuubhtommudim

-97..

Mt for dairy structure. and equipment in about {in you-o.
mmmuummmdtornmawudumuu“
puriodsoftouryom. nmantommmmmiuu
armpmhuod,mn1-.mmonmtrmmoommd
tothobenchnrkplm,thulum¢1t1lpmibhtomm
imamuummnpndmipmtulmtmum.

. htm:tmuhomujorchmnhmuub
wm6humumumwmnm
mwtnmmmtugmmuum

.. 93 .
cm VII

8W m CONCLUSIONS

mama
h1960,umyornmrytmnuummcm
memdncudtotindntthomtnnmmwuu
mmummmpmwum,uuumflu
01%!!!me mmmmuwuw
mammmumzoummwm,mum
mmumwunnm’nmm”
yum. maturmmuwmmnm
mun.n.u.nuuthmudormumt-Omty
‘Amcul‘bnralgmt.
mnmmumnummw
“1301110130. Wlwnmmumwm
m,ompnmwnzmuunuh0mmmm
wumufiflummnm.
humfutbmputmmndw
ummmrmmmm-umum. 1h-
mmmmpxmmmpn,mmmm,ho.
mznwl7muw,mpnwzsmm
“Mplnmdflmmdmwmwm.
mmhamplmgodfimmtmmm
mum-351261965. mnmnWJSu-u
wimnndtheyplmdtomhi’byws. Mamas-m

-99-
otmumumuth-wrymmm-oupmmwmthq
pumauhmsabyvés. mumormnrmmm
mmummmmW'wvfi.

mnmupzamagedlsounabhmm,mnpn
awmmummdmmpmmmmumbu
mporm-n. wnum'tmmdmmuw
mmmmumdeomuw. Sixty-Wows
ormuxmaummmmmmumm
thuhadthomnlmdtoprodmthownafud.
smmtotthudmmummmm,
antmnningguthrclm,6§mntbdodthoirhq
mssmtehoppodmirw. Onlydxtuuhflhnydrym.
mm,mhndp1ponnontmtmmdmhnduu1kwnr
mun.
mmrmmmmtmmuamm
thcypunmdtouuummm,sl.paunto§muwmu
unnumhicnhaum,35pomntplanmdtomnu1uhbanm
mumntplmdumflnirmryhnndimham
hming-dMngpnrlorsy-tn.
OrtholhdflqmmGMpI,'53pcmtp1mdtom
“momma-ingnmontmemmmnghouhmguth
adlflngpclormnpcmtplmdumammbmmm.
mmpn;h2pomtp1mummmmm,16pomt
mumwmmnthaumngwm.mhzmmt
wumammmmnumm. harmpmSh
Mplmummmmm.9mtwum

-100.-
loouhouaingandséporoontplannodtonsoalutohbarnmm
ofhouling.

The Can Farm Studios

Three tam from tho group or 37 amend were «looted
for a hudgotary analysis of alternative system of homing and hard
lino.

Four budgets” figurcd for hull. Abonchllrk plan
Iichhlilkm,asvitohhardplmvith 11800118, astanchion
harnhonoingplanvithwcmandawmplanuingthopnunt
barn with a polo shed for young otock.

lot fan incomo for the benchmark plan and 214 cm was
$5,149)" If this farm: doubled the number of cm, addnd a
full-tinnhirodnan, mmmcmmmahuu. andndatho
investments needed for the larger hard all. u ontlinod in Plan 1,
not {an incona would be ruined by $1,790. Expannion of the
prolont barn to hone. 138 can (Plan 2) m mu loan profitabl-
thanPlanl. Incrmingthammboroi‘omfronzhtoBOby
oomrtingbomatallatoatanchiomandbuildingapolahamto
honu replacement heirera nomltod in a $756 inn-om in not income.
Son. dairy rm" can make substantial increaua in not neon.
by making anal]. investments in barn interiors and food storage,
and modest changes in the number of cm milked.

Fin budgets wor- praparod for case Fara B. m bench-ark
plan includodhhom inaatamhionbarn; PlanISOconina
stanchion barn, Plan 2 75 cm in a stanchion barn, Plan 3 60 m

om.

Wammdmumlumtnmdnuhlooom
mamnmmmmpummum.

”Miamhmplmdfitwum-flu
mmisa‘mfl. ammnmwuwsomm
(m1),mmmmnmuwwono. m,
ummmhunmapmdtmhoummnutm
wrotmmwmnmuusomtmm
hadbaonhmoodinthahauu'ahd. mummtm
uw75m(mt),mummmum
nmmmmnnsmmnmmm. m
mmuéoom.buildinsaailnnxpu1w.hatin¢han,auing
amailo,amulodotondtoadar(flan3)anflaoaontiutu
fadingmamultdinthllmofuflinmfmium. If
mtmmmmulmmwmam
mm.wmmw~mumsotmw.wm
Mnmtmmmm,mmm
mnmhimflmmnltmldhaanmadflfiflh
“MM-a ammmmnmmmhm
out-Justifytlnuatotohnngomrraaatmohiontoalom
humminrmmtnotmm.

tmcmmtortmtmplm. raw
findthumuincamuhmmdmgflnl
”finnmwmmm.apohhnndahhh
anhamdmumhnmathomunanlmt
mwmmmwu'mmtmtumm
amagumzmmmmnmmmm

.1093.
mtuanduntingadditiaalhnd.
mwmtormcuuuommhtm
nuitodinnnotmonorssan. name-117mm
hiahardtoIOOomOlanthiltaloafingahommailo,
ammoadarandtaodor,mrotafoadingaraa,andadonbhaix
honingbmmkingparlor,andhirodanmnn,thoutium
multitainoroaudhthm. nutmnuimum '
mmmwumtmmmummmm
rnmw(mu2),mmm1dhmuwn.sah I:
mum-“mummuomumnm-J.
mmmmmmuwwsmmé. '

Implications for mohigan and Pannoylnnia Dairy-on

Mammotahdgotiabpondantonmaamtiou.
nmmummmmnmuummm

plunuldhadittaflnt. mtmumrmumm
dittuaaotohiumpuntabiliw. Aaamltottmmhhn
mthmibnduaifliudnalmauhuplamiutnm
man-ion.
mtmmmluutowiatadtumm
munoomumummmummmmm
hwoaua,yialaoanboinormdbyuain¢mtm,
Wammmmandmintmiflmmh-o
Bonn fan- has. oound buildings with anoint bun mango-
aunt while .16... an obsolete and in and or repair or mince-mt.
Itaatanohionbunininpoorphyaicaleonditionanouodatoba

.103.
wituwumnmmmmmm
upthantobuildamotamhionbu'na Afla‘lorkltaw‘mlairy
housingmtanportodwohporhaadtorattanohionhanotls
conunleZpu-hoadroralmohminznilkingparlorinatdhtion.

Available labor min batman 2m familial. 8m him
whavounraluon-agaboyalhoomholptoomtorahm
'dairyhm,vhilaothufaniliumtdopondonnirodlahor. 8on0
Immhutadoloutohrgoindnatflaloontnaammtm
viththoatorlabor. harmmtwatathoirtanvith
tuilylabor,payhizhooottorhirodmor,oraddmlaboraafln¢
oquipmttonduoothonoadforrognlarhirodlabor. mascot
thooporatorandthoprospootatoroomototakamrthamratiu
.ofthafanalloholpdotorninothotypaofimumtandpnm
tornpaylont.

mmmummutmmuuw
factor to conaidor than planning for future expansion. In non cacao
thorax-luv audit-quantu- abilitytoonlargo thofarlbuainau.

m incl-taut point brought out in this otudy is that
imminathohardaiuMnotnoooasarilynaanthatnotinoo.
villimrmo. Mimtlmatbouoodinproperpmortimif
profit in to to mind. Daryl-on ofton nah. largo innotuontl
in on buildings and equip-oat without inorouing tho volun- or output
ononghtomi‘orthaaddodaxponu.

.10)..

Dairynon. with good atonchion ham n7 rodnoo not incono
toy-hitting to alooaahmincayatenunlooa thunk-rather
largo incraauo in hard ciao. Gov numbers mat ho 1mm“ in
unitl‘that m. into inorouu thioh each additional an an mu.

.1”.

Appondixi'ablol. mammmumm—n

 

 

 

WNol
A m}. of far- hobo} at
roar f ‘ with dairy om ‘ «no:
19m. 132.627 yams
" 1951: 83.212 796.635

 

 

 

 

m W
:.s.nupmmotoo—ru, HQWW
VOIo 1. Pto 60'

Ammo. Ghangoainnlvootnuto, sworn-limo“
lobar toroo {my Por Para, niobium Aroo
S. 1‘7'19590

 

 

 

nu 19m 1959 _ ' W
rot-1 mun-ant 23,851: 19,561 833
mm mm 3.156 10,091 189
Ali-1 unit. “.0 55.2 20
rota: aoooo 215 290 3!
2mm. amo 16: 228 hi
Noah-r o! noun 1.? 1.8 6

L—M _._ ._4 , , - k , ...

 

llama. mmmummm 12555523,“;
mm“ Stat-o guano-1w. emu; W 3min, at, Icon.

-106-

App-lumc. mmmutmmctnm
. Vain-1 pom-Am momma sum.

 

 

 

 

too:- on! math 1912-11; - 100 BET-h? 1- 100
3‘1: 19M 89 53.2
M: 1956 235 no.0
it. 1. Eliot, Chan-Ion and othoro, For Statistical Borioo of a
U.‘ 3 mt of «ultimo V0 . 1 Valm
, m taro 0. 118, pg. 11.

Appndix'rablo D. Sun-17 «‘1chme
W 01101" 21.0

——

Lungs loos. housing
tho nolatiwo to

 

Ohmjob Comparisons" oonwontionolbamti.

m ..--.-...M--.--
man; 10 8h 97 6:
mm 9 80 91 51
man. 11 86 :75 23'
cunning lo 80 m as
And-137m" 1h 19 96 61

 

t1. o.mnuaw.t.nm, 'nmmmdmhutora
nooling with noon and GumumlDau-y Cattlo Honsing,‘ m

W April 1955. Vol. mun. lo. h. p. hoe.

'37 «Errol-oat invostigationo or sub ohm-o in looso housing and
oomtioaol stanohion bans.- .

Wmmumgum ondoi’dairyohoroo, including
wilting, fading, hodding, and alanine-

.107.

wrongs. Primhidrormpntoandhimloooivolm
Oatpntl.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ton
hohol

calm no «1111 an m on - £10.00
hill, at not tan ).5 tort M. - 3.80
1.1-. ' r.- s.so -
W (0-20-20) 'ron 68.00 «-

($40.20) to: 15.00 -

(33—0-0 ) M 90.00 .
can soot sun-1 11.70 .-
0»- soot 011-1161 1.50 -
Hhoat and nun-1 2.75 -
11:11:11 oood 1 01:11.1 31.20 -
Inns grooo oood Bosh-1 39.00 -
Bind labor, ooaoonol mm 300.00 .
Bind we} rozuloo 1m 3,000.00 .
$1.2. 1...... hum“: w

-108.

Lppandix tabla 1'. Rataa Hood in Istinatiu Hiaaollanaous Opening
kpamas and Construction Costs.

 

 

 

m1. oil, and mass

em for grain taro 3.60
can for oilags " 31.50
hall grain ‘ ' 3.15
Bay, on cuttings ' 3.15
Grass silaga, cna [cutting " 1.80
Pastors ' .55
Hauling mo ‘ out.) Gas 2.00
Hauling aunt-a status tooding systaa) ' 3.00
Bingo choppor and hlosao lions 10.00
maaallanoous dairy . cow $.00
Ilactricity and tolaphoaa (up to 60 cows) ' 10.00
' ' (61 to 120 cows) ' 6.60
W

mummandinsmnooon
buildings

nspnciatimlaapiraandiasuranoaan
minor:

' 11ta19
Iatarostonana-haltaaainaat-antin
=ildingsaniaachiaoryand£ullinvastmt . ‘
Mosutotaahasaoonvaluoroaloststa ' ' 1.25

“sanction”

hhharna ‘flqaaratoot 1.10
stuwhion barns, 20 cows scissor 0011 500.00
Stamhion barns, 21 cows arms " £80.00

counts for humus Squats foot .30

 

A .... A 1 A

.109.
Monaco. mmmmrormuysmum'

 

1V , .fi.
. .._. ....

 

 

 

 

1...... .. m
1.... 01.11 25 - ' 11,000
26 - 30 _ _ 10,000
31 .. 60 10,500
61 4- 75 1 10,200
76 .120 10.000 ,

 

Appandiai'ahlon. Inputsoflaad, m,uLi-r¢mo

 

 

 

 

 

 

has! in Mats.
a,” ‘4 H“ , 1b.} A 5" L Wkg‘
00111 ‘10 1M. 0 2m '- “51
Mt 2 Mo '0 200 «I ”
I0.“ ' 2 M. G 200 C O
11:11:. ‘

MEN.” 11'. 1,000 as 300 an
Alfalfa h” a so 3m 0
Grass silaga «.- .. 300 ..
W ‘ fl . m u
Il-lsad for corn following corn. W

MMotdfaltaandfivapoundsothrouaaad.

-110.

Appaniini'ablo I. lstinatdmualQuantitiasofroraga,01-sinani
Pu IaddParoowInclndinglopluo-nt-
Bait forPoriodofBax-nfading.

 

, 365W
751W 501W 25$!!! stat-ago

 

lads j Unit 253 ailaga 50$ snags 75$ silago fading
mm- m on. 5.11 1.0 2.5 11.22
Bingo tom 11.5 0.6 12.9 13.25
lay aquiva1ont1 foaa 6.9 6.9 6.9 11.0
01-11113 Lbs. 3.300 3.300 3.300 3.300

w oil noal Lbs. 330 396 Us 595

IlapiooomnthoifarsnooaivodSOporc‘antofthoforagaraquironsat
ofthocows. fhaysaaoivadfiparaontaaoilagosndflparaantas

’rnohisaJOOpomaofgz-ainparaowformgatosk.

an. in: ...-flags .hafllgsglofiqflg
Egg; .3 .m-§k‘nfil03§ui§§ c.9003 1;

  

£0... til-11.1150. 1"“ :10; {fiii gin-1:! £1.10;

a." 04 n. a «.0 w. o w. o a... u.c a..." 3 min 3 noon... mason
.. ....n ....m a... a... a... 3 a.“ n6 .1. a.» a «5.8.. I...» 5 ......
2 n c .. n o u a a a m a I... l. an I: ......
d 3 a a s l. a a on. 3 on 3 Ill-3......

Hun-In
m... o.« 0... m6 A003»... .8 a... 3.3.2
ad 0.“ a... 23 IS
...a oi as $8 and .95- 8.8
0... ad 0A o.u Ba:- 9.8
o.~ o.“ . 38
m... 0.“ m6 2!...
o... m... . m... ...... 9n o.« .58
a
.. .... .34 ,. .- ..r . sank—bacon

 

  
  

or. ”a .... o .5 er; . .
fifizgzkgighog

«...-«.38. 282.»... n... 9.6 5 one... no 80335. has... ... .28 5.313

om.

Lppsndixfoblax. Squipaoatlnvostaant, bananas,0oprosiatisa
' snllapairsiltasnatiwo Plans, Mali, 3,
.1100.

W
Dairy Total Annual
Plano WMWWW asst

 

 

 

22.6
W}: 5.300 2,910 7.180 11.375 19.773 3.328
Plan 1 5,300 7,270 10,130 5,925 28,633 11,185
rm 2 5.300 7.270 7.108 7.526 ‘ 27.533 , Moo
Plan 3 5.300 2,910 7,223 0,375 20,800 3.1191
rm 0
W 1,000 0.195 11.105 1.760 ' 10,060 3.509
rm 1- 11,000 0,195 1.105 3.160 20,660 3.50!
an 1 11.000 0,195 1,105 5.960 11.060 3.039
rm 3 31,000 0,195 1.105 10,200 37,100 11,631
Plan I. 1.600 0,195 11.1105 12,700 32.900 5.610
E's-...};
W 6,100 6,025 9,630 6,775 19,630 1,026
m 1 6,100 6,025 12.330 9.150 «35.005 5,698
Plan 2 5,200 6,825 9,230 9,2150 30,705 5,101
rm 3 6.1100 6,825 13.230 11.150 37.605 5.833
””4 i: 2‘ m

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.5.
.ét3§d§i§§.lfl3§ .303..- ...-Zuni...

 

3.3.36.3 838m...“ §.«§.fi 8303.0 3.. an... 3....

ii, ii i; i i i i

mu8m.mu8m 1.,1e1‘1,1.m 1 Elana»;

mum on»; w“... 8...... 1 . 1 1 1 1 n . . 1 _ 8...... 0.0.3.
on 088 E o8..." 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 255.. 8.088
«3 80... Pa. 33 .. ...... on...
R... 83., 5 on...“ .2 on... 1 1 .o 3:. ....
RH com.“ 3 8m.” 1 1 on new . 1 o 1 on. 3 8303

1 1 1 1 so 8.... cm. 68$ , m . ...... 8 8:03

 

 

 

1 1 m? an.“ an. emu.“ an. e an... an n ...u .80... an
8. 8....“ 8m 8.; 8n 8.... 8n 8..." 8.. a 8.} 0503 .38
1 1 1 8 8a a 8 8a.. 8 c 86.. .33 «a.
80 80 «a 8n . 80.“. o8 08 «a 80 08...: can m 80.” E8
05306 2.3-3
11111111111111 5.5111111111111111;
gggngthfiaangangosfig Inn

as exgggngufloag anodes; sagas clog:

 

 

10H
3
3'
E
a
3-

 

 

 

 

 

.0 5 .
:3de 950355.? .895 .3 u:- og .5330:an .393..an 553 ..n 3.39 5.33%:

.115-
AMI-blob. mozmuaMI-nmn
Duty 5mm and kw Mr Altman

 

 

"All. M ‘0
M A an 1 ma 2 Plan 3
Additional What in dairy
mm and equip-Int W05 322.125 . 83.1370
W W
with Idlk at 83.80 M. .
(1) m- u not has 4,520 4.333 «M

(a) «a «pa-Oman
elm-p1 1.1“ 1.037 315

0)addodhtomtma ' m g  _3§~
Md. 03116 0818 01.211

nth .1: want intend. u.6 53-0 3-1/5

fimmummammmm. ‘

'nmmpuwmwumwum
mama-11pm

-111-

Whack mnwmuomwn
Bury Stu-«tun. and Equip-lat Unau- Altman
mm,hnluthananot$3.floom

W

Plan Phi: Phi: nu

Ital Ag 1 . 2 3 3

Additional 11:70th in
dairy “matures nnd

equipment 35.500 $21,110 ”L330 335.950
Mutant nomad
mall: nth Ink a
$3.80 at.
(1) can in not in”. -310 9318 461 02,05)

(2) .3:ng

u_‘_

, 280 1.297 3.575 3.895
. (J) aid-d int-mt chars-2 .325 .922 .122 1.212
hm .135 02.253: 02.9”: ”.037

 

foul t1- (yun) to m:
added taunts-at, with .1:
out inter.“ and-11k nt

Mom-m. who 13-1/1 11-1/3 64A

meutmohnpmmbufldimwdmmt.

   

”Int-rut chug. «wanna-1 aluminum
mmmWn-umnt.

WWO.

Om.
Hymn-unamuuum

mummmunmmmu
WMfiMunm,m-l
nusmm918h50m.atthom

   

an an 71- an

 

 

 

______n. my: 4.
MES. '
.20.?” 823.623 ‘33.“; 320.350 ”3m
(3m 1.760 2,000 3,000 1,500 k.”
M 832 o - - .
M ’8 , 0 ID - Q
rota locum- 833.3%; m m cm W
n: a ”13.69) 316.512 ”5.9” 320.,” .M”
Eat moon- 0 8,91! 0 9.113 nun 8 7.191 313.801
Investment 1'.-
mad
with In]: it
81:50 at.
(1) an in _
m 11'. ¢ m 3.55 335 5:33,
(2) add-'6 mn- f
mun chum - 280 1.291 2.575 3.895
(3) and W
m - .132 .91 .122 2.212
m 586 5.385

hm 10.803

 

 

-119.

WWI. mummuua mull
mammwm
“manna-,MC.

 

I“! Phil fill! an)

Additional invent-Int in
«in structure- a!
Quip-art . “6.580 ”7.730 ‘30.";

What W
annually with Ink it
$3.80 at.
(1) sun in m in... «.90: 4,531: 3.015

(2) um um '
w 1.535 19’“ 393“

(3) ma 13m
‘ chira- .129. .32 .25
10m 6.105 ”a 3.”,

Apps-aunt. t1. (yours) to
madam
withdwpmontinm . S 1’ 3

7w w“ ‘ r-«fl M
IWuMumWI-amam
”muonupmmamwumw
“Quip-fltflmm

 

 

-120 0

3mm
1. Book-

Berlowe, Raleigh, Land Resource Economics Prentice-Hell, In“,
Eaglewood We, R33 3, ereey, 15%.

Bradford, Lewrenoe 1. end demon, Glen L., hr- Mt Anglo. ie,
JohnWiloy and Sons, 1110., New York, 19 .

 

Reedy, Earl 0. end Jenna, Harold 3.335579.“ loom-i.“
Puntioe—Eell Inns, low Jereoy,

Johneou, I. Show end loom, Smooth Lamont Ghengee in W
Fee and in For- Income," Problem end Policiee et Aim-1m

lamina, Ion Stete mod. u, e, .
0e 3e Mu of GCW’ unit“ 5““! cm. E m:ggm. 122.

Wheeler, Riches-d 0. end Bleak, John D., For Bnooeee
W W “him-1% 55': fiv- ”55‘

B. lolleuuendnopefle

Ame, nonroe and othmfluount e! rot-Ll meeetible Initiate and
Diseotible Protein mono-d pu- Aore in Certein tong. anon."
Pennazlvanie. hr- end Hone Pl___eo__q_in§ Handbook, Conpihd by the

y min tote U unity Fm lieutenant and Bone Wt

Extension ammo-u, p. 118.

53k“, 3. Be “W! ‘e ‘e, M% Waz MOW“).
Wat sum. 2. '
m, B. L, m, H. “g, Hoghnd, G. R. and m, ‘0 Se.. mm
Requirement“ for Herringbone and Other HilkingByeton
W1nu1izm «1.

Michigan Agriculture]. W StationQoarter
u, 30. h. w 1959.

flown, L. 3., Gersill, B. I. end Bookhout, B. 3., Pen-% 3% Bone,-
Hichigan Agriculturol Wort Station Bpeo tin , '
1950. .

M, L. H... end Elwood, Everett 3., Michigan Stete

Univereity cooperative nun-ion orvioe Accounting Project,
11m 5 upon, south-contra Michigan, 19w. ,

o 121 .-
Burl, O. 3., Effect of Work Method: end Bail

 

 

Gergill, B. I. end Releton, H. P., 'Iooee-Honeing for Deity Gettle
' in Steel Buildings, ' Michigan Agricultural Wt Stetlm

MI Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1955.

comma, a. Lee Jr. The Wee or Heehenieel L
Cleaners V -

Gloom, Theyer, Thompeon, Herold J., end Took, Robert 0., Stell Berna
mmmmn Nor-lotion Bulletin 12 ,
culture, may 1951..

Cole, Goren I... Hoheniel, emu. 1:. end Mitchell, a. 3.,

Cut end Returns Univereity of Delme Agriculturel
mm nan-tn 33h, m.- 1960. 1

0m, 6. J. end Button, G. A" That Driere tor Goring Bey,’
Economics Corne1§80nivereity Dependent of Agricultural loononioe,
”a March 19 e

D”. In He, m, Re ‘6 ‘3‘ PM, 0e ‘0’ Efffl‘ 9‘ H.“ 81” m
Chore labor Minneeete Agrioolturel W Stetiu Efi

5139. June {359.-

llliet, l'. 1., Cheirnnendethere,bendve1eeeendmneeeee,
orBtetietioel serieeortheu s. to! . tore

   
 

  

   

mm, 3011114 8., Begin . .. . .
Borne Come :
with m. October 1959.

m’ M Be. 033m hats ”d H

   

ath, R. R... Daweon, Jo Re, end Iopland, De 'e. Relative Milk

Production at cm in Pen Borne end StenohionWCirenler
i353 i955.

-m-

Kill.fl.B.,FereeinTrenei Wtuemmmaw.
mehigen te vereity, peper preeented et the kneel Conventien
of the Michigan Reel Eetete ieeooietim, Perl Broken Seetiu,
Heokinew Blend, September 1959.

t of
nimeity.

We. B.,"Deiryhrungieefieeedeer6henge,'mhienhre
Boone-d." Deperteent of Agriculture]. Wee, E. 133.
Wat. Univereity, 1960.

now. no Rd. W, no ’0. 1101003, no '0' ”d Raff“. Ge ’0.
W Quality end Protein Feeding of Dairy Cove} liehigan
Wham W3 Btetion w Donetin, '01. 38.
he 3' De “3. 10513-17 1956.

HOMd' 5. Be. W. J. ... ID‘ m. U. 9., mm m
Other Milking Syeten .. Operetione end Inveetnente,' mohigen
Agrizultureiysk’perimt Stetion gutter}; mun, Vol. kl,
“Ooh . m e

England, 6. 11., end Eerie“, O. 11., i Reeeereh on the

of Alter-lathe Peeture tone at
oe unease-e13}: o. 9 , October 1957.

MM, 0. 3., my. I. In. WI ’0' 3e ‘1‘ am, it. "e. .W
e: Tower end flanker Sine," Michigan Agriculture),
Station m 3111““. '01» Id. HOe 2, W 1958e

 

Hoglnnd, o. 3., Soil Omemtioninxi en .2: eeendl'roo
Mohigen : - r <-~ .. tetion, ... to
Anionlmrel Icon Speciel Bulletin 3914, Jennery 195$.

Boglnnd, 0. ll. blononiee » in Booth-den Hiohi '

Michigan .3 >
leptenber 1958.

'1'" 1.5-1?- eu’ .mh .“ 1 z 5’. I.

 

   

Jerv'eeeo, Elm, Hoeer, Roy 2., end Gm, Lee 11., Pen end Stenehiee

   

m

.123-

Klein, 3. 3., c Hichigen Stete Unimity Ooeporetive
kteneien ee, Wen Folder 13162 , 1953.

Lee, John B. Jr. end Cheetein, E. D., Problen Reco5%tien in
mmneeemm m M “an t C. “I“

hperinent Stetion , Po c o titnte, Bulletin
319, November 1959.

Helm, Jen-e, Wheeler, Richard, 'Prioee for Pete Plenning in the

1960'”. Hiohigon Btete Univereity, Deperteent or Agriculturel
Boononice Fact Sheet.

Pedgett, J. R. end heeier, T. 1..., Economic ie of rtent
1 to of Peru dementia—Wt
A . tion, B tin , ovember 957.
Porterrield, I. D. end ethere, Ghooee Confortehle Stell for Tour

Dei Gm fleet Virginie on,

3601*” H. to ‘1‘ Butt, De Re. ‘ 0! mm H
in 11.8 W New Helee Depertnent of A tore, Divie
drying, 9.0-. o, 1951. -

ShCJ-don. U. He, Mt. De to. Killian, pm, “Id We 8e :0.

Ber}; Cut Eli: end Mechenieel %§, mohigen Btete Univwreity
pent re ne e, I: neion Folder 1-288, April
1

O

shute, J. 1.. i or .. . Cattle .. -- uireneute to
Stall end use Hone v: i . - University 0 Hinmeote
nix-om. ' 0

Stenton, B. 9., Pi line mun Ite Plece on Your Fern Cod-hell
mummy dam

Stewerd, R. 1., A Field Stu of Practice in Iooee Houei of Bed.
mu. 1. .53.... W
m, 1950.

Boner-y of Dairy nerd Wet ieeocietion Reeorde for 1959 with
deteenprogreeednringwyeereefteetmg, The Penneylvenie
Stete Univereity, college of Agriculture, Divieion of theneien.

Werren, S.w.,'0eete£hildin¢8tellflemeendPenBeme,hre
Eocnoeice Depertnent or Agriculturel Boone-ice, Cornell

 

is. Econ. lo. 212, lurch 1958.

fiteel, 8. 1. end ethere, Cettle Hone Vieconein igricultnrel
We Stetion, Regi etin 7o, Revieed October 1950.

an“.

Hiteel, 8. 1. end Heieier, 3. 2., Looee Hone-Lei er Stenchiee %
Bertie: Univereity of. moonein i c tur to

503, 1953.
.Uiteel, 8. 1., Prom in % Perlor Reeeerch, Univereity e:
Hieoonein, decoy-op , .
Uoodwerd,f.l.,The nShedco with eClee
w Cm, USDA , e
o. Periodicele

ingue, R. C. end Berr, w. I», “in ippnieel or leeeerch Literature
Deeling with Loeee end Conventional Deiry Cettle Hoceingfe

review, ifl gr Deg-z Science, April 1955, Vol. mun, lo.

"intonation of e Dairy Peru: The fire Qnerterly, Winter, 1960, Tel.
11‘, ”Ge 1‘. Fe 820

Betteneny, a. 1. 'Rete a: mum; um HechineefJ, Ag, w.
Anetrelie, 7:160, 1950.

Bowen, 1., 'thBoildefieeBu-nMToeCencnthhorinIm
Prceent Bern, Hoerd'e mum, 96am, October 1951.

Collity, H. 'Rete of Milking Hechinee,‘ W 261
99, 19b. *

Md, re Be .34 F”‘. ‘e 8e. Wt! m m rm“...
Journal or 251.31 Reeeerch, 150., 19147.

richer, I. 8., Etubber lettuce for Deiry 6ettle,‘ W
100.893, October 1955.

m'emmame.m,wemrnesmmmmm
Perlor, W Vol. 1014, no. 23, Beeenher 1959.

Hoglnnd, O. 3., W Induetry Todey Journel of 922'! Being, Vol.
XLII,N0.6,Jm1951,p.11 e

”Oh“. ‘e Le Ind M. De Le.” sup. 1’ rm M37
M” W 99' 737. Angm 1951..

.325.

O
‘qu 'Pdleflfleyinthem,
mmphn.mdiiorflcy,

w hrnJoumel,Heyl960.

' I
hine Milking,
w ...“... o. 'idzigveyeflec
“1‘??th J. 13.. web. 19 .
. 3' _ A A b

"I7'1]@fl’flfli’fifliflflflfl’fl'flfifl'1'“