A STUDY OF MIGRATION AND COMING SN ME RURAL-WEAR ERENGE 0F ELEM, MICHIGAN Thesls for We Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Anthony J. Diekema 1958 v.1! "MW"wwwwww'i OVERDUE FINES: 25¢ per W per item RETURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS: Place in book return to remove charge from circulation records ‘ OCT 1 2001 MAY 05 2005 311802 A STUDY OF MIGRATION AND C(MMUTING IN THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE OF FLINT, MICHIGAN by Anthony J. Diekema AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Science and Arts of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology 1958 2/ // ‘ // / QM Approved t 'ICO (A43 74/! . 1’ ‘ U lam/x... Anthony J. Diekema Abstract In order to investigate some of the sociological demensions of migration and commuting in an urban fringe a questionnaire was distri- buted to 362 households in the German School District, which is loca- ted in the rural-urban fringe area of Flint, Michigan. The specific hypotheses which dealt with migration were concerned with the direction and time of movement of the fringe residents. Accord- ing to direction of movement, three types selected were: (1) centrifu- gal migrants, (2) intra-fringe migrants, and (3) centripetal migrants. Thus it was found that recent settlement of the fringe area has been largely due to centrifugal movement from the city and is decreasingly a direct result of centripetal movement toward the city. The amount of intra-fringe movement was found to be no different than that of centri- fugal movement. A number of variables in which differences were expect- ed between centrifugal and centripetal migrants were: (1) occupational status, (2) place of employment, (3) age, ()4) family size, (5) home own- ership, and (6) residential mobility. A Chi-square test applied to mea- sure the significance of the differences revealed significance (5 per cent level) in only one instance. Some directional tendencies were observed, however. The test supported the twpothesis that a larger pro- portion of centrifugal migrants are employed in the city. According to time of movement, three categories selected were: (1) natives, (2) old migrants, and (3) new migrants. Thus it was found that four-tenths of the households were old migrants to the Flint area while three-tenths were new migrants, and only two-tenths were natives. A number of variables in which differences were expected between these groups were: (1) age, (2) residential mobility, (3) occupational status, Anthomr J. Diekema Abstract and ()4) place of birth. A Chi-square test applied to measure the signi- ficance of the differences revealed significance (5 per cent level) in three instances. Old migrants were found to be older and residentially more stable. Most of the old migrants were born in other places in Michigan but the greatest proportion of new migrants were born in the southern United States. The specific hypotheses which dealt with job-commuting by the fringe residents pertained to mode of transport, distance to work, and time spent en route. Two hypotheses were supported. Commuting dis- tance to work was directly related to the number of riders in the commuting vehicle. A smaller proportion of women than men drove cars to work. Three hypotheses were not adequately supported, although two of them showed differences in the expected direction. An additional significant finding was that white collar workers spent less time in canmuting to work than blue collar workers in spite of the fact that they traveled longer distances. In general, both the significant findings of this research and the directional tendencies observed should be examined more intensively in future research on migration and commuting in the rural-urban fringe. W. -. l- A STUDY OF MIGRATION AND COMMUTING IN THE RURAL-URBAN FAINGE OF FLINT, MICHIGAN by Anthony J. Diekema A TEuSIS Submitted to the College of Science and Arts of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology 1958 L < - p a" CO. 513.]; ACKJONLE'YHENTS The writer is indebted to a number of people who helped and encour- in the undertakin: of this project. I an especially grateful ntion of m" interest in to Dr. L=o F. Schnore, both for initial stimul the prohlexrx and for the time 91d effort <-_.--;»e.aded in the development of the research design and the field work; and to Dr. William H. Form, who became my thesis adviser in the absence of Dr. Schnore, without whose ‘tions this study would not have \ _) valuable supervision and pertinent sujju: been completed. Grateful acknowledgment is likewise Liven to all other 00 numcrous to mention, contri- members of the department who, in ways t buted conside~ably to this project. Finally, I also wish to thank hr. Frank Harhnan, Superintendent, and the teaching staff of the Carmen School for the excellent coopera- tion and ass:st\n04 given me in the collection of the date upon which this study is based. .:.,‘I L?“ ”-F f‘C‘YV’T"‘ i.“ A.) | \J IAIJ..LII\- VJ A) o: :'A men 1“. n 1" 1 o ARK—l“ I. IEE‘TLOT'JFSITIOI! o a o o o o o I O O O o O 0 O 0 O o o O a l . w p h vrmx- - . .~ 1n » ~ ’ 1.. ReVie.-I 0.1. nelet «ant Lita din: e . . . . . . . . . . Z "‘4. «J» r“ T .7 '~ 1‘ _ I . ULIC.‘ (31.6.1113 Of ‘Iy ptjtiLECJCS . c o o o o o o u o o o . 11 I‘ “( VL‘I‘ 1 l ”"7 [J (J . .1'-'..L:. LOCJ) 0:91 o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ,J -° “?Jr"L. ‘ ‘., ’7- . D. Limit.tions of tLE :tudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . ? q-r,‘ 1“ ~r~- (1:? r‘ r'm II. ‘-‘:FJ LL‘L- -"’,J.‘.\.'.J.:1. slit). 0 o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o 23 A 0 [Tile FI’lIl;C o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o 2 B. lhc ":rnan School District. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 C. 11110 POTulatiOll 5 o o a o o a o o o 0 o o o o o o O 2 III. J:IL;LLTIOII o o o 0 o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3‘ (*5 . Dim‘L'C‘CLL i011 Of I'J‘Ai‘ert/iono o o o o o o o o o a o o o 11.2 B. Time of I'figretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sh C. SUI-1515‘” 0 o o c 0 o o o o n o O O O O 0 o o o o O 60 IV.COifI-IUTING....................... 63 A. Mode of Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B. Distance to Work... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 C. Time Spent En Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ’7 J A -. D. D EL‘uamr o g o o o o o a O I o o o o O o a o o I O V. SLR: JlitY [LIED COIITILIJSIOIIS. . . o g o o o o o o o o O O 0 Sb, .. .: n y. i" 4 . * n n Aw.» l 3- ”n. r, A. Lnj‘licattons ioi mu thel Res-tnhh . . . . . . . . q? “’73 " ‘Y . (“-9 -‘iglLIOSAiLRT o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 CU PPESDICLLO 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o o O O :22 A . GOV-Erin-S Latter o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o c o 93 B Q QUtJStiOIlllaiI‘e o o o o o o o o o o s o o o o o o I 9’4. C. Outline Rep of Carmen School District . . . . . . lOO F4 #4 0 III. IV. VII. VIII. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. LIST OF TARLES 1 1" ts!) r; lube Poliul--.‘,.i_:-“rl J\.;'i\4':."d ’ O .) ""1 l ""g 7 . '1‘ " P‘."" L, lL.‘\ L, L:... ‘.,4. g- .1. . .i- o o o o o o o o o o “J I ' ' A ‘ l ',.- - I“? -'~ ~- 1 .‘ ~ ,1 5‘ ' J,» 1'01". J- c ya i. ...1‘ J .g, -...- ‘ 1L5. 0:" OJ. -1 “C: x." . V _. 1 fi' ~ —. .‘. ’ 1 ,_, . ._ '0 _ , --1 v... I v Us. ‘~—l& vv ‘0( do lth J-\ J C C O C O 0 . 1 ‘ "8 ‘ 1 n Y r- ‘l ‘v § . i . 1. n. ‘ -' r ‘l‘ ‘ l 4 .4 C KLL ll ‘ O... lOUSLlIU CC) ‘3 1L1 UlLC uglinlgin .JCLIOO J») .... x H U a I o o I o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o O «~‘-.1pl '7-..~.*r~," T -~ ,r --.(“1v\ ‘0 fin '3-."‘ ‘7 (‘1 t:"1r~ ‘. ~ J.- 3 «q qr.- Li\'-* ks - 4‘. vLsil - 'c.\\.)] \— '-\.¢(_l‘..) ‘,I_'_ .10‘-L-)C.'1 Iw‘~--(.:.L J .— .1 11- Sb LIE-«l Idan School District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Part-time Farming in the Carmen School DiS4TiCto~o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o a 0 Occupational Status of Kale Heads of douseholds in the Carmen Fringe Area Derived by Two Separate InVGStngtj-OIISooooooo009000000000 Place of Employment of Male douseholders and'dorking Wives in ‘he Carmen Vchool District . . . . . . . . Occupational Status of working Hives Derived from (.L'HJO SCI)?I1:JUe I111“: Stigl‘itions o o o o o o o O o o o 0 Formal Educational Attaima-nt of Iouseloldcrs in the C “man School District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Migrant Status of Xouseholds in the Carmen School DiStriCt. 0 o o a a o 0 o o o o o a o o 0 a o a o 0 Occupational Composition of Three Types of fiigrant Li’f‘!.‘.CGzloldS o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o o l a o 0 Composition of Higrant Grouns by Place of Employment. Age Composition of Migrant Status Groups. . . . . . . Family Size of Migrant Status Groups. . . . . . . . . Family Size of Migrant Status Groups for Households with Kethers hS Years of Age or Older . . . . . . . Tome Ownership Status of Three Types of Migrant Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 20 30 31 32 33 52 TALIE ml. XVIII. XIX. XXII. XXIII. XXVI. XXJII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. ‘ ‘ Composition of Ui;r nt Status Groups 03 Residen- tial IIOLilj-tb.o O O O O O O I O O O O C O O O O 0 Inc Composition of I'Iigrunt Steins Groups . . . . . Len th of Time Spent at Present Address by Hi StatusGI‘OupS.................. Residential Mobility of Migrant Status Groups. . . onposition of Three Types of Migrant O O Q [.4 2 5+- 1: H 0 I.) f.) [.4 C‘) ‘_.n\‘_\ L.i-.,I~...uoooooo000000000000... Cocposition of Migrant Status Groups by Place of ri.‘ -W. J--L-L"4~OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.00 Mode of Tronsportation to Work Used by Working Ken and Wamen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode of Transportation Used in Job—Commuting by Occupational Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Male and Fens e Connuters by Dis- tance Traveled to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode of Trivol to Work Used by Long and Short Dis- .” 1,,‘ . tunce C hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Short and Long Distance Commuters oy Number of Riders to Work. . . . . . . . . . . Distance Tr veled to WOrk for Occupational Groups. Distance Traveled to werk For Age Groups . . . . . Time Spent En Route to werk for Male and Female COITUQUIael‘S a o O o o o O o o o o c o O O O O o o 0 Place of Nork for Short and Lens Time Commuters. . L2 Time Spent En Route to Work for Types of Commuters Time Spent En Route to work for Occupational Groups. \71 ~] C-) \."l U1. \0 76 78 79 80 FIGURES FIGURE PAGE I. Outline lisp of Flint and Adjacent Townships Depicting the Location of the Curman School Dis-CIVi—CtOoooooooooooooooooooooolj C: mPTiflR I INTAOJUCIION The population surrounding the larger cities in the United States has been increasing at a rapid rate during the last three or four dec- ades. Population grows by natural increase or net migration. The rapid growth or the rural-urban fringe has been mainly due to net migration. This population movement has been accompanied by an enormous growth in commuting, since most of the breadwinners in the fringe work in the city. The problem of this thesis, in general, is to investigate the rela- tionships found within these two important movements; migration and com- muting. The rapid growth of pOpulation in the fringe areas around cen- tral cities has created and aggravated a host of problems to which solu- tions need to be found. Problems of administration, finance and control are growing with the increasing pOpulation in the fringe.1 Yet surpris- ingly little iniormation is known about the two basic forces which cre- ate the problems; namely migration and commuting. While it may be true that some of the apparent complexity and disorder of the rural-urban fringe merely reflects our ignorance about social life in the fringe, research with this area and its population is necessary to appraise the magnitude of the problems which constantly arise. LFor a discussion of some or these problems see Zimmer, Basil G. and dawley, Amos H., "Approaches To The Solution Of Fringe Problems", Public Administration deview, Vol. XVI, No. A, Autumn, 195s; and their “Property Taxes EHEISolutions to Fringe Broblens", Land Economics, Vol. XXXII, No. b, November, 1956 I A study of the rural-urban fringe around Flint, Michigan is an appro- priate setting to study migration and commuting. There are few cities in Michigan that have undergone such rapid industrial growth as Flint. With- in a few decades Flint has changed from a small carriage manufacturing and agricultural trading center to a large industrial.metropolis specializing in automobile and auto parts manufacturing. This has been accompanied by a continued growth in population. Since 1900 pepulation increase in the Flint area has been eSpecially rapid. Recently this increase has been especially rapid in the areas contiguous to the city. Since 1930 the greatest increase in the county, both numerically and proportionally, has been in the fringe area. During this time, the proportion of the total county population living in the city has decreased almost fifteen percent. In 1950 the population of the city of Flint was lo3,lh3 and that of the fringe2 was 57,363.3 The distribution of the pOpulation and its growth patterns in the fringe tend to be concentrated on the boundaries of the city and along.major roads leading into it. Available evidence indicates that growth patterns in the future will continue to follow this general pattern. é_fieview'gf.nelevant_Literatur§ The pattern of growth around Flint reflects the general pattern of metropolitan growth which has taken place in the United States. reople 2Fringe conceived of here as the remainder of the four contiguous townships. 3Taken from Zimmer, basil G., Demographic handbook 0f Flint metro- pglitan Area, Social Science Research Broject, Institute for human Adjustment, Univ‘rsity of michigan, March, 1955, p. 5. 3 have been moving into territory surrounding the cities and into the Open-country at a rapid rate.h In recent years, particularly since world War II, populations have pushed farther out from the city than ever before. This new movement has been, in effect, an extension of the sub- urban trend which started before the turn of the century.5 Each year more people locate farther out into the open-country around large cities. Some ecologists refer to tne increasing proportion of population in the suburban and fringe area as decentralization, or a flight from the city. Others see the prOcess as merely one aspect of the city's expansion. Firey states that from the standpoint of ecolOgical theory, the rural- urban.fringe may be viewed as a marginal area.6 In this respect it is comparable to the zone in transition which lies between a city's business district and the surrounding residential districts. In both cases the fact of marginality exists between alternative types of land utilization. Because the land in this rural-urban margin becomes indifferently suited to either of two alternative uses, land uses interpenetrate. On this rural-urban fringe, larms and residences intermingle. Each depreciates the value of the land for the other use. For example, rurban residences need essential sewage and water facilities but farmers cannot stand the taxes which must be levied if these services are to be provided. In this process of conflict and change the rural-urban fringe has become an area hinder-son, w. A., The Flight 393 The Fringe, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., march, 1956, p. l. 5Gist, Noel P., "The new Urban Fringe", Sociology and Social Research, May-June, 1952, p. 297. 6Firey','walter, "Ecological Considerations In Planning For nurban Fringes", émerican.§gciological_§eview, Vol. II, l9h6, pp. hll-23. characterized by a unique disorganization. hartin describes it as fol- lows: Along the highways Just outside the city limits you see a motley collection of trailer camps, moeels, marxets, service stations, taverns, auto-wrecking yards, junk shops, and road houses, to which, more recently outdoor theatres have been added. In the interstitial areas between the main highways lie an untidy hodge- podge of miserable, unpainted privies, spacious country estates with landscaped grounds, intensively cultivated commercial farms, straggling unkept gardens, and solid blocks of middle-class and workingmen's homes arranged in urban patterns. here and there are empty lets and larger brush-covered tracts awaiting future development. Apparently inconsistent and incompatible land uses prevail on.every side. Firey states that the rural-urban fringe is a marginal land use area, not because of its geographical location, its soil type, or its topography, but rather because of its particular degree of accessibil- ity to the central city.8 An examination of the literature in the iield has shown that pre- vious rural-urban fringe Studies have largely neglected the study of migration and commuting. several studies, however, are quite relevant to the present study. Migration Studies Many discussions of the rural-urban fringe assume that lringe set- tlements simply represent a move outward from the central city. hodehaver found, however, in a study of the marginal fringe surrounding Madison, ‘Wisconsin that in areas between well-organized urban land uses and the 7Martin, Walter T., The mural-Hrban firings, University of Oregon Press, 1953, p. 5. Firey, Q0 Cit. 5 areas devoted to agriculture, settlement was a product of a two-direc- tional movement.9 He found that while city people move out into the nearby rural areas to establish homes, people from farms anu villages move in toward the city to avail themselves of urban empltyment and educational Opportunities. AC also found that anout six out of ten of the family heads and their wives residing in the Madison fringe had been reared in the non—urban places. noreover, he found that urban conges- tion forced city dwellers to seek residential sites outside the cities' boundaries, while the lash of available space discouraged rural people from moving all the way into the city. Tableman.made a study of migration within th> Flint metropolitan 810 in an attempt to get further information concerning district in 19h the factors underlying movement to the fringe areas. She found that settlement of the fringe area is decidedly not the sole result of cen- tripetal movement toward Flint. Over ha ’ of the lringe residents inter- viewed in this study (about 500) came from Flint city. Less than one fifth of the inter-area migrants settled in the fringe. The study also revealed that 10 percent of the fringe residents disliked the fringe neighborhood in which they lived and an equal proportion had made def- inite plans to move. walter Firey made a rather thorough study of the Flint fringe area 9Rodehaver, Myles W., "Fringe Settlement As A Two-Directional dovement", nural Sociology, Vol. 12, March l9h7, pp. h9-57. loTableman, Betty, Intra-Communitynigration_;n The Flint Metro- politan District, Social Science Research Project, nstitute for Human Tau usfi' nent Universit of Ivlichiran September 19M}. J 3 Y E» .9 .9 6 in 19h5~h6.ll Despite the variations in social characteristics which he iound from neighoorhood to n01 gliborhood, biley indicated that there were several features which seemed to Characterize the fringe as a whole. They were: (1) a high rate of population turnover, (2) a high rate of home ownership, (3) a high preportion of young adults having many child- ren, (h) a heavy dependence upon industrial shop work in the city, (5) inadequate social life and organizational facilities, (6) part-time farming or gardening. Firey also stated that, although the influx of new residents cane from all over the country, two areas were heavily represented: northern nicnigan and the lower hississippi valley. Commuting Studies Commuting in the metrOpolitan area, although suite inadequately explored, has recently received more attention. Seen in historical per- spective, the separation of place oi work from place of residence is a relatively recent phenomenon and has been closely associated with factors of migration. It may be said that commuting, like migration, is a type of labor mobility. Commuting 1s a partial substitute ior nivrtL1on_tnenever new Opportunities for better employment can be found within tolerable limits of travel time and distance. By using modern methods of tra;r.p01t ation the worker today can avail himself or the advantages oi urban employment llFirey, Walter, Social Aspects_ To Land Use rlanning_In The Countgy-Cit Fringe, The Case of Flint, Michigan, Michigan State Agricultural Experiment Station Special Bulletin 339, June, l9h6. and avoid some of 'he disadvantages of technological and labor marget changes. Licpnann has suggested that these recurrent daily movements between none and work supolgflent migration and enhance the stability of community structure by contributing to the flexioility of industrial- economic organization. This contribution is nost important in effect- ing adjustments to the changes that occur with the expansion and decline of particular industries, the short-distance relocation of factories, 1 . . . , . l2 . ann seasonal iluctuations in proouction. Hawley nas even suggested that the daily journey to work might be tending to supersede migration as a means of adjustment to change, since the lengthening commuting ra- dius of the autmuObile has reduced the amount of migration necessary within local areas. According to Hawley, hotor vehicle transportation seems to have introduced a new resistance to migrationl3......The lengthening commuting.ra— dius afforded by the automobile has reduced the anount of migration necessary, at least within local areas. Instead of having to live within walking distance of the jdb or of .. a transportation facility, the worker.may locate his resi- dence l0 or more miles away. Thus he has acquired a wider area in which he.may seek employment without having to move his residence. Investigation would probably show a declining ratio of residence changes to job changes since 1900......1h The greater mobility of workers has undoubtedly facilitated indus- trial development by providing the necessary manpower to staff new plants and by making it possible for workers to shift from plants that 12Liepmann, Kate K., Egg Journey 22 Work, Oxford University Press, New York, 19m, pp. 10-19. lBHawley, Amos H., Human Ecolo , The Ronald Press, New York, 1950 ll‘Ibm, p. 337 shut down. It has also provided an important means for draining off surplus agricultural workers and farm operators throughout a period when farm mechanization proceeded rapidly. Schnore suggests that perhaps a great many family units are allowed to participate in the centrifugal drift to the fringe by resort to ride-sharing.15 Sucn a minimization of tra.sport cost, together with the added security obtained by part-time agricultural activities, may account for the presence in these periph- eral areas of large numbers of families whose general economic status would otherwise not permit such location. 16 We may conclude, in brief, that the daily journey to work or com- muting has occupied a place of some importance in pnevious discussions of the urban community from a variety of points of view. Commuting may have important consequences for the maintainance of the stability f the community itself as well as for the iunctioning of its component units. Also, conquting may serve, along with migration, as one of the most easily perceived data in the observation of the human community. Several commuting studies in the rural-urban fringe around cities similar to Flint in population density are particularly relevant to the present study. A review of this commuting literature in general will show that, although the evidence is inconclusive, it tends to bear out certain tentative conclusions that a general observer might make. Some of these are: 1) there is a heavy reliance by commuters on private automobiles, 2) women workers do not drive cars not depend on them to the same degree as men, 3) women workers do not commute as f' as men 15Schnore, Leo F., "The Separation of Home and Work: A Problem For Human Ec010gy", Social Forces, Vol. 32, may lflbh, pp. 336-3h3. lbIbidg, p. 3’41. 9 workers, and h) ride-sharing is a common practice by which cost of trans- port is met. Schnore carried out an origin and destination traffic soudy of indus- trial employees in Flint, Michigan, in 1950 which dealt extensively with factors of commuting.17 One of the most interesting findings of this study was that ride-sharing of workers increased'tith residential dis- tance from the place of work and that it was a response to rapidly in- creasing costs of transport. Scnnore suggested that perhaps the centrif- ugal.drift to the fringe is sthnulated by'tne entension of this practice. Matson.made an extensive study of transportation and commuting dur- ing World War II based on a survey of LB war plants located throughout the United States.18 This study indicated that time spent in commuting varied with the mode of transportation, and that automobile users spent much less time commuting than common-carrier commuters. He suggested that this discrepency in time is perhaps one important reason for the reluctance of workers to use mass transportation. hatson also found, as did Schnore, that the number of passengers carried in a car tended to increase as the distance from home to place of work increased. A study by Barnes made in the Columbus, Ohio area snowed that dis- . " O tance to work was closely assoc1ated with occupation and wage level.i’ l7Ibid., pp. 336-323. W . lbMatson, Theodore h., War Worker Transportation, New Xork: Institute of Traffic Engineers, 1953. l91-‘arnes, Herbert 8., A Study In The Dynamics gfl Local Labor Force Expansion, Calumbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1951 (mimeo.) 10 He found that workers in the lower wage bracwets lived closer to their places of work than the more skilled, higher paid workers. This study also revealed that the middle-aged workers (20-hh years) tended to com- mute the longest distznces. Older worhers did not travel as far to their place of work. Although there are other studies in this general area, enough of them have been reviewed to acquaint the reader with the general findings on the subject of commuting. Since three of the previously cited studies were carried out in the Flint area, they will be used west extensively in the present study. Schnore's edmruting study20 will be valuable and will be used as a base comparison for subgects discussed in Chapter IV. Taoleman's.nigration 21 study is also an excellent reference and will oe used extensively in V c -‘ the analysis of Chapter ill. rinally, birey's extensive fringe study ‘ contains excellent information regarding the Flint fringe as a whole and will be referred to at various times throughout the entire discussion. Comparisons will be made with the results from these three studies when- ever possible. ZOSchnox-e, Le0 I~‘., The separation or Home And work In Flint, Michigan, Social science nesearch Project, Institute Ior duman Adjustment, University of Michigan, June, 1952. 21“ abl’man, 92. cit. 22 . Firey, Social.ispects 22....192. cit. Statement 2£ hypotheses A number of hypothe“e3 guided the writer in this study. Although several of them.have been tested by former studies, the evidence is somewhat inconclusive and contradictory. Hopefully this stud" may help clarify some 01 one findings on commuting and nigration both as they apply to the Flint Irinpe specifically, and to the problems in general. Since each hypothesis will be developed in some detail in their appro- v priate chapters, they may be trieily stated here; I a. A“ irinreg pccgflianxnnneen.tnev ceccme cnaracterisedirf *3 much centripetal movement as centrifugal movement. An eianination of several studies which have tested this hypothesis show that results are contradictory. lcdehavcrzl Sound that centripetal movenent was quite significant in the settlement of the nadison fringe but Tableman2h contends that settlement of the Flint fringe area was decidedly'ngt a result of centripetal movement. Because Tableaan's study was also done in the Flint fringe the findings or the present study may support her findings. b. The Flint fringe is characterized by : leureelgi intra- fringe movement which is no different from the amount gfi centrifugal.movement. 0 . .. ‘3Rodenaver,‘92. Cit. 2hTableman,‘gp. cit. H [0 Previous Iringe studies nave indicated that there is a high degree of nobility within the fringe area itsc ” Although tJESC studies enthasite centriyetal and centrif- ugal movement they also indicate that there is consider- or: 0 ' , .2 _ . _ : ,_ ._ C able intre-area or lefa-fflnge novcnent. ’ These Motheses will be ens-lined in Chapter III. I]: .Eknsre are significant differences tetceen Flint fringe residents talus have migrated to the fringe from within the thx (centrifugal Injngrants) and those who have migrated to the frinée iron outside 13fne county. (centripetal migrants) Taoleman descriLcd a hunter oi diiferences between cen- - . .. . 20 ‘ r ‘.\ . , ‘Li?i etal and centriiucal hi rents out did net concern ner- v L) ’ 3:315 with the following characteristics, all or Wilma will be 1&ested in tne present study. A larger progprtion of centrifugal Hlbrnntu are enuloved in the city than centripetal migrants. It is Lelt that those households moving to the a" frin 0 iron within the eitv of Flint have nreviouslv O u - J established employment "roots" in the city and, there- fore, continue their source of encloyment within the See Itid., y. vii; and Zimmer, QR“ cit., p. hS. See Tablenan, 0p. cit., pp. iii-v, for a summary. J ’ Co city. On the other hand, household heads moving into the Flint area for the first time are more likely to also consider enyloyment opportunities in the suburbs and the iringc as well as within the city'or Flint. "*.’.“'xrv ,1. v -‘-~-L 1,‘r‘~,\~ - ' “V! J; 1“" ".-~ I" '1‘ . cezltljh; L: Pi]. TIJL1~;L11US I €;JIt:89(1‘L 3 DJ. 034.31. Eli-EC J. clni e illn centripetal migrants. Tableman indicated that it is largely young house- holds nnich move into the fringe iron outside the county in order to Lind emyloyment in tne metropolitan district of Flint.27 0n the other hand, we feel that households moving frog. within tue city r=-';>re:-.-;:nt <;'i.i'i'e1'e11t kinds of households, such as, young households desiring more Space for bringing up ”heir children, middle-aged peeple desir- ing spacious lots and suburban-type living, and older people seeking the peace and quiet of the open—country for their retirement years. Therefore, it may be expected that the centrifugal migrants may represent a broader age range 0 Centrifugal migrants have fewer children than centripetal migrants. This hypothesis is closely related to the one above. Because centripetal migrants tend to be made up of young 27Ibid., p. iii III a. b. migrants in their productive veers and the centrifugal rJ migrants regresent a UPOSQBT age range, centripetal migrazts may be exyected to have more children. Commuting distance to work is directly related to the number of riders in the commuting vehicle; i.e., ride-sharing increases with distance from workplace. This hypothesis has been supported in previous 25 ~ - “9 studies by Schnore and hatson.‘ There are significant differences between lrlIVE residents who commute long distances to work and those who commute short dis- tances to work. ' ~ 30‘.-.... . J .\-,. r ."+‘ .V ...." ‘ Barnes flab oubbcbttu bufcrdl oiifticnees union will be tested further in the present stufl‘. lhay are: 1. Occupational status is directly related to the distance traveled to work; i.e., dis- tance traveled to work increases with higher occupational status. M 0 Age is inversely related to the distance traveled to work, i.e., distance traveled to work decreases with increase in age. 285chnore, The Seoaration fig Home And york £3.Flint....,92, cit. 29hatson, e. cit. 30 Parnes,‘92. cit. 15 c. There are significant differences between men and women commuters. Adams and hackesey, in a review of the findings of 31 a number of commuting studies, state that the findings of previous studies sugLest tne following hypotheses which will be tested in the present study. 1. A smaller proportion of women than men drive cars to work. 2. Women workers do not commute as far as men workers. These hypotheses will also be discussed in length in Chapter IV. Methodology The method used to obtain data on migration and commuting for this study is that of a closed form questionnaire. In formulating the ques- tionnaire extreme care was taken to insure that each question asked for only specific and factual information. The questionnaire was distributed to residents in the Carmen School District which is located in the rural- urban fringe, contiguous to but completely outside the city limits, around Flint, Michigan (see Figure I). The questionnaire was distributed in February, 1957, to students in the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth grades in the Carmen School. The student filled out part of the questionnaire (which.was also concerned with school problems). The remainder of the 31Adams, Leonard P. and Mackesey, Thomas w., Commuting, Patterns Of Industrial Workers, Cornell University Housing Research Center, fihaca’ No Yo, p. 1.3. 16 questionnaire was iiiled out by the parents (this included the migration and commuting questions). Carman School officials and teachers cooper- ated by placing their names on a covering letter (intendix A) which was sent to each household eiglaining the purpose of the study (see ques- tionnaire, Appendix B). A total of h73 questionnaires were distributed. Of these, h29 were returned for a total return of 90.5 percent. Due to the fact that s we students cane irom the same household, the h29 returned questionnaires represented 302 households in the Carmen school District. in cases where more than one student retresented the sane household only one of the questionnaires was used, alter checnins for similarity of answers. This :tudy, thereiore, is Laced upon migration and commuting data obtained iron 302 households in the German school District. After the 302 useable qieetionnaircs were singled out, the relevant questions were telected and a numerical coding system was worked out to insure uniformity of data compilation. All relevant information was recorded on prepared I.B.h. data sheets. After all the data were trans- ferred from the individual questionnaires to the .D.J. data sheets, they were recorded on individual I.B.h. cards and verified. Mechanical tabu- lations were then made for the 362 households in the study universe as guided by the writer's hypotheses. The Research Site m. as Carman School District is a fringe area contiguous to the equ .— of Flint on the south and east. It extends south into the oyen country thus including not only those people who settled in the dense, urbanized area immediately adjacent to tne city boundary but also those who settled l7 ' l“ . 1 - ‘ . . -n r. 7' ., ,1..- _ -L I., ,.. _‘_' .1 . A1":- 1. \ P ' .j.‘- in tne “On-ui3uui so 1'1. along HqJOl stieets lemonQ oat oi out Cluj, \ f and in LJE interstitial areas between teem. The Cayman school district, tuerci01e, provides a tangle whics inciddes a rou5n cross-section of fringe resigeuts as to their location within the Iringc ares. Tie sample ugon which this study is hosed is unique in Lust it is not a ranfiom or probability sample. The sample is not 1eprc csontative in a strictly st tictic;l sense o'cuuse of two factors. first, those nouscholds in the Cayman school District which have no ciildren in the seventh, eibnth, ninth or tenth brqlos (ab; ra1gs of :191103 {imitely ll thru 10) were automcticcllg cacL Lded fro om the sample. secondly, those households in the Carmen School District who 3 ani their children to a parochial school in the ares ucrc not i101 dod in the sample. . N "1 » J- I' '- ..~ 1- L". ‘ J ‘ n‘ ‘ ""1‘uJ ‘ ~ " r\ ' I ." \‘,\' ' N ~ It is iblu, MQHLVLP, tilt L10 cuOVc lapworb J~VC not gLiLOlle (I) ,. . " q ‘8‘ r *3 1 l I ' "‘ r‘ .1 P', I! "3 .’~ ".4 ‘ N'- " If. ';"I .(‘ 'I‘, " biased toe sample inc Jill not iLVQliddte de iiucino oi odlg euudjg s All ulevious s uiies 1:1CJ1 to the uriter waich thU goon oonlucted in \ 7“ I 1 _c ,-. r 1" r 3.3” .I ’\ _ _‘ ‘0 "A_‘ ‘1 ‘ .. .T‘ ‘ . : ‘-~ _ N, “n. .P‘ toe glint irinbe 41cc hHVc LLaIdotLriuud tic 1iugc «s stiué LOmgOccd of ianilios witn‘m;1nucgilircn. Firey, in 19st, stated taut, Jesyite torirtics which one finds from neighbor- O the varia tion in social chars 1 hood to neig ltorhoo a in LAC Irin¢c are;, the iringe as ; nuvle is enur— on , '0 v 1 .' ._‘ \ .‘,.'1.".r‘ \L. nf‘ 1 _ ' -.v _ h 7 '2. - s ,--\ storiz cd Of a "Htad yr‘ o1tion oi ounb qdllts maVih; man; Lullurou”.)‘ Tooleman, in lfikfi, round tuat "spending units in toe triage are gredon- inantly complete 39 ~Lilia s . ith chil«rzn."93 Zimwor, in 1955, in a report -""-- -19-“- m— -'..m—. 32Firey, Sociql Aspects 2Q.....,92. git., p. L. 33Tab1eman, 92. 3:15., 'p. 17 18 based upon United States decennial census data states that "the high proportion of children of school age is a particular turden to the fringe l n 0 V n o o s".3L Beesle, in an earlier study of Iringe population area resident around 10 large Michigan cities based on l9h0 census data, found that "fringe areas in.Michigan are characterized by very large proportions of youth, small proportions of aged persons, and an intermediate pro- portion of productive-agedpersons".35 This study also showed that more than ho percent of the Flint fringe population was under 21 years of age. Previous studies would indicate, then, that a smnple taken from house- holds with school children, ranging approximately from ll to 17, would be quite representative not only of the households in the German School District but of the fringe as a whole. The sample of households upon which the present study is based repre- sented a total of 1317 persons. When considered as to aqe composition, the sample shows that almost one half the persons were under 21 years of age, and slightly over one half were over 21 years of age. This compares favorably with the findings of Beegle's study of the Flint fringe popula- tion in 1910.36 Furthermore, a check of the 1950 census data for the four census tracts in which the Carmen School District is located also showed a BthJIL'IleI', 9i}. Cite, p. ’47. 35Becgle, J. Allen, "Char cteristics of Michigan's Fringe POpula- tion", Rural Sociolorv XII, September, lyh7, p. 2C3. 36He found that L6.lfi of the Flint fringe population was under 21 years old, 53.3% was between 21 and oh, and 0.5% Inns 05 years old or older. Taken Iran table in Ibid., p. 25‘. l9 striking similarity to the previously cited findings on age composition. This check showed that hL.2 percent of the population of these tracts was under 21 years of age, 51.7 percent was between 21 and St, and L.l percent was 65 years old or older.37 A comparison of the findings of these three separate investigations support the writer's contention that the sample used in the present study is quite representative both of the German School District and the area in which it is located, and of the Flint fringe as a whole. (See Table I) At any rate, there is no evidence on age composition and area of residence to suaqest that the Carman School District is atypical of the fringe as a whole or that the sample used in the present study is not representative of the Carmen School District and the area in which it is located. The smuple, therefore, may be considered adequate to test the hypotheses of this study. Limitations Qf The Study The internal heterogeniety of the rural-urban fringe would seem to suggest that early studies would be limited in their scope. Although a number of other limitations of the study may be apparent to the reader, two of the more significant ones should be made explicit. The people who live in the fringe area around a large central city are quite often varied in their social characteristics. Yet areas of 37Derived from United States Census gf‘ggpulationt 1950, Vol. III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 20, p. 17, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. 0., 1952. 20 Tflflel Age Composition Of The Fringe Population Derived By Three Separate Investigations Studies _h_ becgle's Study Cayman Jctool District Census Tracts Age baseq.3n census sample (present study) G—9,G-lO,G—ll data” (19u0) G-12**(l950) Under 21 years h6.2% h6.9% hh.2% 21-61; years 53.3 52.7 51.7 65 years or over 0.9 O.h b.l Total 100.0 l00.0 100.0 Total no. 01 cases 30,531 1,3l7 1h,115 * o ... n- . 0 ' n . - - - Derived from beegle, J. Allan, "ouaraCLeristlcs oi hicnlgan's Fringe Population", Rural Sociology All, September, 19h7, p. 259. “Derived from United States Census 31; Population: 1950, Vol. III, Census Tract Statistics, Chagter 20, p. 17, U. S. GBVernment Printing Office, Washington, D. 0., 1952. 21 similar economic and social characteristics are commonly found.38 There- fore, whenever a single area is taken as a sample (as has been done in the present study) rather than a proportionate area sample, there is a possibility that the selected sample may represent a single and possibly atypical neighborhood. Although no evidence could be found to sueqest that the Carmen School District is atypical of the Flint fringe, it should be kept in mind that the fringe is characterized by variations in the social characteristics of neighborhoods. This may limit the vali- dity of any generalization which may evolve from the study. Secondly, the subject of this study merits a much more intensive and extensive investigation than was possible to give it. In the light of this limitation also, therefore, the conclusiveness of the results of the present study should be carefully evaluated. 38Firey, Social Aspects 19...",Q. 32131., pp. 3-11. 22 LIIIIHIIHHIHIHHHIHHHIHIIHIH OIHIOOO O 'oltlto utitltcloa C OOOOIIIOOOIOIOOIIIIIIOI I‘lOiliI utnncnl City of Flint » , e ‘ // tlIllllDlOOI ! {Ollill A ’aF'V Iliad! A 0000 Township boundaries - -- School district boundaries /990’ Carmen School District t|tlllllll| -HHIHHHH Figure 1. Outline map of the City of Flint, the four adjacent town- ships, and a number of school districts. Adapted from Basil G. Zimmer, Demographic Handbook 2; Flint Metropolitan Area, Social Science Research Project, Institute for Human Adjustment, University of Michigan, March, 1950, p. 50. CHAPTER II THE IGJSEAIICH S ITE This chapter hlll provide a more complete picture of the research Site and a description of some of the population characteristics of the The research re51dents which may have a bearing on the research problems. The population site is the German School District, in the Flint fringe. of the district will be briefly described in terms of the following char- acteristics: residence, occupation, and education. Whenever possible, data from other sources will be used to sup" le lent tiose gathered in this research to describe the area and test further the representativeness of the sample. .The earn. Le As has been noted above, the area surrounding: Flint, Michigan is probably typical of rural-urban fringes around miduest industrial Cities. SOCiologically, the fringe is in many respects an extenSion of the City It is characterized by "small part-time acreages, platted sub- of Flint. urbs, blighted 'shack towns', gracious country estates, trailer camps, and other typical fringe manifestations.":L . Particularly with The Flint fringe had its beginning around 1910 the first World War, an industrial expansion took place that literally l Firey Walter Social Aspects__ To Land Us____e_ P1annin__g In The ’ ’ Lhe Ca____s__e o__i_‘_ __*______lint, Michi an, Michigan State 3m19h6, p. 3. Count Ivy—City Fring_: Agricultural Experiment “—Station Bulletin 339, 2h mushroomed the city's population.2 Between 1910 and 1920 the population of Flint rose from 38,550 to 91,599 - an increase of 138 percent. In the meantime the population of Genesee County as a whole rose from 61; 555 to 125,668.3 This trend continued in the next decade when tie population reached a peak of 156,192 and the county numbered 211 61:1 ersons.h Since 1930 the population of Flint proper has changed very little, but the county as a whole has continued to crow. This continued growth is most Ironounced, not in the other towns and cities of the county, but in the fringe and rural areas. 0e usly, this rapid growth in the popu- lation surrounding Flint is attributable, not to the resident population 3 natural increase, but to m'nigtration. Firey describes the early develop- ment of the fringe as follows: .....A stream of ivaziigra‘r ion was thus inaugurated by the industrial revolution of Flint - a stream that has never ceased, e} cept durin" the depression years following 1930. Naturally housing 191d to be provided for this stream of newcomers. But it was not available. Building could not keep pace with housinq requirements. Real estate values became inflated to the point that renting or buying a house within the built-up p:;rt of the city was be:, 0nd the means of many working people. The only recours e for such people was to build homes of their own. host of them locat: d on incz-LpChSit'e lots lying beyond the built-up 2Findley, A. 0., am: Industrial Iii-3t artw— of 1_'___1i_ii_t, :iiChl;*€ln, -—-"+ Flint Institute ei‘ iiesecarn and rlaiuiing, Flint, Michigan, 1931. 3Unitedt ‘7'." ate: Caucus of Popilationz and Distribution of Ipfiiahitant s, Eff—ice, itishini ton, D.“ o., 1922. 1920, Volume I, N umber TaoleT n, U. 3. Government inting hUnited States Census _o__f Population: 1930, Volume I, Number aii___d_ Distriiiutii: .‘l of Inhf? it?- ints, 'lalilefi— h, L. :3. UO‘JL‘:I-‘EB“LCII'L Printing; Office, Washington, D. 0., 1932. parts of the city. There taxes were low, land was cheap, and building restrictions were almost non-existent. The houses which these people erected were usually inexpensive structures which in many cases lacked the facilities for wholesome living. Farms and country estates found them- selves menaced by an encroaching blight. In the meantime, however, people were also seeking suburban homes. They sought spacious gards, open air, and Opportunities for leisure-time gardening. These they hoped to find in the fringe areas, where they'might be able to enjoy the ad- vantages of both country and city. Thus another very dif- ferent element was added to the new population that was mushrooming on the outskirts of the city. Farmers for their part either fell in with the trend and recklessly plotted out their farms as subdivisions or they sought to maintain themselves in the face of higher taxes and the disappearance of their old neii;hborhood groupings... The fringe area became a maelstrom of people, coming and going, having no opportunity or desire to form durable groupings with their neighbors.... Under these conditions orderly economic and social development in the fringe was almost an impossiiility. A number of local government units became relevant for frinfe ’wellers.6 They include one county, four townships, about twenty-five school districts, two cities and one special district. "Every acre.....is under (at least) three local gov- ernments....."7 Urban decentralization is one of the most difficult prob- lems confronting public administration today. A suburban fringe of residential communities, incorporated and other- wise, surrounds every major city in the United States. 5Firey, 92° cit., pp. 9-12. 6Fringe is conceived here, again, as the four contiguous townships. 7Hughes I. Harding, Jr. Local Government in The Friggew Area of 9 ’ Flint Michigan, Social Science “escarch Project, Institute for Human Adjustment, University of Michigan, July, l9h7, p. i. 26 Multiplicity of unifunctional units of the government, need for urban services, limited ability to raise rev- enue, and lack of integrated development with the cen- tral city and with neighboring suburbg - all character- ize these communities to some extent. This has seriously hampered the development of efficient administration and control and is, therefore, also an Obstacle to the social well-being of the fringe residents. Injmain essentials the same pattern has been followed in every'major industrial area in the state. The Carman School District The Carmen School District is a fringe area which is contiguous to. the city of Flint on the south and east. From here it extends into the openpcountry; the furthest point being about five miles from the city limits of Flint. The boundaries of the district include not only those people who settled in the dense, urbanized immediate outskirts of the city but also those living in the less-urbanized fringe along major streets leading out of the city and in the interstitial areas between them. The entire district can be considered as a zone of transition between well-recognized urban land uses and areas devoted to agriculture. Even at the southernsmost points of the district, which extend into the open country, one finds interpenetration of land uses. Physically, the Carmen School District is a typical rural-urban fringe area. The full import of a typical rural-urban fringe area does not appear until one actually sees to what uses the land has been put. Maxin "The Tri-Count R.r'onal Planning Commission" 6:, {193?}, pp. 113-12 . ’ Kurt Public Adm: 'stration Revieg, VII, 27 As one drives along the main roads leading through this area he sees an intermingling of farms, urban residences, and commercial property. Evi- dence of unguided development of the area is apparent on every side. Along the road there are all types of business and commercial establish- ments. Intermingled with these there are large unplanned residential areas characterized by small lots with cheap, unkempt dwellings. Streets are not paved and sidewalks are nonpexistent. 0n the other hand, only a very short distance away, there are planned subdivisions which have large spacious lots on which high cost residences have recently been constructed. In other areas, it is quite evident how a one-time farm (with its old dilapidated buildings still standing) has recently been subdivided into a new medium-cost residential district with orderly rows of homes arranged in typical urban patterns. Scattered throughout these intermingled areas one sees, from time to time, large well-kept country estates with beautifully landscaped grounds. Along Bristol Road, a major artery through the:major part of the district, almost every manifestation of an unguided fringe developnent can'be seen. On one side of the street within a two block area there is a.cemetery, a trailer park, a manufacturing plant, a church, an old dila~ pidated farm, and several urbanptype residences. Along a two mile stretch of this main artery one can see an airport, a cemetery, several trailer parks, an automobile manufacturing plant, several churches, motels, super- markets, a drive-in theatre, old "run down" farms, "shack" residences, large country estates, taverns, and numerous new urbanptype residences. These are the tangible symbols of what has resulted from unguided settle- ment in this rural-urban fringe. 28 In the interstitial areas between these main arteries are great expanses of land grown up to weeds evidently awaiting future developnent. Further out toward the open—country a number of farms may be found. Much of the land is idle, and the buildings are usually run-down. well-kept and properly maintained farms are a rarity in this district. Judging solely from the physical characteristics of the district one would be led to assume that the population of the Carman.School Dis- trict is quite heterogeneous. The district is too large an area with too varied physical characteristics to be conceived of as a homogeneous fringe neighborhood, which Firey described in his study.9 The district is a.much larger and more hetergeneous area which would probably include a number of "neighborhoods" as defined by Firey in his study. The Population Residence About one-half of the families in the studied area are presently buying their homes while almost two-fifths already own their present hones. Only a tenth (11.3%) of the families are presently renting their homes. ‘When asked how well they were satisfied with the area nine-tenths of the families expressed general satisfaction with their present neigh- borhood. The findings of Tableman in 19h8 were highly similar. She 9Firey found that fringe neighborhoods are often made up of homo- neneous groups with like economic status and social characteristics. However, Firey concerned himself with much smaller areas, actually neighborhoods, one of which is located within the Carmen School Dis- trict. The neighborhood in this district which Firey studied was the uncontrolled residential area characterized by small lots and cheap, unkept dwellings. See Firey, Social Aspects 29......,QE..SEE. 29 found that 92 percent of the Flint fringe households were satisfied with 0 I 1 v 10 7-1 _ I A {3/ 41 0 c - . their neighborhoods. rurtnermore, very few (9.7p) ianilies had defi- ll of moving to another residence. Tableman found that nite intentions only one-tenth of the fringe households had definite intentions to move.12 These data suggest that the Flint fringe households experienced no signi- ficant change in neighborhood satisfaction and plans for residential move- ment duri.w the last decade. Although about two-fifths of both male heads of households and their wives have lived in the Flint area13 for more than twenty years, only 'about one-fifth were born in the Flint area (See Table II). Only about one-fifth of the households in the German School District are "natives" of the Flint area. However, Table III shows that another quarter were born in.Michigan. host of the others (hl% of the total) were born in southern and midwestern sections of the United States. (See Table III) The above data indicate that four-fifths of all the households in the district are in—migrants to the Flint area. loTableman, Betty, Intra-Community higration In The Flint Metropol- itan District, Social Science desearch Project, Institute for Human Adjustment, University of hichigan, September, l9h8, p. h3. 11Definite intentions is defined here as a definite plan by the household to move within a year from the time of answering the questionnaire. lzTableman,_9p.'git., p. hS 13 Flint area is conceived here as any place within Genesee county. 30 Table II Duration Of Residence In The Flint Area Of Householders In The Carman School District - V Cu-“ Duration of Residence Male Female Born in Flint area (Native) 19.3% 20.7% Lived in Flint area less than 5 years 9.7 9.9 Lived in Flint area from 5-19 years 20.h 2u.o Lived in Flint area 20 years or more 39.0 38.h Absence of householder 0.1 0.8 No answer I 5.5 5.6 Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 362 362 3l Table III Place Of Birth Of Householders In The Carman School District Place Of Birth Male Female Flint area (Genesee county) 19.3% 20.7% Another place in hichigan 26.3 26.0 Midwestern United States“ 12.14 12.1 Southern United States**. 27.9 29.6 Other place*** 6.9 9.h Absence of householder 0.1 0.8 No answer 1.1 l.h Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 362 362 i m ---— {Midwestern United States includes the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, uinnesota, Nebraska, worth Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. **Southern United States include the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tenessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Missouri. ***This category is very broad. The necessity for its use was brought about because of the few cases which would otherwise repre- sent the more narrowly defined subgroups. (western United States, Northeastern United States, Canada, Foreign countries, etc.) 32 Occupation Although almost three-fifths of the householders in the samyle have had some farm background, tnere are very few farm.residents in the dis- trict. (See Table IV) Nine-tenths of the present residences are non-farm. Table IV hural-Urban backgrounds or Householders In The Carman School District “O 0.9. m v‘-"‘”-w ’ --. - A“- A A_ “J- v“. o _-.-—O- -I. o ‘0 --.--~"U— '“-—.—m-.—- W.- . Background Male Female Farm background. (Rural) 63.3% 55.0% No farm background. (Urban) 29.8 37.8 Absence of householder 6.1 0.3 No answer 0.8 6.h Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 362 362 _ -. ..-v.** w . -c-o N 0.. ”coco—o... 0...»- v. i ' I--'4--mm ‘When only the last move is considered, almost.nine-tenths of the families have moved to their present address from non-farm residences. This would indicate that, although the Carman School District extends far into the open country, almost all the householders are employed by non-agricultural industries in and around Flint. As a matter of fact none of the house- holders in the studied area are full-time farmers. Although there is a good deal of part-time farming in the area, (See Table V) all male heads of households are engaged full-time in nonsfarm occupations. 33 Table V Type Of Part-Time Farming In The Carman School District v...- o ”to ‘— -~ V. O- cu. “ Type of Part-Time Farming Percent No part-time farming h5.3% Part-time farming to sell 3.9 Part-time farming for family use 37.3 Part-time farming as a hobby h.l No male householder 6.1 No answer 3-3 Total 100.0 Total number of cases 362 *- --n- ‘ _ ~09..- Table VI shows that about four-fifths of the male heads of house- holds are "blue collar“ workers while only about one-fifth are "white 1h collar" workers. This is comparable, as Table VI reveals, to the data derived from the 1950 Census for the four tracts in which the district is located.15 11*The occupational categories used here are necessarily very broad. The necessity for their use was brought about because of the few cases which would otherwise represent some of the more narrowly defined subgroups (professional, managerial.& official, sales, etc.). 1521mmer found that the city of Flint has a higher proportion in the ”white collar" positions while the fringe has a higher pro- POrtion in the "blue collar" positions. For further discussion see Zimmer, Basil 6., Demographic Handbook 0f Flint Metropolitan area, Socigé ficience Research Project, University—3f_Hichigan,‘Harch, 1955. pp. - O. .lllllllll it .. 3h Table VI Occupational Status Of Male Heads 0f Heuseholds In The Carmen Fringe Area Derived.By Two Separate Investigations --- 4. .‘ Occupational Carmen School Census Tracts Status ‘ District Study'x' G—9,G-10,G-ll, ... __ 6-12“ White collar 17.2% 20.9% Blue collar 82.8 79.1 Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 319 h052 v," .“ —~-~ v“ ».-o * . . . . The "No answer" and "do male householder" categories were omitted in the computation of these percentages. **Derived from United States Census g£_Popu1ation: 1950, Vol. III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 20, p. 17, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1952. The General Motors Corporation, which has a total of eight plants in the Flint area, employs more than one-half of the male heads of house- holds in the studied area. Furthermore, as Table VII shows, six out of every ten male householders in this fringe are employed within the city of Flint. Thus it is evident that the Carman School District is made up predominantly of industrial workers employed within the city of Flint; a large proportion being employed in the automobile industry, and in plants of the General Motors Corporation. About one-third of the wives of these male heads are gainfully eMployed. About one-half of these working wives are white collar work- ers. As Table VIII indicates this proportion is close to that reported 35 Table VII Place Of Employment 0f hale Householders And Working Wives In The Carman School District Place of Employment Male Female In city (60.8%) (52.8%) General Motors 39.3% 17.6% Other 21.5 35.2 Outside city (28.7%) (112.14%) General motors 111.6 15 .2 Other 111.1 27.2 No male householder 6.1 ---- No answer 13.11 11.8 Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 362 125 by the 1950 Census for the four tracts in which the Canaan School District is located. Table VII indicates that over half of the employed ines in the dis- trict are also employed within the city of Flint and that one out of every three is employed by the General Motors Corporation. A smaller prOportion of the working wives than husbands worked in Flint and were employed by the General Motors Corporation there. 36 Table VIII Occupational Status Of Working Wives Derived From Two Separate Investigations .‘C- ‘em- - Occupational Carman School Census Tracts Status District Study* G-9,G-1o,G—11,G-12** White collar 50.h% 5h.1% Blue collar h9.6 b5.9 Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 125 1018 -----A- — ’0- m- m....-..— w...— * ' - - s ' I ' The "No answer" and "no female householder" categories were omitted.in the computation of these percentages. **Derived from United States Census 2f Population; 1950, Vol. III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 20, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1952. 37 Education Table IX reports the educational levels of the heads of households and their wives. It shows that one out of every three males did not go beyond grade school (8th grade). Only about one-third of them completed (at least) a high school education. The educational level of the dis- trict as a whole, however, compares generally with the figures derived from 1950 census data for the four tracts in which this district is loca- ted.16 Table II also indicates that the general educational level of women in this area is higher than among men. The median educational level attained by men was 9.3 grades completed while that of women was 10.5 grades completed. To summarize, the pOpulation of the German School District is large- ly composed of in-migrants to the Flint area who moved irom other urban areas. The area is Characterized by a high degree of home ownership and neighborhood satisfaction. Occupationally, they are predominately manual workers employed in the industries of Flint, especially the General motors Corporazion. A major proportion of the inhabitants have attended high school, having completed two years of formal education.at this level. 16The median school years completed for the Carman School District, according to the present study, was 10.0 while the median for the four census tracts in which it is located was 10.2. Zimmer found that the general educational level is lower among persons residing in the fringe than gn She city of Flint. For further discussion see Zimmer, 92. £52., pp03'30 . .mnmoh m.oa woamsom How «memo» m.m mm: mmdwa_hn oocwmppw Hoboa sesame may .mnomopmo wasp cflnpqs HHoH Ho>oa Hmcowpmosfim assume as 38 a** .Nmma .o .m .cosmcaamez .moaooo wemmcanl acmecnm>oo .m .= .Na .d .oN headmao .mmaswapmpm sauna mamamo .HHH .Ho> .omaa “coasmasmaa mo mamqmo mopmpm empacs echo sm>anmn* 1". ll I..- III.’.O‘I.Q 1‘s.-. IO-I.OI.U I'Illl l‘l!!-|’l‘l'Illi...-II U 9.5. - IO.I|.:.‘ U. 'I ' OIII. " ‘0 - l...‘"- l- I. ' .O.’II.IIII PI mwow 4N5 mom mom momma mo gonad: Hmaoe o.ooH w.mm m.mm o.ooa Hdpoa I I I m.m m.a m.m Amsmcm oz I I I m.m m.o H.© hovaonomSOn oAmsmM\onE oz I I I m.H :.H m.m HacOflpmoo> no mmocflmsm H.m N.H H.a 4.H oonHoo nopmadsoo 0.0 m.m o.m m.m omoaaoo meow w.mm m.om N.wm n.4N Hoonom nwan oowoamsoo :.~N ~.mm A.mm 0.:N *aaoonom swan meow H.mw N.ma v.4H ~.mm Aoomha spay Hoonom mowhm Umpmamsoo mm.oa fib.~ Rm.m mm.m Advanw opNIHV Hoozom momhm osom maao.aano.oaue.muo mpoepa *mSmneo omma Hence mamsom mama. pszCflwpp¢ Hm:0fi¢wosoa {3“i’l.’ 7",.- ,IO. - ‘I"'I‘I'.l"~|| I Ola. 1' O .' “'\‘. -. -V.‘ I- n. ' I--v' -. IIIQI-I' ‘I‘.‘I.I.. " 1‘ l'-‘l“ poflnpmflm Hoocom chance one 2H whooaoaomsom m0 pcmscflmppm Hmcoflpmosum Hosuom NH mamas ‘ Chapter III MIGRATION One of the problems of this thesis was to investigate migration in the rural-urban fringe area of a growing urban community. The present chapter will examine the characteristics of various types of migrants .and compare them with those reported by other relevant studies.1 HOpe- fully the present chapter may add some knowledge to the scant body of information concerning the migration patterns of rural-urban fringe households. Although additional relevant data are considered at various times, three general hypotheses guided the following presentation. They are: 1. As fringes become urbanized they become characterized by as much centripetal movement as centrifugal move- ment. 2. The Flint fringe is also characterized by a degree of intra-fringe movement which is no different from the amount of centrifugal movement. 3. There are significant differences between centrifugal and centripetal migrants. Contradictory results have been reported by researchers with respect to the hypothesis that as fringes become urbanized they become lAll the appropriate tables in the present chapter have been sub- jected to the Chi-square test according to the method suggested by H. A. Fisher, Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, England, 1930, pp. 75498. Findings of below the .05 level of probability were considered as indicating statistically significant results. This level of significance was employed throughout the study, unless otherwise indicated. ho characterized by as much centripetal movement as centrifugal moveIIIent. Rodehaver found in a study of the marginal fringe around Madison, Wis cousin2 that settlement was a product of both significant centri- petal and centrifugal movement. Tableman, on the other hand, in her study of the Flint metropolitan area-3 found that settlement of the fringe area was decidedly not a result of centripetal movement toward Flint. The test of this hypothesis in the present study would be ex- Pected to support the findings of Tableman because of the similar loca- tion of research sites. However, it is also expected that intra-fringe movement has become increasingly important in the settlement of fringe areas. Although previous studies have tended to neglect this type of movement, they do imply considerable intra-area movement. Because the fr‘inge areas around major cities have experienced a phenomenal increase in population in recent years, the writer would expect the fringe to talte on many characteristics of urban places; one of these being much intra-area movement. Tableman's study has indicated that there are various significant differences between centripetal and centrifugal migrants in the Flint me. tropolitan area.‘J' The writer would also expect characteristic differ- eflces bet‘..een these two migrant groups in the fringe area. A higher x 2. . c if. dehaver rules W. " r' . Settlement a a Two-Dir tional hovémentfl, ' a1 SbciolOgy, giggle, March, 1913, pp, 19-5%? ‘ 3Tableman, Betty, Intra-Communi’g/ Migration _'1_._r_1_ the Flint Metro- EOZLI\t§ District, Social Science Research Project, Institute for Adjustment, University of Michigan, September, l9h8. lhint, p. iii-v LIl proportion of centrifugal migrants than centripetal migrants is expected to be employed within the city of Flint. Because households moving to the fringe from within the city have very likely established eIIIployment there, it is expected that they will continue to work in the city. On the other hand, households moving to the Flint area for the first time are expected to consider employment opportunities in the suburbs and fringe as well as in Flint city. Furthermore, it is expected that centrifugal migrants represent a broader age range than centripetal migrants. Tableman's studyr5 indi- cated that centripetal migrants are largely m households which moved into the fringe area to find employment in the metropolitan dis- t'Ili‘ict of Flint. The writer feels that centrifugal migrants, on the other hand, represent different kinds of households, such as, young households desiring more space for bringing up their children, middle- aged people desiring spacious lots and suburban-type living, and older People seeking the peace and quiet of the open—country for their retire- ment years. Therefore, it was expected that these migrants would repre- sent a broader age range. By the same token, and because centripetal migrants tend to be made up of young pe0ple in their productive years, it was expected that centrifugal migrants would have fewer children. For purposes of testing the specific hypotheses and analyzing the r elevant data, the population of the district was viewed in terms of direction and time of migration. No significant correlation was found bet'ween the direction and the time of movement. \ 51bid., p. iii. h2 Direction g£.higration When viewed in terms of direction of migration the households in the Carmen School District group themselves into three categories: Centrifugal migrants, or those households which moved from Flint city to the fringe a‘ea. Centripetal migrants, or those households which moved to the Flint fringe from other areas outside Genesee county; inter-area migrants. Intra-Frinre migrants, or those households which moved within the Flint fringe area. Using these three categories, the writer attempted to test hypothesis #l(a) which states that as fringes become urcanized they become character- ized by as much centripeta1.movement as centrifugal movement. As stated above, the results of several previous studies have shown contradictory results. Table X snows that the vast majority of the households in this fringe area are either centrifugal or intra-fringe migrants.6 When the last move is considered, two-fifths of the households reported that they moved to the fringe from within the city of Flint. An equal portion of the households were intra-fringe migrants, having moved to their present address from other places within the fringe. Hypothesis #l(b) that the fringe is characterized by a degree of intra-fringe movement which is no different from the amount of Centrifugal movement from the city is, thus, confirmed. This high proportion of intra—fringe migrants suggests that the fringe area is rapidly becoming urbanized, and is taking on the characteristics of an urban community with much intra-area movement. Only about one-seventh (lh.l%) of the households moved into the Flint 6In this and all the following tables, unless otherwise indicated, data pertaining to the male head of the household was used to represent the household as a unit. 143 fringe from places outside Gonesee county and were, therefore, classi— fied as centripetal migrants. In general, the above findings confirm those of Tableman in lBhO. She found, when counting the last move and next—to-last move, that about half of the fringe householders had.moved from Flint city and were can— trifugal migrants. About one-fifth (18.3p) of the households were cen- tripetal migrants, having moved to the fringe from someplace outside Genesce county.7 \ Table X Migrant Status Of Households In The Carman.dchool District -- - “5.- *‘w -‘ -* Migrant status Percent Centrifugal migrants h0.0 Intra-fringe migrants h0.3 Centripetal migrants lh.l No answer 5.6 Total 100.0 Total number of case“ 362 .__.__L.-_.l A - .“QA “—7 -.”»»--.-_-- - Thc present study showed a smaller proportion of centripetal migrants when only the last.move is considered. The hypothesis that as fringes 71bid., p. i. uh become urbanized they uecome characterized by as much centripetal move- ment as centrifugal movement is, therefore, not confirmed. As a matter of fact it is safe to conclude that the recent settlement and urbaniza- tion of the Flint fringe is decreasingly a direct result of centripetal movement toward the city. Only a small percentage (1h.l%) of the house- holds in the research site were inter-area migrants (when only the last move is considered) and four-fifths of the recent moves in the fringe have been due largely to centrifugal and intra-fringe nig~ation. In attempting to test hypothesis #1, that there are significant differences between centrifugal and centripetal migrants, a number of variables in which differences might be expected to appear were consid- ered. They are occupational status, place of employment, age, family 8 size, home ownership, and residential mobility. Occupational Status Most of the migrants in this study were skilled and unskilled work- ers. Large differences were not found among the different migrant groups. Although the differences observed in Table AI are not statistically sig- nificant, the trends they suggest may be considered. Thus the centri- fugal migrants nave a higher proportion of white collar workers than either centripetal or intra-fringe migrants. Almost one-fifth of the 8111 the following series of tables (Table x1 thru Table )WII) the "Intra-Fringe" category was omitted in the cemputation of the Chi-square. This was done to insure accurate tests between the centrifugal and cenr tripetal categories which were the major concern here. ‘ 1‘- 145 Table XI Occupational Composition Of Three Types Gd Migrant Households* Occupational Composition Centrifugal Intra-Fringe Centripetal White collar 19.1% 12.3% 13.7% Skilled and foreman 30.5 26.8 25.5 Semi-skilled & unskilled h1.1 u7.3 143.1 No male head of house 5.? 6.8 5.9 No answer 3.6 h.8 11.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 1L1 1&6 51 7(2 = 0.69 P = .8 *The "No answer" and "No male head of house" categories were omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with two degrees of freedom. hé centrifugal migrants were white collar workers as compared to one-eighth in the other groups. Intra-fringe migrants had the highest proportion of semi-skilled and unskilled workers, with almost one half of the male heads of households in this category. However, the trends reported in Table XI may be somewhat clouded due to the unusually high proportion of "No answer" returns from centripetal migrants. Place of Employment .A test of the hypothesis that a larger proportion of centrifugal migrants are employed in the city than centripetal migrants, was con- firmed.by the data in Table All. The latter shows that almost seven- tenths of the centrifugal migrants were employed within the city of Table LII Composition Of Migrant Groups By Place Of Employment* Place of Employment Centrifugal Intra-Fringe Centripetal In city of Flint 68.8% 58.2% h7.l% Outside city of Flint 22.0 30.8 hl.2 No.male head of house 5.7 6.8 5.9 No answer 3.5 h.2 5.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases lhl 1&6 51 '12 = 8.01; P = .01 *The "No answer" and "ho male head of house" categories were " omitted in the computation.of the Chi-square, leaving the table with one degree of freedom. w—vvv—v a.- _fi_ w 147 Ffljnrt as c0npared to five-tenths of the centripetal migrants. One-fifth of tflns centrifugal migrants were euployed outside the city of Flint while ‘two-fifths of the centripetal migrants were so employed. The larger pro- ‘pcidxion of centrifugal migrants employed in the city of Flint is probably (hue to the fact that they had established employment "roots" within the (ery and very likely retained their jobs in Flint when they moved to the fxdnwge. On the other hand, centripetal migrants to the fringe had to Obtain.new employment and very likely considered.employment in the fringe anal suburbs as well as in the city of Flint. Age Hypothesis #2 also states that centrifugal migrants represent a broader age range than centripetal m'grants. It was expected that, based upon the results of previous studies and the reasons stated earlier,9 this would be confirmed by the present study. However, evidence in Table XIII tends to disprove the hypothesis for it snows that centripetal mi- grants represented the broadest age range and had the larger proportion of.males in the extreme age ranges. The differences, however, are not statistically significant. Family Size The hypothesis that centrifugal.migrants have fewer children than centripetal migrants is closely related to and based upon the same rationale as the one above concerning age. In addition, Tableman found 9See Chapter I, p. 13. h8 Table XIII Age Composition or Migrant Status Groups* .- —- w.-- Age of Head of Household Centrifugal Intre-Fringe Centripetal Under 35 (Young) 7.8% 2.8% 11.8% 35-hh (hiddle-aged) bh.7 5L.l 33.3 hS or over (Old) 39.0 33.6 h7.0 No male head of house [.7 6.8 5.9 No answer 2.8 2.7 2.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases lhl lhé 51 Median age h3 £2 h5 112 = 2.uo P = .3 * 1 ‘7 o w ’3 Q C The "No answer" and "no male head 01 house" categories were omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with two degrees oi freedom. L9 that centripetal migrants tend to be made up of young people in their productive years.lo Therefore, it was expected that they would have larger families than centrifugal migrants. Table XIV does not show significant differences between the two migrant groups. However, the data show that a slightly higher preportion of centripetal.migrants had large familiesll than centrifugal migrants. Although the evidence is inconclusive, the small differences are in the expected direction for they show that centripetal migrants had somewhat larger families (more children) than centrifugal migrants. The table also shows that intra-fringe migrants had the highest preportion of large family house- holds. Table XIV ' C" ..' . n. C‘ L \ * Family size 0f hlerflt o.atus Groups Family Size Centrifugal Intra—Fringe Contripetal Small family (less than 3 children) 53.9% h5.2% 51.03 Large family (3 children or more) hh.0 52.8 h8.3 No answer 2.1 2.0 0.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases lhl lho 51 2’2=1.23 P=.3 * 7 ,, , 1 . , The "No answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-Square, leaving the table with one degree of freedom. lOTableman, 92, cit., iii. Thor descriptive purposes, an arbitrary choice was made here to 50 If the differences observed here are to be explained, they must be based on a rationale other than that on which the hypothesis was based. The hypothesis was based, largely, on the validity of preceding research. When considering only those households in which the mother was hS years old or over (thus being assured that she was past the childpbearing years) an opposite tendency was observed. Data in Table XV suggest that a slightly higher proportion of centrifugal.migrants had larger families than centripetalmigrants.12 This finding would be in accordance with that found in testing the previous hypothesis concerning age. The table also shows that intra-fringe migrants have about the same proportion of large family households as centripetal migrants. Table XV Family Size Of Migrant Status Groups For Households With.Mothers hS Years Of Age 0r Older * Family Size Centrifugal Intra—Fringe Centripetal Small family (less than 3 children) 58.1% 7h.2% 75.0% Large family (3 children or more) 35.5 25.8 25.0 No answer 6.h 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 31 31 12 12:.63 13:5 *The “No answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with one degree of freedom. define a.family with 3 or more children as "large" while a family with 2 or less children was considered "small". This choice was partially based upon the 2.9 median number of children in the households. 12The differences were not statistically significant. —_ ‘ 51 The differences Observed in both investigations regarding family size are quite small and insignificant. The writer feels the findings were such that they cannot adequately support or refute the hypothesis upon which the investigations were based. Home Ownership Tableman found that movement in the fringe is predominantly a move- ment from rental housing toward home ownership.13 Firey also found that the fringe was characterized by a high decree of home ownership.1h As might be expected, our data showed that there was a very small amount of home renting among all the migrant groups. Although the differences observed here are not statistically significant, they suggest some trends. Table XVI shows that over nine-tenths of the centrifupal migrants either owned or were buying their own homes. Only 7.8 percent were.rent- ing. On the other hand, 17.6 percent of the centripetal migrants were renting their homes. This may be partially due to the fact that the cen- trifugal migrants were of somewhat higher occupational status, and eco- nomically more secure to buy their own homes. If home ownership can be considered an indication of residential stability, centrifugal migrants may be more stable residentially than centripetal migrants. It might also be speculated, based upon the observed high proportion presently buying their homes, that the fringe will be increasingly characterized by residentially stable households. 13Tableman, 92. 333., p. ii. lhiFirey,‘Walter, Social Aspects To Land Use Planning_£n The MEX-City Fringe: The Case 9;; Flint, Michigan, Iiichigan State Agricultural Experiment Station Special Bulletin 339, June, 19h6. - a , '- —fi- v—‘T' 52 Table XVI . a .. ->' Home Ownership status Of Three Types Of hlarant Groups‘ -» ~.—.—-.~~— -<-—.._._..- o ~--...-‘-—-~~-~o~.o--.H..a-‘~-r -~ o-o o—n»—. - - “—- -‘-—.<-~- - ----- -_-- - Ownership Status Centrifugal Intra-Fringe Centripetal RBHt 708% 300% 17065.0 Buying 56.0 b7.9 h7.l No answer 0.0 2.8 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases lhl lho 51 22 = h.09 P = .2 *The "No answer" Cfltc‘OPV was omitted in the comuutation of the . J l Chi-square, leaving the table with two de recs of freedom. Residential mobility The households of the German School District could be classified accordinq to three statuses of residential mobility. When considering change of residence in the last 5 years (1952-1957) the following cate- gories appeared to be most meaningful: Residentially stable households, or those households which have not moved within the last 5 Years. Residentially mobile households, or those households which have made one move within the last 5 years. Residentially highly mobile households, or those households which have made two or more moves within the last 5 years. When the above classification was used it was found that half of the households in the studied area were residentially stable, three- tenths were residentially mobile, while two-tenths were highly mobile. 53 In further analyzing these three residential statuses in regard to direction of migration, Table XVII indicates that the centrifugal mierants , have been residentially most stable. About half of them have been resi- dentially stable and less than one-fifth have been highly mobile. The centripetal migrants show an Opposite tendency. About two-fifths were residentially stable and one-fourth were hiehly mobile. Intra-frinse migrants have a slightly higher proportion of residentially mobile house- holds than the other two mierant groups. These differences are not sta- tistically sisnificant. Table XVII Composition OflMierant Status Groups By Residential Mdbility* -n.._._. 0*...- ---.-~O~H--v- -m.-—-.-..--.— . Residential Status Contrifuyal Intra-Fringe Centripetal E ; Stable 52.55% 143 .824 39.2% r Mobile 29.1 3h.2 3l.h l : Highly'mobile 18.h 21.9 27.h i No answer - - - - - - 2.0 Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 H Total number of cases lhl 1&6 51 71 X 2 = 2.85 P = 03 * . . , . The "No answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi—square, leaving the table with two degrees of freedom. In brief summary, it may be said that centrifugal migrants are r characterized by a hit-Th degree of home ownership and residential stabil- I - I I _ i ity, are usually employed within the city of Flint, and have ~aenerally - —‘\ " ’1. . 5h higher occupational status than the other migrant groups. Centripetal migrants, on the other hand, are characterized by a somewhat higher degree of residential mobility and more often rent their homes than the other migrant groups. They include a broader age range and are employed more often outside the city of Flint. Intra-frinse migrants are characterized by a lower occupational status and also are residentially quite mObile. They represent a more concentrated are range which shows a median age of h2 years. Time 2: Migration Time of migration, although not included in the guiding hypotheses of this study, was considered an important factor which could provide additional insights concerning the research site and its population. When viewed in terms of time of migration, the households in the Carmen School District group themselves into the following typology: .EEEEXEfia or those households in which the male head was born in the Flint area (Genesee county). New Hirrants, or those households in which the male head has lived in the Flint area (Genesee county) for less than 20 years. Old Migrants, or those households in which the male head has 'Iived in the Flint area for more than 20 years, but was not born in the Flint area (Genesee county). When the population of the district was viewed according to the above typology it became apparent that only about one-fifth of the households were "natives" of the Flint area. About four-tenths, the largest propor- tion, of the household population were "old misrants" who immigrated to to the area more than 20 years ago, while three-tenths were "new migrants". 55 Table XVIII Age Composition Of Migrant Status Groups* Agc Natives Old.higrants new higrants Under 35 (Young) 35.7% 19.9% 33.0% 35-hb (Middle-aged) h2o9 h3.3 h8.6 b5 or over (Old) 1h.3 36.2 l7.h No answer 7.1 0.6 1.0 TOtal 1m 0 O 100 o O 100 o 0 Total number of cases 70 1h1 109 762 = 18.85 P = .001 *The "No answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with four derrees of freedom. Age: Table XVIII shows that a high proportion of all the migrant groups were middle-aged households. However, statistically sifnificant differ- ences were observed between the three groups. Only one-fifth of the old migrants were under 35 years of age and could be considered young house- holders. On the other hand, over one-third of them were over hS years of age and considered old householders. The new migrants showed an oppo- site tendency. One-third of the new'miyrants were under 35 years of age and considered young householders, while less than one-fifth were LS. years of age or over and could be considered old householders. Natives of the Flint area compared closely with the new mierants in regard to age distribution. Old.migrants, then, yenerally represent older house- holds than the new migrants and natives in the research site. This fact ' "v— 56 should be kept in mind when cousiderine some of the other o‘servations regarding the time of mirration. Residential mobility Tables XIX and XX show expected sisnifieant relationships between migrant status and residential motility. Table XIX shows that length of time in the Flint area is inversely related to residential mobility or lenfith of time at present address. TociclOIically, it mirht be ex- Pected thai,iiuxzritivrs and wld mi 12¢JA>(Y7:1 tiven feo rm hical area would be residentially less mobile than the new mifirants who, by reason of their recent migration, are not yet established within the area. Table XX shows more clearly in a narrower breakdown that duration of residence in th, Flint area is inversely related to residential mobility, 5.6., the households with the lon er duration of residence in the Flint Table XIX . . .‘ . i m . * Length Of Time bpent At Present Address By migrant status Groups “fl“- Duration at {UQLQHt KECluCflce JuthcS Old Migrants New M'grants ‘.-_..i..,--'.——.-- “~w-'o--~---—_ __-_7 Less than 5 years at Present address 28.6% 35.5% 06.0% Five or more years at present address bh.3 e3.8 33. O No answer 7.1 0.7 1.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 70 lhl- 109 —__‘ 2:2 Thwa'qQo answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with two degrees of freedom. 30.t1 P = .301 .\ I f. \ 57 area were residentially more stfihle than those households with shorter durations of residence in the Flint area. It appears safe to conclude that the lonrr'or a household resides in a aiiven area the more residen- (u ' tially stable it tends to become. The establishment of various social, occupational, and economic "ties" very likely contritute to this increas- ing residential stability . Table XX Residential motility Of Ll“ rant Status Groups'k -'\—..—- ——‘ u. — ‘-H.—--.—-o -- --——.—-————o -_.—....- .-—.;- Re sidegrtial Status .sziues Old I-L‘igrzmts New filigrants I Stable 67.25% 61.15:“, 32.1% t Mobile 17.1 30.5 33.14 1 Highly mobile in? 8.1; 33.0 NO answer - - - - - - 1.5 Total 103.9 100.0 100.0 Total nu'm‘rver of cases 70 11:1 109 7! 2 = 37.9h 2’ = .301 J?‘ ‘ "lhe "No answer" ca'touoizjr was omiit-ed in the computation of the Chl~equace, leaving: the table I-zit‘a four r‘ie'frces of freedom. 05: C”! 1pational Sta tus As was pointed out in an earlier section, it is important to note that most of the migrants were. semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Table XXI indicates that there is no sig=n.ifierznt relationship between migrant o ' o .0 o J. o . ‘ , status and occupational status as delined in bhlS study. It should be 58 Table XXI Occupational Composition OI Timee Types Oi Iviigrant Groups* ‘c’ 9 .r.-. c: - .n.—«- “o- ¢-.—.-r-«.~ A - ,---..--<-..-—..----_-.4—~ -.- .o—. W-...‘ -*---.—. ‘~-m—‘n Occupational Level Natives Old ligrants New Iiirants White collar ‘ 111.3% 11:.975 18.3% Skilled and formen 31.34 37.5 231.8 Gem-skilled & unskilled 1:31.? 1?}400 16.6 N0 answer 55.6 3.5 . 7-3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total nwnber of cases 70 1L1 109 \4 ¢ M mmw-mm-O‘H».—flv~~_ m --— o—-~-<-—.H . -mo-~o “ "-o -— --.._. M N w- OH-w "”-’" ——-.--.~.-. 74 = 3.99 P = .5 *The "No answer" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leavinij the t ble with four degrees of freedom. 59 noted, however, that new minrants had the hinhest proportion of white collar workers as well as semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Old miwrants had the hirhest proportion of foremen and skilled workers. Place of Birth Over one-half of the nonulation of this fringe area was born out- side the state of Michiyan. Couparing this findinr with l9LO census data for Flint city showe that the frinfe area contained a higher pro- portion of ceople horn outside the state of Richifian than did the city. Flint city had only 37.h rnrcent of its population born outside the a state of Michigan. Table XXII Composition Of hifirant Status Groups By Place Hf Birth .—....... ~0- -.-~. —_.. ——_...___-—... oa¢~¢o¢ .- n--mm--~.—-—- Place of Birth Old Ligrants New Migrants Within Nichifian blolfl 25.7% Midwest United States 29.0 11.0 Southern United States 22.7 58.7 Other 1502 1:0‘ Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases lhl 109 712— ~ J — ~ " 3uob5 P '" obUl 15See United States Cezsus oi ioyulation: lQhO, Vol. III, State 2i Birth 2: the Native Pogulation: Table 33, U. 5. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 19h2. 60 Significant diIierenccs were round between old and new migrants when considering place of birth. It is inserestiny to note the high propor- tion of recent migrants who were born in the southern United States.16 Table XXII shows that the Alguubt proportion (58.7%) of new mi rants were born in the southern United States while the hishest proportion (bl.lf) of old miwrants, were born in Michiran but outside the Flint area. The findin s indicate that there has been a heavy wave of in-migra- 1 tion from the southern United States in the l:st BO years. In-migration D to the Flint area from within Richiean was heavy more than 20 years ago and has continued to be quite sirnificant in the last 20 years. In-nigra— tion From the riitr'i United States has decreased preportionally since 20 years ago. Sunnerv In Chapter III an attempt was made to discover relationships between a number of variables relevant to micr tion and to test the previously stated hypotheses in the area. As fringes become urbanized they become characterized by_§§_much centripetalimovement as_centrifuga1 movement. The test of this hypoth- esis showed that, contrary to the stated hypotlesis, the recent settle- ment and urbanization of the studied frin“e area is decreasinfly a direct result of centripetal movement toward Flint. lecent settlement of the fringe has been due larrely to centrifusal and intra-frince nitration. 16Firey also found a high proportion of southern migrants in his l9h6 study of tne Flint iringe. see Firey, :9. cit., p. 17. 61 The Flint fringe is Characterizedggy a degree of intra-fringe move- ment which is no different from the amount of centrifugal movement. It was found, in accordance with the above hypothesis, that the amount of intra-fringe movement is virtually no different from that of centrifugal movement. This finding suggests that the particular fringe area studied is rapidly developing into an urban community. a lareer proportion of centrifuaal migranis are employed in the city than centripetal migrants. Conclusive evidence has found support- ing the hypothesis. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that centrifu“al mirrents have established employment "roots" within the city and retain their city jobs when they move to the fringe. Centripetal migrants, on the other hand, must find new employment and very likely consider employment in the fringe and suburbs as well as in the city of Flint. Centrifugal migrants represent a broader age range than centripetal minrants. No significant differences were observed in testing this hypothesis. The small differences noted were not large enough to either support or refute the hypothesis. Duration of residence in the Flint area is inversely related to residential mobility. Heuseholds with the lonrer duration of residence in the Flint area were residentially more stable than those households with shorter durations of residence. Centrifugal migrants tended to be residentially more stable than centripetal migrants. The data indicate that there are very few "natives" of the Flint area located within the fringe. Migration to the Flint area from other‘ areas within Michigan was significant in the early development of the 62 frinpe over 20 ycars ago. In the last 20 years mi_ration into the Flint frin e from the southern United States has been more sznificant. In- migration from the midwest United States has decreased by one-half since 20 years ago. The Flint Erin c contains 3 hi her proportion of people born out- side ‘ichivan t1: ioes Flint City. The dat. showed that 51.2 pcrcent of the population of this frince area was born outsiue the state of Michi an. Flint city, accordin" to the 1953 census, showed only 37.h percent of its ponul: ion to be born outside the state of Miohi an. Chapter IV COI R'LUTfli tow-.4 a This chapter is concerned with the results of the study which deal with the job-travel path of workers living in the German School District. Commuting :as made a part of this study because it is closely related to theoretical considerations in the ,eneral Lield of migration.1 Studies have shown, for instince, tha' the primary motive in much commuting to work as Hall as in mi ration seems to be a desire for economic betterment. Non-economic considerations, such as preference for a country rather than a city home, also play a part in some mi ration and commuting decisions. Studies have also shown that commuting patterns, like migrations, are sensitive to general business conditions; thus the proportion of long- distance commuters, as well as of migrants, may be expected to increase with prosperity and to fall off during depressions. It must be mentioned that there were a number of limiting fectors in the methods followed in this study. t is hOped tlat the problems encountered may provide a basis for improving notaods to be used in future research. Th, study of commuting was guided by three focal hypotheses. They l. The number of riders in a commuting'vehicle is directly related to the commuting distance to work; i.e., ride- sharing increases with distance from workplace. M“ I,” -—. fl 1Adams, Leonard P, and Mackesey, Thomas H., Commuting Patterns of Industrial Workers, Cornell University Housing Research Center, Cornell University, 1955, Dr. 79-33. 2. There are significant differences between fringe residents who commute long distances to work and those who commute short distances to work. 3. There are significant differences between men and women commuters. .Although additional data are considered from true to time, the following presentation is largely concerned with the testing of these hypotheses. Two researchers have previously indicated that commuting distance to work is directly related to the number of ride~s in the commuting vehicle. Schnore found in a trnf.ic study of industrial employees in Flint, Michigan,2 that ride—sharing increased with residential distance from the place of work and hypothesized that it was a response to rapidly increasing costs of transport. Schnore suggested that perhaps the drift to the fringe is stimulated by the extension of this practice. Matson also found, in a survey study of cmmuutinr to L8 different war plants during world war II, that the number of passengers carried in a car ten- ded to increase as the distance from home to place of work increased.3 The present study is expected to confirm these findings. It is also expected, based upon Schnore's suggestion that ride-sharing is a response to rapidly increasing costs of transport, that ride-sharing arrangements will be used most Aitensively by lower status occupational groups. A study by Parnes made in Columbus, Ohio suggested that there are significant differences between fringe residents who commute long dis- tances to work and those who commute short distances to work. He suggested w 9 -~..—---- 2Schnore, Leo F., "The Separation of Home and Work: A Problem.for Human EcoloEy", Social Forces, Vol. 32, May 1951;, pp. 336-3113. 3Matson, Theodore M., war Worker Transportation, New York: Institute of Traffic Engineers, 19h3: 65 that there is a dir ct relationship betwczen occupational status and ais- tance traveled to work. dc also indicated an inverse relationship between age and distance traveled to work.4 These su eested relationships will be tested further. Adams and Mackesey reviewed a number of commuting studies and sug- gested tuo yjoo theses concerning; dii‘-fc.1"ez1r3cs ")(:'L1-i081’1 men and women com- muters. They st-ated that commutin_g Studies {emerally 1've inr1mtod that a smaller proportion of women than men drive cars to work. They also reported that women workers do not commute as far as men workers.S These inconclusive findings will'be considered as hypotheses to be tested further. In analyzing the cmiuuting data and t sting the quiding hypotheses the population of the rose a1c1 site was viewed 'n terms of three essen- tial comn11tinf f ctors: mode of tr-wn port distance to work, and time spent en route. The following presentm on will discuss each factor. Eggs of Transoort 7 The present study, as well as previous research in the field, seems to stress the iznp011ance of the private automobile as the prim 1ry means of transportation. Because of an ever-increasing amount of automobile ownership in the United 8 ates "the average citizen has developed an attitude toward transportation that demands freedom from frequent stops, hParnes, ki'mcxt 8., A Stu d} In The gynar1ics of Local Labor Force Expansion, Uolun;us, Ohio: The Ohio State Unive sity tesearch Founda- dation, 1951. (“imeo.) SAdams and Hackesey,lgp. cit., p. 13. <36 4‘, t::ransfers and predetermined schedules and routes."” oeyer's study of c:-ommuting in the area around Rochester, New York indicated that only aL.very small percentage of commuters used public transportation.7 Own- e=rship of a car has also enabled xorkers to travel unprecedented dis- tsances to and from work, often without increasing the commuting time. Hypothesis #3(c) states that a snaller proportion of women than xnen drive cars to work. The data in Table XXIII show that a greater proportion (four-fifths) of the gainfully employed men did in fact tra- vel to and from work in a private car than the gainfully employed women (three-fifths). The data also show that women workers tended to parti- cipate in carpools or rode with other drivers much more than the men did. They also reveal that a much larger proportion of women (12.6%) than men (1.5%) depended up n public transportation to get to their place of work. These differences are statistically significant beyond the one per cent level and support the hypothesis that a smaller pro- portion of women than men drive cars to work. This may be due, in part, to the fact that the male is usually the major "breadwinner" and would normally use the family automobile if only one is available. Working wives, on the other hand, are usually “supplementary breadwinners" and therefore must rely on other modes of transport if the family automobile is not available. It may be hypothesized that the decision of the female 6Matson, Theodore H., 92. 233., pp. h-S. . 7Beyer, Glenn H., chsing and Journe .39 Norm, Cornell University 4Agrdxnxltural Experiment Station Bulletin d77, Ithaca, N. Y., 1951, p. l3. Table XXIII Mode Of Transportation To Work Used By W rking Men And Nomen* - - n - - q. -“- - - D ‘. - ~ ‘” - “ d - - ‘ -.'-’----..“ mW--M.‘ ’ F‘ .---A°",\-,.'~ "r j ’ “Ode Of ironic)- «)1 L “hale f enale ~. --~_ao—-.... .-- - -- —----.—.~----o-* -..- - - —..-q -.—-.—-- - u“-.- - o ”m-—‘ -— v-9“- .- Drives a car 81.5% .58.0% Carpool or rides with another driver 1h.9 27.7 Bus or taxi 1.5 12.6 r\) Other (walk or bike) .1 1.7 Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 330 119 .—-- o—. ”a"... H a..—.p-.~-.-.-¢ o--.- ’- --.-... d--—-m v- a. c 7(2 = 38.61 P = .001 *- The "Other" category was omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with two degrees of freedom. 68 head of the household to work my depend upon the availability of modes “of transport other than the family automobile. An investigation of the mode of travel of three occupational groups indicated that white collar workers tended to drive to work alone while blue collar workers tended to participate in carpools or arrange rides with other drivers. The differences proved to be statistically signifi- 8 These differences are shown in Table XXIV and support the obser- cant. vation that occupational status is directly related to use of private car as a means of commuting to work, i.e., the higher the occupational status the greater the tendency to drive alone to work in a private car.9 Distance 2’2 Work Distance to work is one important factor in influencing an employee's decision regarding choice of a place to work. For purposes of analyzing the data, workers were divided into two classes: those traveling a short distance (less than 5 miles) and those traveling a long distance (5 miles 8'Eixtrc-zme caution must be exercised when analyzing such a finding because of the small number of cases that existed for certain categories. Each cell frequency should preferably be much larger than 5. See Elmer B. Mgde, The Elements of Statistics, New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 19111, P- 3 8. "'" __.__._ '— 9 This would serve as an interesting hypothesis in future research. Several factors would lead this writer to expect significant findings in support of the hypothesis. White collar workers may have less rigid working hours and may also have to use a private car at various times during the day which would necessitate having a car available at all times. Also, the white collar workers generally may not be "forced” economically to arrange a carpool in order to cut costs of transport. Furthermore, white collar workers do not usually work in large work groups as do most blue collar workers and, therefore, may not have as many Opportunities to form ride-sharing arrangements with fellow-workers. 69 Table XXIV Mode (If Transportation Used In Job-Commuting By Occupational Levels“. Mode of Transport White Skilled & Semi-skilled 8c Collar Foremen Unslcilled Drives a car 90.h% 85.7% 77.8% Carpool or rides with another driver 3.8 13.3 17.? Bus or taxi - - - 1.0 2.6 Other (walk or bike) 5.8 - - - 1.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 52 105 158 X 2 = 6.13 P = .05 *The "Bus of taxi" and "Other" categories were omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with two degrees of freedom. 70 k 10 Hypothesis #3(c) sthtes that women w01pzcrs do not or more) to worn. 1 commute as far as men workers. This may we expected to Le true when con- sidering the fact that female householders, who are usually "supplemen- tary breanwinners", tend to work only when it is relatively convenient for them. It is e>:p(.cted that 181116 householders, if they are forced to spend.a great deal of time commuting to work, tend to remain at home.11 The data in this stucy to not support the icecnclusivc evidence of pre- . ‘ fl. . . l '1ous sLudies tilt; men conhute lon er LLSLCHCES to work than women. r0 .L However a l:r:Lr :3;wle and a narrower treikdcwn of distance h ave- , kl A .. :“ Lu. to work would 75 were useful in testing this .vvotue:1s. (See Table XXV) Schnore su rests that ride-Sharing arran": tents are a response to rapidly increasing costs of transport with distance}3 When considering the practice of ride-sharine as a method used ty long-distance commuters to cut costs of trguspcrt, one may hypothesize th at a higher proportion of snor H-d mt n ce commuters than long-distance commuters drive private cars. Date in Table XXVI show that about one-fifth of the long-distance 1OFor descriptive purposes, an arbitrary choice was made here to define a commuting distance of less than 5 miles as "short" while a cam- muting distanc> of 5 miles or more was defined as "long". 11It was also expected t1 1st tile age of children in the household may have been a factor here. It was felt that young mothers with their younger children would be less willing to s. pend a long time commuting beca se of theil .a re pressin: oblirations to small children in the home. It was faund, howev r, that a much ;rcater pclcentage (73.6%) of the Young mothers (under 35 yrs.) spent a lon t’“c commuting than the older mothers (L9.§%). Differences, however, :ere not statistically si«n;L icant. lZAdams and.Ua ckc:3e3,'gp. cit., p. 13. lBSchn01e, Leo F., 1he Se[ ration of [one and Jerk in Flint, Hichigan, Social Science n-1,07cn P1ojcct, Institute for Tnman Adsttmcnt, Univer51ty of Michigan, June, 1952, ip. 135-138. 71 T 31.) 16 XLXV Distribution Of Male And Female Comrutcrs 2y Dist:nce Traveled To Work“ ~~-“-~c.—-‘M¢O - -M‘. ‘- - W- Av. -0. “mp-o- .-».‘-.-a—~ o—c—o—-~a “—— ‘-— 0--.. .—.W_.. -..—- - - --- - -... - .. —.. -.....~_..-.-..-—-- ....¢—.- —. -_.-, - ——_ .. .. ..--..._—.....— ..----1- -...-. Distance Traveled Hale Female Short distan e commuters (less than F miles) 3a.?f 36.0% Long distcnce connuters . (5 miles or more) 2.6 7” 37 No answer 11.2 11.2 Total 100.0 100.0 Total numler of cases 3hO 125 .o--~.* 4— - ‘--¢....—~'- .- o - -- . aun’...’ m-»~ -m wuvo~o .- -...--__-.1—.- ‘ --c._-.—-—.-*.—.-.— -‘- .— p...“ m--.~-~ “a... ~o.--—. “7-... -— X22 “0 P=1 .“Jv * ‘ ' 1 _ \->.~-r ' . a - i J- »' a- ‘ - ' - ‘ o I ~'. “"- I ‘ . ‘- .' {"I T-e "ho afifiUgTHCHwequJ ”as owiotto 1w Lac coupuuation 91 one ' . . -- . ~ r- N ‘ , t. J“ ‘.'»,‘ ,' ~ 1 Chi—square, leavin; the table JLDH one QBQFLL oi 11e.amu. commuters participated in carpools or rode with other drivers while less than one-tenth (8.2;) of the snort-cis.:1ce cmnruters used these arrange- ments. This difference, Wliuh is statistically significant beyond the five percent level, generally SHngFtS the findings of previous studies 1h 3 that ride-sharing increas s with distance from workplace. lthid., pp, 133-135; and Matson, 92: 933. Table XXV I Mode Of Travel To Work Used By Long And Short Distance Comqutersa‘ ca...“ '-*~~.-*—.¢5M”“*< ‘-.- Mode of Travel Silo-rt Dist-_:_nce Cozm;uters Long Distance Camuters u..--...-.— g...- .- 5... - o m.-. .4..- .-.“\~~“—~—. Drives a car 814. .ufl 76 .8% Carpool or ride; with another driver (3.? 19,0 Bus or taxi 0.; 2.2 Other (walk or bike) 5.? .. .. .. Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of case: 123 179 ..—.—o -fi-~-~~-----r‘aa.——~—-.~---o—- a.-. ‘*_-——-_..»- o’---“‘_-"-*"--~--m .--'._'.---.-w---..--------.- . .-_-..~--.--»-—--.--a-».-----..----—-—-~....-...-.~._ X? = 5.33 P = .05 *The "Bus or taxi" and "Other" categories were omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leazvinr; the table with one degree of freedom. In testing hypothesis ”3(3),. which sets that the practice of ride- sharing more ;;~::' with the "‘11:“. new of home from HON-$1.109, it was found that ate-H? {mo-t}:{mg-s o: t‘ur: t"O"»IldLl“Li"."-‘j €2.31} not have riders. However, support 1" or the glove izg‘pothesis is provided by data; in Tile .m'il in which L21;- 71'; chic»: of w-i<,1(o-—7t’:':ring is considered. The}; 31101-3 that .1 Jester rrryir-i‘iix c: :ixort- 1i: once commirs '23:;1 long-dist- :‘106 com- muters rode to work alone. 0211;, o11r3-'53v-:.;fo;3-. of the short—distince' coa- mutcrs carried riders while one-forrtn of the lo;:;_;-distance commuters carried riders. F'.z:"r,::t;1':':orc, C. Eligjj'ner :L‘ij‘-‘ii»OL":;i;)'1 (KHZ) of 1:1; 10:15- diot .ncK ooznnaztcrr; (1:11:31: :7 two or tore riders than the short distance commuters (0.3%). Be=:.m:3c=~ of the crude c515; ories org-31!. in this study .J... 73 To? lo LLLVII Distribution Of Short And Long Distance Commuters By Number Of Riders To Work * Lhmfixxr of Riders Short Distpco Sommut;rc Lon¢ JiCtanCC Commuters No riders {$.95 QO.3% One or more rifiors** 3.: 2L,o Does Inyt drive 13.3 11.7 No answer 2.5 h.O Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of of cases 123 179 X2 = 1,.82 P = .05 *The "Ho answer" and "Does not drive" catego~ies were omitted in the computation of the Chi-square, leaving the table with one degree of freedom. '**This category is a combination of two smaller categories. This combination was necessary to permit a Chi—square analysis. Percentage differences of the smaller categories were quite indicative. They showed that 15.6% of the long-distance commuters carried one rider while 13.0% of the short-distance commuters did so. However, more than one rider was carried by 8.h% of the long-distance commuters but only 0.8% of the short-distance commuters. These percentage differences suggest a direct relationship between commuting distance and the number of riders in the commuting vehicle. 7b the (Evidence is not a: conclusive am hi W2 2: dusired}E However, the «itflferences found are statistically significant and support the hypothe- sis that the practice of ride-sharing increases with distance of home from the :3 orlqblrzcc. . Hypothesis #3(b) states that dist nee tr v led to work increases witliFwiguer occupational status. Yarns: sur"e:ted from the results of ()(x 1 0 his stmuh’trwi cistauoe travelzd to uork incrctsed hlth n a; 16 her occuga- ‘ tional status. He roi; :4 out, howwvrr, thst this was protcbly unique in his :ttdy leciuce, generally, the better homes were located beyond a up four mile redins of the studied arcs. in this study there was very lit- 1 tle evidence suggcsting a direct relationship oetween occupational status and distance traveled to work. Although the differences observed are not 711' signiticsnt, T qle AlVllI doc: slow v small difference in n U U: C L I“ 1 c O- ;J o E“. (.9. H O tho expected direction. A smaller proportion of unsxilled morkvrs son- muted lonx distances to work than did th, :Uite collar and exillcd workers. Ehjurthcsi: #3(b), which states that distance traveled to work do- fi . '1 . ‘ V i .. - I .- ‘7 .> '1 f ., h .. . 1 ‘, —' . . Q '»' \ u-‘u’- 1 -' a,“ ‘\ t Y . "‘ creases ”ion LJVLJMLV in ate is non ”u.toioeo. Table AAiX shows that “ u 1 L _ a somewhat higher croporticn cf the young men commuted long dis ences to work than the old men did. Middle-aged men also traveled long dis- tances more often than old men. n close examination of the differ noes —A——.w. th—n lgThe nature of this study, being a frinve area study, made it dif- ficult to divide the dirtsice traveled to work into small, yet meaning- ful categories (which should be done to prove the hypothesis conclusively). Because the fringe area studied is contiguous to the city, very few com— muters traveled more thin 15 miles to work. lGParn o, On. cit. A review of specific findings which are of interest here can be found in.hdams and iackcrcy,'92. cit., p. 13. 75 Table XXVIII Dist nee Traveled To Work For Occugaiional Groups -9 9—. -.—.—-—. -..--.- -Mv-’ . -~.—- - —- --—o m-~-~.—- w”.— ——.---—-..—--—o»o——p--——.- - - “a ' - ---.-¢—-.-~oo———.---~.-—c-——._..---—-— ---. -_-,._..._....~.-._ -—.-o-o -Ofi“ "‘ Distance White skilled & Semi-skilled & Traveled Collar Forcrcn Unskilled Short distance i ' ‘. .. ., ' c '7 r! a,” r4 ' 110/ (less then S nilvg) 31.0p go.8p h5.op Long distgnce (5 miles or more) 63.? 53.2 Sh.u Total 100.7 100.0 100.0 I Total number of cases no 05 1b? -9---m~—‘- ~-w--vc—--c—~—. —-- . --.-- ”m---o — .cn m-.—.-..—-—_.- -~- - -- 22:202.? P=05 Table XXIX ‘ . ‘ ’1' ‘1 '1 ‘ ' ' "-a“ .~-‘ Dif.tf~.nce Trevlccz To 2401:; yo- use Ulb‘urm -. . -.-............~....--, ~. 4 -‘nm.—c ~-"-——— -'.—~-'~-—- .o.... -o - u... -. — -7.... - -7...—..._ .v...“» o -. - .47.— a- r... .. ..--- ’7... cs. *-¢~ #0.. ~-—-“--_ Distance Young Hiddle-aged Old . ’ «'\ Traveled (loss then 35) {35-Hh) (hS or over) Short di st an ' . - . . ,, ‘ \‘ A. (loss ;r;n 5 miles) 36.3% ge,1p hh.2% Long distance (5 miles or more) 63.2 59.9 55.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 19 152 120 ._.-..-.-/- - ._-._.---—-._ “m .. -“-— Z2 = 2.5.0 P = .3 76 shown in the table suggests that age is inversely related to the dis- tance traveled to work. Although the differences are not statistically significant, they are in the expected direction for support of the hypoth- esis that distance traveled to work decreases with increase in age. Time Spent En Route Time spent in commuting, as well as distance to work, is one of the factors which iniluence employee decisions regcrding choice of a place to work. One Hi ht sus;ect that time spent en route would be closely related to distance traveled to work. In aldition to this, however, the writer felt that two other v'riablcs would affect the time spent en route. These are place of work and mode of transport. For purposes of the anal- ysis the writer divided the commuters into two rather broad categories:17 Table XXX Time Spent En Route To Work For Male And Female Commuters m- -¢-. -Dwm--*kya.o_-vmo o o —‘ .- ---*-.~- ~---r. m----.——. _ ~4fl.~.~-o—-¢so “nm.-.—.—-“-*-«~—w¢o “q..- ------- o—o - —_...._ - .—o~ ~..—M-.—~.— -.o— Time Spent E Route Male Female Short,time (less than 20 minutes 39.7% h0.8% Lcng'tiMu (20 minutes or more) 50.0 50.b Total 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 3&0 125 12 = 000 P = l 17For the same reasons as those stated in footnote #15 of this chapter, broad.categories were necessary since very few commuters spent more than LtO minutes traveling to work. ‘ r‘ - - , . o ‘ . L ': r- h I sr-o ’1', ' t V '. -. ‘ t- ‘ '1"‘ ‘fi \’.- . 1 those ovarili » r,o t .im. \lwss skin 20 Linutes) -nu unosc -a“ in. a ‘ m o‘- u—v-O... ‘ V 1 .,,,- J. °_1i_ or) .' . 1 A, .a. . : 1,, Mr. - 4.5.. i" ,. ,,\- ‘. 18 01 . Lil-W“,- -'_;_ - .11} we.) OI1 ”OI L. in ,C'..- “ll-ill], ow ..L/.. -.. - “-fi - It U -“et3’, I see H ~n *3; Hj‘c' 1 fl s :on.1i lo; a: . AL I1 . I " l " 1‘“ ‘ I ‘1 5‘ I 1" " " " ' d1; L \) q .L\ x - .5. 3 I 1-, L l .1 \IOMI | ’1. O) ‘uli ’( - " ‘_.) olk v 4.7 ~ ‘ \w { ‘~,— . ,~ .u'uf',"~‘L', ". ~- I '7 ’L 1r- . ‘P- '. '1 3"“; U1; lac)‘ \t’l— . L V A‘- ‘ .CB ll; 4 "J L). .1- 43.5 \o : l - ’ 1. L0 ~"J 111‘! £11.). 5. 1 A. _ _,‘.- 4-,; .. ,1 .. ‘ + .°‘.,.x ,. .0 , .; _’ ,. n,“ ,_ ~ ,.?I.A'..:. horn- I. .J .~ r 'J .1- 3 e, 3. - IJoC. ”I L, ’.- J. _ t . J 3;." .. tn. LS 1.4.:“11U be sis-1 4 ,-n -n.. , c 7 .'= ' n- ' ‘ 1 ‘~ .Nwr' 1‘-1nv n4 expe(-U-; -3 -.l.-;1 ‘ v u ; - -- .uu‘h J- _- “a __ - .. J.AQ O J .K.‘.1 (3...... 99 \‘ 'I D 1_ ' I" ‘ ‘3 z - '! ’7 l . ' ’I‘ ‘ a ‘ ‘: 2‘ ‘ " , vvr‘ ' ‘- uomen spent a "swarm" he "lea ” -Lw' in '5 slit) .; horn. ‘. r‘ o r . \ \ '~ \ ‘ r " ‘ ' v ‘a‘ 1 ~ A t“ r . - ' . '* ‘ “ '~ ‘ I": r ‘ ' fig .7 . \} .137 U" .L’ l. ". 0-. 1.01 INT’)‘ ."J. " r .4 N]. .17.. - -.lb ‘V- .1 i'i’ljl“;. " , _., '. ,‘...-4. , ‘6” . _ -. . ‘ M1,. . h ..i '- 4' , ., '.‘.v.,..‘ Tabi‘e Ju..L.. wt). )4. 1H1”: ' .,l , a _ “r . 3' ' T1 ' -L t e ’ . .'..‘.' .. 0.. lxhk " abut) ‘ .1. -: ‘—. _ .' A a. ‘ :- — ~- ’ ‘w *- ‘* ~- ‘. commufeze the |cnt-+w”~ co. '.~ . It ”Jenn a, t - Ver; have pro- . 0 :fl 9 .L‘- ' -q‘ —.-A _ ~ - ~ .- . ',-\ ‘ 1“ I‘- . 0' ‘Pg1’ 7.,“ portion (05.8p) Oi buC uor‘ers ul :3 at a leap Line 0 anguinh toii u - i .x o .2. u _ .1. O ’1 o v _ . c, ‘v ‘ Q, ’t _: S : ; ’v . . ' h_ nitnin ”1' etc; Oi rlint. Vcr J‘n (l;._p) Oi .Ac log - lac 3mm.iucrs \ .v_ " I e C 0 ~ _ 1’ ‘ - ~ r 9 . n :1 _o‘ ' ' '. ‘ r. I ~ 0 J s _ ,-. .e '. __ 1 ‘ worxad out lee the Cit‘. Pro. lJ craiiiu s. ,e-io; -3 u, city Names '\ . ,- . ‘- . -. ’ ' vr‘ ." . L :5 wvl‘ V 1 ': 4‘. v, ': '.' m‘ '. V“ " 1' l' " for LA 10:1“ COA 1M“ x ml} ‘ L14; - 0f UAIODC 3-2 lOJ'Cu. a.“ UAR] C "113?. l, ’ LS Amid .. .3. _- -r “' V‘h' ‘ J _ ‘ . _L ‘ _ sf- f‘ s ’v _- 1’, ,=_._ :5 ~1 ’- ~ " gt.t tuit “ONquprb nos hthln Ultdln one city or rlint usually are “ . - 2 ~ . ~_,-‘ ‘7‘ Q. "‘- r: , r , . ‘ x (I D" .' ‘1 on V- \ bmployed in the var eds n”,-u; iiin e estusliSQMents. actealld onld ‘ 1 _I_ a r )fi q ,1... . 4 o . V -,, ‘ - - Q _ I ~ I _: I [a , I - dDOUU OHK~Jan oi oi; . ore-time cdmzute-s ”orhca within the cit; of ' .2. Flint. —- rw'L‘ ' . —.‘- t-—" J ‘x J ‘ - 2 . '. - - . "n'~‘,‘\"‘ 4' fi ‘ .~\r r. '1‘ .> Irma-3;, cl {b.1031 oiOucd will u :11; I One 0. t‘~t"-"*L‘J:"~'r V ubea "u” L91 ‘ ~ ~ ‘-’ .1“ 1i.. also ;\.o_baii1a“nrt VCTl" J; zufif~cting one ldim :' o “.3 . - a ’q R _"r VT . ’ : ' - .‘ f; “~o w 1‘ o '1 in .141\; - l JuJQJ. ndrz', it. ,o ei‘-fi .‘, . U A 5,1,. 0f commuter: who drove private err" to a in cat u LZCOJ-l- «-4 .zxiz‘outc. '.1 r‘.+."‘-I ‘, . \4' zl- proportion ~ .I_ ._~ 1‘-.. : art time com; til“ V .-1 ~‘ o‘o~\‘_ : r 1"“, h s. r‘ .‘lj‘ Q‘ ‘. ‘c y.- tflan >103: :; $312113): who ..’~’.:‘tl<‘.l; uteri in on; 301., - 0dr; 1.... Other (isomers: “so—0*- ~’\ 1 ‘fi - ‘ n “ .9. U ‘ . _‘_ ' " r. I . ’-.1~ o '_ . .' lBAsALn ion desori ulvc gurposuf, l2 u-.;,r70; ‘._n: ‘ . .-..'. 3.3.. 9 W. ’3 ‘.“__. ~ 30 Galine u contitia; time o; l-s: than Cf) nines :n J "‘ A": I f" :-.~' ' "“.‘ . ‘ ‘ ".5 -~ ‘ CQmHutin- 'JJL; of 40 _u“‘1, kw 110:8 was delined as f“ «u a ‘ ‘1. k L a Q a ' 'L "-‘3 (\«LIL’ i; -‘ H. .e le hi as as "short" L "1011;" . I 78 Table XXXI Place 01" Work For Short And Long, Time Commuters* ’-~v~-M‘--uoouon'~~c-o-.1---‘-—----vvv--—o—COic-Q-‘-“OO----~~---~. ~- "--*---'~.-~O--.‘»O--at<0-.--o-O---9--—.<-O--¢a~d~o--‘¢u---‘l.c-~r-.¢"-“O-‘4r-o~--~-u Place of Work Short rm; Con-muters Long: Time Commuters mo-c—ovc---~~oogqo--o-.--o---o~._..--e .-_....--—.--—-.-..—oo-~-—.--“~—---oovov-—.v'n In city 50 .1473 85 . 8% Outs ide city; e . 3 lb . 2 250 answer 3. 8 - - - Total 100. O 100 . 0 Total nwnber of cases 135 170 —-—..-.-.---—-or.~-~m--o.o.‘-uo .~--4M—---0-----'."‘--‘ - O----m—H-.~—----—."OH-~O--‘ w-~o‘.a*--v-oo‘-o--ac—--¢-¢----ooco-¢-¢-o--o--'«‘--.-‘-c~o'Q“—*-m*----«'-C~'-”Q X?- = LL29 P = .001 y > a o . q o u . a. ”The "no ansx-zer" category was omitted in the computation 01 the Chi-square, leavinL-J the table with one degree of freedom. 79 Tabl t;- LU: I 'OI‘ Types Of Cexinters“ 9: r4 Times “ 3131.“ in {cute To‘ 0 w -- -‘ -‘ . - - - O - V. - .“ -' - I‘ Q - -V-O . - O O ‘ -- D C O -‘O- O - "--- -O‘- "C- -- ‘ . -’- -‘o- 7‘ - --. o - '-‘ “ m-~-*--"M-c--—.‘.~-O->"co-‘Odwc‘”“--~—-~--‘d-—0-0-O---—‘--‘O‘."-'—--cw-u“ Time Spent Drives Carpool or .111. ides Bus or Other (walk En Route a Car With Another Taxi or bike) O--¢--‘H»--o—O—~m‘ ~-‘~H Q-o- 0 .HM‘" o 0 Short tine (less 311.5111 .1) .._..u.4.c‘.w)) 1.1.5.0371: 29.8}? "' "' " 100.0513 Long time ( .40 minute: or :or e) u t- O «1 C) O r - E b! C O I 1 l Total 100. ”O 100. '3 100.0 100.0 Total hunt or of cses 2M: 1;? 5 7 o ,. -—-~—- “"0" w_‘-..- -“’ . Ow“ -‘—v-*-~. O -- - n -v-‘ . O - - - v --o- - C -~..- . - -- 0‘- mmwvw ~~~v~--‘- O-v-o-ocoou---.-—~.-—.-—s.--~--o--.-O’.—_‘ -—-—o..-~~o--.---‘-'~ x2 = 2:035 P = 005 The "Bus or tn-ci" and "Other" categories acre ouitted in the Computaxiox; of thy Chi-square, leaving the 't-"z"-lC :iith one degree of freedom. 5" - 5| and used 'A‘ui,’lic trmrjortxvtion. This ”.3113 ,.»ro1x-w‘t:~l;.r due to the f ct that commuters who Ire «r: 21i:v ta cars avoided the various stops and delays which are inevitable in carpool arrizric-xents and the use of public «Jr-unsport ttion. An interesting; oiwsarvcgtion was made when vim-ring Loth time spent en route and distance traveled to work from the stzurdpoint of occupa- JLLKIII *eveals that white cells ‘ LUIKCI‘S spent (1) tional status . T. 3- ll considerably less time commuting; to work than Llue collar workers. Two—thirds of the skilled workers and forenen spent 20 minutes or more in comm tin; to work as co 1-d to less than t1: o-fift 18 (37. 3% ) of tfle Mute collar z-Jcrke rs. About one—I'1.~'-.lf oi‘ the Surli-rdcilled and 80 unskilled workers spent 20 minutes or more on route to work. The sta- tistically significant differences show quite conclusively that white collar workers spent less time in commuting to work than blue collar :orkers. These findings are especially interesting when compared with the findings presented in Table XXVIII regarding distance traveled to work. Almost two-thirds of the white collar w rkers traveled long dis- tances as compared to about two-fifths of the Blue collar workers. The .findings appear somewhat contradictory. However, the fact that white collar workers spend less time in comnutin; long distances may be explain- tad on the esis of the earlier finding that they usually drive private (cars to work and thereby avoid delays which are inevitable with carpool type and public transportation arr-.:1n;.cz.;ents. Table XXXIII Time Spent En Route To Work For Occupational Groups ‘ Time Spent White Skilled and Semi-skilled & En Route Collar Foremen Unskilled Short time (less than 20 minutes) 62.2% 33.7.73 116.14% Long time (2C)1ninutes or more) 37.8 66.3 53.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total number of cases 15 95 151 - “a.-- x2 3 10.38 P = .01 81 Only a fer-I of the. many "actors inf luencing commuting: time to work E‘Lave been considered. Other factors each as aveilabilitv of markin: soace ’ d J- . L , the location of plants with resu;ct to roads, the condition of roads, traffic, and thu population density of areas in which plants are located . N. ‘ "" - "‘ v: . r. . v‘. . ‘L‘. J \ <. n a v : u~ '- ‘ also iri:.l'n.1;.1r.:c “1;. son 111731.21; tin. ~ill oi wit iu-ztors will also ve ‘3 1.1.3451; enter into employee decisions rc3~1r.1rdin;-_f choice of 3. place to ~work. Summarz In Chapter IV an attempt was made to find relationsE'lips between a rum‘uer of 'v'ari.".‘..l::;s relev.xnt to cormutinpi .nd to test a number of pre- Viously stated hypotheses. Commuting .1i..'7,::.-.ce. '10 work is directl; related to the number of riders in the comm-til; vehicle, i.',., ride-snzring increases with dis- tance from '..4»'."EC;JL$LCC. Although tipv drum sari ortcd this hypothesis, the I crude catez-ories10 used prevented the hypothesis from being adequately tested. Occupationrl itxtus is directl;r related to the distance traveled to work i...di;::t1«nce traVelcd to work increases with hither occuea- _... m, ’ ' _.. _ LI .4:_ tional status. Although the data were in the cipected direction, sta- tistically significant evidence to squort this manthesis was not found. Ave is inversclv related to the distance ---. traveled to work, i.< ., - u :21 :zncr: 'tr-'_;velcd to work decrcsascs with i;1crc:-:.c in awe. The findings _— Of previous research17 were not supported by the test of this hypothesis “. ‘~-“l .- ._- ,.*- léSee footnote #15. l7Parncs, @. cit. 82 in the present study. However, the differences found, although not statistically significant, were in the expected direction. An examin- ation of Table XXIX suggests an inverse relationship between age and distance traveled to work. é smaller proportion of women than men drive cars 1.2 work. An investigation of the data relevant to this hypothesis showed conclusive evidence in support of the stated hypothesis. It was found that women depended upon public transportation units to a much greater degree than men did. Women, also, tended to be included in carpools and ride with another driver much more than men. It was speculated that many female householders, because they are usually "supplementary breadwinners", make a decision to work largely on the basis of availability of trans- portation other than the family car, the use of which is usually domin- ated by the male head of the household or "major breadwinner". Women workers do not commute as far as men workers. No evidence of support for this hypothesis was found in the present study. The data showed that almost an equal proportion of men and women commuted both short and long distances as defined in this study. However, the crude categories used here and the relatively small sample upon which the present study was based limited greatly the possibility of ads- quately testing this hypothesis. A larger sample and a narrower break- down of distance traveled to work would be more useful in testing this hypothesis. The present data showed statistically significant differences to suggest, that occupational status is directly related to the use of the PriVate automobile as a means of commuting to work; i.e., the higher the Occupational status the greater the tendency to drive alone. It 83 was suggested that this may serve as a fruitful hypothesis for further research. Statistically significant differences were found to show that white collar workers spent less time in commuting to work than blue collar workers. This is probably due, in turn, to the fact that a greater per- centage of them drove private cars to work and thereby avoided the delays which are involved in carpool and public transportation arrangements. Traffic congestion within the city of Flint may be an important .factor in explaining the significant finding that most of the commuters 'who spend a long time commuting work within the city of Flint. a. 1. c. 5‘ .l.\ CiAPTEH V SUNhARX AND COHCLUSIONS The en sir; :zil :1::~i:-a {or this study of migration and commuting were derived from a Que tionuéirc o taiued from 362 households in the Carman School Dizirict. This iistrict is located in the rural-urban fringe area of Flint, Hiehi_an. Th: Jriter, 'hrough the cooperation of the Carmen School officials and ieachers, was able to conduct a “areirch study of L ‘~ ‘.'. _ , .-'.-L .. :- v.2 a -- .' a . .. 1 -., .. 1‘ ' -° tnc iILfl H hilul do; 9 .ita soc-ula_ic.lly in.ort fit -3“: oi lLHLLTy. .L ‘g , .- - t‘r "—3 r r o ~. r . .7 u ‘ a n nY. ‘fl 1.. o _ n .. ‘7 , b must.¢.. ,. s...1 ¢,.ny lflifimflhte {to oni»stdd3 mustlkztem— pered with the TqulZfitiOn th:f the data refer only to a specific fringe area 01 a single rity. Altflou ; men; of ‘Ee [indin r 5 fed L on this :tudy appear to be of limited value, some of tncm appear worthy of further investigation. The examination of the data, tepecially that concerned with commuting, served as a point of departure for a great deal of speculation. hopefully these may stimulate a series of testable h,gothefl“s for future research. Tn: comparisons of the data of this study with those previously con- ducted in Flint and elsewhere were preficnted in vgite of tide differences in methods used. In general, the finiin s" ere remarkably similar. How- ever, son: si-nificant jifferenCes will emphasize the need for further reseerch in these areas. This research project centered on the testing of a number of hypoth- (‘ . ‘ .a -. .. ‘HI‘ . ‘ .- . .3 V 7" \ ‘ \ .-_-1,. -°. -| .‘ ‘ . - K‘,’ 3‘." -‘ ‘n . _ '- eses. QlIlC—C 3 iflil'a LIC'M ,' _ (-1 an’L-D‘LTLCK- ...‘,L]¢: k-{n'n-lv J. 153.!5,‘ L5,}... k” 1‘-HXS Of Tw-lgrkl- tion and commuting had been ”one, the writer chose to test further some 4-‘- .2'. . 1‘ Juli . , _.- J.-. .2. ‘ .' , i f- ,.r. .. ' 0f udeee. Oumff hypotheses we e cu 'BSbud to him as a result oi eitcn31ve -re:t in the ,rohlens. In addition, a numrer of correlates to the C‘" ( '\ in hf otneses were ‘riefly considered. p. 13mr17>er*r of significant f indin; is on air Lion were found in C :apter Ill. Thu? LE: 3 tel r r’ of £1: flint friuuv is decreisinglg direct result or QQQul; inn movanent ion”;d Flin . Recent settlement of the fringe area dag 3:63 lur sly due to outward movement from the city, mak- ing the area more like oth L ‘\‘ -‘ .. \ACJ. '- ' ..J . I). Vii v.1 LZ.(.‘.5 \2 :3 ) ‘.V‘ v‘wfi ..‘. "-' -f‘f“. '1; ."'1| W'.’ .1 ' ‘ .‘3'.r‘,‘vr\“‘ ‘ ‘ ‘5‘,“ "p‘v’:' )‘I‘f‘ « "f' {3 A“ ~r--v'.. LA on: . L 0.. ~ C e «4.1 so...‘ L‘. jugrQ [1.1 \. u ",1. n_,‘_. L: It: _...1'03. L" .H J e3. 0 \- It. A. ‘1 --.... 1.“ - U ‘1 l ,.- 11“? 'H'I' *' “I", ‘ - r)‘; .- ~ ‘ ~ ~'\~- 9 a '. \F- . '4 '-, 3' *. ~Yr- ‘ rn r\ f ,3 J . )C" Y '5'. 1 1") “fl U 7 u} Aet'l--tlil . 7‘ A '. a'-‘. - .., '1. ~31 J.nJP.‘ DJ. ' . ULL’L‘J) . - ,0.’ J‘J \J‘ L'A-‘ ..r. J\ L-§-z [\IQ 110‘. L : J» ..lJ -_ 1- , l r .. ,.,... .1. u.=.. ,, ted in a». .I «no stun; .».le Utngr. JtVC ween sub” eteo as ouducts ‘ for f urtl'u' 1' .L‘i‘lestififltion. One such 1111:1nti.’:'«_j«:.ted finding, was that white .. . r :_ ‘ .-J- .., :3 ' ,_ ., v. -. .. .. 1.1. \ ,- .. 3011a; .ou er: event loss tin. in -oumut-nA to work then “LAC collal cork- e era in STiie of tie fact that the; also commuted longer distances. TF‘: is ngrtiilly uf;lfiijed Ly tie ObSGIVLd tangenoy of white collar workers to travel alone to work in a private car on: thur avoid the delays which are inevitable in carpool and public transportation arrangements. Rope- fully the n“ Semi study hes indicated 1 need for more intensive inVGsti- 87 Implications for Further Research This study has been devoted to general fact finding on the ruralp urban fringe. Hepefully further research will pursue these findings with a sharper and more specific design. Some suggestions for such further research.may be offered. First, it may be more profitable to pursue the leads from this study by a field investigation. Such an attack can provide clues to motivational factors which underlie migration and commuting practices. The reliability and validity of such a study will be improved by insur- ing representativeness of the sample by including all ages so that all family sizes will be equitably represented. Secondly, comparable data on migration and the journey to work for the rural-urban fringe will also be needed. Data for the mother city and the outlying rural areas will provide valuable comparisons. Such data will also find it profitable to consider actual migration in the light of potential migrant populations. The present study offers only a few insights into the study of migration and commuting in fringe areas around.major cities. Although the design of the study did not provide the answers to a host of questions it did attempt to define, describe and investigate two general areas of potential significance to an adequate understanding of this increasingly significant type of ecological area. Hopefully, this attempt will load to.more intensive and extensive investigations in these two researchable areas 0 Ill? LIOilftLI’Efl' C9 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books ‘|' V ~ ..‘ _:_o _ o .- ‘ . - ,, 1‘15-’1‘3‘1: it A., eggtistiggl netnoqs For desenrch workers, Olive and Boyd, nain;urgn, England, 1930. .* Hawley, Amos 3., Exmen Ecology, The Ronald E*oss, haw York, 1950. Lieinngk 1'1 3" ' 7.’ ‘1" 5-, -,—» . ,y ('1 737 "2' \-—~", w I'm" - .nrv' vL-r V.'-n- ' ~ 1 K UL n., in- Jou-nSL‘£9Anozl, Clio d odiftieLCJ :;ess, new York, A.’ 3-11.15. Lartln, Halter T., The aural-Urban Fringe, University of Oregon Tress, m “..‘- 1953 . ' Moos, Elmer 1., The Elements g£ Statistics, Prentice-Hall Inc., New York, l9hl. Young, Pauline V., Scientific SOcial Surveys and Research, Prentice-Hall r—I.—---1 Inc., New lork, 1949. Articles, Pamphlets and Lulletins Adams, Lyongrd P. and hackesey, Thomas h., CQTiEEEEh Patterns of Indus- trial Workers, Cornell University Housing Research Center, Ithaca, New York, 1955. University Agricul- Anderson, W. A., The Flight to the Fringe, Cornell ‘ March, 1956. tural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New York, J. 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II, 19116. -.- ’ {3 v u; 1 I. l V‘W' 1 ' ‘4 A Fir.-.y, Waltel, T1e 01.41.11. :11. “Cl- U1ban icpulation Balance,‘ aural Soci- clog ’31II, Jum, 1L] Gist, Noel P., "The J 11 Urban Fringe," Sociology“ and Sec ial itc— 5041493, May-June, 1952. Hughes, I. Harding, Jr., Local Government _i__n the Frin c Area of F111____1__t, Iii chiran, Social Science Research Project, Institute for Human AdJus tment, U .iversity of Iiic mic-.11, July, 1911?. Kimball, 801011 T., The 3'33 19.9%}... F1011tie1' . The Frin e, Michigan State College .. 1jiL-Lzl..u1al £1.21» 1'11 .111; nt Citation £11110 ..1. 360, June, 1914.9 . Kurtz, Maine, "The Tri-County Regional Planning, Com; ssio11,'l-‘utlic ALL Linistl'aiion RLView VII, 19217. I'iatson, Theodore 11., War Worker Transportation, Institute of Traffic Engineers, New York, 19143. Parnes, HerbertQ .., A Study in the D 1111 mics of Local Lthor Force Exp an- sior______1_, The Ohio ctLite-Uilvc sity {Le Jrarch Foundation, Columbus, nio, 1951. (1111111130.) Vf'fl Rodehaver, Myles 1]., "Fringe settlement as a '41; o-Dir: ctional .e .. cat," Rural Socioloi XII,ua:-'e:1, 191.7. Scfmore, Leo F., _T___he Separation of Home and Work i__r_1 Flint, Michi an, Social ESL icnce Reece rch Project, Institute for Human Adjusulcnt, University of Michigan, June, 1952. Leo 14“., Hpr Separation of Home 11:11 1.'L1‘1‘:: ."1 Problem for Human Ecology," Social Forces XXIII, hey, 19511. Schnore Sewer, C uisto :tr? er, 19.11311 _:1_._r_1____ the Suburb, Michigan State College Social es;m ch Service, June, #19 1111 Iin' ration in the Flint Metr0polit: 11 District, Social 5(3inle Re; warm 1roje ct, Institute F or Lhunan Adjustment, University of 1:1ichi5an, OPUULLLJE‘I‘, 19118. Ve‘rwein, Geor e 5., "The mural-Urban Flin'rc,' 'E___c______ o.11o-"rxic Ge0graphz, July, 19h2. Tab leman , Be 1: ty , Intro-Comm: ' ‘ ' ‘ ' 1‘ “r "" *"' Liolfiion of 21111133, lie-.311 C. and 11" .l'cy, Amos 51., "A 1 JC.CHCD to 1, 1L. 1J1. 1 Fri ;1 01320519113," l’ublie Administration 1:31:11- .1 )LVI, 10. ., Au tuna, 1956. I! 91 ZiI‘-I“.‘1~-].', 13:51 i’l u. and I;11;ley,Iunos H., "Propert3 Taxes and Solutions to Fringe lroblems,' Land Economics XXXII, No. 11, November, 19; 6. Zimmer, Bas sil C., Demo rrgphic Handbook 9__f Flint I-IetrOpolitan Area, Social ence 11115:; rch lzoject, Institute for Human amusuent, Uni- ”(FSlty oi chni5an, -3101, 1955. His cellane ous Ignited _S_t'1__t'..s Census p__i‘ Population. 1920, Vol:.u.1e I, Number and Distri- 1-1111101} 1411313112811; , U. S. .10V3_.Jlem Printim; 0111." c, Wishing- ii‘IifIIiilpfAOn: DOC o, 1922. United States Census of Population: 1930, Volume I, Iium‘ er and Distri bution of Ixflmbitants, 1'. S. J30..-'.111ont 1111111,, Ofiice, “Avihlla ;ton’ D. C., T932. United Staiz—s Census of Population: _J;__9ILO, Vol me III, State 2...: Lirth _o_f €11. Qative Populi': 701,1 Tape 3), U. S. Covermnent hinting Office, :‘Lajl-lvl 13011 D. 00,1 ”£20 ..'-75,55, CNN“? of 05111:- lion: 1953,1’0111111 III, Census ‘l‘re Ct ..isoic-: U. .3. 11011:? went Printin': ffice, .I..s.1in5,..1n, 13' C" (..‘: a. }+ 1:. C1) ILI’E’EI IJI CES APPENDIX A 93 Dear Parent: You are beingasked to help us with a study of your school district being made by Micnigan state University. The main purpose of this study is to rather information that will be helpful in solving school problems in your district. The study is also concerned with traffic and tranSpcrtation problems in your area. All parents, teachers, and students in the 7th, 6th, 9th, and 10th grades are co~0perating by filling in a questionnaire. In addition to the student questions, we are asking parents to give us additional information that will help us in the study. These short questions Should taKe no more than ten minutes to answer. All infonn ation will be held in strict confidence. No individual Parent or student will be identified in the study. a free copy of the final report, by Michigan mate University will be sent to anyone who wants it. Just Check the box on the next page for a free c0py. 10 help us complete this study on time, please see that the student Pe’curns the complete questionnaire this @32' with your help, we will be better able to underst..nd the problems _facmg the school, and this will benefit botn students and parents. by your answers to these short questions, you can help us do a better Job for you. 1"nank you very much for your co—Operation. 51* Frank Hartman, Superintendent “1‘s. Gladys Dillon, Assistant Superintendent Grade Nine : GI‘élde b‘ev .._ en : . Mrs. Alice Coyner flies ”—‘_-' Mrs H5133: Effign Mr. C. heitn Edmonds 54:- - er Miss Virginia King .dGerald «illiams Mr Eugene Williams a e Bi ht: - . ' x is - Grade 2532: Mrs? Eda? Soleman Mrs. Sandra Anderson fir. Ru:y~..;;:;1 Durvan Mr. Robert Brooks fl , Mr. Jose h Israel I‘S. Dorothy Young Mr. Jame;J Jaksa Mr. Frederick Lamb Mrs. Nancy Pollard Mr. Robert Pollard 4 APPENDIX B 9h .,'JlSTIOhS ON THIS rain; ohCULD LI ".3 4?...st BY THE. STUD "" 7' fi‘ I 1 ..' ' ‘ r ”4.: ‘i‘LJ .11.: _ ISN'T. nfiSShnsT wILL bu namOvnD ll ihn IEnUhdR BJFORE THE ANSWERS INSIDE ARE COUNTED. fit Name of student: E.&mmlete home address: (number7—' (Street or road) (city or town) (state) I. Do you live on a farm now? Yes ________No L Ind.you ever live on a farm? Yes No L If you lived on a farm, how Old were you at that time? From to (age) (age) t How do you usually get to school? CHECK ONLY ONE: Drive a car éé hide with another driver Car pool: take turns driving walk Hitch-hike Ride a bicycle hide a motor scooter Take a city bus Take a school bus E If you take a school bus, "hich one is it? K DO you have a driver's license? yes no L HOW many cars or trucks are operated by members of your family living at home? (number of cars) (number of trucks) '3 YJith Whom do you live now? CHECK ONLY ONE: With mother and father With mother only hith father only 'With mother and stepfather Lith father and stepmother ‘Nith stepmother and stepfather Lith grandparents hith aunt and uncle 'With other relatives (Please specify: ) With other non—relatives I L Check this box if your parents or others would like a free copy 0f the final rePort on this study by Michigan State University: fl |7~ . -\ 118 SHEET MILL BE REMOVED gr 2:? gram BEFORE. THE ANSuERS INSIDE. ARE COUNTED .,‘ '. )I ,0 7'. .-' -0 ’L '0 I.“ -. .1 ' Q L. ‘ ,‘ 7‘ ”I *V :3 «‘3 , ' . ~ - 7‘ - - > r — \r‘ . ‘ ‘\ \l ‘i .‘ .‘ - 3 ’ 1 I ‘ Q ' N1“ .- ~ 1‘ v i ‘ “A." ‘ _ x'k..;.'~tl.i.\,u:. .v) . .4‘ . ( :‘.' ‘ , M1. guys“ .' 3 ..‘v L: ".» .- ‘, -""\. ~ ,1 ;\ . "2 ’17. r. O v i L—A‘ ... __ -.i. l. . All. 4—» Li. -.L g; . .. _ ,3» :_,. .1. ..L J... -1. l --.'..-11,_!.‘ . _‘ ..,)_ '--H.J.-..i . 1L: .. (L, _: 1'. , L :1 . ..‘ I . _’ ‘v‘ I ~Ll 7‘, \l \’ , '. v -.~v~ - g , . .‘ -\>." -~ . .-‘“..‘l’b Ad ~11 _AL _I_ .-‘.-§ {ER ..' _.. _\_ _:__ -. . I, i. ' _ . ‘. ~ 1 (J I :7 fl T 9 "1|, .,-_- 5 incl OI mi .L -ll “Jib /~ /\ w ..Il Lil-_J. iliiil .' Iii.»_1 ll_J_‘iJ.J l: Li ll} HOD dbl—iC' D . '4! . T" _ wile) .LLl‘ U o . M.— U) 1.. made by the not enougr~_ r ..-i ,. ', .‘ .,' ‘_ ,» r1 ~"4_ ‘1‘ _ Hull Pu-.. n; o 01 Clidlifgxn ..‘ r» ”\r 7 ,L A b QLLQ' _L\,:_ 1);) - , I! ‘. ' -‘ F A“ ,.. . ' J” _’_-;A , i ' i baCii Oi Ll’ll‘o onset ll miel‘c 1‘: 0 hrs} In I! (W H {3-4 . .L_J‘ U‘ ‘\ /“\ ( r— (I) ("W 4— (b "iv “Vi/1‘!“ xi: jv y"; -.—.-- 2'» _- ‘lalm‘, ' K 1» ‘,_,y .‘ . '14‘; ,2 ‘ \- ’11»: ‘ A _‘ f 7 — f. _{T _, . . .-O .. ..(_/ L--l..\_.L c)’ O ..c 1:} L a; t: 1;, J 131-: LA: _Lfl LLUL 1C Ln}, MILO OK. no Oi OJ. 1. 1C 1. L113 Very bad “2 rfmunic l scho Business q . . . V .4 W — ,. ,- s — .. .- - - -. . ..,» ., . - ‘_ - . , .- 1 “DOA? new much 0 i001 oo yOu thflh lbst tlr s neeo WOR- Prods .cnool. Aipn zchocl: College: Technical sol . ; re / ' \ __ A . n _ a” nLl l 2 3 L O O 7 b l E j I l 2 j b buSiness s JUJJOL; a JOu_. lph Just leaving high school asked your advice on culu b: t-- Lest “ c to arm. hat OLE jOO do you think school on he now; 01 school 1001 chool nhat re ) . leaving nigh ecnool ashes your A1 ,s- , J U E: l‘,}_ O oubpose a antics on you t hinh :xyilgL p¢--tfi, thjgi; iw; :3in1 l(1.&l%i. diet; orye /~v ulo iu\l3£ fl:1 io a-“ bOwaT() ‘9" °* — -~ '~ ’ . . + . , - .. vc'g'“ ~ a p4} )o Jv Oltcb are \ou able to attend ref». —l‘<é; (n63rs meetings _ A . Aiu-ys lost of them Sometimes Never M“..— ,nat he nirn” ould be best for you to attend school events? 1 u \f) to its adoress j ' V ... > -. "‘ ". l-\ u" - V 'L iamily move piesont (month) your last -omplete aijiess in fore movirg to your pres melt (Number) (street or road) (city or town) (state) has this last nome on a farm? Xes no ‘ \J‘ ‘ -, —.,. l, ., V, K —,-, ofi ”1'ch w v \I fi1 "f“; 1", \r: . , DO YOU rent, do you own your Own flOmgj Ol ale ycu Luylng it Rent Own home __ Buying N ' " w ot'oc'rfi w'tn -f* .21 r 2 "es 18 the family generally satisiieu nitn tnis lvl borhood y Yes ”_..—— Fl o4) Does the family intend to move within tn'ie neit yea . -..._..i -, s ‘7s «a . v About how many times have you moved ultfllh the last fits ycais. How many cars or trucks are operateo by family nenbels livi ing at y house? _ (number of cars or trucks) ls city bus so rvice available thhin talkiné distance of your hoe» ‘Yes NO Are the family members generally satisfied with the transportation is available to them? Yes NO "' ' ' ‘ — > r -- — ‘- '\ ' . ‘ J j" \ve V" ‘V-VT - _VJ“ ‘__» ‘7‘; Ti $55 JDRJJ ..JLNDHHIJRJJD BY l'uJiLLLLI l'liliil,‘ Uh HL‘L’DULLOLL . 3mg sTIO'ns <> home! NO 2? I l ”IFS that [..'—_..”.w— 7 _ :17 '— - §19 2O * 21 22 .__.. 27 "‘ _../L 2;: 29 - 30 _ 31 3" 2 Page 2 I: W" '.\', ' W J“. ‘ , 7 r- ‘;'T ‘1 “z '. , ' ’1 ' 1 .MlOND Lw inlo FAG; TC to an IsRnD FOR ofu h T’s Falnan, QTLPF ATiiER, OR ~- 7'[ 17, ‘1’ ’ ‘ 'I M?" ~ - T K1“. ,I .. , '\ ,- 7‘ “J"~-L J—D J 14—} A -luu -ilJ-lD bl) 1.41.4: 11L U dullULJJJ at .~.~.,- Late Cl nis tirtn: Y (nonIT) (year) rlace of his tirth: _.. .a- _- (city or town) '-M as was LOTD outside Genesee county: hichi ‘Ue Flint Area (Genesee county) for the firs time? (state or country) an, when did he move to (month) 3 (year) I-MEre did he live just oefore moving to the Flint area for the first (citf or town) (state or COUHETY) what'was the last grade he comple ted in school; f ”R I“ | a -‘ w 7- 2 .- Ulficefl GNU: Grade schoc ol: high school: coll ge: BuSiness, 1 2' 3 l; S 6 1 2 3 h i 2 Did 11C) 5 q 5 “ l ‘ C ' "7J1: " s “c an"; vac: 7-) a 1 \., SpL/lIQ cl u ,arb bf -lu _L_I_‘I_\_, Oil u lulzfl; .lL/U l\.O D ',—\ ' a. .. ‘3 - .. .. ... > \ ’ A _ ' .- 11 he lived on a farm; now old was as at that till@. From to (age) (age DOGS the family plan to d_o any f’ar minf or veretable {a “delin; during \ . this coming summer? Yes No If you plan to farm this summer, will it be to sell tC otaer people CWTCR ON-V vao for family use only LU“ ”Lt ”“‘ as a hobby only "'1 IS the male head of the nous‘nolo emoloved DOM? ChflCh ONLY the: [95 No; sick Nozlaid off no; retired “_..—‘— Ufiless he is retired, “hat is nis main job or sual occupation? e Technical 3 h Vocational School he 2‘s specific as possibleuenample: lathe operatorj foreman, farmer) About now many hours per week does he worn on this job? hours A‘ ' ' V """"" “” * " ” * ti‘s ' b last veer? weeks dDOut now many weeks old ne work on his JO a u y i. w About how long has he done this type of work? _years where does he work? lname of company or employer) (street address) (city or toln) when did he start toIiork there? (month) (year) About how far is this workplace from home? miles _ ,. .. fl . ,. A" + How much time does it usually take him to Lat to work? minutes how does he usually pet to work? Drives a car l I l Cnibh ONLY 0N5: walks Rides a bicycle akes a one or tax If he drives to work? how many other people usually ride which hours or shift does he usually were on this 300: Rides with another driver Carpool; takes turr is drivin: him? HEW...“ _..... t “..'.-- 97 Page 3 " Does the male need of the household have any other Job besides the one V0 named above? Yes IF on, LOLrLJT; Ind FOLLCJLAG LOX LN THID PAGE ‘\ do 1? nc, shit in; Icl cu Tnls Pies “AD iohfi TO PAGE t, Th3 as”? ttus saIiT AK. ”hat is his other job or occupation? (Be as specific as possible—example; haulauay driver, farmer, inspector) Lt. About how mary hours per week does he JOTK on this job? hours ) 1 Eh. About how many weeks did he work on this Job last year? weeks ! NN. About how long has he done this type of work? years 00. where does heIJork? (name of company or employer) (street address of workplace) (city or tovn) PP. when did he start to work there? (month) (year) é]. About hon far is this workplace from home? miles Hi. how much time does it usually take him to get to work? minutes 85. How does he usually get to. ork? Drives a car Rides Jltn another driver Car pool; takes turns driving Chlth ONLY 03;: walks Rides a bicycle Takes a bus or taxi TT. If he drives to work, ho~ many other peOple usually ride with him? snich hours or shift does he usually JCTK on this job? (:1 C: I LEAVL ThlS SHQLT ohEdT LLANn IF hALh {LAD b? lnE nUUthOLD nAo CNLY ON; JOB. EVJRYQXJ FILL IN The LOX bi The FOLLOJLEG Load bHJsT (FAG: h) FOR THE MOTHER, QLJPMOTHLR, OR snij.h lo The ”1F; UF Ind MALJ MEAD LF Th5 HOUSEHOLD. QJTIOIS {EC izul; 1-:. wt I a ; an era) _, was»«a« u-~-— ,iul r~ - _ A ea , _luI i- (l Llqu't 'CAAI e), U"F‘v J'L V ‘ “ l. -\I H J “fl? “-j T '."|‘V~":T' 7W Th' '3' V , I' -‘ .t I: 7".T n 1””1 II ‘4 T‘ "writ UR”) ‘\ r '(J—Ll‘dfld: JILL-111‘ LilL-ll’ O‘L .u..1 _,_t l; .L._l .- l l. L‘l .1. I44: l‘iJ‘LLJJ FLILAD L/l‘ l ML 11 C'LJL/‘L1111C’LD slar:e (3i 'ueii hir4 “: a , l coIi, s ate or country) li‘55he .f&§\ LuJJYl cix+c I: n#‘ Fe»~.rI,n p~~n -\ w r «vr~ “4/4 > -r — a .- k1 gust. (.1 u); \VIC..1CQCK3 CUdil' ) g 1‘ 1L! J.) C l) "r'vlllCélll O__‘_kl She lIIC)‘V’d we '2; ”l ~ .3 ' ~13 ~. o L ~ 47' — I -. 4, 4. ..’. -. ‘1‘ 2,, ' r A. ~ ' 1r lid sic live Just clioce movlr b0 the rlint area tor the first tine? Clt‘ qr tour) v+n+w w -“‘it v \ u L! t .L 5.3 DC: L’b OJ. (Ix/LL]; Uri), the last grade-she.completed in school? ’T“r” . . .rI liI 2 . a —> m . . I - . kwfinhg Ln“. Ufaqe schol: high.scnool:- college:—.bus1ne s, tecnnical, 2 3 L 5 C 7 8 l 2 3 h l 2 3 h Vocational school spend any cart Ql ”3r 771% on a farm? u If C lg 17 K'—) (‘3 r‘ "f". ’7 I'm *‘ I 1’] ’ r7 rr‘ r~ — -\ 4 1» ~ ~ 4- '7 -» T7 *> ~- if“ “’“v — fvu 1-- Q ILl~ - llO' )lCL nae 3 -C', at ol‘r L cling ’ l“ 1”le b0 Q Case) (age) / __ lo “flaC'WeS $36 d9 3 of her 'arriaho to he. husband? _.. ‘ 1 - \ r “v ‘ (month) (year) (l7 ) ..‘ -"»/ Ar . , r . 7. - ?' E "—'- —"—— JOes she have a drIver’s license now? les do lid 1 TS “J 54 " P . - \ ‘ ’i - one Jerking lor pay outSioa the nose now/ (1? m I VAC "'7‘! "73’.“- -. 1 1"'1"" um I. --.',*"'2 - ‘T. x ‘ -I '77 r “ .‘1 ",n 7 H— *C*‘ Ll” 1L5), CC’l‘I/lfjlslb if: (L141; FCLLQL'E‘IR G :50}; (A: Phi-s 5:1 Uh fix) _ M— ”_..—_— T]- 7‘”—‘. ‘,T :' :I ' “1‘ F“ ' " '(1 ‘. ‘I‘I‘I I". ’“1 "I 'v-\, x ’ J ", '~T‘\ ‘ ‘ "7 fl '- .31 " ~ K“ r 'J‘.) “)0 _Lll l‘vO) TULC‘ Flhk.’ r1 ill: l'5l_;_'il 5411;,th (ECLCTH: S) _il‘fl,’ iLl‘JodllllL QUl'DTlLlTs Ll _.l__~_ m1 ' ,~ I" {a v,..,~v~. y, n- 'T“:"‘ \ r ' " “7'3: firm;- lC/ .TL'LJ LJ(/l‘.l.t/J_J‘_Ji1l_ll.) Ll] 11',l_1 Q l 'l," \ lLJo l mm X 4; - F) P‘\ ,. , ' - 7‘ '1 . ‘ 1 A ., ,'_ _ A ‘ l -2 All _ ,z - NJ. ' .,. ‘I l,‘ ll Dfle is working lor pay outSioc the “Gus, what is MB“ to) oi occupatiOn: e.3 é __ 'o} «— 4 he as Sf3lelC as Jossiblc—exalple: serratary, waitress, teacher, cook) 110 W I118. {13/ 110 LU." S we (3‘ K S how many how long years does she About how far is this Morkelace from home? minutes ——- HOW much time does it usually take. her to get to work? Drives a car Rides with aLother driver Car pool: takes turns driving walks Takes a bus Tawsa.UMi HOW does she usually get If she drives to work, how many other usually ride with her? .hich hours or shift does she usually work on this job? T‘X - 1v “P—‘W’ u.”m«-—.h {\3 r,\ [\3 _\1 m1H o l in) \o -.._... ..--, -., _ \l) H! g, Kl)! Kl) [\D . .-‘....-._U-._..C/:J. ........ ......w.... l.-. T‘ \l“ \N \)l kl) ” (j\ \J "er To C] .20‘n' .3! fa . at: r * v D to {o “J J ”V'fiy‘ ’.:' . ._ L Ina ,. .: ~- A_ . -. a ,. l .. .ifl one by lth rabl onto.fi lg n b t4fifi L‘ _..-_- is sneer-n“. qh'ch :crficl nv'+a ‘ pa < '-A » ~-- t \cdkul DJLdVCt do you like west? least? | q f a '. ‘ l " fl ‘\ ' ’- l L” ekn LJ Juu line School: Very much Some Not at all i. q ‘p "' ‘1 '3 "‘ T‘; «g: l . .-‘ 1m —,< :1 _ V ‘rfl -\ . .. 1 ‘ ..‘ ‘1 ‘ v r‘. ' - - 1c .1. a1 ab 1, c o. C an L,\_,.l__L n On 3 (.- 9 5/ on Plan 130 I 1111311 hl {p h SCHO 01'? YES No «_..—_.. race, what one job would you like to do for your life /T« A‘ m A in ‘ _7 . __ . In (N A . ‘. A ..,—» _ . . (Le as s acific as possitle~eiamplez nouseWife, ccacn, carpenter) getting into this kind of *m“ eOUo do you think your channes are for Fair Poor *— Don't know 3: -., 9, HP. , . . 1 .l. ~ . n e: \ou Lflllh that your Chances of nettina into this liie mork are not Veil ,OOdj gnat JOE so you really axpe t do do for a living? {’3 2 --’ ’7" ‘~._‘ . n . (w ’\ V v" . \‘xrr--v . 4* ‘ 3 “"1 r‘ * -/\, “b - A - '3 ‘ m s to ac Q£;Clllc as possible—elample. oEQLMQl) housewife, foxeman) 1’ LlSt all of the out—of—class school activities that you have taken part - and last names of your three best friends in your grade I ~ . l -. , . ”MW scnool -—— tnOSc with Whom you like to run around the most: ) miles ) miles miles _..» -—~_—— '\J B F. . if (D [D “ 9,”. -. “_fi \ r, ‘ . “OJ iar do you live iron senool the many times have you moved in the list flVU yearsr moves Place of ytnr"1_irthl (city or toln) (state) Date of your Lllth: (month) (day) (year) L Ages of all boys living at your nome: Ages of all LillS liVing at your nome: Your sel: Male Female If you are working for pay now} what is your Job? (SKiP if “0t JOTKlng) ‘ ‘ _ - :/~,) r) r3 ' T— ». --1— (Be as specific as possible~example: farm JOTnelj Laoy sitter)» About hOw many hours per week do you work on thiS JOD? nours If you plan to work for pay this coming summer) .Lat kind of jOb'flll you try to get? (Skip if you do not plan to wor‘ this coming summer) \ \ (Be as specific as possible~example: lifeguard,'maitress) what do you plan to dO'wnen you leave high school? .hat are your hobbies? 0 do a better job; that kindsof Changes do you think should be made by (Please use the back of this sheet for answer) he school officials? .51 52 I 1 «.-,‘--. .. _.-..-_.-..._........_ 2‘ » \ / , , i . '._.J \l \(l KL) [\ 7 Kl :1" "2:3 :3"- ‘\l ( \, - mg... - .. "va / TY"? DT'.‘ C 100 [‘1 A..J Juan CECQIHE KAY OF T" CAlKnH SCHOCL DISEhIC fly, F L I N T ‘ 03." l»; ‘I - {4, if, ‘il J'~-,— ‘ .5 |\' "(’1 L1-) L ..K." x L» 33’)“ \b .‘ .. .-‘. T: f Al . L, “.13.. - : ”‘1 -., & L“; l(.,"~’ JLJ...; egt ‘ It All". ‘-1 k . ' I: T‘),‘ Hill n'. I e t... ' l . ii an . ..v‘ .- F n M ‘v.*. J {4 l Rankin Q ‘ 1 Eu . fi . "\\r~v ‘ 1‘ .- ,‘ ‘4 ulunu plane Ru. l C '1'! v 1: LI Q 0 4,) ~ ,4 .-¢ Cook R9. n05 Rd: “— Torrev Rd. |l# Fe Van Slyke Rd. 11111 Linden Rd. (J3 (D